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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gyX499qpwNnbJ7QFPXzQ4rc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300050</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005008101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180107</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Genetic Risk Analysis of Coronary Artery Disease in a Population-based Study in Portugal, Using a Genetic Risk Score of 31 Variants</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>S&#243;nia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Henriques</surname>
            <given-names>Eva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana C&#233;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brehm</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Palma dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Dr. N&#233;lio Mendon&#231;a</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Funchal</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o, Hospital Dr. N&#233;lio Mendon&#231;a, Funchal - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade da Madeira</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica Humana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Funchal</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica Humana, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nova de Lisboa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Lisboa</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Andreia Pereira,</bold> Avenida Lu&#237;s de Cam&#245;es, n&#186; 57. Postal Code 9004-514, Funchal - Portugal. E-mail: <email>andreiapereira21@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Pereira A; Acquisition of data: Pereira A, Freitas AI, Sousa AC, Brehm A; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Pereira A, Freitas S, Henriques E, Rodrigues M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pereira A, Mendon&#231;a MI, Borges S, Brehm A, Reis RP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>07</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>50</fpage>
      <lpage>61</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Genetic risk score can quantify individual&#8217;s predisposition to coronary artery disease; however, its usefulness as an independent risk predictor remains inconclusive.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the incremental predictive value of a genetic risk score to traditional risk factors associated with coronary disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirty-three genetic variants previously associated with coronary disease were analyzed in a case-control population with 2,888 individuals. A multiplicative genetic risk score was calculated and then divided into quartiles, with the 1st quartile as the reference class. Coronary risk was determined by logistic regression analysis. Then, a second logistic regression was performed with traditional risk factors and the last quartile of the genetic risk score. Based on this model, two ROC curves were constructed with and without the genetic score and compared by the Delong test. Statistical significance was considered when p values were less than 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The last quartile of the multiplicative genetic risk score revealed a significant increase in coronary artery disease risk (OR = 2.588; 95% CI: 2.090-3.204; p &lt; 0.0001). The ROC curve based on traditional risk factors estimated an AUC of 0.72, which increased to 0.74 when the genetic risk score was added, revealing a better fit of the model (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In conclusion, a multilocus genetic risk score was associated with an increased risk for coronary disease in our population. The usual model of traditional risk factors can be improved by incorporating genetic data.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / history</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) has become a major health problem worldwide, with increasing prevalence and high morbidity and mortality. Traditional risk factors (TRFs) are insufficient to identify asymptomatic high-risk individuals. Epidemiology and family studies have long documented that approximately 50% of the susceptibility for heart disease is genetic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Knowledge of genetic predisposition to cardiac disease is crucial for its comprehensive prevention and treatment.</p>
      <p>Although much of the genetic basis of coronary disease remains to be discovered, some progress has been made using both candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In fact, a number of genetic variants have been previously identified at several genomic regions associated with CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Until now, the risk attributable to any individual variant has been modest. However, discovering and combining multiple loci with modest effects into a global genetic risk score (GRS) could improve the identification of high-risk populations and improve individual risk assessment.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the purpose of this work was to generate a multilocus GRS based on common variants previously shown to be associated with CAD, and evaluate whether it is independent of TRFs and improves the predictive ability of a model based only on TRFs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Population</title>
        <p>Study population was enrolled from GENEMACOR (GENEs in Madeira Island Population with CORonary artery disease), a population-based ongoing case-control registry of CAD with 2,888 participants, 1,566 cases (mean age 53.3 &#177; 8.0 years, 79.1% male) and 1322 controls (mean age 52.7 &#177; 7.8 years, 76.4% male). Cases were selected from patients discharged after being admitted for myocardial infarction/unstable angina diagnosed according to the previously described criteria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> or with CAD confirmed by coronary angiography with &#8805; 1 coronary lesions of &#8805; 70% stenosis in &#8805; 1 major coronary artery or its primary branches. Absent or non-flow limiting atheroma was excluded from the analysis. The control group consisted of healthy volunteers, without symptoms or history of CAD, selected from the same population. All controls underwent clinical assessment of conventional cardiovascular risk factors, an electrocardiogram (ECG), and, in doubtful cases, an exercise stress test, a stress echocardiography or computerized tomography for calcium scoring. Cases and controls were matched for gender and age.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria comprised an age limit of 65 years and being a permanent resident to avoid genetic admixture. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> was used for analysis of population stratification for possible genetic admixture and detection of significant genetic outliers (&lt; 5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the Hospital ethics committee according to the Declaration of Helsinki and all patients provided written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection</title>
        <p>Data was collected from all subjects in a standardized file comprising demographic, clinical characteristics and TRFs traditional risk factors (gender, age, level of exercise, smoking status, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, family history of CAD, body mass index (BMI), heart rate and pulse wave velocity (PWV).</p>
        <p>&#8220;Smokers&#8221; referred to current smokers or subjects with less than 5 years of smoking cessation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Essential hypertension was considered when patients, at the entry into this study, were already diagnosed and/or had been on antihypertensive medication for more than 3 months or newly diagnosed hypertensives with systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 140/90 mmHg measured on at least 3 occasions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dyslipidemia was defined for control population as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) &gt; 140 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) &lt; 45 mg/dL for women and &lt; 40 mg/dL for men, Triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL and apolipoprotein (Apo) B &gt; 100 mg/dL. For patients (at high risk) dyslipidemia was considered when LDL &gt; 100, HDL &lt; 45 mg/dL for women and &lt; 40 mg/dL for men, triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL, Apo B &gt; 100 mg/dL and non-HDL (total cholesterol-HDL) &gt; 130 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Subjects were classified as having diabetes if they were taking oral anti-diabetic medication or insulin or if their fasting plasma glucose was higher than 7.0 mmol/L or 126 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Subjects were considered to have a family history of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) if the father or brother had been diagnosed with CVD under the age of 55 or mother or sister under the age of 65.</p>
        <p>The definition of other TRFs was based on the standard criteria, as previously reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical analysis</title>
        <p>Blood samples were extracted after 12 hours&#8217; fasting. Biochemical analyses were performed at the Central Laboratory of the Hospital, according to standard techniques. In order to determine total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides and glucose, blood samples were placed in dry tubes, centrifuged half an hour later at 3,500 g and subsequently quantified by an enzymatic technique using an &#8220;AU 5400&#8221; (Beckman Coulter) autoanalyzer. Biochemical markers such as lipoprotein-a - Lp(a), (Apo B), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were quantified by immunoturbidimetry also using an &#8220;AU 5400&#8221; (Beckman Coulter) automatic system.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) selection</title>
        <p>Two parallel approaches were employed to identify SNPs for the GRS. In the first approach, we searched the National Human Genome Research Institute database, which included SNPs identified by means of GWAS and catalogued based on phenotype and/or trait. We searched for the keywords: &#8220;coronary artery disease&#8221;, &#8220;coronary disease&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial infarction&#8221; and &#8220;early myocardial infarction.&#8221; The second approach included SNPs that were identified through candidate gene approaches, included in a published GRS for CAD.</p>
        <p>Including criteria included genes described in previous studies with an Odds Ratio (OR) for CAD &#8805; 1.1 and a minor allele frequency (MAF) &gt; 5%. Genes with low Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p &lt; 0.002) (after Bonferroni correction) were excluded.</p>
        <p>In total, 33 SNPs were selected according to their possible CAD-related function: association with cell cycle, cellular migration and inflammation (rs1333049 (9p21.3), rs4977574 (CDKN2B), rs618675 (GJA4), rs17228212 (SMAD3), rs17465637 (MIA3), rs12190287 (TCF21), rs3825807 (ADAMTS7), rs11556924 (ZC3HC1), rs12526453 (PHACTR1)); genes involved in pro-oxidative status (rs1801133 (MTHFR 677), rs1801131 (MTHFR 1298), rs705379 (PON 1), rs662 (PON 192), rs854560 (PON 55), rs6922269 (MTHFD1L); genes associated with modifiable risk factors such as lipids metabolism, hypertension and diabetes/obesity (rs3798220 (LPA), rs2114580 (PCSK9), rs20455 (KIF6), rs7412/rs429358 (APOE), rs964184 (ZNF259), rs599839 (PSRC1), rs5186 (AT1R), rs699 (AGT), rs4340 (ACE), rs4402960 (IGF2BP2), rs1326634 (SLC30A8), rs266729 (ADIPOQ), rs7903146 (TCF7L2), rs17782313 (MC4R), rs1801282 (PPARG), rs1884613 (HNF4A), rs8050136 (FTO) and rs1376251 (TAS2R 50)) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Supplementary Table 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Genetic analyses</title>
        <p>Genetic analyses were performed at the Human Genetics Lab of the University of Madeira. Genomic DNA was extracted from 80 &#181;l of peripheral blood using a standard phenol-chloroform method. A TaqMan allelic discrimination assay for genotyping was performed using labelled probes and primers pre-established by the supplier (TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays, Applied Biosystems).</p>
        <p>All reactions were done on an Applied Biosystems 7300 Real Time PCR System and genotypes were determined using the 7300 System SDS Software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA) without any prior knowledge of individual&#8217;s clinical data. Quality of genotyping techniques was controlled by the inclusion of one non-template control (NTC) in each plate of 96 wells. All SNPs TaqMan assays had blind duplicates accounting for 20% of all samples. Some SNP genotypes were randomly confirmed by conventional direct DNA sequencing, as 10-15% of all samples were re-amplified for sequencing. Call rates for SNPs in the GRS were 98%-100% and a minimum 95% call rate was set for quality control.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Computation of the GENETIC RISK SCORE</title>
        <p>We have tested several models to construct the GRS using both non-weighted and weighted scores, taking into consideration each pattern of inheritance for each gene locus. An additive score (AGRS) was generated, i.e., for each one of the 31 variants a score of 0, 1, and 2 was defined as there were 0, 1 or 2 risk alleles, by calculating the accumulated sum of the risk alleles in these variants. Each individual could be assigned a GRS of 0-62. Additionally, a multiplicative GRS (MGRS) was calculated by multiplying the relative risk for each genotype.</p>
        <p>Validation of the risk score calculation was performed in a random sample of 597 patients (20%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were expressed by frequencies and percentages and compared by the Chi-squared test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median (1st quartile - 3rd quartile) and compared by Student's t-test (unpaired) or Mann-Whitney, as appropriate. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Levene&#180;s test were used to test the assumption of normality and the homogeneity of the variables. All analyses were considered significant when p values were less than 0.05.</p>
        <p>Binary logistic regression was used to determine the combined and separate effects of the variables on the risk for angiographic CAD. GRS was modeled using as a continuous variable and as quartiles, using the first quartile as the reference category. Multivariate analyses were used to adjust for 7 covariates also reported to be associated with CAD. We plotted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calculated the area under the curve (AUC) for logistic regression models including TRFs without and with GRS (quartiles). Pairwise comparison of ROC curves was performed using the Delong test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The model calibration was tested with Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Collinearity between the variables was measured by assessment of tolerance and variance inflation factor (VIF).</p>
        <p>Associations of SNPs with CAD were considered significant at p &lt; 0.05 and in aggregate with GRS models at p &lt; 0.0015 applying Bonferroni correction.</p>
        <p>For MAF of 30%, the study had 70% power to detect an OR for CAD of 1.3 and &gt; 90% for OR &#8805; 1.35, for 2-sided alpha of &lt; 0.05 for 2,000 cases and 1,000 controls. Power calculations used <italic>G power Statistical Power Analyses.</italic></p>
        <p>The potential of GRS to improve individual risk stratification then was measured using the net reclassification improvement (NRI) method,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> defined as the percentage of subjects in each subgroup changing categories when the new model of GRS (in quartiles) was added. The integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), defined as the incremental improvement prognostic value of GRS, was compared between cases and controls. NRI was computed by categorical and non-categorical (continuous) variables using the PredictABEL package available in R software (version 3.2.0).</p>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 19.0 (IBM), MedCalc version 13.3.3.0 and R software version 3.1.2.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline characteristics of the population</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of our population. As expected, cases and controls showed no significant differences concerning gender and age, since this was a selection criterion. Higher frequency of dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, physical inactivity, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, and family history of premature cardiovascular disease was found in CAD patients when compared to the controls (p &lt; 0.0001). Also, PWV, BMI and waist-to-height ratio were higher in cases than in controls, with statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The other biochemical variables analyzed such as hemoglobin, leucocytes, fibrinogen, homocysteine and hs-CRP &gt; 3 showed significantly higher levels in the coronary patients group when compared to the controls (p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of our study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Cases (n = 1566)</th>
                <th align="center">Controls (n = 1322)</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">53.3 &#177; 8.0</td>
                <td align="center">52.7 &#177; 7.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.053</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male Gender, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1238 (79.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1010 (76.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.087</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1398 (89.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1103 (83.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total Cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">180.0 (154.0 &#8211; 213.0)</td>
                <td align="center">205.0 (181.0 &#8211; 234.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">104.6 (82.8 &#8211; 128.7)</td>
                <td align="center">127.2 (104.7 &#8211; 152.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">41.0 (35.0 &#8211; 49.0)</td>
                <td align="center">48.0 (41.0 &#8211; 57.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglycerides, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">141.0 (102.0 &#8211; 210.0)</td>
                <td align="center">121.0 (89.0 &#8211; 174.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apolipoprotein B, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">93.9 (75.5 &#8211; 113.3)</td>
                <td align="center">92.5 (43.0 &#8211; 115.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lipoprotein (a), mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">20.4 (9.2 &#8211; 62.0)</td>
                <td align="center">12.8 (8.8 &#8211; 29.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">533 (34.0)</td>
                <td align="center">175 (13.2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fasting glucose, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">106.0 (96.0 &#8211; 129.0)</td>
                <td align="center">99.0 (91.0 &#8211; 109.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1114 (71.1)</td>
                <td align="center">700 (53.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">137.9 &#177; 20.8</td>
                <td align="center">136.2 &#177; 18.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">82.6 &#177; 11.8</td>
                <td align="center">83.9 &#177; 11.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">68.8 &#177; 12.5</td>
                <td align="center">72.3 &#177; 11.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PWV, m/s</td>
                <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">8.3 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking status<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&#8226;</sup></xref>, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">730 (46.6)</td>
                <td align="center">309 (23.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Level of exercise<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">573 (36.6)</td>
                <td align="center">761 (57.6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alcohol, g/day</td>
                <td align="center">24.7 &#177; 49.7</td>
                <td align="center">18.2 &#177; 28.2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Waist/Height</td>
                <td align="center">0.61 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">0.59 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">373 (23.8)</td>
                <td align="center">167 (12.6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobin, g/dl</td>
                <td align="center">14.6 (13.8 &#8211; 15.4)</td>
                <td align="center">14.7 (14 &#8211; 15.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leucocytes, 103/&#181;l</td>
                <td align="center">7.1 (6 &#8211; 8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">6.6 (5.6 &#8211; 7.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrinogen, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">387 (337 &#8211; 444)</td>
                <td align="center">361 (315 &#8211; 409)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homocysteine, &#181;mol/L</td>
                <td align="center">12.2 (10 &#8211; 14.9)</td>
                <td align="center">11.4 (9.7 &#8211; 13.6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hs-CRP, mg/L &gt; 3, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">648 (41.4)</td>
                <td align="center">496 (37.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.035</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Controls: LDL &gt; 140 mg/dL, HDL &lt; 40 mg/dL for men and &lt; 45 mg/dLfor women; triglycerides &gt; 150mg/dL, APO B &gt; 100 mg/dL. Cases: LDL &gt; 100 mg/dL; triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL, HDL &lt; 40 mg/dL for men and &lt; 45 mg/dL for women; APO B &gt; 100 mg/dL, non HDL &gt; 130 mg/dL;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>More than 40 min/week;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>&#8226;</label>
              <p>Current smokers or &lt; 5 years of cessation; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PWV: pulse wave velocity; BMI: body mass index; Hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein. Categorical variables compared by the Chi-square test. Continuous variables expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (using Student&#8217;s t-test) and biochemical variables as median (1st quartile &#8211; 3rd quartile) (using Mann-Whitney&#8217;s test). Statistical significance: p &lt; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Computation and analysis of Genetic Risk Score</title>
        <p>Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the 33 genotypes at individual loci were assessed using the Chi-squared test and p &lt; 0.002 with Bonferroni correction for all SNPs included. LPA gene variant was excluded for further analyses due to its low Hardy-Weinberg p-value (p &lt; 0.002). Linkage disequilibrium for the mutually adjusted SNPs within the genes was studied. CDKN2B gene was excluded because of the strong linkage disequilibrium with another selected SNP, rs1333049, which resides in the 9p21 region. The remaining 31 SNPs were included for further analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Supplementary Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>In this study, the MGRS had the highest AUC value for assessing the risk for CAD disease with a specificity of 62.3% and sensitivity of 54% (data not shown) and therefore this model was computed in the subsequent analyzes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Supplementary Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>The MGRS of 31 SNPs was significantly higher in CAD cases than in controls (0.67 &#177; 0.73 vs 0.48 &#177; 0.53; p &lt; 0.0001), even by quartile and gender discrimination (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of multiplicative genetic risk score (MGRS) for cases and controls by quartiles and gender</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Cases (n = 1566)</th>
                <th align="center">Controls (n = 1322)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MGRS</td>
                <td align="center">0.67 &#177; 0.73</td>
                <td align="center">0.48 &#177; 0.53</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1<sup>st</sup> Quartile</td>
                <td align="center">0.18 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.17 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2<sup>nd</sup> Quartile</td>
                <td align="center">0.33 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.33 &#177; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3<sup>th</sup> Quartile</td>
                <td align="center">0.52 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.52 &#177; 0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 <sup>th</sup> Quartile</td>
                <td align="center">1.35 &#177; 1.02</td>
                <td align="center">1.18 &#177; 0.88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MGRS male</td>
                <td align="center">0.67 &#177; 0.77</td>
                <td align="center">0.48 &#177; 0.44</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MGRS female</td>
                <td align="center">0.65 &#177; 0.58</td>
                <td align="center">0.51 &#177; 0.74</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>MGRS was expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) (using Student&#8217;s t-test). Statistical significance: p &lt; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A normal distribution of risk alleles in the total sample set including cases and controls is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. While CAD patients exhibited lower GRS values, risk alleles were more prevalent in this group than in controls. In CAD patients, a mean of 27 risk alleles was seen in 52% of the individuals, and a mean of 26 risk alleles was found in 53% of controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of the number of risk alleles by cases and controls. A logistic regression model was used to determine the coronary artery disease risk by the number of risk alleles compared to the number of reference alleles (23 alleles, in relation to the median value of the controls). Dots: regression analysis odds ratio for coronary artery disease.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0050-80107-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>When analyzed in deciles, GRS showed that the increase in the number of risk alleles was significantly associated with CAD as shown by inter-deciles p values (1st decile: OR = 0.612 (0.439 - 0.853), p = 0.004; 9th decile: OR =0.957 (01.400 - 2.734), p &lt; 0.0001 and last decile: OR = 2.472 (1.755 - 3.482), p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of genetic risk score in deciles by cases and controls. A logistic regression model was used with the 5th decile of the controls as the reference class.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0050-80107-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A logistic regression analysis was performed with GRS quartiles, using the first as the reference category. Results showed an increase in CAD risk with statistical significance across the 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> quartiles with respective ORs and CIs of 1.372 (1.114 - 1.689), 1.878 (1.522 - 2.317) and 2.588 (2.090 - 3.204), respectively (data not shown).</p>
        <p>A multivariable predictive model for CAD incorporating GRS quartiles and TRFs is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. The 4<sup>th</sup> GRS quartile has intermediate contribution to CAD phenotype - OR = 2.727 (2.162 - 3.439), greater than dyslipidemia - OR = 1.298 (1.023 - 1.646) and hypertension - OR = 2.067 (1.744 - 2.450). The reduced contribution of dyslipidemia on CAD risk may be due to standard use of statins in CAD patients. Extended adjustment for cofounding variables (gender, age, heart rate, PWV, low exercise level, BMI and family history of CAD) revealed modest increases in the OR for TRFs and the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> quartiles of GRS.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate analysis performed with the multiplicative genetic risk score (MGRS) (quartiles) and traditional risk factors</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">OR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref> (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
                <th align="center">OR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>+</sup></xref> (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MGRS (Quartiles)</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">------</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2<sup>nd</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.355 (1.082 &#8211; 1.698)</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
                <td align="center">1.406 (1.107 &#8211; 1.786)</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3<sup>rd</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.934 (1.539 &#8211; 2.429)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">2.006 (1.575 &#8211; 2.554)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4<sup>th</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2.727 (2.162 &#8211; 3.439)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">2.657 (2.083 &#8211; 3.389)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">3.440 (2.887 &#8211; 4.100)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">3.651 (3.030 &#8211; 4.401)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">3.138 (2.559 &#8211; 3.847)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">3.436 (2.763 &#8211; 4.273)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">2.067 (1.744 &#8211; 2.450)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">2.187 (1.816 &#8211; 2.633)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1.298 (1.023 &#8211; 1.646)</td>
                <td align="center">0.032</td>
                <td align="center">1.344 (1.044 &#8211; 1.731)</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Constant</td>
                <td align="center">0.186</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>Using forward Wald method (SPSS vs. 19.0); Dyslipidemia. Controls: LDL &gt; 140 mg/dL, HDL &lt; 40 mg/dL for men and &lt; 45 mg/dLfor women; triglycerides&gt; 150 mg/dL, APO B &gt; 100 mg/dL. Cases: LDL &gt; 100 mg/dL; triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL, HDL &lt; 40 mg/dL for men and &lt; 45 mg/dL for women; APO B &gt; 100 mg/dL, non HDL &gt; 130 mg/dL;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>OR: odds ratio adjusted for age and gender;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>+</label>
              <p>OR: odds ratio adjusted for gender, age, heart rate, pulse wave velocity, sedentary life style, alcohol, body mass index and family history; CI: confidence interval; Statistically significant for p &lt; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>We used VIF to test for multi-collinearity among the variables included in our GRS adjusted logistic regression model. Tolerance and VIF were respectively &gt; 0.1 and &lt; 10 attesting for no significant collinearity between variables included in the adjustment model.</p>
        <p>Two ROC curves were plotted based on the TRFs without and with the GRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). The first ROC curve estimated an AUC of 0.72, which increased to 0.74 when the GRS was added, revealing a better fit of the model (p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curves based on the baseline model (traditional risk factors, TRFs) and after adding the genetic risk score (GRS) (quartiles) in predicting the risk for coronary artery disease. The two curves are based on logistic regression models incorporating conventional risk factors (diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking and hypertension) with and without the GRS. AUC indicates area under curve. The Delong test compares the difference between the two AUCs (p &lt; 0.0001).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0050-80107-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The NRI and its <italic>p</italic> value were used to make conclusions about improvements in prediction performance gained by adding a set of biomarkers to an existing risk prediction model. The addition of GRS quartiles to TRF improved the risk classification of the models (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). This new marker provided a continuous NRI of 31% (95% CI: 23.8-38.3%; p &lt; 0.0001) with 14.6% reclassification of CAD patients and 16.4% of healthy control population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The category-free net reclassification index (cfNRI) after addition of the GRS quartiles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Group</th>
                <th align="left">n</th>
                <th align="left">Higher risk n (%)</th>
                <th align="left">Lower risk n (%)</th>
                <th align="left">p (cfNRI)</th>
                <th align="left">cfNRI (%)</th>
                <th align="left">cfNRI (95% CI)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAD patients</td>
                <td align="left">1566</td>
                <td align="left">897 (57.3%)</td>
                <td align="left">669 (42.7%)</td>
                <td align="left">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="left">14.6%</td>
                <td align="left">(9.7-19.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Healthy controls</td>
                <td align="left">1322</td>
                <td align="left">553 (41.8%)</td>
                <td align="left">769 (58.2%)</td>
                <td align="left">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="left">16.4%</td>
                <td align="left">(11.2-21.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="left">2888</td>
                <td align="left">---</td>
                <td align="left">---</td>
                <td align="left">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="left">31%</td>
                <td align="left">(23.8-38.3%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>GRS: genetic Risk Score; CAD: coronary Artery Disease; CI: confidence Interval; cfNRI: category-free net reclassification index. This analysis uses the function &#8220;improveProb&#8221; from R software package &#8220;Hmisc&#8221;.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>NRI was also computed using categorical variables and applied to this case-control study and was defined as the percentage of subjects changing categories in each subgroup when adding the new marker (CAD quartile score). Movement towards a better category (higher in patients than in controls) was calculated to address a potential impact for clinical use. NRI showed higher improvement capacity in reclassifying 19.5% of patients from the 50-75% category to the highest risk (75-100%) category. Likewise, 14.1% of healthy controls were moved down into a lower risk category, from 25-50% risk category to &lt; 25% one (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Reclassification table comparing predicted coronary artery disease (CAD) risk with and without genetic risk score (GRS) quartiles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="31%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Predicted risk (without GRS)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">Reclassified predicted risk (with GRS)</th>
                <th align="center">% Increase</th>
                <th align="center">%/ Decrease</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAD patients (n = 1,566)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 25%</td>
                <td align="center">25-50%</td>
                <td align="center">50-75%</td>
                <td align="center">75-100%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 25%</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">25-50%</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">335</td>
                <td align="center">123</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">7,9%</td>
                <td align="center">2.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">50-75%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">471</td>
                <td align="center">305</td>
                <td align="center">19,5%</td>
                <td align="center">3.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">75-100%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">203</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NRI CAD patients</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">20.9%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Healthy controls (n = 1,322)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 25%</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">25-50%</td>
                <td align="center">186</td>
                <td align="center">504</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6,7%</td>
                <td align="center">14.1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">50-75%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">268</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">6%</td>
                <td align="center">4.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">75-100%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0.1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NRI controls</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">3.3%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NRI total</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">24.2%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <p>NRI: net reclassification improvement (categorical NRI); CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Furthermore, the inclusion of GRS quartiles to TRF also provided an IDI of 2.5% (95%CI: 1.9-3.1%; p &lt; 0.0001) (data not shown).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Several years ago, polymorphisms involved in specific biological pathways, relevant to coronary atherosclerosis, were genotyped to determine their association with CAD. This candidate gene approach revealed about 30 high-confidence SNPs loci with significant effects on atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, following traditional candidate gene approach has generated many conflicting results or with weak associations; replication studies are necessary for consistent validation of these results.</p>
      <p>In 2004, Mendon&#231;a et al. first genotyped a<italic>ngiotensin</italic>-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphisms in a Portuguese population yielding similar reports as described in literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>After the development of high capacity arrays in 2008,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> GWAS examined millions of polymorphisms simultaneously in several ethnical subpopulations with a case-control design. The standardized minimum significance level set at 1x10<sup>-5</sup> added reliability to cardiovascular genetics and put it into perspective.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 2007, Samani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> first identified chromosomal loci that were strongly associated with CAD in the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) study (which involved 1,926 case subjects with CAD and 2938 controls) and looked for replication in the German MI (Myocardial Infarction) Family Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the following years, a surprisingly large number of gene variants were consistently reported to be associated with CAD. The 9p21 variant was the most frequently gene variant reported across populations. The huge consortium of Wellcome Trust and three other European research groups joined for the CARDIOGRAM project that confirmed, in a very large sample (&gt; 22,000 cases) of individuals of European ancestry, a 29% increase in risk for MI per copy of the rs1333049 9p21 variant (p = 2&#215;10<sup>-</sup>2<sup>0</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our research group replicated this 9p21 variant analysis in the Portuguese population and found a CC genotype prevalence of 35.7% in CAD patients, with an adjusted OR of 1.34, p = 0.010. The adjusted OR for TRF of CC genotype was 1.7 (p = 0.018) and CG genotype of OR = 1.5, p = 0.048. The authors concluded that although the mechanism underlying the risk is still unknown, the robustness of this risk allele in risk stratification for CAD has been consistent, even in very different populations. The presence of the CC or CG genotype may thus prove to be useful for predicting the risk of developing CAD in the Portuguese population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The most recent meta-analysis of GWAS for (CAD) identified 46 genome-wide loci with significant association and 104 genome-wide loci potentially associated with increased risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, we found a gradual and continual increase in CAD risk with increasing number of CAD risk alleles carried. Individuals in the bottom decile are naturally protected and subjects in top decile of the GRS had a CAD risk of 2.472 (1.755 - 3.482). Even though the score distribution overlaps between cases and controls, the GRS is significantly associated with CAD risk and can be used to identify subjects at highest risk in terms of lifestyle or therapeutic interventions.</p>
      <p>Our results are similar to others reports in Caucasians populations where GRS with 13, 29 or 109 SNPs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> were independent and marginally increased the predictive power of TRF conferred either by AUC increases, C-index changes or more modern discriminative statistical methods like reclassification measures or improved discrimination.</p>
      <p>We report a higher OR for the 4<sup>th</sup> quartile of GRS (2.59) compared to 1.66 reported by Ripatti et al. in the highest quintile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> When comparing the relative weight of the GRS in the multivariate logistic analysis we found slightly lower OR than smoking, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. In Ripatti&#180;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> cohort, a weighted GRS was also an independent predictor even after adjusting for age, sex and TRFs in a Northern European population-based trial. The relative risk of the GRS based on 13-SNP was also lower than that of dyslipidemia and comparable to the effects of hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>An increased power to TRFs definition has been given in this study. For instance, we have used a broad dyslipidemia term including Apo B levels as indicated by 2016 lipid guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Moreover, we have not considered ex-smokers until 5 years of cessation to account for the risk for CV disease events decrease be comparable to a nonsmoker.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thanassoulis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> demonstrated that adding to a 13 SNP-based GRS, 89 SNPs associated with modifiable risk factors did not increase the power of the GRS reporting a HR of 1.01 (95% CI 0.99 -1.03; p = 0.48). This revealed that the weak association of polymorphisms with CAD risk factors in GRS analysis could be masked by the relative stronger effect of other polymorphisms. Considering the lack of a significant association of lipid profiles with CAD risk, Jansen et al. reported in 2015 that several SNPs associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus were related with CAD risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Recently, Webb et al. identified 6 new loci associated with CAD at genome-wide significance. The study confirmed a pleiotropy between lipid traits, blood pressure phenotypes, body mass index, diabetes, and smoking behavior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Our GRS is an assembly of risk factors and non-risk factors-related SNP, reinforcing the genotype-phenotype interactions.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of this study</title>
        <p>The main clinical utility of the GRS in our population is a modest improvement in risk stratification. GRS seems to be a better indicator of patients at a higher than average risk for DAC as compared with TRF stratification. The number and type of SNPs included is limited in our study and a larger number of GWAS hit SNPs should be included in further studies. Nevertheless, the increasing capability of analyzing multiple SNPs in GRS so far have not been translated into increasing ability of risk prediction.</p>
        <p>Finally, this study did not include a gene-gene (G-G) and gene-environment (G-E) analysis. It is expected that, as better statistical significance arises from those interplays, the G-G and G-E incorporation in GRS plus TRF will increase our ability to accurately and individually predict risk.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p> We conclude that a multilocus GRS based on multiple variants of genetic risk was associated to an increased cardiovascular risk in a Portuguese population. We found that a GRS calculated with the 31 studied SNPs was significantly associated to CAD and that 25% of individuals who carry the greatest risk alleles have, approximately, 2.5 times increased CAD risk when compared to those in the lowest quartile. This GRS has provided a slight improvement of the predictive ability compared to the initial model and can enhance individual risk stratification. These results highlight the potential value of including genetic information in the usual models.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted byAndreia Pereira, from Universidade Nova de Lisboa.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the SESARAM, EPE under the protocol number 50/2012. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We are very grateful to Elsa Sousa who made all the administrative procedures and to Rita Freitas (CIDEHUS, &#201;vora University, Portugal) who reviewed the paper for statistical analysis.</p>
    </ack>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <label/>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Supplementary Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>List of the 33 genetic variants previously associated with coronary artery disease risk, used for the development of the genetic risk score in the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="5%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="17%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">SNP ID</th>
                <th align="center">Nearest gene</th>
                <th align="center">Chr</th>
                <th align="center">Position</th>
                <th align="center">Genotypic OR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
                <th align="center">Allelic OR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
                <th align="center">MAF (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Potential Mechanismof Action</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs1333049</td>
                <td align="center">9p21.3</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">22125504</td>
                <td align="center">1.147 (1.036-1.270)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>+</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
                <td align="center">1.155 (1.041-1.282)</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
                <td align="center">45.8</td>
                <td align="center">Cellular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs4977574</td>
                <td align="center">CDKN2B</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">22098575</td>
                <td align="center">1.161 (1.049-1.286)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>+</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
                <td align="center">1.172 (1.056-1.302)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
                <td align="center">42.0</td>
                <td align="center">Cellular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs618675</td>
                <td align="center">GJA4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">34922761</td>
                <td align="center">1.143 (0.792-1.649)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.475</td>
                <td align="center">1.046 (0.918-1.191)</td>
                <td align="center">0.502</td>
                <td align="center">19.6</td>
                <td align="center">Cellular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs17228212</td>
                <td align="center">SMAD3</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">65245693</td>
                <td align="center">1.202 (0.888-1.629)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.234</td>
                <td align="center">1.025 (0.910-1.155)</td>
                <td align="center">0.684</td>
                <td align="center">25.3</td>
                <td align="center">Cellular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs17465637</td>
                <td align="center">MIA3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">222650187</td>
                <td align="center">1.088 (0.971-1.220)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>+</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.148</td>
                <td align="center">1.088 (0.971-1.220)</td>
                <td align="center">0.147</td>
                <td align="center">28.6</td>
                <td align="center">Cellular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs12190287</td>
                <td align="center">TCF21</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">134256218</td>
                <td align="center">1.230 (1.100-1.375)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>+</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">1.226 (1.098-1.368)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0003</td>
                <td align="center">32.7</td>
                <td align="center">Cellular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs3825807</td>
                <td align="center">ADAMTS7</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">76876166</td>
                <td align="center">1.073- (0.967-1.191)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>+</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.185</td>
                <td align="center">1.074 (0.967-1.194)</td>
                <td align="center">0.181</td>
                <td align="center">41.2</td>
                <td align="center">Cellular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs11556924</td>
                <td align="center">ZC3HC1</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">130023656</td>
                <td align="center">1.227 (1.058-1.423)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
                <td align="center">1.157 (1.037-1.290)</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
                <td align="center">34.3</td>
                <td align="center">Cellular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs1332844</td>
                <td align="center">PHACTR1</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">12927312</td>
                <td align="center">1.113 (1.003-1.235)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>+</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.044</td>
                <td align="center">1.113 (1.003-1.236)</td>
                <td align="center">0.043</td>
                <td align="center">44.3</td>
                <td align="center">Cellular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs2114580</td>
                <td align="center">PCSK9</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">55167236</td>
                <td align="center">1.079 (0.821-1.417)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.587</td>
                <td align="center">0.974 (0.866-1.096)</td>
                <td align="center">0.665</td>
                <td align="center">26.3</td>
                <td align="center">Lipids</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs3798220</td>
                <td align="center">LPA</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">160540105</td>
                <td align="center">1.484 (1.212-1.816)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>+</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">2.167 (1.452-3.235)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">2.1</td>
                <td align="center">Lipids</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs20455</td>
                <td align="center">KIF6</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">39357302</td>
                <td align="center">1.129 (0.896-1.424)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.306</td>
                <td align="center">1.060 (0.949-1.184)</td>
                <td align="center">0.302</td>
                <td align="center">32.8</td>
                <td align="center">Lipids</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs7412/ rs429358<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14"><sup>1</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">APOE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14"><sup>1</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">44908822/44908684</td>
                <td align="center">1.261 (1.062-1.497)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>#</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
                <td align="center">1.231 (1.056-1.435)</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
                <td align="center">13.4</td>
                <td align="center">Lipids</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs964184</td>
                <td align="center">ZNF259</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">116778201</td>
                <td align="center">1.131 (0.986-1.298)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>+</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.078</td>
                <td align="center">1.130 (0.986-1.295)</td>
                <td align="center">0.079</td>
                <td align="center">17.7</td>
                <td align="center">Lipids</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs599839</td>
                <td align="center">PSRC1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">109279544</td>
                <td align="center">1.059 (0.933-1.203)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>+</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.375</td>
                <td align="center">1.058 (0.933-1.201)</td>
                <td align="center">0.379</td>
                <td align="center">21.4</td>
                <td align="center">Lipids</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs1801133</td>
                <td align="center">MTHFR 677</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">11796321</td>
                <td align="center">1.178 (1.017-1.365)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>#</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.029</td>
                <td align="center">1.114 (0.998-1.243)</td>
                <td align="center">0.055</td>
                <td align="center">33.5</td>
                <td align="center">Oxidation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs1801131</td>
                <td align="center">MTHFR 1298</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">11794419</td>
                <td align="center">0.944 (0.816-1.093)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>#</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.443</td>
                <td align="center">0.958 (0.854-1.075)</td>
                <td align="center">0.465</td>
                <td align="center">28.0</td>
                <td align="center">Oxidation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs705379</td>
                <td align="center">PON -108</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">96324583</td>
                <td align="center">1.135 (0.950-1.355)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>#</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.163</td>
                <td align="center">1.068 (0.962-1.184)</td>
                <td align="center">0.217</td>
                <td align="center">46.4</td>
                <td align="center">Oxidation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs662</td>
                <td align="center">PON 192</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">95308134</td>
                <td align="center">0.836 (0.652-1.072)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.157</td>
                <td align="center">0.927 (0.828-1.037)</td>
                <td align="center">0.186</td>
                <td align="center">30.1</td>
                <td align="center">Oxidation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs854560</td>
                <td align="center">PON 55</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">95316772</td>
                <td align="center">1.161 (1.044-1.290)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>+</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
                <td align="center">1.161 (1.044-1.290)</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
                <td align="center">40.4</td>
                <td align="center">Oxidation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs6922269</td>
                <td align="center">MTHFD1L</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">150931849</td>
                <td align="center">1.067 (0.804-1.416)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.653</td>
                <td align="center">0.996 (0.887-1.118)</td>
                <td align="center">0.943</td>
                <td align="center">27.3</td>
                <td align="center">Oxidation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs5186</td>
                <td align="center">AT1R</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">148742201</td>
                <td align="center">1.245 (0.906-1.710)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.177</td>
                <td align="center">1.062 (0.942-1.198)</td>
                <td align="center">0.323</td>
                <td align="center">24.7</td>
                <td align="center">RAS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs699</td>
                <td align="center">AGT</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">230710048</td>
                <td align="center">0.932 (0.798-1.090)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>#</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.380</td>
                <td align="center">0.969 (0.873-1.076)</td>
                <td align="center">0.552</td>
                <td align="center">42.9</td>
                <td align="center">RAS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs4340</td>
                <td align="center">ACE</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">61565892</td>
                <td align="center">1.165 (1.001-1.355)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.048</td>
                <td align="center">1.083 (0.973-1.205)</td>
                <td align="center">0.143</td>
                <td align="center">38.1</td>
                <td align="center">RAS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs4402960</td>
                <td align="center">IGF2BP2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">185793899</td>
                <td align="center">1.124 (0.876-1.443)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.358</td>
                <td align="center">1.020 (0.911-1.141)</td>
                <td align="center">0.736</td>
                <td align="center">30.8</td>
                <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs1326634</td>
                <td align="center">SLC30A8</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">117172544</td>
                <td align="center">1.213 (0.914-1.609)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>#</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.181</td>
                <td align="center">1.081 (0.961-1.217)</td>
                <td align="center">0.195</td>
                <td align="center">25.8</td>
                <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs266729</td>
                <td align="center">ADIPOQ</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">186841685</td>
                <td align="center">1.209 (1.041-1.403)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>#</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.013</td>
                <td align="center">1.165 (1.030-1.318)</td>
                <td align="center">0.015</td>
                <td align="center">23.3</td>
                <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs7903146</td>
                <td align="center">TCF7L2</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">112998590</td>
                <td align="center">0.961 (0.862-1.072)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>+</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.480</td>
                <td align="center">0.962 (0.863-1.072)</td>
                <td align="center">0.482</td>
                <td align="center">35.3</td>
                <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs17782313</td>
                <td align="center">MC4R</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">60183864</td>
                <td align="center">1.314 (0.931-1.855)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.120</td>
                <td align="center">1.016 (0.896-1.152)</td>
                <td align="center">0.806</td>
                <td align="center">21.6</td>
                <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs1801282</td>
                <td align="center">PPARG</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">12351626</td>
                <td align="center">1.427 (0.717-2.843)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>#</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.309</td>
                <td align="center">1.164 (0.970-1.396)</td>
                <td align="center">0.102</td>
                <td align="center">8.8</td>
                <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs1884613</td>
                <td align="center">HNF4A</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">44351775</td>
                <td align="center">1.159 (0.987-1.360)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>#</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.072</td>
                <td align="center">1.106 (0.960-1.273)</td>
                <td align="center">0.163</td>
                <td align="center">16.2</td>
                <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs8050136</td>
                <td align="center">FTO</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">53782363</td>
                <td align="center">1.194 (1.026-1.390)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>#</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
                <td align="center">1.129 (1.016-1.255)</td>
                <td align="center">0.025</td>
                <td align="center">39.7</td>
                <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rs1376251</td>
                <td align="center">TAS2R 50</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">11030119</td>
                <td align="center">1.556 (0.767-3.155)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.217</td>
                <td align="center">1.080 (0.920-1.267)</td>
                <td align="center">0.349</td>
                <td align="center">11.9</td>
                <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>SNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism; Chr: Chromosome; OR: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; MAF: Minor Allele Frequency; RAS: Renin-Angiotensin System; Diab/Obes: Diabetes/Obesity;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>+</label>
              <p>Additive model;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Recessive model;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>Dominant model;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>Resulting from a Haplotype; Table shows susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease, genotypic and allelic ORs and p values for the lead SNP within each locus reported in genome-wide association studies and candidate gene studies. Genotypic ORs are given for additive, recessive and dominant models. Potential mechanism of action is on the basis of what is already known about the function of the nearby genes. It includes &#8220;Cellular&#8221; (genes associated to cell cycle, cellular migration and inflammation); &#8220;Oxidation&#8221; (genes involved in pro-oxidative status) and associated with modifiable risk factors such as &#8220;Lipids&#8221; metabolism, hypertension (&#8220;RAS&#8221;) and Diabetes/Obesity.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Supplementary Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Logistic regression with respective ORs and ROC curves with respective AUCs of the GRS models</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">GRS models</th>
                <th align="center">OR (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">P value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16"><sup>1</sup></xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">AUC (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">Sensitivity (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Specificity (%)</th>
                <th align="center">P value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17"><sup>2</sup></xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Multiplicative</td>
                <td align="center">1.78 (1.52 &#8211; 2.10)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">0.61 (0.59 &#8211; 0.62)</td>
                <td align="center">54.0</td>
                <td align="center">62.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Additive</td>
                <td align="center">1.06 (1.04 &#8211; 1.09)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">0.56 (0.54 &#8211; 0.58)</td>
                <td align="center">58.7</td>
                <td align="center">50.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weighted (Best model OR)</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 (0.94 &#8211; 1.10)</td>
                <td align="center">0.660</td>
                <td align="center">0.57 (0.55 &#8211; 0.59)</td>
                <td align="center">41.0</td>
                <td align="center">70.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weighted (Beta)</td>
                <td align="center">2.23 (1.88 &#8211; 2.65)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">0.60 (0.58 &#8211; 0.61)</td>
                <td align="center">43.0</td>
                <td align="center">71.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weighted (Literature OR)</td>
                <td align="center">1.35 (1.12 &#8211; 1.62)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.54 (0.52 &#8211; 0.55)</td>
                <td align="center">53.4</td>
                <td align="center">54.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classic weighted</td>
                <td align="center">3.01 (2.32 &#8211; 3.89)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">0.59 (0.57 &#8211; 0.61)</td>
                <td align="center">59.4</td>
                <td align="center">54.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>OR: Odds ratio; ROC: Receiver Operating Characteristic; AUC: Area under curve; GRS: Genetic Risk Score; CI: Confidence interval;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>P value: Obtained by logistic regression to evaluate the significance of the odds ratio;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>P value: Obtained by the ROC Curve to verify the significance of the area under the curve; Statistically significant for p &lt; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </app>
    </app-group>
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      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o, Hospital Dr. N&#233;lio Mendon&#231;a, Funchal - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica Humana, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andreia Pereira</bold>, Avenida Lu&#237;s de Cam&#245;es, n&#186; 57. CEP 9004-514, Funchal - Portugal. E-mail: <email>andreiapereira21@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pereira A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pereira A, Freitas AI, Sousa AC, Brehm A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pereira A, Freitas S, Henriques E, Rodrigues M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pereira A, Mendon&#231;a MI, Borges S, Brehm A, Reis RP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O escore de risco gen&#233;tico pode quantificar a predisposi&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo em desenvolver doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; no entanto, sua utilidade como preditor de risco independente permanece inconclusiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o incremento no valor preditivo de um escore de risco gen&#233;tico aos fatores de risco tradicionais associados &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trinta e tr&#234;s variantes gen&#233;ticas previamente associadas &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram analisadas em uma popula&#231;&#227;o caso-controle com 2888 indiv&#237;duos. Um escore de risco gen&#233;tico multiplicativo foi calculado e dividido em quartis, com o 1&#186; quartil como a classe de refer&#234;ncia. O risco coron&#225;rio foi determinado por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Uma segunda regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada com fatores de risco tradicionais e o &#250;ltimo quartil do escore de risco gen&#233;tico. Com base nesse modelo, duas curvas ROC foram constru&#237;das com e sem o escore de risco e comparadas pelo teste de DeLong. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada quando os valores de p eram inferiores a 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O &#250;ltimo quartil do score de risco gen&#233;tico multiplicativo revelou um aumento significativo no risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (OR = 2,588; IC 95%: 2,090-3,204; p &lt; 0,0001). A curva ROC baseada nos fatores de risco tradicionais estimou uma AUC de 0,72, que aumentou para 0,74 quando o score de risco gen&#233;tico foi adicionado, revelando um ajuste melhor do modelo (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em conclus&#227;o, um escore de risco gen&#233;tico com m&#250;ltiplos loci foi associado a um risco aumentado de doen&#231;a coronariana na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. O modelo usual de fatores de risco tradicionais pode ser melhorado pela incorpora&#231;&#227;o de dados gen&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / hist&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / morbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) tornou-se um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em todo o mundo, com crescente preval&#234;ncia e alta morbidade e mortalidade. Fatores de risco tradicionais (FRTs) n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para identificar indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos em alto risco. Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos e estudos com fam&#237;lias j&#225; mostraram que o fator gen&#233;tico responde por aproximadamente 50% da susceptibilidade &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O conhecimento da predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica a doen&#231;as card&#237;acas &#233; fundamental para sua preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento adequados.</p>
        <p>Apesar de pouco se conhecer sobre a base gen&#233;tica da doen&#231;a coronariana, houve progressos com a identifica&#231;&#227;o de genes candidatos e estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla (GWAS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> De fato, muitas variantes gen&#233;ticas foram identificadas em v&#225;rias regi&#245;es gen&#244;micas associadas com DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, o risco atribu&#237;vel a qualquer variante individual &#233; baixo. No entanto, a descoberta e a combina&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos loci com efeitos relativamente baixos a um escore de risco gen&#233;tico (ERG) global permitiria a identifica&#231;&#227;o de popula&#231;&#245;es em alto risco e melhoraria a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco individual.</p>
        <p>Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um ERG com base em variantes comuns, previamente associados com DAC, avaliar se o escore &#233; independente de FRTs e se melhora a capacidade preditiva de um modelo baseado somente nesses fatores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi selecionada a partir do GENEMACOR (GENEs na popula&#231;&#227;o madeirense com doen&#231;a arterial CORonariana), um estudo populacional caso-controle em desenvolvimento com 2888 participantes, 1566 casos (idade m&#233;dia 53,3 &#177; 8,0 anos, 79,1% homens) e 1322 controles (idade m&#233;dia 52,7 &#177; 7,8 anos, 76,4% homens). Os casos foram selecionados entre pacientes que receberam alta ap&#243;s serem internados por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio / angina inst&#225;vel diagnosticados segundo crit&#233;rios previamente descritos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> ou com DAC confirmada por angiografia com uma ou mais les&#227;o coronariana de estenose &#8805; 70% em uma ou mais art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria importante ou seus ramos principais. A aus&#234;ncia de ateroma ou presen&#231;a de ateroma sem altera&#231;&#227;o de fluxo foram exclu&#237;das das an&#225;lises. O grupo controle foi composto de volunt&#225;rios sadios, sem sintoma ou hist&#243;ria de DAC, selecionados da mesma popula&#231;&#227;o. Todos os controles foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica quanto a fatores de risco cardiovasculares convencionais, &#224; eletrocardiografia (ECG) e, em casos de d&#250;vida, a um teste de estresse (exerc&#237;cio), a um eco-stress ou &#224; tomografia computadorizada para determina&#231;&#227;o do escore de c&#225;lcio. Casos e controles foram pareados por sexo e idade.</p>
          <p>Como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foi considerada idade limite de 65 anos e ser um residente permanente na Ilha da Madeira a fim de se evitar mistura gen&#233;tica. An&#225;lise de Componentes Principais (ACP) foi usada para an&#225;lise de estratifica&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; poss&#237;vel mistura gen&#233;tica e detec&#231;&#227;o de <italic>outliers</italic> gen&#233;ticos significativos (&lt; 5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do hospital segundo Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de dados</title>
          <p>Os dados foram coletados de todos os indiv&#237;duos utilizando-se um formul&#225;rio padr&#227;o que incluiu dados demogr&#225;ficos, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e fatores de riscos (sexo, idade, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia, diabetes, hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, &#237;ndice de massa corporal) (IMC), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP).</p>
          <p>Foram considerados &#8220;tabagistas&#8221; participantes fumantes ou aqueles que pararam de fumar h&#225; menos de 5 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Hipertens&#227;o essencial foi considerada quando os pacientes apresentavam esse diagn&#243;stico na inclus&#227;o no estudo e/ou estavam em uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo h&#225; mais de 3 meses, ou foram diagnosticados recentemente com press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica &#8805; 140/90 mmHg em pelo menos 3 ocasi&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Dislipidemia foi definida para a popula&#231;&#227;o controle como n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) &gt; 140mg/dL, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) &lt; 45 mg/dL para mulheres e &lt; 40 mg/dL para homens, triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dL e apolipoprote&#237;na (Apo) B &gt; 100 mg/dL. Os pacientes (em alto risco) foram considerados dislipid&#234;micos se os n&#237;veis de LDL fossem maiores que 100 mg/dL, HDL &lt;45 mg/dL para mulheres e &lt; 40 mg/dL para homens, triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dL, Apo B &gt; 100 mg/dL e colesterol n&#227;o-HDL (colesterol total-HDL) &gt; 130 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados como diab&#233;ticos se estivessem em uso de hipoglicemiantes orais ou insulina, ou se seus n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de glicose fossem superiores a 7,0 mmol/L ou 126 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) prematura foi considerada &#224;queles com pai ou irm&#227;o que receberam diagn&#243;stico de DCV em idade inferior a 55 anos ou m&#227;e ou irm&#227; em idade inferior a 65 anos.</p>
          <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de outros FRTs foi baseada com base em crit&#233;rios padr&#245;es, como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram extra&#237;das ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum. As an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas foram realizadas no laborat&#243;rio central do hospital, de acordo com t&#233;cnicas padr&#245;es. Para determinar os n&#237;veis de colesterol total, HDL, LDL, triglicer&#237;deos e glicose, as amostras de sangue foram colocadas em tubos secos, centrifugados 30 minutos ap&#243;s coleta a 3500 g, e em seguida quantificadas por t&#233;cnica enzim&#225;tica por um analisador autom&#225;tico (Beckman Coulter). Os marcadores bioqu&#237;micos tais como lipoprote&#237;na-a - Lp(a), (Apo B), e prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us) foram quantificadas por imunoturbidimetria tamb&#233;m utilizando-se um sistema autom&#225;tico &#8220;AU 5400&#8221; (Beckman Coulter).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de polimorfismo de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNP)</title>
          <p>Foram utilizadas duas abordagens para identificar SNPs para ERGs. Na primeira abordagem, fizemos uma busca no banco de dados do <italic>National Human Genome Research Institute</italic> que incluiu SNPs identificados por GWAs e catalogados com base no fen&#243;tipo e/ou tra&#231;o, pelas palavras chave: &#8220;doen&#231;a arterial coronariana&#8221;, &#8220;doen&#231;a coronariana&#8221;, &#8220;infarto do mioc&#225;rdio&#8221;, e &#8220;infarto precoce&#8221;. A segunda abordagem incluiu SNPs identificados por abordagens de genes candidatos, inclu&#237;dos em um ERG publicado para DAC.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram genes descritos em estudos pr&#233;vios com um <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (OR) para DAC &#8805; 1,1 e uma frequ&#234;ncia do alelo menos comum (MAF, <italic>minor allele frequency</italic>) &gt; 5%. Genes com baixo equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg (p &lt; 0,002) (ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni) foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
          <p>No total, 33 SNPs foram selecionados de acordo com suas poss&#237;veis fun&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; DAC - ciclo celular, migra&#231;&#227;o celular e inflama&#231;&#227;o - rs1333049 (9p21.3), rs4977574 (CDKN2B), rs618675 (GJA4), rs17228212 (SMAD3), rs17465637 (MIA3), rs12190287 (TCF21), rs3825807 (ADAMTS7), rs11556924 (ZC3HC1), rs12526453 (PHACTR1); genes envolvidos no status pr&#243;-oxidativo (rs1801133 (MTHFR 677), rs1801131 (MTHFR 1298), rs705379 (PON 1), rs662 (PON 192), rs854560 (PON 55), rs6922269 (MTHFD1L); genes associados com fatores de risco modific&#225;veis tais como metabolismo lip&#237;dico, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes/obesidade - rs3798220 (LPA), rs2114580 (PCSK9), rs20455 (KIF6), rs7412/rs429358 (APOE), rs964184 (ZNF259), rs599839 (PSRC1), rs5186 (AT1R), rs699 (AGT), rs4340 (ACE), rs4402960 (IGF2BP2), rs1326634 (SLC30A8), rs266729 (ADIPOQ), rs7903146 (TCF7L2), rs17782313 (MC4R), rs1801282 (PPARG), rs1884613 (HNF4A), rs8050136 (FTO) e rs1376251 (TAS2R 50) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela suplementar 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises gen&#233;ticas</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises gen&#233;ticas foram realizadas no laborat&#243;rio de gen&#233;tica humana da Universidade da Madeira. O DNA gen&#244;mico foi extra&#237;do de uma amostra de 80 <italic>&#181;</italic>L de sangue perif&#233;rico utilizando-se um m&#233;todo padr&#227;o com fenol-clorof&#243;rmio. Um ensaio de genotipagem de SNPs pelo sistema TaqMan foi realizado utilizando-se sondas e <italic>primers</italic> marcados conforme fabricante (<italic>TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays, Applied Biosystems</italic>).</p>
          <p>Todas as rea&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas utilizando-se a t&#233;cnica de PCR em tempo real pelo sistema e programa Applied Biosystems 7300 (<italic>Applied Biosystems</italic>, Foster City, EUA) sem nenhum conhecimento pr&#233;vio dos dados cl&#237;nicos dos indiv&#237;duos. A qualidade das t&#233;cnicas de genotipagem foi controlada pela inclus&#227;o de um controle branco (non-template) em cada placa de 96 po&#231;os. Todos os ensaios TaqMan foram realizados com duplicatas (cegas), correspondendo a 20% das amostras. Alguns gen&#243;tipos de SNPs foram confirmados aleatoriamente pelo procedimento convencional de sequenciamento direto do DNA, sendo que 10-15% de todas as amostras foram reamplificadas por sequenciamento. As taxas de acur&#225;cia (<italic>call rates</italic>) para SNPs no ERG foram 98-100%; uma taxa de 95% foi estabelecida como controle de qualidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#225;lculo do ESCORE DE RISCO GEN&#201;TICO</title>
          <p>Avaliamos v&#225;rios modelos para elaborar o ERG com base em escores ponderados e n&#227;o ponderados, considerando cada padr&#227;o de heran&#231;a de cada locus g&#234;nico. Um escore aditivo (ERGA) foi gerado, isto &#233;, para cada uma das 31 variantes, foi estabelecido um escore de 0, 1 e 2 com base na exist&#234;ncia de 0, 1 ou 2 alelos de risco, calculando-se a soma acumulada dos alelos de risco nessas variantes. Cada indiv&#237;duo poderia receber um ERG de 0 a 62. Al&#233;m disso, um ERG multiplicativo (ERGM) foi calculado, multiplicando-se o risco relativo para cada gen&#243;tipo.</p>
          <p>Para validar o c&#225;lculo do escore de risco, selecionamos uma amostra aleat&#243;ria de 597 pacientes (20%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana (1&#186; quartil - 3&#186; quartil) e comparadas pelo teste t para amostras n&#227;o pareada ou o teste de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e o teste de Levene foram usados para testar normalidade e homogeneidade das vari&#225;veis. Todas as an&#225;lises foram consideradas significativas se os valores de p fossem menores que 0,05.</p>
          <p>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria foi usada para determinar o efeito (combinado e separado) das vari&#225;veis sobre o risco para DAC angiogr&#225;fica. O ERG foi delineado como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua e em quartis, usando-se o primeiro quartil como categoria de refer&#234;ncia. As an&#225;lises multivariadas foram usadas para ajuste do modelo quanto a 7 covari&#225;veis tamb&#233;m associadas com DAC.</p>
          <p>Desenvolvemos caracter&#237;sticas de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (curvas ROC) e calculamos a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) para modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica incluindo FRTs com e sem o ERG (quartis). As curvas ROC foram comparadas em pares usando o teste DeLong.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo foi testada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Um valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Colinearidade entre as vari&#225;veis foi medida avaliando-se toler&#226;ncia e fator de infla&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia (FIV).</p>
          <p>Associa&#231;&#245;es dos SNPs com DAC foram consideradas significativas para p &lt; 0,05 e em conjunto com os modelos de ERG para p &lt; 0,0015 aplicando-se a corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni. Para MAF de 30%, o estudo apresentou poder de 70% para detectar um OR para DAC de 1,3 e &gt; 90% para OR &gt; 1,35, para alfa bicaudal &lt; 0,05 para 2000 casos e 1000 controles. Esses c&#225;lculos foram realizados usando o programa <italic>G power Statistical Power Analyses</italic>.</p>
          <p>O potencial do ERG em melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco individual foi medido pelo m&#233;todo <italic>net reclassification improvement</italic> (NRI),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> definido como a porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos em cada subgrupo que mudaram de categorias quando um novo modelo de ERG foi adicionado. Ainda, a melhora integrada de discrimina&#231;&#227;o (<italic>integrated discrimination improvement</italic>, IDI), definida como a melhora incremental no valor progn&#243;stico do ERG, foi comparada entre casos e controles. O NRI foi calculado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e n&#227;o categ&#243;ricas (cont&#237;nuas) utilizando-se o programa PredictABEL dispon&#237;vel em software R (vers&#227;o 3.2.0). As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando os programas SPSS vers&#227;o 19.0 (IBM), o MedCalc vers&#227;o 13.3.3.0 e o software R vers&#227;o 3.1.2.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;stica basal da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas basais de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Conforme o esperado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre casos e controles quanto ao sexo e idade, pois esse era um dos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o. Uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de dislipidemia, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, sedentarismo, tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool, e hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV prematura foi encontrada nos pacientes com DAC que nos controles (p &lt; 0,0001). Ainda, VOP, IMC e rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril foram mais frequentes nos controles, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 1</xref>). Valores das outras vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas analisadas - hemoglobina, leuc&#243;citos, fibrinog&#234;nio, homociste&#237;na e PCR-us &gt; 3 foram significativamente mais elevados no grupo de pacientes com DAC que nos controles (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Casos (n = 1566)</th>
                  <th align="center">Controles (n = 1322)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">53,3 &#177; 8,0</td>
                  <td align="center">52,7 &#177; 7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,053</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1238 (79,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1010 (76,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,087</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1398 (89,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1103 (83,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">180,0 (154,0 &#8211; 213,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">205,0 (181,0 &#8211; 234,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">104,6 (82,8 &#8211; 128,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">127,2 (104,7 &#8211; 152,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">41,0 (35,0 &#8211; 49,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,0 (41,0 &#8211; 57,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">141,0 (102,0 &#8211; 210,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">121,0 (89,0 &#8211; 174,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Apolipoprote&#237;na B, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">93,9 (75,5 &#8211; 113,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">92,5 (43,0 &#8211; 115,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Lipoprote&#237;na (a), mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">20,4 (9,2 &#8211; 62,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,8 (8,8 &#8211; 29,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">533 (34,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">175 (13,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Glicose de jejum, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">106,0 (96,0 &#8211; 129,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">99,0 (91,0 &#8211; 109,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1114 (71,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">700 (53,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">137,9 &#177; 20,8</td>
                  <td align="center">136,2 &#177; 18,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">82,6 &#177; 11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">83,9 &#177; 11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">68,8 &#177; 12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">72,3 &#177; 11,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VOP, m/s</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>&#8226;</sup></xref>, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">730 (46,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">309 (23,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19"><sup>*</sup></xref>, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">573 (36,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">761 (57,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;lcool, g/dia</td>
                  <td align="center">24,7 &#177; 49,7</td>
                  <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 28,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28,6 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cintura/Altura</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">373 (23,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">167 (12,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina, g/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">14,6 (13,8 &#8211; 15,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,7 (14 &#8211; 15,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Leuc&#243;citos, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1 (6 &#8211; 8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6 (5,6 &#8211; 7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrinog&#234;nio, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">387 (337 &#8211; 444)</td>
                  <td align="center">361 (315 &#8211; 409)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Homociste&#237;na, &#181;mol/L</td>
                  <td align="center">12,2 (10 &#8211; 14,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,4 (9,7 &#8211; 13,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCR-us, mg/L &gt; 3, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">648 (41,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">496 (37,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Controles: LDL &gt; 140 mg/dL, HDL &lt; 40 para homens e &lt; 45 para mulheres; triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dL, APO B &gt; 100mg/dL. Casos: LDL &gt; 100 mg/dL; triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dL, HDL &lt; 40 mg/dL para homens e &lt; 45 mg/dL para mulheres; APO B &gt; 100 mg/dL, n&#227;o-HDL &gt; 130 mg/dL.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Mais que 40min/semana;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>&#8226;</label>
                <p>Fumantes atuais ou que parou h&#225; menos de 5 anos; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PCR-us: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (teste t de Student) e vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas em mediana (1&#186; quartil &#8211; 3&#186; quartil) (teste de Mann-Whitney). Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica: p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#225;lculo e an&#225;lise do escore de risco gen&#233;tico</title>
          <p>Desvios do equil&#237;brio Hardy-Weinberg para os 33 gen&#243;tipos em loci individuais foram avaliados pelo teste do qui-quadrado e valores de p &lt; 0,02 com corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni para todos os SNPs foram inclu&#237;dos. A variante gen&#233;tica LPA foi exclu&#237;da das an&#225;lises devido ao baixo valor de p no modelo Hardy-Weinberg (p &lt; 0,002). O desequil&#237;brio de liga&#231;&#227;o para SNPs (mutuamente ajustados) ao longo dos genes foi avaliado. O gene CDKN2B foi exclu&#237;do devido ao forte desequil&#237;brio de liga&#231;&#227;o com outro SNP selecionado, rs1333049, que reside na regi&#227;o 9p21. Os demais 31 SNPs foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela Suplementar 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>No presente estudo, o ERGM apresentou a maior AUC para avaliar o risco de DAC, com uma especificidade de 62,3% e sensibilidade de 54% (dados n&#227;o apresentados) e, por isso, esse modelo foi calculado nas an&#225;lises subsequentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 2 Suplementar</xref>). O ERGM de 31 SNPs foi significativamente mais alto nos casos de DAC que nos controles (0,67 &#177; 0,73 vs 0,48 &#177; 0,53; p &lt; 0,0001), mesmo ap&#243;s discrimina&#231;&#227;o por quartil e sexo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco gen&#233;tico multiplicativo (ERGM) para casos e controles por quartis e g&#234;nero</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Casos (n = 1566)</th>
                  <th align="center">Controles (n = 1322)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ERGM</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48 &#177; 0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1&#186; Quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2&#186; Quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33 &#177; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3&#186; Quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52 &#177; 0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4&#186; Quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35 &#177; 1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 0,88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ERGM para homens</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48 &#177; 0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ERGM para mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65 &#177; 0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51 &#177; 0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <p>ERGM expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (teste t de Student). Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica: p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Distribui&#231;&#227;o normal de alelos de risco na amostra total incluindo casos e controles est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>. Embora os pacientes com DAC apresentaram valores de ERG mais baixos, alelos de risco foram mais prevalentes nesse grupo que nos controles. Nos pacientes com DAC, uma m&#233;dia de 27 alelos de risco foi observado em 52% dos indiv&#237;duos, e uma m&#233;dia de 26 alelos de risco foi observado em 52% dos controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos alelos de risco por casos e controles. Um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi usado para determinar o risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pelo n&#250;mero de alelos de risco em compara&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de alelos de refer&#234;ncia (23 alelos, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mediana dos controles). Cada ponto representa o odds ratio (obtido por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o) para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0050-80107-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Quando analisados em decis, o ERG mostrou que o aumento no n&#250;mero de alelos de risco esteve significativamente associado com DAC como mostrado pelos valores de p interdecis - 1&#186; decil: OR = 0,612 (0,439 - 0,853), p = 0,004; 9&#186; decil: OR = 0,957 (1,400 - 2,734), p &lt; 0,0001 e &#250;ltimo decil: OR = 2,472 (1,755 - 3,482), p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco gen&#233;tico em decis por casos e controles. Utilizou-se um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com o 5&#186; decil para os controles como classe de refer&#234;ncia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0050-80107-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada com quartis de ERG, usando o primeiro quartil como categoria de refer&#234;ncia. Os resultados mostraram um aumento no risco para DAC com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ao longo dos quartis (2&#186;, 3&#186; e 4&#186;), com respectivos valores de ORs de IC de 1,372 (1,114 - 1,689), 1,878 (1,522 - 2,317) e 2,588 (2,090 - 3,204), respectivamente (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
          <p>Um modelo preditivo multivariado para DAC, incorporando os quartis de ERG e FRTs est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 3</xref>. O quarto quartil do ERG apresenta contribui&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria ao fen&#243;tipo de DAC - OR = 2,727 (2,162 - 3,439), maior que dislipidemia - OR = 1,298 (1,023 - 1,646) e hipertens&#227;o - OR = 2,067 (1,744 - 2.450). A contribui&#231;&#227;o reduzida de dislipidemia no risco de DAC pode ser devido ao uso rotineiro de estatina nos pacientes com DAC. O ajuste para as vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o (sexo, idade, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, VOP, baixo n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, IMC e hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC) mostrou aumentos discretos no OR para os FRTs e segundo e terceiro quartis do ERG.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise multivariada realizada com escore de risco gen&#233;tico multiplicativo (ERGM) e fatores de risco tradicionais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">OR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref> (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">OR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>+</sup></xref> (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ERGM (Quartis)</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">------</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2&#186;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,355 (1,082 &#8211; 1,698)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">1,406 (1,107 &#8211; 1,786)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3&#186;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,934 (1,539 &#8211; 2,429)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,006 (1,575 &#8211; 2,554)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4&#186;</td>
                  <td align="center">2,727 (2,162 &#8211; 3,439)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,657 (2,083 &#8211; 3,389)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">3,440 (2,887 &#8211; 4,100)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,651 (3,030 &#8211; 4,401)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">3,138 (2,559 &#8211; 3,847)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,436 (2,763 &#8211; 4,273)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2,067 (1,744 &#8211; 2,450)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,187 (1,816 &#8211; 2,633)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,298 (1,023 &#8211; 1,646)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                  <td align="center">1,344 (1,044 &#8211; 1,731)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Constante</td>
                  <td align="center">0,186</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <p>Teste de Wald (forward) (SPSS vs. 19.0); Controles: LDL &gt; 140 mg/dL, HDL &lt; 40 para homens e &lt; 45 para mulheres; triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dL, APO B &gt; 100mg/dL. Casos: LDL &gt; 100 mg/dL; triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dL, HDL &lt; 40 mg/dL para homens e &lt; 45 mg/dL para mulheres; APO B &gt; 100 mg/dL, n&#227;o-HDL &gt; 130 mg/dL.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>OR: odds ratio ajustado para idade e sexo;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <label>+</label>
                <p>OR: Odds ratio ajustado para sexo, idade, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, velocidade de onda de pulso, estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, e hist&#243;ria familiar. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica: p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Utilizamos o FIV para testar a multicolinearidade entre as vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustado pelo ERG desenvolvido no estudo. A toler&#226;ncia e o FIV foram &gt; 0,1 e &lt; 10, respectivamente, mostrando aus&#234;ncia de colinearidade entre as vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo.</p>
          <p>Duas curvas ROC foram tra&#231;adas com base nos FRTs com e sem o ERG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). A primeira curva ROC estimou uma AUC de 0,72, aumentada para 0,74 quando o ERG foi adicionado, revelando um melhor ajuste do modelo (p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas ROC baseadas no modelo basal (fatores de risco tradicionais, FRTs) e ap&#243;s inclus&#227;o do escore de risco gen&#233;tico (ERG) (quartis) na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. As duas curvas s&#227;o baseadas nos modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica incorporando-se fatores de risco tradicionais (diabetes, dislipidemia, tabagismo e hipertens&#227;o) com e sem o escore de risco gen&#233;tico. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva. O teste de DeLong usado na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as duas AUCs (p &lt; 0,0001)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0050-80107-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O NRI e seu valor p foram usados para avaliar melhora na capacidade preditiva ocorrida ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o de um conjunto de biomarcadores ao modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o existente. A adi&#231;&#227;o dos quartis de ERG ao FRT melhorou a classifica&#231;&#227;o do risco dos modelos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 4</xref>). Esse novo marcador forneceu um NRI cont&#237;nuo de 31% (IC 95%: 23,8-38,3%; p &lt; 0,0001) com reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de 14,6% dos pacientes com DAC e 16,4% dos indiv&#237;duos controles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#205;ndice de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida livre de categorias (category-free net reclassification index, cfNRI) ap&#243;s adi&#231;&#227;o dos quartis do escore de risco gen&#233;tico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="17%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupo</th>
                  <th align="center">n</th>
                  <th align="center">Maior risco n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Menor risco n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">p (cfNRI)</th>
                  <th align="center">cfNRI (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">cfNRI (IC 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pacientes com DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">1566</td>
                  <td align="center">897 (57,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">669 (42,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">14,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">(9,7-19,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Controles sadios</td>
                  <td align="center">1322</td>
                  <td align="center">553 (41,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">769 (58,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">16,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">(11,2-21,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">2888</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">31%</td>
                  <td align="center">(23,8-38,3%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN25">
                <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; para essa an&#225;lise, utilizou-se a fun&#231;&#227;o &#8220;improveProb&#8221; do programa R &#8220;Hmisc&#8221;.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>NRI tamb&#233;m foi calculado usando vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e aplicado neste estudo caso-controle, e definido como a porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos de cada grupo que mudaram de categoria na adi&#231;&#227;o de um novo marcador (escore de quartil de DAC). Mudan&#231;a para uma melhor categoria (maior entre os pacientes que nos controles) foi calculada para se avaliar o potencial impacto para o uso cl&#237;nico. O NRI mostrou melhor capacidade de melhorar a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos ao promover a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de 19,5% dos pacientes da categoria de risco 50-75% &#224; categoria de maior risco (75-100%). Ainda, 14,1% dos indiv&#237;duos sadios mudaram para uma categoria de menor risco, da categoria 25-50% para a categoria de risco &lt; 25% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tabela de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o comparando-se risco predito para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana com e sem os quartis do escore de risco gen&#233;tico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Risco predito (sem ERG)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4">Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do risco predito (com ERG)</th>
                  <th align="center">% aumento</th>
                  <th align="center">% redu&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pacientes com DAC (n = 1566)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 25%</td>
                  <td align="center">25-50%</td>
                  <td align="center">50-75%</td>
                  <td align="center">75-100%</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 25%</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">25-50%</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">335</td>
                  <td align="center">123</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">50-75%</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">471</td>
                  <td align="center">305</td>
                  <td align="center">19,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">3.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">75-100%</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">203</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NRI dos pacientes com DAC</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">20,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Controles sadios (n = 1322)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 25%</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">25-50%</td>
                  <td align="center">186</td>
                  <td align="center">504</td>
                  <td align="center">88</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">14.1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">50-75%</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">268</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">6%</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">75-100%</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NRI controles</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">3,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NRI total</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">24,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN26">
                <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; NRI: Net Reclassification Improvement (melhora na reclassifica&#231;&#227;o).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Ainda, a inclus&#227;o de quartis de ERG ao FRT resultou em um IDI de 2,5% (IC 95%: 1,9-3,1%; p &lt; 0,0001) (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Anos atr&#225;s, polimorfismos em vias biol&#243;gicas plaus&#237;veis, importantes na aterosclerose, foram genotipados para determinar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com DAC. Essa abordagem de genes candidatos revelou cerca de 30 loci de SNPs de alta confiabilidade com efeitos significativos sobre a aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Contudo, seguindo-se uma abordagem tradicional de genes candidatos, foram obtidos resultados conflitantes ou com fracas associa&#231;&#245;es; estudos de replica&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para valida&#231;&#227;o consistente desses resultados.</p>
        <p>Em 2004, Mendon&#231;a et al. genotiparam, pela primeira vez, polimorfismos I/D da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) em uma popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa, relatando resultados similares &#224;queles descritos na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o desenvolvimento de microarranjos (arrays) de alta capacidade em 2008,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> GWAS examinaram milh&#245;es de polimorfismos simultaneamente em v&#225;rias subpopula&#231;&#245;es &#233;tnicas com um delineamento caso-controle. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia m&#237;nima padronizado estabelecido em 1x10<sup>-5</sup> deu confiabilidade &#224; gen&#233;tica cardiovascular e a colocou em evid&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em 2007, Samani et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> identificaram, pela primeira vez, loci cromoss&#244;micos fortemente associados com DAC no estudo <italic>Welcome Trust Case Control Consortium</italic> (WTCCC) (que envolveu 1926 pacientes com DAC e 2938 controles) e conduziram replica&#231;&#227;o no estudo <italic>German MI (Myocardial Infarction) Family Study</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nos anos seguintes, a associa&#231;&#227;o de um n&#250;mero surpreendente de variantes gen&#233;ticas com DAC foi identificada. A variante 9p21 foi a variante mais frequentemente relatada nas popula&#231;&#245;es. O enorme cons&#243;rcio do Wellcome Trust, juntamente com tr&#234;s outros grupos europeus de pesquisadores, reuniram-se no projeto CARDIOGRAM que confirmou, em uma grande amostra (&gt; 22000 casos) de indiv&#237;duos de ascend&#234;ncia europeia, um aumento de 29% no risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio por c&#243;pia da variante rs1333049 9p21 (p = 2&#215;10<sup>-</sup>2<sup>0</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nosso grupo de pesquisadores reproduziu essa an&#225;lise da variante 9p21 na popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa e encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de 35,7% do gen&#243;tipo CC nos pacientes com DAC, com um OR ajustado de 1,34, p = 0,010. O OR ajustado para FRT do gen&#243;tipo CC foi de 1,7 (p = 0,018) e do gen&#243;tipo CG, encontrou-se um OR de 1,5 (p = 0,048). Os autores conclu&#237;ram que, apesar de o mecanismo subjacente ao risco n&#227;o ser conhecido, encontrou-se resultado consistente desse alelo de risco na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para DAC, mesmo em popula&#231;&#245;es muito diferentes. A presen&#231;a de gen&#243;tipo CC ou CG parece, ent&#227;o, ser &#250;til na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco de se desenvolver DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A meta-an&#225;lise de GWAS para DAC mais recente identificou 46 associa&#231;&#245;es significativas e 104 associa&#231;&#245;es potenciais com risco aumentado para DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, observamos um aumento cont&#237;nuo e gradual no risco de DAC com o aumento no n&#250;mero de alelos para risco de DAC. Indiv&#237;duos no decil mais baixo est&#227;o naturalmente protegidos, ao passo que aqueles no decil superior do ERG apresentaram um risco de 2,472 (1,755 - 3,482). Apesar de haver sobreposi&#231;&#227;o na distribui&#231;&#227;o do escore de casos e controles, o ERG est&#225; significativamente associado com o risco para DAC, e pode ser utilizado na identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com maior risco, em termos de estilo de vida e interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados s&#227;o similares a de outros estudos em popula&#231;&#245;es caucasianas em que o ERG com 13, 29 ou 109 NPs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> eram independentes, e promoveram um pequeno aumento no poder preditivo de FRTs observado por aumentos na AUC, mudan&#231;as no index-C ou m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos discriminat&#243;rios mais modernos como medidas de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o ou de discrimina&#231;&#227;o melhorada (<italic>improved discrimination</italic>).</p>
        <p>Relatamos um OR mais alto para o 4&#186; quartil do ERG (2,59) comparado ao OR de 1,66 relatado por Ripatti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> no quartil mais elevado. Ao se comparar o peso relativo do ERG na an&#225;lise log&#237;stica multivariada, encontramos um OR um pouco mais baixo para tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia. No estudo de Ripatti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> um ERG ponderado tamb&#233;m mostrou-se um preditor independente mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste por idade, sexo e FRTs em uma popula&#231;&#227;o do norte europeu. O risco relativo do ERG baseado em 13SNPs tamb&#233;m foi mais baixo que aquele de dislipidemia em compara&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos da hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, conseguimos aumentar o poder de defini&#231;&#227;o dos FRTs. Por exemplo, adotamos uma defini&#231;&#227;o ampla de dislipidemia, incluindo os n&#237;veis de Apo B conforme indicado nas diretrizes de 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Al&#233;m disso, n&#243;s s&#243; consideramos como &#8220;ex-fumantes&#8221; os indiv&#237;duos com mais de 5 anos sem fumar, a fim de considerar um risco de DCV semelhante ao de um n&#227;o fumante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Thanassoulis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> demonstraram que, ao adicionar um ERG baseado em 13 SNPs, 89 SNPs associados com fatores de risco modific&#225;veis n&#227;o aumentaram o poder do ERG - HR 1,01 (IC 95% CI 0,99 -1,03; p = 0,48). Esse fato revelou que a fraca associa&#231;&#227;o de polimorfismos com fatores de risco para DAC na an&#225;lise do ERG poderia estar mascarada por um efeito relativamente mais forte de outros polimorfismos. Diante da aus&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa dos perfis lip&#237;dicos com risco para DAC, Jansen et al. relataram em 2015 que v&#225;rios SNPs associados com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 estavam relacionados com o risco para DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Recentemente, em uma an&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla, Webb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> identificaram 6 novos loci significativamente associados com DAC. O estudo confirmou presen&#231;a de pleiotropia entre perfil lip&#237;dico, fen&#243;tipo de press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, diabetes e tabagismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Nosso ERG re&#250;ne SNPs relacionados a fatores de riscos e a fatores que n&#227;o s&#227;o de risco, corroborando intera&#231;&#245;es entre gen&#243;tipos e fen&#243;tipos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>A principal utilidade cl&#237;nica do ERG em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o observada foi uma melhora discreta na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Comparado &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de FRTs, o ERG parece ser uma melhor ferramenta para identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos em risco aumentado (maior que a m&#233;dia) para DAC. O n&#250;mero e o tipo de SNPs inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram limitados e um n&#250;mero maior de SNPs de hits gen&#233;ticos deve ser inclu&#237;do em estudos futuros. No entanto, at&#233; o momento, a maior capacidade de se analisar m&#250;ltiplos SNPs no ERG n&#227;o foi traduzida em maior capacidade de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
          <p>Finalmente, o presente estudo n&#227;o incluiu an&#225;lises gene-gene ou gene-ambiente. Tais an&#225;lises aumentariam a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica e, por isso, sua inclus&#227;o, bem como a de FRTs no ERG melhoraria nossa capacidade de predizer o risco individualmente e com precis&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Um ERG baseado em m&#250;ltiplas variantes de risco gen&#233;tico associou-se com risco aumentado de DCV em uma popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa. Um ERG calculado com os 31 SNPs estudados apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com DAC, e 25% dos indiv&#237;duos que carregam os alelos de maior risco t&#234;m, aproximadamente, 2,5 vezes maior risco para DAC em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles situados no quartil mais baixo. O ERG promoveu uma pequena melhora na capacidade preditiva de risco em compara&#231;&#227;o ao modelo inicial, e pode melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco individual. Esses resultados destacam o valor potencial de se incluir a informa&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica aos modelos tradicionais.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Andreia Pereira pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do SESARAM, EPE sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 50/2012. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos &#224; Elsa Sousa, quem realizou todos os procedimentos administrativos, e &#224; Rita Freitas (CIDEHUS, Universidade de &#201;vora, Portugal), quem revisou o manuscrito quanto &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </ack>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <label/>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Tabela Suplementar 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Lista das 33 variantes gen&#233;ticas associadas com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, usadas para o desenvolvimento do escore de risco gen&#233;tico na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="5%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="21%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">ID SNP</th>
                  <th align="center">Gene mais pr&#243;ximo</th>
                  <th align="center">Cr</th>
                  <th align="center">Posi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">OR Genot&#237;pico (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">OR Al&#233;lico (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">MAF (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o potencial</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs1333049</td>
                  <td align="center">9p21.3</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">22125504</td>
                  <td align="center">1,147 (1,036-1,270)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28"><sup>+</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">1,155 (1,041-1,282)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">45,8</td>
                  <td align="center">Celular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs4977574</td>
                  <td align="center">CDKN2B</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">22098575</td>
                  <td align="center">1,161 (1,049-1,286)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28"><sup>+</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">1,172 (1,056-1,302)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">42,0</td>
                  <td align="center">Celular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs618675</td>
                  <td align="center">GJA4</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">34922761</td>
                  <td align="center">1,143 (0,792-1,649)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,475</td>
                  <td align="center">1,046 (0,918-1,191)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,502</td>
                  <td align="center">19,6</td>
                  <td align="center">Celular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs17228212</td>
                  <td align="center">SMAD3</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">65245693</td>
                  <td align="center">1,202 (0,888-1,629)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,234</td>
                  <td align="center">1,025 (0,910-1,155)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,684</td>
                  <td align="center">25,3</td>
                  <td align="center">Celular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs17465637</td>
                  <td align="center">MIA3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">222650187</td>
                  <td align="center">1,088 (0,971-1,220)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28"><sup>+</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,148</td>
                  <td align="center">1,088 (0,971-1,220)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,147</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6</td>
                  <td align="center">Celular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs12190287</td>
                  <td align="center">TCF21</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">134256218</td>
                  <td align="center">1,230 (1,100-1,375)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28"><sup>+</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,226 (1,098-1,368)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0003</td>
                  <td align="center">32,7</td>
                  <td align="center">Celular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs3825807</td>
                  <td align="center">ADAMTS7</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">76876166</td>
                  <td align="center">1,073- (0,967-1,191)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28"><sup>+</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,185</td>
                  <td align="center">1,074 (0,967-1,194)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,181</td>
                  <td align="center">41,2</td>
                  <td align="center">Celular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs11556924</td>
                  <td align="center">ZC3HC1</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">130023656</td>
                  <td align="center">1,227 (1,058-1,423)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">1,157 (1,037-1,290)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">34,3</td>
                  <td align="center">Celular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs1332844</td>
                  <td align="center">PHACTR1</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">12927312</td>
                  <td align="center">1,113 (1,003-1,235)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28"><sup>+</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,044</td>
                  <td align="center">1,113 (1,003-1,236)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                  <td align="center">44,3</td>
                  <td align="center">Celular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs2114580</td>
                  <td align="center">PCSK9</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">55167236</td>
                  <td align="center">1,079 (0,821-1,417)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,587</td>
                  <td align="center">0,974 (0,866-1,096)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,665</td>
                  <td align="center">26,3</td>
                  <td align="center">Lip&#237;dios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs3798220</td>
                  <td align="center">LPA</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">160540105</td>
                  <td align="center">1,484 (1,212-1,816)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28"><sup>+</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,167 (1,452-3,235)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">Lip&#237;dios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs20455</td>
                  <td align="center">KIF6</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">39357302</td>
                  <td align="center">1,129 (0,896-1,424)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,306</td>
                  <td align="center">1,060 (0,949-1,184)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,302</td>
                  <td align="center">32,8</td>
                  <td align="center">Lip&#237;dios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs7412/ rs429358<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31"><sup>1</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">APOE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31"><sup>1</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">44908822/44908684</td>
                  <td align="center">1,261 (1,062-1,497)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30"><sup>#</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">1,231 (1,056-1,435)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">13,4</td>
                  <td align="center">Lip&#237;dios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs964184</td>
                  <td align="center">ZNF259</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">116778201</td>
                  <td align="center">1,131 (0,986-1,298)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28"><sup>+</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,078</td>
                  <td align="center">1,130 (0,986-1,295)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,079</td>
                  <td align="center">17,7</td>
                  <td align="center">Lip&#237;dios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs599839</td>
                  <td align="center">PSRC1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">109279544</td>
                  <td align="center">1,059 (0,933-1,203)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28"><sup>+</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,375</td>
                  <td align="center">1,058 (0,933-1,201)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,379</td>
                  <td align="center">21,4</td>
                  <td align="center">Lip&#237;dios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs1801133</td>
                  <td align="center">MTHFR 677</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">11796321</td>
                  <td align="center">1,178 (1,017-1,365)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30"><sup>#</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029</td>
                  <td align="center">1,114 (0,998-1,243)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                  <td align="center">33,5</td>
                  <td align="center">Oxida&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs1801131</td>
                  <td align="center">MTHFR 1298</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">11794419</td>
                  <td align="center">0,944 (0,816-1,093)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30"><sup>#</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,443</td>
                  <td align="center">0,958 (0,854-1,075)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,465</td>
                  <td align="center">28,0</td>
                  <td align="center">Oxida&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs705379</td>
                  <td align="center">PON -108</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">96324583</td>
                  <td align="center">1,135 (0,950-1,355)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30"><sup>#</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,163</td>
                  <td align="center">1,068 (0,962-1,184)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,217</td>
                  <td align="center">46,4</td>
                  <td align="center">Oxida&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs662</td>
                  <td align="center">PON 192</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">95308134</td>
                  <td align="center">0,836 (0,652-1,072)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157</td>
                  <td align="center">0,927 (0,828-1,037)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,186</td>
                  <td align="center">30,1</td>
                  <td align="center">Oxida&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs854560</td>
                  <td align="center">PON 55</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">95316772</td>
                  <td align="center">1,161 (1,044-1,290)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28"><sup>+</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">1,161 (1,044-1,290)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">40,4</td>
                  <td align="center">Oxida&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs6922269</td>
                  <td align="center">MTHFD1L</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">150931849</td>
                  <td align="center">1,067 (0,804-1,416)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,653</td>
                  <td align="center">0,996 (0,887-1,118)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,943</td>
                  <td align="center">27,3</td>
                  <td align="center">Oxida&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs5186</td>
                  <td align="center">AT1R</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">148742201</td>
                  <td align="center">1,245 (0,906-1,710)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,177</td>
                  <td align="center">1,062 (0,942-1,198)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,323</td>
                  <td align="center">24,7</td>
                  <td align="center">SRA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs699</td>
                  <td align="center">AGT</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">230710048</td>
                  <td align="center">0,932 (0,798-1,090)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30"><sup>#</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,380</td>
                  <td align="center">0,969 (0,873-1,076)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,552</td>
                  <td align="center">42,9</td>
                  <td align="center">SRA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs4340</td>
                  <td align="center">ACE</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">61565892</td>
                  <td align="center">1,165 (1,001-1,355)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                  <td align="center">1,083 (0,973-1,205)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143</td>
                  <td align="center">38,1</td>
                  <td align="center">SRA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs4402960</td>
                  <td align="center">IGF2BP2</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">185793899</td>
                  <td align="center">1,124 (0,876-1,443)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,358</td>
                  <td align="center">1,020 (0,911-1,141)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,736</td>
                  <td align="center">30,8</td>
                  <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs1326634</td>
                  <td align="center">SLC30A8</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">117172544</td>
                  <td align="center">1,213 (0,914-1,609)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30"><sup>#</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,181</td>
                  <td align="center">1,081 (0,961-1,217)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,195</td>
                  <td align="center">25,8</td>
                  <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs266729</td>
                  <td align="center">ADIPOQ</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">186841685</td>
                  <td align="center">1,209 (1,041-1,403)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30"><sup>#</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                  <td align="center">1,165 (1,030-1,318)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">23,3</td>
                  <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs7903146</td>
                  <td align="center">TCF7L2</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">112998590</td>
                  <td align="center">0,961 (0,862-1,072)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28"><sup>+</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,480</td>
                  <td align="center">0,962 (0,863-1,072)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,482</td>
                  <td align="center">35,3</td>
                  <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs17782313</td>
                  <td align="center">MC4R</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">60183864</td>
                  <td align="center">1,314 (0,931-1,855)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120</td>
                  <td align="center">1,016 (0,896-1,152)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,806</td>
                  <td align="center">21,6</td>
                  <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs1801282</td>
                  <td align="center">PPARG</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">12351626</td>
                  <td align="center">1,427 (0,717-2,843)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30"><sup>#</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,309</td>
                  <td align="center">1,164 (0,970-1,396)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,102</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8</td>
                  <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs1884613</td>
                  <td align="center">HNF4A</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">44351775</td>
                  <td align="center">1,159 (0,987-1,360)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30"><sup>#</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,072</td>
                  <td align="center">1,106 (0,960-1,273)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,163</td>
                  <td align="center">16,2</td>
                  <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs8050136</td>
                  <td align="center">FTO</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">53782363</td>
                  <td align="center">1,194 (1,026-1,390)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30"><sup>#</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                  <td align="center">1,129 (1,016-1,255)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                  <td align="center">39,7</td>
                  <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rs1376251</td>
                  <td align="center">TAS2R 50</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">11030119</td>
                  <td align="center">1,556 (0,767-3,155)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,217</td>
                  <td align="center">1,080 (0,920-1,267)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,349</td>
                  <td align="center">11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">Diab/Obes</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN27">
                <p>SNP: Polimorfismo de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico; Cr: cromossomo; OR: Odds Ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; MAF: frequ&#234;ncia do alelo menos comum; SRA: sistema renina-angiotensina; Diab/Obes: Diabetes/Obesidade;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN28">
                <label>+</label>
                <p>Modelo aditivo;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN29">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Modelo recessivo;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN30">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>Modelo dominante;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN31">
                <label>1</label>
                <p>Resultante de um hapl&#243;tipo. A tabela apresenta a os loci de susceptibilidade para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, ORs genot&#237;pico e al&#233;lico e valores p para o principal SNP dentro de cada locus obtidos de estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla e estudos de genes candidatos. ORs genot&#237;picos apresentados para os modelos aditivo, recessivo e dominante. O mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o potencial baseia-se no que j&#225; se sabe sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o do gene, incluindo fatores &#8220;celulares&#8221; (genes associados com ciclo celular, migra&#231;&#227;o celular e inflama&#231;&#227;o); &#8220;Oxida&#231;&#227;o&#8221; (genes envolvidos no status pr&#243;-oxidativo e fatores de risco modific&#225;veis tais como metabolismo dos &#8220;Lip&#237;dios&#8221; (&#8220;SRA&#8221;) e Diabetes/Obesidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Tabela Suplementar 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e respectivos odds ratio (OR), e curvas ROC com respectivas &#225;reas sob a curva (AUC) para os modelos de escore de risco gen&#233;tico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Modelos de ERG</th>
                  <th align="center">OR (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33"><sup>1</sup></xref>
									</th>
                  <th align="center">AUC (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Sensibilidade (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Especificidade (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34"><sup>2</sup></xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Multiplicativo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,78 (1,52 &#8211; 2,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61 (0,59 &#8211; 0,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,0</td>
                  <td align="center">62,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aditivo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 (1,04 &#8211; 1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56 (0,54 &#8211; 0,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,7</td>
                  <td align="center">50,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ponderado (Melhor OR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,94 &#8211; 1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,660</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57 (0,55 &#8211; 0,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,0</td>
                  <td align="center">70,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ponderado (Beta)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,23 (1,88 &#8211; 2,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60 (0,58 &#8211; 0,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,0</td>
                  <td align="center">71,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ponderado (OR da literatura)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35 (1,12 &#8211; 1,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54 (0,52 &#8211; 0,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,4</td>
                  <td align="center">54,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ponderado (cl&#225;ssico)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,01 (2,32 &#8211; 3,89)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59 (0,57 &#8211; 0,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,4</td>
                  <td align="center">54,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN32">
                <p>ROC: Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor; AUC: &#193;rea sob a curva; ERG: escore de risco gen&#233;tico; IC: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN33">
                <label>1</label>
                <p>Valor de P: obtido por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para avaliar OR;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN34">
                <label>2</label>
                <p>valor p: obtido pela curva ROC para verificar a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica da &#225;rea sob a curva. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
