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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5TGrTkThXtcMTySWBBv4WRH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300062</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180130</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Genetic Risk in Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Campo Grande</city>
          <state>MS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Fisioterapia da Universidade de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Botucatu</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marina P. Okoshi</bold>, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica. Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, S/N. Postal Code 18618-000, Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>mpoliti@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>62</fpage>
      <lpage>63</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Genome-Wide Association Study</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Fundect/MS</funding-source>
          <award-id>23/200.495/2014</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>308674/2015-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. It is most commonly caused by atherosclerosis in coronary arteries. Coronary artery disease has a complex etiology, mainly a combination of traditional risk factors and genetic predisposition. Traditional risk factors include type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, and cigarette smoking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> However, these are not sufficient to identify high risk asymptomatic individuals and do not explain all cases of CAD. In fact, hereditary influence on CAD susceptibility accounts for between 40% and 50% of cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Polymorphisms are common genetic variations, defined as being present in more than 1% of the population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A polymorphism is a nucleotide substitution that does not alter the primary amino acid structure of the resulting protein.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is a variation in DNA in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome. An SNP may be a marker of disease susceptibility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Populations of healthy and affected individuals can be evaluated by genotyping SNP within a gene and its regulatory sequences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been used to create genetic risk scores to improve CAD risk prediction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, their value as an independent risk predictor for CAD is not clear.</p>
    <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Pereira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> provide us with an interesting study on generating a multilocus genetic risk score based on common variants already associated with CAD. They then evaluated whether genetic risk score is independent of the traditional risk factors and improves CAD risk prediction in relation to a traditional risk factor only model.</p>
    <p>By searching data from the National Human Genome Research Institute, the authors analyzed 33 genetic variants previously associated with CAD. The study population was selected from GENEMACOR (<italic>GENEs in a population from the Portuguese island of MAdeira with CORonary artery disease</italic>), a developing case-control population study with 1,566 cases and 1,322 controls. Coronary risk was determined by logistic regression analysis. Two ROC curves were constructed, one with and one without genetic risk score; these were compared by use of the DeLong test. The estimated area under the traditional risk factor ROC curve was 0.72, which statistically increased to 0.74 when the genetic risk score was added, thus revealing a better fit of the model. The study strength comes from assessing a large sample size and a homogenous population as only permanent Madeira residents were included.</p>
    <p>Genetic risk scores have undergone extensive study and major progress has been made to better understand the role of genetic influence on CAD and the function of each novel locus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, the role of most genetic variants in disease processes remains unknown.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Furthermore, the presence or lack of a traditional risk factor may determine whether or not a genetic factor will contribute to disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Although in the study by Pereira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> the addition of genetic risk score gave a statistically superior score in identifying high risk patients, the difference between the two risk factor curves was small. Therefore, considering that traditional risk factors have been poorly controlled in the general population and the high financial cost of determining genetic risk scores, it is important to remain focused on preventing and controlling traditional risk factors until the role of genetic risk scores is better understood.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article: Genetic Risk Analysis of Coronary Artery Disease in a Population-based Study in Portugal, Using a Genetic Risk Score of 31 Variants</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgement</title>
      <p>We are grateful to Colin Edward Knaggs for English editing. Financial support was provided by Fundect/MS (Proc. n. 23/200.495/2014) and CNPq (Proc. n. 308674/2015-4).</p>
    </ack>
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              <surname>Kalea</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Identification of the functional variant(s) that explain the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) GWAS SNP rs6511720 association with lower LDL-C and risk of CHD</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0167676</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risco Gen&#233;tico em Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Fisioterapia da Universidade de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marina P. Okoshi</bold>, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica. Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, S/N. CEP 18618-000, Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>mpoliti@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo de Associa&#231;&#227;o Gen&#244;mica Ampla</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Fundect/MS</funding-source>
          <award-id>23/200.495/2014</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>308674/2015-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; a principal causa de morte no mundo, sendo mais comumente causada por aterosclerose nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. A DAC tem etiologia complexa, devendo-se principalmente a uma combina&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco tradicionais e predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica. Os fatores de risco tradicionais incluem diabetes tipo 2, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial e tabagismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Entretanto, esses fatores n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para identificar indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com alto risco e n&#227;o explicam todos os casos de DAC. A influ&#234;ncia da hereditariedade na suscetibilidade &#224; DAC &#233; respons&#225;vel por 40% a 50% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Polimorfismos s&#227;o varia&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas comuns, presentes em mais de 1% da popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O polimorfismo &#233; uma substitui&#231;&#227;o de nucleot&#237;deo que n&#227;o altera a estrutura prim&#225;ria do amino&#225;cido da prote&#237;na resultante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O polimorfismo de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNP, sigla em ingl&#234;s) &#233; uma varia&#231;&#227;o no DNA em um &#250;nico nucleot&#237;deo que ocorre em posi&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica do genoma. O SNP pode ser um marcador de suscetibilidade a doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Popula&#231;&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e afetados podem ser avaliadas por genotipagem de SNP em um gene e suas sequ&#234;ncias reguladoras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla (GWAS, sigla em ingl&#234;s) foram usados para criar escores de risco gen&#233;tico para melhorar a predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, seu valor como preditor independente de risco para DAC n&#227;o &#233; claro.</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Pereira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> apresentam interessante estudo sobre a gera&#231;&#227;o de um escore de risco gen&#233;tico multilocus baseado em variantes comuns j&#225; associadas com DAC. Os autores avaliaram se o escore de risco gen&#233;tico era independente dos fatores de risco tradicionais e se aprimorava a predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de DAC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao modelo usando apenas o modelo com fatores de risco tradicionais.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s avaliar dados do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa do Genoma Humano, os autores analisaram 33 variantes gen&#233;ticas previamente associadas com DAC. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi selecionada do GENEMACOR (<italic>GENEs in a population from the Portuguese island of MAdeira with CORonary artery disease</italic>), um estudo populacional caso-controle com 1.566 casos e 1.322 controles. O risco coronariano foi determinado por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Duas curvas ROC foram constru&#237;das, uma com e outra sem o escore de risco gen&#233;tico, sendo o teste de DeLong usado para compar&#225;-las. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC do fator de risco tradicional foi estimada em 0,72, que estatisticamente aumentou para 0,74 quando o escore de risco gen&#233;tico foi adicionado, revelando melhor adequa&#231;&#227;o do modelo. A for&#231;a do estudo est&#225; na avalia&#231;&#227;o de amostra grande e homog&#234;nea, pois apenas residentes permanentes da Ilha da Madeira foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>Os escores de risco gen&#233;tico t&#234;m sido muito estudados, resultando em grande progresso para a melhor compreens&#227;o do papel da influ&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica na DAC e da fun&#231;&#227;o de cada novo <italic>locus</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Entretanto, o papel da maioria das variantes gen&#233;ticas no desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a permanece desconhecido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de um fator de risco tradicional pode determinar se um fator gen&#233;tico vai contribuir ou n&#227;o para a doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Embora no estudo de Pereira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> a adi&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco gen&#233;tico tenha resultado em um escore estatisticamente superior para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto risco, a diferen&#231;a entre as duas curvas de fator de risco foi pequena. Portanto, considerando o baixo controle dos fatores de risco tradicionais na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e o alto custo financeiro envolvido na determina&#231;&#227;o de escores de risco gen&#233;tico, &#233; importante manter o foco na preven&#231;&#227;o e no controle dos fatores de risco tradicionais at&#233; que o papel dos escores de risco gen&#233;tico seja melhor esclarecido.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: An&#225;lise de Risco Gen&#233;tico da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana em um Estudo Populacional em Portugal, Usando um Score de Risco Gen&#233;tico com 31 Variantes</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimento</title>
        <p>Agradecemos a Colin Edward Knaggs pela editora&#231;&#227;o em ingl&#234;s. Financiamento por Fundect/MS (Proc. n. 23/200.495/2014) e CNPq (Proc. n. 308674/2015-4).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
