<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3GmTBdJxB8GhrMQLxjsRdPL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300021</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005008104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180111</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mid- and Longterm Neo-Aortic Valve Regurgitation after Jatene Surgery: Prevalence and Risk Factors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gontijo</surname>
            <given-names>Bayard</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco das Chagas Lima e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">BIOCOR Hospital de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">BIOCOR Hospital de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Cristiane Nunes Martins,</bold> Rua Mares de Montanha, 4790. Postal Code 34000-000, Vale dos Cristais, Nova Lima, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cristianemar@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Martins CN, Gontijo Filho B, Lopes RM, Lima e Silva FC; Acquisition of data: Martins CN; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Martins CN, Gontijo Filho B, Lima e Silva FC; Statistical analysis: Martins CN, Lima e Silva FC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Martins CN, Gontijo Filho B, Lima e Silva FC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>07</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>21</fpage>
      <lpage>28</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Jatene surgery became the surgical procedure of choice to repair transposition of the great arteries (TGA) in neonates and infants. Late complications, mainly related to the pulmonary outflow tract and coronary arteries, are well known. The behavior of the neo-aortic valve is a cause of concern because of its potential for requiring late reoperation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess the prevalence and risk factors of neo-aortic valve regurgitation in 127 patients in the late postoperative period of the Jatene surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Of the 328 survivors of the Jatene surgery at the Biocor Institute from October 1997 to June 2015, all patients undergoing postoperative follow-up were contacted via telephone, 127 being eligible for the study. The patients were divided into two groups, simple TGA and complex TGA groups, with follow-up means of 6.4 &#177; 4.7 years and 9.26 &#177; 4.22 years, respectively. Echocardiography was performed with adjusted measurements (Z-score) of the neo-aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva, sinotubular region and ascending aorta, as well as quantification of the neo-aortic valve regurgitation grade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The incidence of mild neo-aortic valve regurgitation was 29% in a follow-up of 7.4 &#177; 4.7 years. Moderate regurgitation was identified in 24 patients with age mean (&#177; standard-deviation) of 9.81 &#177; 4.21 years, 19 of whom (79%) in the complex TGA group. Those patients had a higher aortic annulus Z-score. The reoperation rate due to neo-aortic regurgitation associated with aortic dilation was 1.5%, all patients in the complex TGA group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>This study shows that, despite the low incidence of reoperation after Jatene surgery due to neo-aorta dilation and neo-aortic valve regurgitation, that is a time-dependent phenomenon, which requires strict vigilance of the patients. In this study, one of the major risk factors for neo-aortic valve regurgitation was the preoperative pulmonary artery diameter (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Transposition of Great Vessels</kwd>
        <kwd>Transposition of Large Vessels, Aortic Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) has been known for almost 300 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In 1797, Matthew Baille described a condition in which the aorta originated from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, from the left ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In 1814, Farr&#233; used the term &#8220;transposition&#8221; to characterize the malformation described by Baillie. The history of the surgical correction of TGA begins in the 1950s with palliative procedures, progressing to techniques of atrial correction (Mustard/Senning).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The surgical treatment of TGA was modified with the publication of the anatomical correction technique by Adib Jatene<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> in 1976, changing patients&#8217; outcome. Throughout the years, thus, the Jatene surgery has been established as the arterial switch operation of choice, with complete physiological and anatomical corrections. Its superiority has been corroborated by long-term results showing the preservation of good left ventricular (LV) function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and sinus rhythm, as well as low mortality, with a survival rate over 88% in the 10-to-15-year follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Complications are not frequent in the immediate postoperative period, being mainly related to the patient&#8217;s preoperative condition, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass duration and coronary artery obstruction, with consequent myocardial ischemia. Despite the excellent clinical outcome of most patients in the mid and long run,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> the rate of late reoperation is significant after the Jatene surgery. The major reasons for reintervention are right ventricular (RV) outflow tract and coronary obstructions and progressive neo-aorta dilation associated with aortic regurgitation. Although technical modifications have determined a significant reduction in reinterventions for RV outflow tract<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and coronary obstructions,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> the late progression of neo-aorta dilation and neo-aortic valve regurgitation is of great concern.</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at investigating the factors that could contribute to the progression of neo-aortic valve regurgitation by use of a retrospective review of a group of patients who had had surgery at a single institution.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>From October 1997 to June 2015, 367 patients with TGA were submitted to the Jatene surgery at the Biocor Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases from Minas Gerais, 328 of whom survived and were discharged from the hospital. This observational study was performed from November 2015 to May 2016 at the Biocor Institute as part of a Master&#8217;s thesis. Of the 328 survivors, 251 were on regular outpatient follow-up, and 127 participated in this study, being divided into two groups based on their anatomical characteristics.</p>
      <p>In the simple TGA group, 84 patients with TGA and intact ventricular septum were included.</p>
      <p>The complex TGA group included 43 patients with TGA and intermediate to large ventricular septal defect (VSD) and patients with double RV outflow tract without pulmonary stenosis (Taussig Bing), with or without obstruction of the aortic arch.</p>
      <p>Patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: children with a postoperative period shorter than 2 years (n = 18); patients submitted to ventricular preparation (n = 3); patients submitted to pulmonary artery reduction plasty (n = 27), a technique for patients with great disproportion in the sizes of the neo-aorta and neo-pulmonary artery, which began to be used at the Biocor Institute in 2006; and those who could not attend the consultations (n = 76). Seventy-five patients were lost to follow-up and two had late death.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Preoperative data collection</title>
        <p>The medical records were reviewed for collection of pre-, perioperative and immediate postoperative demographic data, such as anatomical characteristics of the defect, age in days and body surface at the time of surgical correction, adjusted pulmonary artery measurement, and presence of associated anomalies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Postoperative data collection</title>
        <p>During postoperative assessment, all patients underwent clinical examination by a pediatric cardiologist of the institution, with weight and height measurement to calculate body surface. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed with no cost to the patient. The Secretariats of Health of the respective municipalities were responsible for the patients&#8217; transportation, and when that was not available, this study&#8217;s author responded to that need. This study was approved by the local Ethics Committee, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, regarding research in human beings. All individuals or their legal guardians provided written consent for this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Surgical technique</title>
        <p>The Jatene surgery technique used at the Biocor Institute was the same during the entire study period. Lecompte maneuver was used for almost all patients (96%) and coronary reimplantation was performed with the neo-aorta distended and always in the sinuses of Valsalva, never in the suture line (&#8220;trap door&#8221;). The approach to the VSD varied according to its anatomical location: via the right atrium, aorta or pulmonary artery. Pulmonary reconstruction was performed with autologous pericardium (two patches or monopatch).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methodology of the echocardiographic study</title>
        <p>The echocardiographic study was performed by the author, the pediatric echocardiographer at the Biocor Institute, with a Phillips HD11 device and four sequential measurements of the aorta, quantifying the neo-aortic valve regurgitation grade. Another equally trained echocardiographer performed the same exam, and the measurements were compared.</p>
        <p>There was no discrepancy between the echocardiographers regarding the measurements. Thus, no other checking was necessary, because the guidelines regarding measurements are very clear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Serial measurements of the neo-aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva, sinotubular region and ascending aorta were taken in the parasternal view of the long axis of the left ventricle and adjusted for body surface, following the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) guidelines (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In accordance with those guidelines, the aortic root was considered to extend from the implantation of the aortic leaflets in the LV outflow tract to the tubular portion of the aorta (sinotubular junction).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measurements of the aorta. Two-dimensional echocardiogram of the neo-aorta, parasternal view of the long axis of the left ventricle. The measurement sites are shown: A- aortic annulus; B- sinus of Valsalva; C- sinotubular region; D- ascending aorta.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0021-80111-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The aortic root is a geometrically complex structure that includes: (1) aortic valve annulus; (2) interleaflet triangles; (3) semilunar aortic leaflets and their attachments; (4) sinuses of Valsalva; (5) sinotubular junction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The aortic measurements were taken at the following sites: (1) aortic valve annulus; (2) maximum diameter of the sinus of Valsalva; (3) sinotubular junction (usually a well-defined transition between the sinuses of Valsalva and the tubular portion of the ascending aorta); (4) maximum diameter of the proximal ascending aorta, recording the distance between the measurement site and the sinotubular junction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The measurements of the aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva, sinotubular region and ascending aorta were adjusted by using the Z-score.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Similarly, the measurements of the aortic annulus were taken in accordance with the ASE recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Thus, they were taken in the zoom mode, in mid systole, when the annulus is slightly larger and rounder than in diastole, between the hinging points of the aortic valve leaflets (usually between the hinging point of the right coronary leaflet and the border of the sinus at the side of the commissures between the left coronary leaflet and the noncoronary leaflet) in its internal border. In accordance with the ASE recommendations, all other aortic measurements were taken at the end of diastole, along a strictly perpendicular plane to the long axis of the aorta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The neo-aortic valve regurgitation was assessed on color Doppler echocardiography and quantified as absent or trivial, mild, moderate and severe, depending on the relationship between the regurgitating jet and the LV outflow tract diameter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> If that relationship was smaller than 0.25, the regurgitation was quantified as mild; if between 0.25 and 0.5, moderate; and if higher than 0.5, severe. However, considering the possibility of underestimating the regurgitation grade in patients with aortic annulus dilation, the flow in the descending aorta was analyzed by use of Doppler echocardiography. In the presence of holodiastolic flow reversal in the descending aorta, regurgitation was considered moderate or severe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The regurgitation grade was compared to the neo-aorta diameter in its respective measurements.</p>
        <p>The body surface was calculated by using the Mosteller formula: A = &#8730; (height x weight) / 3600).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The Epi Info software, version 6, was used for data collection and database management. The Epi Info and Microsoft Office Excel, version 2000 were used for the statistical analyses, the latter being also used to elaborate and edit the tables.</p>
        <p>The categorical variables were compared by using Pearson chi-square and Fisher Exact tests, when necessary. To compare the means of continuous variables, Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for independent samples when the distribution was normal, paired <italic>t</italic> test was used for paired samples, and Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the medians.</p>
        <p>Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare several groups of continuous variables at one time.</p>
        <p>A p value &lt; 0.05 was adopted for statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the preoperative characteristics of the simple and complex TGA groups</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the following pre- and perioperative characteristics of the two groups: sex, body surface, age and pulmonary annulus adjusted to body surface.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Means, standard deviations and medians of the patients of the simple TGA and complex TGA groups submitted to Jatene surgery</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; standard-deviation</th>
                <th align="center">Median</th>
                <th align="center">Statistical test</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sex</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Simple TGA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Chi-square = 0.83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Complex TGA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Body surface</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Simple TGA</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">0.20 &#177; 0.04 m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.20</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complex TGA</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">0.21 &#177; 0.08 m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.20</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Pulmonary annulus Z-score</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Simple TGA</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complex TGA</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 &#177;1.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>(*) Statistically significant difference.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Of the 127 patients assessed, 84 were in the simple TGA group and 43, in the complex TGA group. The follow-up duration was 7.4 &#177; 4.7 years.</p>
        <p>The body surface means were 0.20 &#177; 0.04 m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and 0.21 &#177; 0.08 m<sup>2</sup> for the simple TGA and complex TGA groups, respectively.</p>
        <p>When comparing the preoperative Z-score of the pulmonary annulus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), the complex TGA group had the highest Z-score, a finding of statistical significance.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the associated anomalies found in 21 patients (16.5%), the most frequently one being the aortic arch anomaly, identified in 7 patients (5.5%), 6 of which in the complex TGA group.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associated anomalies in the simple TGA and complex TGA groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Associated anomalies (n = 21)</th>
                <th align="center">Simple TGA</th>
                <th align="center">Complex TGA</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dextrocardia <italic>situs solitus</italic></td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dextrocardia <italic>situs inversus</italic></td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Juxtaposition of atrial appendages</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">L-position of the aorta</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tricuspid straddling</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Superoinferior ventricle</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aortic arch anomalies</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TOTAL</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the postoperative characteristics of the simple TGA and complex TGA groups</title>
        <p><bold>Analysis 2.1 -</bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows that the mean ages for the simple TGA group and the TGA with VSD group were 6.4 &#177; 4.73 years and 9.26 &#177; 4.22 years, respectively.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Means and standard deviations of the ages of the patients of the simple TGA and complex TGA groups at the time of control</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; standard deviation</th>
                <th align="center">Statistical test</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Age in control</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Simple TGA</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">6.40 &#177; 4.73 anos</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">Student <italic>t</italic> test</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complex TGA</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">9.26 &#177; 4.22 anos</td>
                <td align="center">(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>*t = 3.34</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><bold>Analysis 2.2 -</bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> compares the preoperative Z-score mean of the pulmonary artery with the postoperative Z-score mean of the neo-aorta of 84 patients in the simple TGA group and 43 patients in the complex TGA group, showing a statistically significant difference between the means.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between the preoperative Z-score mean of pulmonary artery and the postoperative Z-score mean of aortic annulus of the simple TGA and complex TGA groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="24%"/>
              <col width="21%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Z-score (Complex TGA)</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; standard-deviation</th>
                <th align="center">Difference between the means</th>
                <th align="center">Paired <italic>t</italic> test</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-0.3 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">4.88</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post</td>
                <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 1.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Z-score (Simple TGA)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Mean &#177; standard-deviation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Difference between the means</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Paired <italic>t</italic> test</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>P value</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-0.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">4.81</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 1.0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>*p &lt; 0.0001</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><bold>Analysis 2.3 -</bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> shows no or trivial neo-aortic valve regurgitation in 74 patients of the simple TGA group (88%) and in 16 patients of the complex TGA group (37.2%). Mild regurgitation was observed in 5 patients of the simple TGA group (5.9%) and in 8 patients of the complex TGA group (18.6%). Moderate regurgitation was identified in 5 patients of the simple TGA group (5.9%) and in 19 patients of the TGA with VSD group (44.8%). Absent or trivial regurgitation predominated in the simple TGA group (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Assessment of the neo-aortic valve regurgitation grade of 127 patients of the simple TGA and complex TGA groups submitted to Jatene surgery</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Groups</th>
                <th align="center">Absent/trivial regurgitation</th>
                <th align="center">Mild regurgitation</th>
                <th align="center">Moderate regurgitation</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Simple TGA</td>
                <td align="center">74 (82.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (38.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complex TGA</td>
                <td align="center">16 (17.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (61.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (79.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">90 (70.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (10.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (18.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>Chi-square = 34.85; p &lt; 0.0001</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Z-score means of the aortic annulus according to the regurgitation grade in the postoperative follow-up of 127 patients submitted to Jatene surgery</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Regurgitation grade</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; standard-deviation</th>
                <th align="center">Analysis of variance</th>
                <th align="center">F</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent/trivial</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">1.72 &#177; 0.98 cm</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">F</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">6.66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mild</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">2.18 &#177; 0.83 cm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">2.60 &#177; 1.40 cm</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>F = 6.6</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><bold>Analysis 2.4 -</bold> In patients with no or trivial regurgitation (90 patients), the aortic annulus Z-score mean &#177; standard-deviation was 1.72 &#177; 0.98 cm. In patients with mild regurgitation (13 patients), the Z-score mean &#177; standard-deviation was 2.18 &#177; 0.83 cm, and, in those with moderate regurgitation (24 patients), 2.60 &#177; 1.40 cm. The results show that, the larger the aortic annulus, the higher the regurgitation grade (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p><bold>Analysis 2.5 -</bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref> shows that patients submitted to the Jatene surgery with a moderate neo-aortic valve regurgitation had a higher age mean (p=0.0145). Of the 127 patients studied, 2 patients in the complex TGA group required valve change because of regurgitation progression during data collection, the reoperation rate being 1.5%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Age means at the control times according to the neo-aortic valve regurgitation grade during the follow-up of 127 patients submitted to Jatene surgery</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Regurgitation grade</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; standard-deviation</th>
                <th align="center">Analysis of variance</th>
                <th align="center">F</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent/trivial</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">7.08 &#177; 4.74 anos</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">F</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">5.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mild</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">5.60 &#177; 4.16 anos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">9.81 &#177; 4.21 anos</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>F = 5.4</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Reintervention due to neo-aortic valve regurgitation after Jatene surgery was first reported in 2009 in a 16-year-old adolescent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> That report concluded that neo-aorta dilation was present in two thirds of the patients and that moderate regurgitation was observed in 15%, emphasizing the need for careful follow-up in that group of patients.</p>
      <p>Although the overall incidence of the surgery for neo-aorta dilation and neo-aortic valve regurgitation after Jatene surgery in 10 years is still low (2-2.5%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> several authors have reported that the development of neo-aorta regurgitation and dilation is a time-dependent phenomenon, requiring a strict vigilance of the patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> McMahon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> have found a moderate enlargement in the neo-aortic root (Z-score between 3 and 4) in 52% of the patients, and a severe enlargement of the neo-aortic root (Z-score &gt; 5) in 25%. In addition, those authors have shown that the development of significant neo-aortic valve regurgitation strongly associated with the development of neo-aorta dilation, which has been confirmed by other authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Schwartz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> have concluded that, after Jatene surgery, neo-aortic root dilation and neo-aortic valve regurgitation continue to develop over time, but aortic root dilation does not tend to be progressive during late follow-up. However, in that series, the last follow-up was up to 16 years, while Walter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> have concluded that neo-aortic regurgitation can develop in up to 15 years. In our sample, two patients required reintervention for progressive neo-aortic root dilation associated with neo-aortic regurgitation in a follow-up of 9.81 &#177; 4.21 years. Some studies have shown the significance of several risk factors to the development of late neo-aortic valve regurgitation and aortic root dilation, such as preoperative pulmonary artery dilation, patient&#8217;s age over one year at the time Jatene surgery is performed, and presence of VSD and complex TGA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> but such findings could not be repeated in some other large series.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In our series, as in others,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> we observed that the most relevant factor for neo-aortic regurgitation was the great disproportion in the sizes of the neo-aorta and neo-pulmonary artery at the time of surgery, which was present in the complex TGA group, especially when aortic arch anomalies were associated. </p>
      <p>In addition, the VSD found in the complex TGA group is related to two factors that increase the risk for developing valvular regurgitation, pulmonary root dilation and pulmonary artery pressure elevation, which can change the arrangement of the muscle fibers and generate permanent disarrangement of the pulmonary artery, even after anatomical correction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The presence of neo-aortic valve regurgitation in patients without risk factors, such as simple TGA, can be explained in histopathological studies revealing a reduction in the amount of collagen in the arterial roots in hearts with TGA as compared to that of normal hearts, in addition to less extensive anchorage and embedding of both arterial roots in the myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The pulmonary root dilation can be compared to that observed after the Norwood surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> indicating the pulmonary artery included in the systemic circulation is a risk factor per se. From the morphological and histological viewpoints, the pulmonary and aortic valves are indistinguishable at birth. In normal hearts, studies have shown gross and microscopic changes in those valves, probably due to pressure changes resulting from the transition from the fetal to post-natal circulation, resulting in pulmonary valve with thin leaflets, less collagen and a smaller amount of elastic tissue. After surgical repair, the more delicate valve is integrated into the systemic circulation and can be damaged by the high-pressure regime.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Briefly, the etiology of neo-aortic valve regurgitation and neo-aorta dilation is very likely multifactorial. In addition to external risk factors, there are intrinsic structural problems of the pulmonary root integrated into the systemic circulation. Thus, according to our clinical observations, the increase in the number of surgical interventions to treat aortic root dilation and neo-aortic valve regurgitation should be the reason for the constant monitoring of patients with or without additional risk factors.</p>
      <p>The present study, similarly to others,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> showed that the most relevant factor for neo-aortic valve regurgitation was the disproportion in the sizes of the neo-aorta and neo-pulmonary artery at the time of surgery, which was present in the complex TGA group, especially when associated with aortic arch anomalies.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In the present study, the complex TGA group had a higher preoperative pulmonary artery Z-score as compared to that of the simple TGA group, and a higher incidence of associated anomalies, such as aortic arch anomalies (p = 0.0064). In addition, the neo-aorta dilation is maintained in the postoperative period.</p>
      <p>Our results showed that the larger the aortic annulus, the higher the regurgitation grade (p &lt; 0.001). In addition, moderate regurgitation was associated with a higher mean age (p = 0.0145) in both simple TGA and complex TGA groups, indicating the need for the constant monitoring of the patients.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitation</title>
        <p>The present retrospective study results from the data collection of two groups of patients with distinct anatomical characteristics, submitted to the same surgical technique.</p>
        <p>Some variations related to the presence of aortic regurgitation in the long run reported by other authors (techniques of coronary reimplantation, VSD closure and previous pulmonary artery cerclage) were not approached in this study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Cristiane Nunes Martins, from Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa (IEP) Santa Casa - MG.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa-BH under the protocol number 7.345. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Baillie M. The morbid anatomy of some of the most important parts of the human body. 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. London: Johnson and Nicol; 1797.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baillie</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>The morbid anatomy of some of the most important parts of the human body</source>
          <year>1797</year>
          <edition>2<sup>nd</sup> ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Johnson and Nicol</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Jaggers JJ, Cameron DE, Herlong JR, Ungerleider RM. Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: transposition of the great arteries. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(4 Suppl):S205-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jaggers</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cameron</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herlong</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ungerleider</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: transposition of the great arteries</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>S205</fpage>
          <lpage>S235</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Baffes TG, Lev M, Paul MH, Miller RA, Riker WL, De Boer A, et al. Surgical correction of the transposition of the great vessels: a five-year survey. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1960 Sep; 40:298-309.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baffes</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lev</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paul</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riker</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Boer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surgical correction of the transposition of the great vessels: a five-year survey</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>1960</year>
          <month>09</month>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <fpage>298</fpage>
          <lpage>309</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Jatene AD, Fontes VF, Paulista PP, Souza LC, Neger F, Galantier M, et al. Anatomic correction of transposition of the great vessels. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1976;72(3):364-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jatene</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontes</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paulista</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neger</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galantier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anatomic correction of transposition of the great vessels</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>1976</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>364</fpage>
          <lpage>370</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Pedra SR, Barreto RB, Santana MV, Pontes Junior SC, Pedra CA, Gimenes VM, et al. Estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de pacientes com transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias corrigida pela t&#233;cnica de Jatene: resultados tardios. Rev Bras Ecocardiogr. 2004;17(4):47-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santana</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pontes</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gimenes</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de pacientes com transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias corrigida pela t&#233;cnica de Jatene: resultados tardios</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ecocardiogr</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Losay J, Touchot A, Serraf A, Litvinova A, Lambert V, Piot JD, et al. Late outcome after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation. 2001;104(12 Suppl 1):I121-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Losay</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Touchot</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serraf</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Litvinova</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lambert</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piot</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Late outcome after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>I121</fpage>
          <lpage>I126</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Gontijo Filho B, Fantini FA, Lora HM, Martins C, Lopes RM, Hayden E, et al. Reconstruction of the pulmonary artery in Jatene's operation. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2001;16(3):236-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gontijo</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fantini</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lora</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayden</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reconstruction of the pulmonary artery in Jatene's operation</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>236</fpage>
          <lpage>243</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Raju V, Burkhart HM, Durham LA 3<sup>rd</sup>, Eidem BW, Phillips SD, Li Z, et al. Reoperation after arterial switch: a 27-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95(6):2105-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raju</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burkhart</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Durham</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eidem</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phillips</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reoperation after arterial switch: a 27-year experience</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2105</fpage>
          <lpage>2112</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):1-39.e14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badano</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mor-Avi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afilalo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ernande</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
          <comment>e14</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 El Khoury G, Glineur D, Rubay J, Verhelst R, d'Acoz Yd, Poncelet A, et al. Functional classification of aortic root/valve abnormalities and their correlation with etiologies and surgical procedures. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2005;20(2):115-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>El Khoury</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glineur</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubay</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verhelst</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>d'Acoz</surname>
              <given-names>Yd</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poncelet</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Functional classification of aortic root/valve abnormalities and their correlation with etiologies and surgical procedures</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>115</fpage>
          <lpage>121</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Tarasoutchi F, Montera MW, Grinberg M, Barbosa MR, Pi&#241;eiro DJ, S&#225;nchez CRM, Barbosa MM, Barbosa GV, et al. [Brazilian Guidelines for Valve Disease - SBC 2011 / I Guideline Inter-American Valve Disease - 2011 SIAC]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(5 Suppl 1): 1-67</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montera</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pi&#241;eiro</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez</surname>
              <given-names>CRM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>GV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Guidelines for Valve Disease - SBC 2011 / I Guideline Inter-American Valve Disease - 2011 SIAC</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Chubb H, Simpson JM. The use of Z-scores in paediatric cardiology. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2012;5(2):179-184 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chubb</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simpson</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The use of Z-scores in paediatric cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Ann Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>179</fpage>
          <lpage>184</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Tani LY, Minich LA, Day RW, Orsmond GS, Shaddy RE. Doppler evaluation of aortic insufficiency in children. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(7):927-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tani</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minich</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Day</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orsmond</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaddy</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doppler evaluation of aortic insufficiency in children</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>927</fpage>
          <lpage>931</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Martin MM, Snider AR, Bove EL, Serwer GA, Rosenthal A, Peters J, et al. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic evaluation after arterial switch repair in infancy for complete transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63(5):332-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snider</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bove</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serwer</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenthal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peters</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic evaluation after arterial switch repair in infancy for complete transposition of the great arteries</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>332</fpage>
          <lpage>336</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Halls SB. Body surface area calculator for medication doses. [Internet]. [Cited in 2016 Dec 10]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://halls.md/body-surface-area/bsa.htm">https://halls.md/body-surface-area/bsa.htm</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Halls</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Body surface area calculator for medication doses</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2016 Dec 10</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://halls.md/body-surface-area/bsa.htm">https://halls.md/body-surface-area/bsa.htm</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Vandekerckhove KD, Blom NA, Lalezari S, Koolbergen DR, Rijlaarsdam ME, Hazekamp MG. Long-term follow-up of arterial switch operation with an emphasis on function and dimensions of left ventricle and aorta, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;35(4):582-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vandekerckhove</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blom</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lalezari</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koolbergen</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rijlaarsdam</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hazekamp</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term follow-up of arterial switch operation with an emphasis on function and dimensions of left ventricle and aorta</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>582</fpage>
          <lpage>587</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Angeli E, Raisky O, Bonnet D, Sidi D, Vouh&#233; PR. Late reoperations after neonatal arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Eur Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34(1):32-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Angeli</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raisky</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonnet</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sidi</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vouh&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Late reoperations after neonatal arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries</article-title>
          <source>Eur Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>32</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Mavroudis C, Stewart RD, Backer CL, Rudra H, Vargo P, Jacobs ML. Reoperative techniques for complications after arterial switch. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92(5):1747-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mavroudis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Backer</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rudra</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vargo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobs</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reoperative techniques for complications after arterial switch</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1747</fpage>
          <lpage>1754</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Delmo Walter EM, Huebler M, Alexi-Meshkishvili V, Sill B, Berger F, Hetzer R. Fate of the aortic valve following the arterial switch operation. J Card Surg. 2010;25(6):730-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Delmo Walter</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huebler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexi-Meshkishvili</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sill</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berger</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hetzer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fate of the aortic valve following the arterial switch operation</article-title>
          <source>J Card Surg</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>730</fpage>
          <lpage>736</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Haas F, Wottke M, Poppert H, Meisner H. Long-term survival and functional follow-up in patients after the arterial switch operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68(5):1692-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haas</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wottke</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poppert</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meisner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term survival and functional follow-up in patients after the arterial switch operation</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1692</fpage>
          <lpage>1697</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Lange R, Cleuziou J, H&#246;rer J, Holper K, Vogt M, Tassani-Prell P, et al. Risk factors for aortic insufficiency and aortic valve replacement after the arterial switch operation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34(4):711-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lange</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleuziou</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>H&#246;rer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holper</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vogt</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tassani-Prell</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk factors for aortic insufficiency and aortic valve replacement after the arterial switch operation</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>711</fpage>
          <lpage>717</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 McMahon CJ, Ravekes WJ, Smith EO, Denfield SW, Pignatelli RH, Altman CA, et al. Risk factors for neo-aortic root enlargement and aortic regurgitation following arterial switch operation. Pediatr Cardiol. 2004;25(4):329-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McMahon</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravekes</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Denfield</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pignatelli</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk factors for neo-aortic root enlargement and aortic regurgitation following arterial switch operation</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>329</fpage>
          <lpage>335</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Marino BS, Wernovsky G, McElhinney DB, Jawad A, Kreb DL, Mantel SF, et al. Neo-aortic valvar function after the arterial switch. Cardiol Young. 2006;16(5):481-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marino</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wernovsky</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jawad</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kreb</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mantel</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neo-aortic valvar function after the arterial switch</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>481</fpage>
          <lpage>489</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Schwartz ML, Gauvreau K, del Nido P, Mayer JE, Colan SD. Long-term predictors of aortic root dilation and aortic regurgitation after arterial switch operation. Circulation. 2004;110(11 Suppl 1):II128-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauvreau</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>del Nido</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayer</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colan</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term predictors of aortic root dilation and aortic regurgitation after arterial switch operation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>II128</fpage>
          <lpage>II132</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Lalezari S, Mahtab EA, Bartelings MM, Wisse LJ, Hazekamp MG, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. The outflow tract in transposition of the great arteries: an anatomic and morphologic study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88(4):1300-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lalezari</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahtab</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartelings</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wisse</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hazekamp</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gittenberger-de Groot</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The outflow tract in transposition of the great arteries: an anatomic and morphologic study</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1300</fpage>
          <lpage>1305</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Jenkins KL, Hanley FL, Colan SD, Mayer JE Jr, Casta&#241;deda AR, Wernovsky G. Function of the anatomic pulmonary valve in the systemic circulation. Circulation. 1991;84(5 Suppl):III173-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jenkins</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanley</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colan</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayer</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casta&#241;deda</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wernovsky</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Function of the anatomic pulmonary valve in the systemic circulation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>5 Suppl</issue>
          <fpage>III173</fpage>
          <lpage>III179</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Cohen MS, Marino BS, McElhinney DB, Robbers-Visser D, van der Woerd W, Gaynor JW, et al. Neo-aortic root dilation and valve regurgitation up to 21 years after staged reconstruction for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(3):533-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marino</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robbers-Visser</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Woerd</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaynor</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neo-aortic root dilation and valve regurgitation up to 21 years after staged reconstruction for hypoplastic left heart syndrome</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>533</fpage>
          <lpage>540</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o da Valva Neo-A&#243;rtica a M&#233;dio e Longo Prazo ap&#243;s Cirurgia de Jatene: Preval&#234;ncia e Fatores de Risco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gontijo</surname>
            <given-names>Bayard</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Max</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco das Chagas Lima e</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">BIOCOR Hospital de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cristiane Nunes Martins,</bold> Rua Mares de Montanha, 4790. CEP 34000-000, Vale dos Cristais, Nova Lima, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cristianemar@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquis e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Martins CN, Gontijo Filho B, Lopes RM, Lima e Silva FC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Martins CN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Martins CN, Gontijo Filho B, Lima e Silva FC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Martins CN, Lima e Silva FC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Martins CN, Gontijo Filho B, Lima e Silva FC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene tornou-se o procedimento cir&#250;rgico de escolha para o reparo da transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (TGA) em neonatos e lactentes. Complica&#231;&#245;es tardias, principalmente relacionadas &#224; via de sa&#237;da pulmonar e &#224;s art&#233;rias coronarianas, j&#225; s&#227;o bem reconhecidas. O comportamento da valva neo-a&#243;rtica tem sido motivo de crescente preocupa&#231;&#227;o pelo seu potencial de necessidade de reopera&#231;&#245;es tardias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco associados &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica em 127 pacientes em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de cirurgia de Jatene.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Dos 328 sobreviventes da cirurgia de Jatene no Biocor Instituto operados de outubro de 1997 a junho de 2015, todos os pacientes em seguimento de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram contatados via liga&#231;&#227;o telef&#244;nica, sendo 127 eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, Grupo TGA simples e Grupo TGA complexa, com m&#233;dias de <italic>follow-up</italic> de 6,4 &#177; 4,7 anos e 9,26 &#177; 4,22 anos, respectivamente. Foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica com medidas indexadas (escore Z) do anel da valva neo-a&#243;rtica, do seio de Valsalva, da regi&#227;o sinotubular e da aorta ascendente, bem como quantifica&#231;&#227;o do grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de leve regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica em nossa casu&#237;stica foi de 29% em um <italic>follow-up</italic> de 7,4 &#177; 4,7 anos. Regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada foi observada em 24 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio-padr&#227;o) de 9,81 &#177; 4,21 anos, sendo 19 (79%) no Grupo TGA complexa. Nesses pacientes, observou-se maior escore Z do anel a&#243;rtico. A taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o por regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica associada a dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta foi de 1,5%, sendo todos os casos no Grupo TGA complexa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O estudo demonstra que, embora reopera&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s cirurgia de Jatene por dilata&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta e regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica tenham incid&#234;ncia baixa, esse &#233; um fen&#244;meno dependente de tempo, requerendo r&#237;gida vigil&#226;ncia desses pacientes. Na nossa casu&#237;stica, um dos principais fatores de risco para regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica foi o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria pulmonar no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia de Jatene</kwd>
        <kwd>Transposi&#231;&#227;o dos Grandes Vasos</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Historicamente, a transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (TGA) &#233; conhecida h&#225; quase 300 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Em 1797, Matthew Baille descreveu uma condi&#231;&#227;o na qual a aorta originava-se do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e a art&#233;ria pulmonar sa&#237;a do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em 1814, Farr&#233; utilizou o termo &#8220;transposi&#231;&#227;o&#8221; para caracterizar a malforma&#231;&#227;o descrita por Baillie. A hist&#243;ria da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da TGA inicia-se na d&#233;cada de 50 com os procedimentos paliativos e posteriormente com as t&#233;cnicas de corre&#231;&#227;o atrial (Mustard/Senning).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico da TGA foi definitivamente modificado com a publica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica pelo Dr. Adib Jatene<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> em 1976, o que mudou, de forma definitiva, a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. Portanto, ao longo dos anos, a cirurgia de Jatene ficou consagrada como o procedimento de escolha com corre&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gica e anat&#244;mica completas. Sua supremacia foi corroborada por resultados a longo prazo que mostram a preserva&#231;&#227;o da boa fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e do ritmo sinusal e proporcionam uma baixa mortalidade, com uma taxa de sobrevida superior a 88% no acompanhamento de 10 e 15 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es observadas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato s&#227;o infrequentes e est&#227;o relacionadas principalmente &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria do paciente, ao tempo prolongado de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, com consequente isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio. Apesar da excelente evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da grande maioria dos pacientes a m&#233;dio e longo prazo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> o &#237;ndice de reopera&#231;&#245;es tardias ainda &#233; significativo ap&#243;s a cirurgia de Jatene. As obstru&#231;&#245;es da via de sa&#237;da do VD, as obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas e a dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva da neo-aorta associada a insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica s&#227;o os principais motivos de reinterven&#231;&#227;o. Embora, com as modifica&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas, tenhamos observado uma redu&#231;&#227;o importante nas reinterven&#231;&#245;es da via de sa&#237;da do VD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e das obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> a evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia progressiva da dilata&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta a da insufici&#234;ncia da valva neo-a&#243;rtica constituem fatores de grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os poss&#237;veis fatores que poderiam contribuir para a progress&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica atrav&#233;s de uma revis&#227;o retrospectiva de um grupo de pacientes operados em uma &#250;nica institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de outubro de 1997 a junho de 2015, foram submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica pela t&#233;cnica de Jatene no Biocor Instituto 367 pacientes portadores de TGA, com n&#250;mero de alta hospitalar de 328. Este estudo observacional, prospectivo foi realizado entre novembro de 2015 e maio 2016 no Biocor Instituto de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares de Minas Gerais com parte de dados para disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado. Dos 328 sobreviventes, 251 estavam em controle ambulatorial regular. Participaram do estudo 127 pacientes que foram separados em dois grupos levando em considera&#231;&#227;o as suas semelhan&#231;as anat&#244;micas.</p>
        <p>No grupo da TGA simples, foram inclu&#237;dos 84 pacientes portadores de TGA com septo interventricular intacto.</p>
        <p>O grupo de TGA complexa incluiu 43 pacientes portadores de TGA associada &#224; comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV) de tamanho m&#233;dio a grande e os pacientes portadores de dupla via de sa&#237;da do VD sem estenose pulmonar (Taussig Bing), com ou sem obstru&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o participaram do estudo crian&#231;as com menos de 2 anos de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (n = 18), pacientes submetidos a preparo ventricular (n = 3), pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; t&#233;cnica da plastia redutora da art&#233;ria pulmonar (n = 27), m&#233;todo idealizado para pacientes com grandes despropor&#231;&#245;es aorto-pulmonares, que foi iniciado no Biocor Instituto a partir de 2006, e os que por impossibilidade n&#227;o puderam comparecer (n = 76). Houve (n = 75) perda de seguimento e (n = 2) &#243;bito tardio.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Recrutamento de dados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios</title>
          <p>Foi realizada revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios para coleta de dados demogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;-, per- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios imediatos, como defini&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, idade em dias na corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, superf&#237;cie corporal na data da cirurgia, medida indexada da art&#233;ria pulmonar e presen&#231;a de anomalias associadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recrutamento de dados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios</title>
          <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame cl&#237;nico feito por cardiologista pedi&#225;trico da institui&#231;&#227;o e foi realizada medida de peso e de altura para c&#225;lculo da superf&#237;cie corporal. Foi feito tamb&#233;m estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico sem custo para o paciente. O deslocamento dos pacientes foi feito pelas secretarias de sa&#250;de dos respectivos munic&#237;pios e, na impossibilidade, custeada pela pr&#243;pria autora. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local, tendo sido implementado em plena conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, em pesquisa com seres humanos. Todos os indiv&#237;duos ou seus representantes legais deram seu consentimento informado para participar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica</title>
          <p>A t&#233;cnica da cirurgia de Jatene empregada no Biocor Instituto foi basicamente a mesma em todo per&#237;odo do estudo. A manobra de Lecompte foi utilizada em quase todos os pacientes (96%) e o reimplante coron&#225;rio foi realizado com a neo-aorta distendida e sempre nos seios de Valsalva e nunca na linha de sutura (&#8220;<italic>trap door</italic>&#8221;). A abordagem da CIV variou de acordo com sua localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, ocorrendo via &#225;trio direito, aorta ou art&#233;ria pulmonar. A reconstru&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi realizada com peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo (dois remendos ou <italic>monopatch</italic>)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metodologia do estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
          <p>O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado pela autora, ecocardiografista pedi&#225;trica da institui&#231;&#227;o, com aparelho modelo <italic>Phillips HD11,</italic> no Biocor Instituto, onde foram realizadas quatro medidas sequenciais da aorta, sendo quantificado o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica. O mesmo exame foi realizado por outro ecocardiografista de igual experi&#234;ncia, sendo as medidas comparadas.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve discrep&#226;ncia entre as medidas dos examinadores, motivo pelo qual n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria nova confer&#234;ncia em nenhum dos exames realizados, visto que as diretrizes relacionadas &#224;s medidas s&#227;o bem claras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Medidas seriadas do anel neo-a&#243;rtico, do seio de Valsalva, da regi&#227;o sinotubular e da aorta ascendente foram realizadas no corte paraesternal do eixo longo do VE e indexadas para superf&#237;cie corporal seguindo as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). De acordo com essas diretrizes, considerou-se que a raiz da aorta se estende do local de implante dos folhetos a&#243;rticos com a via de sa&#237;da do VE at&#233; a por&#231;&#227;o tubular da aorta (jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Medidas da aorta. Imagem da neo-aorta pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional no corte paraesternal do eixo longo do VE. S&#227;o mostrados os locais das medidas: A- anel a&#243;rtico; B- seio de Valsalva; C- regi&#227;o sinotubular; D- aorta ascendente.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0021-80111-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A raiz da aorta &#233; uma estrutura geometricamente complexa que inclui: (1) anel da valva a&#243;rtica; (2) tri&#226;ngulos entre os folhetos; (3) folhetos a&#243;rticos semilunares e suas inser&#231;&#245;es; (4) seios a&#243;rticos de Valsalva; (5) jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As medidas a&#243;rticas foram realizadas nos seguintes locais: (1) anel da valva a&#243;rtica; (2) o di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo do seio de Valsalva; (3) jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular (usualmente uma transi&#231;&#227;o demarcada entre os seios de Valsalva e a por&#231;&#227;o tubular da aorta ascendente); (4) di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo da aorta proximal ascendente, incluindo a anota&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia entre o local de medida e a jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As medidas do anel a&#243;rtico, do seio de Valsalva, da regi&#227;o sinotubular e da aorta ascendente foram indexadas utilizando o escore Z.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Da mesma forma, as medidas do anel a&#243;rtico foram realizadas seguindo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da ASE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Assim, foram feitas no modo <italic>zoom</italic>, utilizando a medida no meio da s&#237;stole, quando o anel est&#225; levemente maior e mais redondo do que na di&#225;stole, entre os pontos de articula&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos da valva a&#243;rtica (usualmente entre o ponto de articula&#231;&#227;o da c&#250;spide coronariana direita e a borda do seio do lado das comissuras entre as c&#250;spides do folheto esquerdo e n&#227;o coronariano) em sua borda interna. Ainda segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es, todas as outras medidas a&#243;rticas foram feitas no final da di&#225;stole, em um plano estritamente perpendicular ao eixo longo da aorta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica foi avaliada pelo ecocardiograma com Color Doppler e quantificada em ausente ou trivial, leve, moderada e severa, dependendo da rela&#231;&#227;o do jato regurgitante e do di&#226;metro da via de sa&#237;da do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Se a rela&#231;&#227;o fosse menor que 0,25, a regurgita&#231;&#227;o foi quantificada como leve; entre 0,25 e 0,5, moderada; maior que 0,5, severa. Contudo, diante da possibilidade de subestimar o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar nos pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel a&#243;rtico, foi realizada an&#225;lise do fluxo em aorta descendente pelo Doppler. Na presen&#231;a de fluxo reverso holodiast&#243;lico na aorta descendente, a regurgita&#231;&#227;o foi considerada moderada ou importante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o foi comparado com o di&#226;metro da neo-aorta em suas respectivas medidas.</p>
          <p>O c&#225;lculo da superf&#237;cie corporal foi realizado utilizando a f&#243;rmula de Mosteller: A = &#8730; (altura x peso) / 3600).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para coleta de dados e gerenciamento do banco de dados, utilizou-se o programa <italic>Epi Info</italic>, vers&#227;o 6. Para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, utilizaram-se os programas <italic>Epi Info</italic> e <italic>Microsoft Office Excel</italic>, vers&#227;o 2000. Para elabora&#231;&#227;o e edi&#231;&#227;o de tabelas, utilizou-se o programa <italic>Microsoft Office Excel</italic>, vers&#227;o 2000.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas usando-se os testes estat&#237;sticos do Qui-Quadrado de Pearson e o teste Exato do Fisher, quando necess&#225;rio. As cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi normal para a compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias, o teste <italic>t</italic> pareado para amostras pareadas e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para a compara&#231;&#227;o das medianas.</p>
          <p>An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) foi usada para a compara&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios grupos em um s&#243; tempo, com vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
          <p>Foi considerado o valor p &lt; 0,05 como limiar de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio dos grupos de TGA simples e complexa</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;- e peroperat&#243;rias dos dois grupos est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 1</xref>, sendo: sexo, superf&#237;cie corporal, idade e medida no anel pulmonar indexada &#224; superf&#237;cie corporal.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>M&#233;dias, desvios-padr&#227;o e medianas dos pacientes dos grupos de TGA simples e TGA complexa submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">n</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Mediana</th>
                  <th align="center">Teste estat&#237;stico</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>TGA simples</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Qui-quadrado = 0,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>TGA complexa</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Superf&#237;cie corporal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TGA simples</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 &#177; 0,04 m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TGA complexa</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21 &#177; 0,08 m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Escore Z anel pulmonar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TGA simples</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TGA complexa</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 &#177;1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <p>(*) Diferen&#231;a com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p> Dos 127 pacientes avaliados, 84 foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo da TGA simples e 43 no grupo da TGA complexa. O tempo de seguimento foi de 7,4 &#177; 4,7 anos.</p>
          <p>As m&#233;dias para superf&#237;cie corporal foram de 0,20 &#177; 0,04 m<sup>2</sup> para o grupo da TGA simples e de 0,21 &#177; 0,08 m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> para o grupo da TGA complexa.</p>
          <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o do escore Z do anel pulmonar no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 1</xref>, observa-se que o grupo da TGA complexa apresenta maior escore Z, achado com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise das anomalias associadas, essas foram encontradas em 21 pacientes (16,5%), como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Anomalias associadas nos grupos de TGA simples e de TGA complexa</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Anomalias Associadas (n = 21)</th>
                  <th align="center">TGA simples</th>
                  <th align="center">TGA complexa</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dextrocardia em <italic>situs solitus</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dextrocardia em <italic>situs inversus</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Justaposi&#231;&#227;o de ap&#234;ndices atriais</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aorta em L-posi&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Stradling</italic> tric&#250;spide</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ventr&#237;culo superoinferior</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anomalias do arco a&#243;rtico</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TOTAL</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Dentre as anomalias associadas, a mais frequente foi a anomalia do arco a&#243;rtico, encontrada em 7 pacientes (5,5%), sendo 6 no grupo de TGA complexa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio dos grupos de TGA simples e complexa</title>
          <p><bold>An&#225;lise 2.1 -</bold> De acordo com a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 3</xref>, as m&#233;dias de idade para o grupo de TGA simples e de TGA com CIV foram 6,4 &#177; 4,73 anos e 9,26 &#177; 4,22 anos, respectivamente.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>M&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o das idades dos pacientes dos grupos de TGA simples e de TGA complexa</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="23%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">n</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Teste estat&#237;stico</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Idade no controle</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TGA simples</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                  <td align="center">6,40 &#177; 4,73 anos</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Teste t de Student</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TGA complexa</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">9,26 &#177; 4,22 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">(<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref>)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <p>*t = 3,34</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p><bold>An&#225;lise 2.2 -</bold> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 4</xref>, em que se comparou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o escore Z da art&#233;ria pulmonar no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio com a neo-aorta no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio nos 84 pacientes do grupo da TGA simples e nos 43 do grupo de TGA complexa, foi demonstrada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre as m&#233;dias.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias do Z escore da art&#233;ria pulmonar (pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio) e do Z escore do anel a&#243;rtico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio nos pacientes dos grupos de TGA simples e de TGA complexa</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="26%"/>
                <col width="27%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Escore Z (TGA complexa)</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias</th>
                  <th align="center">Teste <italic>t</italic> pareado</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-0,3 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">4,88</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 1,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore Z (TGA simples)</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias</td>
                  <td align="center">Teste <italic>t</italic> pareado</td>
                  <td align="center">Valor p</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-0,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">4,81</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 1,0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <p>*p &lt; 0,0001</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p><bold>An&#225;lise 2.3 -</bold> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica nos grupos de TGA simples e complexa, foi observado, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 5</xref>, que 74 pacientes do grupo de TGA simples (88%) e 16 pacientes do grupo de TGA complexa (37,2%) apresentavam regurgita&#231;&#227;o considerada ausente ou trivial. Regurgita&#231;&#227;o leve foi observada em 5 pacientes do grupo de TGA simples (5,9%) e em 8 pacientes (18,6%) do grupo da TGA complexa. J&#225; regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada esteve presente em 5 (5,9%) pacientes do grupo de TGA simples e em 19 (44,8%) no grupo de TGA com CIV.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de TGA simples e de TGA complexa nos 127 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupos</th>
                  <th align="center">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o ausente/trivial</th>
                  <th align="center">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o leve</th>
                  <th align="center">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada</th>
                  <th align="center">Total</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TGA simples</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (82,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (38,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (20,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TGA complexa</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (17,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (61,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (79,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (70,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (10,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (18,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">127</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>Qui-quadrado = 34,85; p &lt; 0,0001</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias do escore Z do anel a&#243;rtico e o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o no seguimento em 127 pacientes em p&#243;s&#8209;operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de Jatene</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="28%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">n</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; Desvio-padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia</th>
                  <th align="center">F</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ausente/trivial</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">1,72 &#177; 0,98 cm</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">F</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">6,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Leve</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">2,18 &#177; 0,83 cm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">2,60 &#177; 1,40 cm</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>F = 6,6</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A aus&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o trivial predominou no grupo de TGA simples (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
          <p><bold>An&#225;lise 2.4 -</bold> No grupo de pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o ausente ou trivial (90 pacientes), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o do anel a&#243;rtico foi de 1,72 &#177; 0,98 cm. Nos pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o leve (13 pacientes), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o foi de 2,18 &#177; 0,83 cm, e, naqueles com regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada (24 pacientes), 2,60 &#177; 1,40 cm. Os resultados demonstram que, quanto maior o anel a&#243;rtico, maior o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p><bold>An&#225;lise 2.5 -</bold> O grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 7</xref>, com as m&#233;dias de idade dos pacientes operados demonstra rela&#231;&#227;o entre regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada e m&#233;dia de idade mais elevada (p = 0,0145). Dos 127 pacientes estudados, 2 necessitaram de troca valvar por progress&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica durante a coleta de dados. Os 2 pacientes pertenciam ao grupo de TGA Complexa, sendo a taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o de 1,5%.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias de idade no controle e o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica no seguimento em 127 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="28%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">n</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia</th>
                  <th align="center">F</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ausente/trivial</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">7,08 &#177; 4,74 anos</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">F</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">5,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Leve</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">5,60 &#177; 4,16 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">9,81 &#177; 4,21 anos</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>F = 5,4</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O primeiro relato de reinterven&#231;&#227;o por regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica ap&#243;s cirurgia de Jatene foi feito em 2009 em um adolescente (16 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O mesmo relat&#243;rio concluiu que a dilata&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta estava presente em dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes, e a regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada foi observada em 15%, enfatizando a necessidade de acompanhamento cuidadoso nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
        <p>Embora a incid&#234;ncia global relatada de cirurgia para dilata&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta e regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica ap&#243;s cirurgia de Jatene ainda seja baixa em 10 anos (2-2,5%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> v&#225;rios grupos observaram que o desenvolvimento de regurgita&#231;&#227;o e dilata&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta &#233; um fen&#244;meno dependente do tempo, sendo obrigat&#243;ria uma r&#237;gida vigil&#226;ncia desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> McMahon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> encontraram aumento moderado da raiz neo-a&#243;rtica (escore Z entre 3 e 4) em 52% e aumento grave da raiz neo-a&#243;rtica (escore Z &gt; 5) em 25%. Eles tamb&#233;m demonstraram que o desenvolvimento de regurgita&#231;&#227;o significativa da valva neo-a&#243;rtica foi fortemente associado ao desenvolvimento da dilata&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta, o que tamb&#233;m &#233; confirmado por outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Schwartz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> conclu&#237;ram que, ap&#243;s cirurgia de Jatene, a dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da neo-aorta e a regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica continuam a se desenvolver ao longo do tempo, mas essa dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz a&#243;rtica tende a n&#227;o ser progressiva durante o seguimento tardio. No entanto, nessa s&#233;rie, o &#250;ltimo acompanhamento foi de at&#233; 16 anos, enquanto Demo Walter et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> conclu&#237;ram que a regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica pode se desenvolver em at&#233; 15 anos. Em nossa s&#233;rie, dois pacientes necessitaram de reinterven&#231;&#227;o para dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva da raiz neo-a&#243;rtica associada a regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica em um seguimento de 9,81 &#177; 4,21 anos. O significado de v&#225;rios fatores de risco no desenvolvimento da regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica tardia e dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz a&#243;rtica, como dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, idade da cirurgia de Jatene al&#233;m do 1&#186; ano de vida, presen&#231;a de CIV e TGA complexa, tem sido demonstrado em v&#225;rios estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> mas esses achados n&#227;o podem ser repetidos em outras grandes s&#233;ries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Em nossa s&#233;rie, assim como na de outros investigadores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> observamos que o fator mais relevante para a regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica foi a despropor&#231;&#227;o pulmonar/aorta no momento da cirurgia, que estava presente nos grupos de TGA complexa, especialmente quando associada &#224;s anomalias do arco a&#243;rtico.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a CIV encontrada no grupo da TGA complexa est&#225; relacionada a dois fatores que aumentam o risco de associa&#231;&#227;o com a regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar: a dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz pulmonar e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, que pode modificar o arranjo das fibras musculares e gerar um desarranjo permanente da art&#233;ria pulmonar, mesmo ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica em pacientes sem fatores de risco, como na TGA simples, pode ser explicada por estudos histopatol&#243;gicos que revelaram que a quantidade de col&#225;geno nas ra&#237;zes arteriais foi diminu&#237;da nos cora&#231;&#245;es com TGA quando comparados com cora&#231;&#245;es normais e que a ancoragem e a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de ambas as ra&#237;zes arteriais no mioc&#225;rdio foram menores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A dilata&#231;&#227;o compar&#225;vel da raiz pulmonar na circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica &#233; observada ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood para a s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> indicando que a art&#233;ria pulmonar colocada na circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica &#233; um fator de risco em si mesmo. Do ponto de vista morfol&#243;gico e histol&#243;gico, as valvas pulmonar e a&#243;rtica s&#227;o indistingu&#237;veis no nascimento. Em cora&#231;&#245;es normais, os estudos demonstram mudan&#231;as macro e microsc&#243;picas nessas valvas, que ocorrem presumivelmente pelas mudan&#231;as press&#243;ricas resultantes da transi&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o fetal para a p&#243;s-natal, acarretando valva pulmonar com folhetos finos, com menos col&#225;geno e com menor quantidade de tecido el&#225;stico. Ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, essa valva mais delicada &#233; integrada &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, podendo ser danificada pelo regime de alta press&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em resumo, a etiologia da regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica e da dilata&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta &#233; muito provavelmente multifatorial. Al&#233;m dos fatores de risco externos, existem problemas intr&#237;nsecos estruturais da raiz pulmonar na circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Assim, de acordo com nossas observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, um aumento no n&#250;mero de interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas para tratamento da dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz a&#243;rtica e regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica deve ser motivo de constante monitoramento em pacientes com ou sem fatores de risco adicional.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo, &#224; semelhan&#231;a dos de outros investigadores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> evidencia que o fator mais relevante para a regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva neo-a&#243;rtica foi a despropor&#231;&#227;o pulmonar/aorta no momento da cirurgia, observada nos grupos de TGA complexa, especialmente quando associada &#224;s anomalias do arco a&#243;rtico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Podemos observar, no presente trabalho, que o grupo de TGA complexa apresentou maior &#237;ndice de escore Z na art&#233;ria pulmonar no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio quando comparado ao grupo da TGA simples, assim como maior incid&#234;ncia de anomalias associadas, como as anomalias do arco a&#243;rtico (p = 0,0064), e ainda que a dilata&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta se mant&#233;m no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Os resultados demonstram que, quanto maior o anel a&#243;rtico, maior o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001). Houve ainda associa&#231;&#227;o entre regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada e m&#233;dia de idade mais elevada (p = 0,0145), tanto no grupo de TGA simples quanto no grupo de TGA complexa, o que indica a necessidade de monitoramento constante desses pacientes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O presente trabalho &#233; resultado de seguimento prospectivo com coleta de dados de dois grupos de pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas distintas, submetidos a uma mesma t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica.</p>
          <p>Algumas varia&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica a longo prazo citadas por outros grupos (t&#233;cnica de reimplante coron&#225;ria e de fechamento da CIV e presen&#231;a de cerclagem pr&#233;via da art&#233;ria pulmonar) n&#227;o foram abordadas no presente trabalho.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Cristiane Nunes Martins pelo Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa (IEP) Santa Casa - MG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa-BH sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 7.345. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
