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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cYjgB8QgDFjk4BB5LgCzJ4k</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300037</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180136</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in Brazil: Are Telemedicine and Structured Telephone Support the Solution?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Alves da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chrispim</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ju</surname>
            <given-names>Yang Ting</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Epidemiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Epidemiologia do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o/Hcor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Implementa&#231;&#227;o do Conhecimento em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Implementa&#231;&#227;o do Conhecimento em Sa&#250;de do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o/Hcor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;os Ambulatoriais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Superintend&#234;ncia Comercial</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Superintend&#234;ncia Comercial e de Servi&#231;os Ambulatoriais do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o/Hcor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Suzana Alves da Silva</bold>, Rua Abr&#227;o Dib 4. Departamento de Epidemiologia. Postal Code 04004-060, Para&#237;so, SP &#8211; Brazil. Email: <email>susilva@hcor.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>37</fpage>
      <lpage>38</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Policy</kwd>
        <kwd>Cost-Effectiveness-Evaluation</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality Management</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicine/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Telephone/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The study by Stevens et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> results from a project of Delloite Consulting, financed by Novartis and aimed at estimating the economic burden that heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) impose on Latin American countries, and at assessing the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine and structured telephone support as interventions that can relieve it.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The publication in this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> focused on presenting the results of the assessment in the Brazilian scenario.</p>
    <p>This study provided us with the opportunity to reflect on important questions related to quality, interpretation and applicability of economic studies. Such studies have gained increasing relevance in the incorporation/disincorporation of technologies and the development of health policies and programs to improve healthcare quality. In addition, they are often used in other countries to support decision-making processes, although that is not a routine in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Several guidelines have been proposed in recent decades to improve the quality of the studies on economic assessment and their usefulness to healthcare systems. The <italic>Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards</italic> (CHEERS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> is a collection of those recommendations, recently updated and published in JAMA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> which were only partially followed by Steven et al.</p>
    <p>The measures used, for example, derived from sources not clearly indicated by the authors, who seem to have ignored any other related comorbidity besides the four conditions in question, such as stroke and chronic renal failure, as well as the presence or absence of other relevant comorbidities, such as diabetes, indicated by the NHS as one of the ten major causes of permanent disability and of high consumption of health resources currently.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In addition, the differences in the levels of severity and heterogeneity between the Brazilian geographic regions seem not to have been considered. The incidence of sequelae and the rate of progression of those conditions resulting in morbidity, deaths and quality of life loss vary according to the intensity of the treatment provided, differing, thus, from region to region.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The results reported by the studies in Venezuela<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and Mexico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> were neither cited nor discussed by the authors, although the cost-utility measures obtained were identical or very close in the three countries, suggesting that, at least partially, the data used were common to the three assessments.</p>
    <p>The cost of primary attention seems to have been inferred from hospital expenditure data, assuming that the costs were equal. However, in at least one systematic review about the economic burden of heart failure, hospital expenditure was at least three times greater than outpatient clinic expenses, including the costs with procedures, tests and medicines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In addition, the prevalence estimates seem little accurate. According to Picon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> the prevalence of SAH has been decreasing by 3.7% every decade in Brazil. In the 1990s, the prevalence of SAH was estimated at 32.9%, while from 2000 to 2010, it was estimated at 28.7%, which would result in an expected prevalence from 2010 to 2020 lower than that observed in the previous decades. The authors started from a prevalence of 31.2% without indicating exactly what was the source of that information.</p>
    <p>In the cost-effectiveness analysis, the interventions were not clearly defined, with disagreement between what the study claimed to assess (&#8220;telemedicine&#8221;) and the technology studied by the NHS report, on which the authors claimed to be based (&#8220;telemonitoring&#8221;).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Especially for cost-effectiveness studies, depending on the intervention assessed, the results can be diametrically opposed, completely changing the recommendations.</p>
    <p>In addition, according to the authors, the healthcare system costs attributable to those four conditions added up to 35 billion <italic>reais</italic> in 2015, which would represent one third of the total budget approved for health by the Brazilian Congress in that same year,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> suggesting that the estimates presented are overestimated.</p>
    <p>Therefore, despite the relevance of the topic, the study by Stevens et al. provides convincing information on neither the burden of the selected diseases nor the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine or structured telephone support for approaching those conditions. The study has important limitations that prevents a clear interpretation of its results, as well as its application in the national scenario in a comprehensive manner.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article: The Economic Burden of Heart Conditions in Brazil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carga Econ&#244;mica das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares no Brasil: A Telemedicina ou o Contato Telef&#244;nico Estruturado s&#227;o a Solu&#231;&#227;o?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Alves da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chrispim</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ju</surname>
            <given-names>Yang Ting</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Epidemiologia do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o/Hcor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Implementa&#231;&#227;o do Conhecimento em Sa&#250;de do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o/Hcor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Superintend&#234;ncia Comercial e de Servi&#231;os Ambulatoriais do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o/Hcor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Suzana Alves da Silva</bold>, Rua Abr&#227;o Dib 4. Departamento de Epidemiologia. CEP 04004-060, Para&#237;so, SP &#8211; Brasil. Email: <email>susilva@hcor.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Pol&#237;ticas de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Custo-Efetividade</kwd>
        <kwd>Gest&#227;o da Qualidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicina/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Telefone/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O estudo de Stevens et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> resulta de um projeto da Delloite Consultoria financiado pela Novartis com o objetivo de estimar a carga econ&#244;mica que insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) imp&#245;em aos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina e apresentar os resultados de custo-efetividade da telemedicina e do contato telef&#244;nico estruturado como interven&#231;&#245;es com potencial de ameniz&#225;-la.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Seu foco nesta publica&#231;&#227;o &#233; apresentar os resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o considerando o cen&#225;rio brasileiro.</p>
      <p>Este estudo nos oferece a oportunidade de refletir sobre importantes quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224; qualidade, interpreta&#231;&#227;o e aplicabilidade de estudos econ&#244;micos. Tais estudos t&#234;m ganhado cada vez mais relev&#226;ncia na incorpora&#231;&#227;o/desincorpora&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias, desenvolvimento de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de e de programas de melhoria de qualidade assistencial. Al&#233;m disso, s&#227;o frequentemente utilizados em outros pa&#237;ses como base de processos decis&#243;rios, embora isso ainda n&#227;o seja uma rotina no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>V&#225;rias diretrizes foram propostas nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas a fim de aumentar a qualidade das publica&#231;&#245;es de estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica e a sua utilidade para o sistema de sa&#250;de. O <italic>Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards</italic> (CHEERS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> &#233; uma colet&#226;nea dessas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, recentemente atualizadas e publicadas no JAMA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> as quais foram seguidas por Steven et al. apenas em parte.</p>
      <p>As medidas utilizadas, por exemplo, foram retiradas de fontes n&#227;o claramente relatadas pelos autores, que parecem ter desconsiderado outras comorbidades relacionadas, al&#233;m da interposi&#231;&#227;o das quatro condi&#231;&#245;es em quest&#227;o, tais como acidente vascular cerebral e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, e a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de outras condi&#231;&#245;es relevantes, tais como diabetes, apontada pelo NHS como uma das dez principais causas de disabilidade permanente e elevado consumo dos recursos da sa&#250;de na atualidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os n&#237;veis de gravidade e a heterogeneidade entre as regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas do pa&#237;s tamb&#233;m parecem ter sido desconsiderados. A incid&#234;ncia de sequelas e a taxa de progress&#227;o dessas condi&#231;&#245;es resultando em morbidade, &#243;bitos e perda de qualidade de vida variam de acordo com a intensidade do tratamento ofertado e, portanto, diferem de regi&#227;o para regi&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Os resultados reportados do estudo na Venezuela<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e no M&#233;xico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> n&#227;o foram citados ou discutidos pelos autores, apesar de as medidas de custo-utilidade obtidas serem id&#234;nticas ou muito pr&#243;ximas nos tr&#234;s pa&#237;ses, sugerindo que, pelo menos em parte, os dados utilizados foram comuns &#224;s tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>O custeio com aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria parece ter sido inferido dos dados com despesas hospitalares, partindo-se da premissa de que os custos seriam iguais. Entretanto, em pelo menos uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sobre a carga econ&#244;mica da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, as despesas hospitalares foram pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes maiores que as despesas ambulatoriais, incluindo os custos com procedimentos, exames e medicamentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As estimativas de preval&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m parecem pouco acuradas. Segundo Picon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> a preval&#234;ncia de HAS vem diminuindo cerca de 3,7% a cada d&#233;cada no Brasil. Na d&#233;cada de 90, a preval&#234;ncia de HAS foi estimada em 32,9%, enquanto que de 2000 a 2010, ela foi estimada em 28,7%, o que resultaria em uma preval&#234;ncia esperada entre 2010 e 2020 menor do que aquela observada nas d&#233;cadas anteriores. Os autores partiram de uma preval&#234;ncia de 31,2% sem explicitar exatamente qual foi a fonte utilizada para tal informa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade, as interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram claramente definidas, havendo, inclusive, discord&#226;ncia entre aquilo que o estudo afirma avaliar (&#8220;telemedicina&#8221;) e a tecnologia estudada pelo relat&#243;rio do NHS na qual os autores dizem se basear (&#8220;telemonitoramento&#8221;).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Especialmente para os estudos de custo-efetividade, dependendo da interven&#231;&#227;o avaliada, os resultados podem variar diametralmente, mudando completamente as recomenda&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, os custos com sistema de sa&#250;de atribu&#237;veis a essas quatro condi&#231;&#245;es somaram 35 bilh&#245;es de reais em 2015, segundo os autores, o que representaria 1/3 do total do or&#231;amento aprovado para a sa&#250;de pelo Congresso Nacional nesse mesmo ano,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> sugerindo que as estimativas apresentadas est&#227;o superestimadas.</p>
      <p>Portanto, apesar da relev&#226;ncia do tema, o estudo de Stevens et al. n&#227;o traz informa&#231;&#245;es convincentes nem sobre a carga das doen&#231;as selecionadas nem sobre a raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade da telemedicina ou do contato telef&#244;nico estruturado para a abordagem dessas condi&#231;&#245;es. Ele tem limita&#231;&#245;es importantes que impedem que seus resultados sejam interpretados de forma clara e aplicados no cen&#225;rio nacional de maneira abrangente.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Os Custos das Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas no Brasil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
