<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PkwnjRMV8ztT4zJ9zSHL9DG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180120</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cohort of Patients Referred for Brugada Syndrome Investigation in an Electrophysiology Service &#8211; 19-Year Registry</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarabanda</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro Valentim Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (FUC), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alvaro Valentim Lima Sarabanda</bold>, AOS 02 Bloco B apto 604. Postal Code 70660-022, Octogonal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>saraband@uol.com.br</email>, <email>alvaro.sarabanda@icdf.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>19</fpage>
      <lpage>20</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Brugada Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Bundle-Branch Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia, Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Brugada syndrome (BrS) was described by Pedro and Josep Brugada in 1992 as a new clinical entity characterized by specific electrocardiographic (ECG) changes, such as the patterns of right bundle-branch block and persistent ST-segment elevation in right precordial leads, associated with increased risk for sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Brugada syndrome is an autosomal dominant channelopathy, with clinical manifestation at the age of 30 to 40 years, affecting mainly men. Currently, BrS is estimated to account for 12% of all sudden cardiac deaths and up to 20% of the sudden cardiac deaths in individuals with no structural heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The real prevalence of BrS in the general population is difficult to establish, being estimated at 5 to 20 in every 10,000 individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Several genetic mutations have been associated with BrS, most of them related to the encoding of sodium channel proteins (INa), calcium channel proteins (ICa) or potassium channel proteins (usually Ito) of the sarcoplasmatic membrane.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The usual clinical manifestation of BrS is arrhythmic syncope, nocturnal agonal respiration or sudden death secondary to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). The symptoms usually occur during sleep, at rest during the day or in situations with increased vagal tone, such as binge drinking or heavy meals. In addition, fever is a common trigger, mainly among children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The diagnosis and risk stratification of BrS are mainly based on clinical history and ECG pattern, which can generate controversy because of the incomplete penetrance of the channelopathy and the dynamic pattern of ECG manifestations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Although three ECG patterns have been described, the diagnosis of BrS can only be established in patients with type 1 ECG pattern (coved-type), characterized by a concave ST-segment elevation &#8805; 2 mm in at least two right precordial leads (V1, V2) positioned on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces, occurring spontaneously or after provocative drug test with the intravenous administration of class I antiarrhythmic drugs (ajmaline, flecainide or procainamide). The other ECG patterns (types 2 and 3) do not establish the diagnosis of BrS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In BrS risk stratification and treatment, individuals with history of resuscitated cardiac arrest (class I indication) and those with history of syncope and type 1 ECG pattern (class IIa indication) are at high risk for sudden death and have indication for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement for secondary prevention. Several studies have reported that asymptomatic patients with type 1 ECG pattern only after infusion of class I antiarrhythmic drugs are at low risk for arrhythmic events during clinical follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Thus, in those patients, ICD placement should be avoided because of the risk of complications, such as inappropriate shocks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The role of programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) during invasive electrophysiological study for risk stratification and management of asymptomatic patients with BrS is controversial. While some studies have shown that the induction of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (polymorphic VT or VF) during PVS is an independent predictor of arrhythmic events during clinical follow-up, emphasizing their negative predictive value,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> other studies have questioned those findings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It is worth noting the results of a recent systematic review of eight observational prospective studies, including 1,312 patients with BrS and no history of cardiac arrest, in which the induction of polymorphic VT or VF during PVS could predict an increased risk for arrhythmic events (cardiac arrest or ICD shocks) during clinical follow-up, with an increased risk for events when VT/VF induction occurred with only one or two extra-stimuli. However, those authors have reported that the lack of VT/VF induction could not predict a lower risk of arrhythmic events, especially in the subgroup of patients with type 1 ECG pattern and history of syncope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Thus, the most recent expert consensus recommend caution when indicating ICD placement in asymptomatic patients with BrS when ventricular tachyarrhythmias were induced by PVS, emphasizing the need to consider an individualized approach for ICD implantation (class IIb indication) in those patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>It is worth noting that, despite the description of BrS by the Brugada brothers more than 25 years ago,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> its genetic changes, arrhythmogenic mechanisms and clinical management continue to be debated. This is attributed to the continuous report of new information on BrS and its constantly evolving understanding, driven by new clinical and basic research findings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In the present <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> issue, Warpechowski Neto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> report the clinical characteristics, management and follow-up of patients with an ECG pattern suggestive of BrS, who had been referred to a tertiary center for risk stratification by use of invasive electrophysiological study. In the study, aligned with those previously reported in the literature, most patients were of the male gender, adults and had spontaneous type 1 ECG pattern. The study provides a timely and updated overview of the complexity of the BrS clinical management, discussing the controversies of using PVS for risk stratification of asymptomatic patients, as well as ICD placement to treat those at higher risk for fatal arrhythmias in the long-term clinical follow-up.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article: Cohort of Patients Referred for Brugada Syndrome Investigation in an Electrophysiology Service - 19-Year Registry</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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              <given-names>S</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ley</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ley</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dutra</surname>
              <given-names>LZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pires</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coorte de pacientes encaminhados para investiga&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome de Brugada em um Servi&#231;o Terci&#225;rio de Eletrofisiologia - Registro de 19 Anos</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coorte de Pacientes Encaminhados para Investiga&#231;&#227;o de S&#237;ndrome de Brugada em um Servi&#231;o Terci&#225;rio de Eletrofisiologia - Registro de 19 Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarabanda</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro Valentim Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (FUC), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alvaro Valentim Lima Sarabanda</bold>, AOS 02 Bloco B apto 604. CEP 70660-022, Octogonal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>saraband@uol.com.br</email>, <email>alvaro.sarabanda@icdf.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio de Ramo</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Brugada (SBr) foi descrita por Pedro e Josep Brugada em 1992 como uma nova entidade cl&#237;nica caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas (ECG) espec&#237;ficas, como padr&#227;o de bloqueio de ramo direito e eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas, associada ao risco aumentado de morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A SBr &#233; um canalopatia autoss&#244;mica dominante, com manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na faixa et&#225;ria de 30 a 40 anos e maior expressividade em homens. Atualmente, estima-se que seja respons&#225;vel por cerca de 12% de todas as mortes s&#250;bitas card&#237;acas e at&#233; 20% das mortes s&#250;bitas card&#237;acas em indiv&#237;duos sem cardiopatia estrutural.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> &#201; dif&#237;cil estabelecer a real preval&#234;ncia da SBr na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, sendo estimada em 5 a 20 em cada 10.000 indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Diversas altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas foram associadas &#224; SBr, a maioria delas relacionada &#224; codifica&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas do canal de s&#243;dio (INa), do canal de c&#225;lcio (ICa) ou dos canais de pot&#225;ssio (via de regra Ito) da membrana plasm&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica usual da SBr &#233; a s&#237;ncope arr&#237;tmica, a respira&#231;&#227;o ag&#244;nica noturna ou a morte s&#250;bita secund&#225;rias &#224; taquicardia ventricular (TV) polim&#243;rfica ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV). Os sintomas ocorrem habitualmente durante o sono, no repouso durante o dia ou em situa&#231;&#245;es nas quais ocorre aumento do t&#244;nus vagal, como na liba&#231;&#227;o alco&#243;lica ou em refei&#231;&#245;es copiosas. A febre tamb&#233;m &#233; um deflagrador comum, principalmente em crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da SBr baseiam-se principalmente na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e no padr&#227;o ECG, os quais podem gerar controv&#233;rsia devido &#224; penetr&#226;ncia incompleta da canalopatia e ao padr&#227;o din&#226;mico das manifesta&#231;&#245;es ECG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Embora tr&#234;s padr&#245;es ECG tenham sido descritos, o diagn&#243;stico de SBr s&#243; &#233; firmado nos pacientes com padr&#227;o ECG tipo 1 (<italic>coved-type</italic>), caracterizado por eleva&#231;&#227;o c&#244;ncava do segmento ST &#8805; 2 mm em pelo menos uma das deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas (V1, V2) posicionadas no 2&#186;, 3&#186; e 4&#186; espa&#231;os intercostais, ocorrendo espontaneamente ou ap&#243;s teste provocativo com administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas da classe I (ajmalina, flecainida ou procainamida). Os demais padr&#245;es ECG (tipos 2 e 3) n&#227;o definem o diagn&#243;stico de SBr.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e tratamento da SBr, s&#227;o considerados de elevado risco de morte s&#250;bita e com indica&#231;&#227;o de implante do cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria os indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria de parada card&#237;aca recuperada (indica&#231;&#227;o Classe I) e aqueles com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope e que apresentam padr&#227;o ECG tipo 1 (indica&#231;&#227;o Classe IIa). Diversos estudos reportaram que pacientes assintom&#225;ticos que possuem padr&#227;o ECG tipo 1 somente ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de antiarr&#237;tmicos da classe I apresentam um baixo risco de eventos arr&#237;tmicos durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Assim, nesses pacientes, o implante do CDI deve ser evitado pelo risco de complica&#231;&#245;es, tais como a ocorr&#234;ncia de choques inapropriados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>No que concerne &#224; import&#226;ncia da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada (EVP) durante o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico invasivo na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e no manejo dos pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com SBr, seu papel ainda &#233; controverso. Enquanto alguns estudos demonstraram que a indu&#231;&#227;o de taquiarritmias ventriculares (TV polim&#243;rfica ou FV) durante a EVP &#233; um preditor independente de eventos arr&#237;tmicos no seguimento cl&#237;nico, salientando tamb&#233;m o seu valor preditivo negativo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> outras s&#233;ries contestaram esses achados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Nesse contexto, vale a pena ressaltar os resultados de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente de oito estudos prospectivos observacionais, incluindo um total de 1312 pacientes com SBr sem hist&#243;ria de parada card&#237;aca, na qual observou-se que a indu&#231;&#227;o de TV polim&#243;rfica ou FV durante a EVP era capaz de prever um risco aumentado de eventos arr&#237;tmicos (parada card&#237;aca ou choques do CDI) no seguimento cl&#237;nico, com maior risco de eventos quando a indu&#231;&#227;o de TV/FV ocorria com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de somente um ou dois extra-est&#237;mulos. Por outro lado, os autores tamb&#233;m verificaram que a n&#227;o indu&#231;&#227;o de TV/FV n&#227;o era capaz de prever menor risco de eventos arr&#237;tmicos, em especial no subgrupo de pacientes com padr&#227;o ECG tipo 1 e hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Assim, os mais recentes consensos de especialistas preconizam cautela na indica&#231;&#227;o do implante do CDI nos pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com SBr nos quais houve indu&#231;&#227;o de taquiarritmias ventriculares durante a EVP, expressando que essa conduta deve ser considerada individualmente (indica&#231;&#227;o Classe IIb) no manejo desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Deve ser ressaltado que, apesar de sua descri&#231;&#227;o pelos irm&#227;os Brugada h&#225; mais de 25 anos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> a SBr continua sendo muito debatida no que diz respeito &#224;s suas altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, aos mecanismos arritmog&#234;nicos e ao seu manejo cl&#237;nico. Isso decorre do fato de que novas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a SBr continuam a ser reportadas e a sua compreens&#227;o est&#225; em constante evolu&#231;&#227;o, impulsionada por novos achados cl&#237;nicos e de pesquisa b&#225;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Na presente edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Warpechowski Neto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> reportam as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, o manejo e o seguimento de pacientes portadores de padr&#227;o ECG sugestivo de SBr, os quais tinham sido encaminhados a um centro terci&#225;rio para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco com estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico invasivo. No presente estudo, em concord&#226;ncia com a literatura mundial, a maioria dos pacientes era do g&#234;nero masculino, encontrava-se na faixa et&#225;ria adulta e apresentava padr&#227;o ECG tipo 1 espont&#226;neo. O trabalho em quest&#227;o tem o m&#233;rito de oferecer uma vis&#227;o oportuna e atual da complexidade encontrada no manejo cl&#237;nico da SBr, discutindo as controv&#233;rsias da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da EVP na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco dos pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, bem como do implante do CDI no tratamento daqueles com maior risco de arritmias fatais no seguimento cl&#237;nico de longo prazo.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Coorte de Pacientes Encaminhados para Investiga&#231;&#227;o de S&#237;ndrome de Brugada em um Servi&#231;o Terci&#225;rio de Eletrofisiologia &#8211; Registro de 19 Anos</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
