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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NRhV7VRN94Qx4FRJtGd7Q6r</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005007102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180094</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cohort of Patients Referred for Brugada Syndrome Investigation in an Electrophysiology Service - 19-Year Registry</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Warpechowski</surname>
            <given-names>Stefan</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ley</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Lessa Gaudie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ley</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Lessa Gaudie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Zwan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Lapa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Porto Alegre</city>
            <state>RS</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria &#8226;</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. Postal Code 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>pesquisa.leiria@gmail.com</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Warpechowski Neto S, Lima GG, Ley LLG, Ley ALG, Dutra LZ, Pires LM, Kruse ML, Leiria TLL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>07</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>13</fpage>
      <lpage>18</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Brugada syndrome (SBr) is an arrhythmic condition characterized by ST-T segment abnormalities in the right precordial leads associated with a high risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Local data regarding the clinical characteristics of patients with a typical electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern undergoing electrophysiological study are scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate patients with an ECG pattern suggestive of SBr referred for electrophysiological evaluation in a specialized center.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cohort study of patients referred for electrophysiological study because of an ECG pattern compatible with SBr between January 1998 and March 2017.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the 5506 procedures, 35 (0.64%) were for SBr investigation, 25 of which (71.42%) were performed in men. The mean age was 43.89 &#177; 13.1 years. The ECG patterns were as follows: type I, 22 (62.85%); type II, 12 (34.30%); and type III, 1 (2.85%). Twenty-three patients (65.7%) were asymptomatic, 6 (17.14%) had palpitations, 5 (14.3%) had syncope, and 3 (8.6%) had a family history of sudden death. Electrophysiological study induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias in 16 cases (45.7%), the mean ventricular refractory period being 228 &#177; 36 ms. Ajmaline / procainamide was used in 11 cases (31.4%), changing the ECG pattern to type I in 7 (63.6%). Sixteen cases (45.7%) received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). In a mean 5-year follow-up, 1 of the 16 patients (6.25%) with ICD had appropriate therapy for ventricular fibrillation. There was no death. Other arrhythmias occurred in 4 (11.4%) cases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Most patients are men, and a type I ECG pattern is the main indication for electrophysiological study. Class IA drugs have a high ECG conversion rate. The ICD event rate was 6%. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Brugada Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sudden Death</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a genetic arrhythmogenic disorder characterized by typical electrocardiographic changes of the ST-T segment in the right precordial leads (V1-V3), associated with an increased risk for sudden death due to ventricular arrhythmias, mainly polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, in the absence of structural heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The BrS was first described in 1992, relates to the loss of function in the sodium ion channels of ventricular cardiomyocytes and results from the decrease in that channel amount and failure of expression, its voltage change, time-dependent action and accelerated or prolonged inactivation recovery,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> leading to a reduction in the sodium ion inflow and in the physiological duration of the action potential. Despite its autosomal dominant inheritance, BrS is currently known to be sporadic in two-thirds of its cases (65%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> due to mutations leading to the failure of the SCN5A gene function that encodes sodium channels - initially re-written in 1998<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - or to other 350 pathogenic mutations in several sodium, potassium or calcium channel genes, currently representing percentages of genetic changes lower than 35%.</p>
      <p>Because of its multifactorial etiology that involves the contribution of genetic, environmental and hormonal factors, the clinical manifestation varies, affecting mainly men (proportion of 8-9:1),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> with clinical onset, on average, at the age of 40 years, and major outcome of sudden death triggered by sleep, vagotonia or fever. Brugada syndrome accounts for 20% of the sudden cardiac deaths with structurally normal hearts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and 4-12% of all sudden cardiac deaths.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study describes a cohort of patients referred for electrophysiological study at the Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (ICFUC), over the past 19 years (1998-2017), after finding an electrocardiographic pattern suggestive of BrS in different situations of medical care.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a cohort study of patients referred for electrophysiological study at the ICFUC electrophysiology laboratory between January 1998 and March 2017. Of the 5506 studies performed in that period, 35 (0.67%) corresponded to assessment of patients with electrocardiographic pattern compatible with BrS (Brugada pattern), who were followed up from that study on.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were: absence of structural heart disease, absence of personal history of aborted sudden death, electrocardiogram (ECG) compatible with type I, II or III Brugada pattern, and electrophysiological study under a preestablished protocol of ventricular stimulation with three baseline cycles (600, 500 and 400 ms) and introduction of up to three extra stimuli. Diagnostic challenge with infusion of class IA antiarrhythmic drugs according to the Vaughan Williams classification (ajmaline at the dose of 1 mg/kg for 10 minutes or procainamide 10 mg/kg for 10 minutes) was performed in type II electrocardiographic presentations, in accordance with the most used drugs in European and American studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>From the electrophysiological study on, the patients were followed up through medical appointments at regular six-month intervals, medical record review and/or telephone contact.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Our data bank was stored in Microsoft Excel sheets and analyzed by use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 20.0 (Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp). The continuous variables were expressed as mean (&#177; standard deviation) and compared by use of independent samples <italic>t</italic> test. The continuous variables of non-gaussian distribution were expressed as median [interquartile range (IQR)] and compared by using Mann-Whitney U test. The categorical variables were expressed as percentages and compared by use of chi-square test. The comparisons between groups were performed by using z test, with post-hoc Bonferroni analysis to identify the statistical difference. Kaplan-Meyer event-free survival analysis was performed, with percentage survival and standard error. Differences between the frequency of events over time according to the variables identified were compared by use of log-rank test. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up outcomes</title>
        <p>By use of electronic medical record review or telephone call, the occurrence of the following events was investigated: death, syncope, hospitalization due to arrhythmia, and recurrent palpitations requiring medical care. In patients receiving an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), the occurrence of shock was investigated, and, when present, the appropriateness (shock due to ventricular arrhythmia) or inappropriateness (shock due to supraventricular tachycardia, increased T-wave sensitivity or electromagnetic interference) of the event was assessed.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 35 patients included in the cohort, 22 (62.85%) showed a type I electrocardiographic pattern, 12 (34.30%) showed a type II, and 1 patient (2.85%), a type III pattern. Regarding sex, 25 patients (71.42%) were of the male sex. The mean age was 43.89 &#177; 13.1 years, and most patients (65.71%) were asymptomatic at the time of inclusion. Regarding the symptoms, 6 patients (17.14%) had palpitations, 5 (14.28%) reported syncope, and 3 (8.57%) reported sudden death of a first-degree relative. Sixteen patients (45.7%) had induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias on stimulation - mean refractory ventricular period of 228 &#177; 36 ms. Eleven patients (31.4%) with type II ECG pattern received ajmaline or procainamide, and 7 of them (63.6%) changed to type I ECG pattern. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the clinical, electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics of the patients included in this study. No difference was observed between the groups with and without induced arrhythmia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical, electrocardiographic and electrophysiological study characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Clinical presentations</th>
              <th align="center">N = 35</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men</td>
              <td align="center">25 (71.42%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">43.89 &#177; 13.1 years</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asymptomatic</td>
              <td align="center">23 (65.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Syncope</td>
              <td align="center">5 (14.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Palpitation</td>
              <td align="center">6 (17.14%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Electrocardiographic presentations</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Type I</td>
              <td align="center">22 (62.85%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Type II</td>
              <td align="center">12 (34.30%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Type III</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.85%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Electrophysiological study</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ventricular tachyarrhythmia</td>
              <td align="center">16 (45.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Refractory period</td>
              <td align="center">228 &#177; 36 ms</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HV interval</td>
              <td align="center">49 &#177; 8.6 ms</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ajmaline / Procainamide</td>
              <td align="center">11 (31.4%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics regarding arrhythmia induction during the electrophysiological study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">With induced arrhythmia</th>
              <th align="center">Without induced arrhythmia</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (45.7)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (54,3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">44.625 (&#177;13.69)</td>
              <td align="center">43,26 (&#177; 13,30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.768<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">12 (75)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (68,42)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7304<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Electrocardiographic pattern</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Type I</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">0.8034<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Type II</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Type III</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical manifestation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asymptomatic</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">0.99<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Palpitations</td>
              <td align="center">2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.82<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Syncope</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.83<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FH of sudden death</td>
              <td align="center">2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.87<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>In the group of patients with induced arrhythmia, one had palpitations and sudden death in the family.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>In the group of patients without induced arrhythmia, one had palpitations and syncope. FH: family history.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p>Student t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Chi-square / Fisher exact test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Sixteen patients (45.7%) received an ICD. Of those patients, only 2 had no arrhythmia triggered (reason for implantation: history of sudden death and syncope). Two patients with ventricular arrhythmia (1 with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and another with ventricular fibrillation) refused to receive the ICD despite the clinical indication. In a mean follow-up of 5 years, 1 of the 16 patients (6.25%) who received the ICD had appropriate therapy for ventricular fibrillation, and 1 (6.25%) attended no consultation after implantation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). No death was reported during follow-up. Four patients (11.4%) had other arrhythmic events, such as episodes of nonsustained supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and frequent premature ventricular complexes. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the discrimination of events in patients with ICD.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Event-free survival curve of the patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0013-80094-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Discrimination of events in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0013-80094-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The long-term event rate of patients diagnosed with BrS or electrocardiographic pattern of BrS is little known, because of the relative short time since that syndrome initial description in 1992,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> in addition to the limited follow-up duration of current studies, most of which no longer than 3 years.</p>
      <p>The worldwide prevalence of BrS is heterogeneous, because of its nonpermanent electrocardiographic tracings, disparate genetic changes or undiagnosed patients. In addition, potential arrhythmic events and sudden death can occur, making long-term follow-up important to understand the disease and elaborate tools for risk stratification and therapy, mainly because of the involvement of young individuals and the long exposure to possible outcomes.</p>
      <p>The male predominance found in this study, already reported in the initial description of the disorder as 75%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> is in accordance with data from the global literature, whose percentages range according to the geographic location: 84.3% in a large Japanese cohort,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> 70% in a Spanish cohort,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>and 57.9% in a Belgian study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The proportion is maintained in geographically close populations, such as an Argentinian cohort of similar size to ours (43 patients), whose male percentage reached 85%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Likewise, the mean age of 43.89 years coincides with the findings of several populations studied, even those with larger samples,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> clearly and repeatedly showing the impairment of young individuals with high productive capacity, emphasizing the importance of the correct identification of those at higher risk based on a common epidemiological profile.</p>
      <p>Although the history of ventricular arrhythmias of the fibrillation or tachycardia type is a predictor of mortality in patients with BrS, and the arrhythmia recurrence rates are around 7.7% per year,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> most of our patients were asymptomatic at the time of the electrophysiological study. If, on the one hand, asymptomatic patients without additional risk factors are currently classified as of low risk,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> on the other it is difficult to predict the potential risk based solely upon the ECG assessment, requiring a multifactorial approach in the search for other complications, such as family history of sudden death, personal history of syncope or induced arrhythmia, because the electrocardiographic pattern in isolation seems insufficient to define high risk for events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The incorporation of the advances in cardiology in the search for risk predictors has diverging results in a scenario where the identification of susceptibility is the key point, and, because therapy showed no significant changes in past years, it remains without any effective pharmacological alternative, being limited to implantable antiarrhythmic devices. Such devices are known to have a significant, although indirect, contribution to the patients&#8217; quality of life because of their daily social or professional repercussions,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> adding arguments to the already challenging process of identifying its real beneficiaries.</p>
      <p>In 2003, the assessment of 547 patients with the BrS pattern and no previous history of sudden death, with a mean 24-month follow-up, a positive electrophysiological study was associated with arrhythmic outcomes on a multivariate analysis, with a 6-fold higher risk in 2 years <italic>versus</italic> a 2.5-fold for the second better predictor, the previous history of syncope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In a cohort<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> of 1029 patients (72% of men, mean age of 45 years, and 64% asymptomatic - a population profile similar to ours), the electrophysiological study was performed in 638 individuals and had a 41% positivity, but was not a risk predictor on multivariate analysis, leaving only personal history and electrocardiographic pattern correlated with events.</p>
      <p>Two years later, a prospective multicenter study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> assessing specifically the accuracy of arrhythmia induced by stimulation and the identification of new risk predictors, evidenced that induced arrhythmia was not an event predictor in a 36-month follow-up (and only 34% of the patients with induced arrhythmia experienced a new induction when repeating the protocol), in addition to the same findings regarding type I ECG and personal history of syncope, and the additional positive finding for ventricular refractory period shorter than 200 ms and QRS fragmentation. Of the 14 events, only 1 showed no spontaneous type I pattern, with a number needed to treat (NNT) of 25.2.</p>
      <p>In 2016, however, a systematic review of eight prospective observational studies involving 1312 patients (n ranging from 575 to 23) with BrS, no previous history of sudden death, undergoing ventricular stimulation, showed that induced arrhythmia correlated with events in a mean 38.3-month follow-up, with higher risks for patients induced with one or two extra stimuli.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The overall analysis of data indicates that the electrophysiological study is useful, mainly in patients at intermediate risk, to whom the clinical characteristics cannot provide a dichotomous classification of high or low risk.</p>
      <p>In 2017, Sieira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> proposed a model of risk classification based on a cohort of 400 patients from a single Belgian center, with mean age and percentage of asymptomatic individuals similar to those of our cohort, in which the clinical factors associated with outcomes were categorized into a score model including the following variables: type I electrocardiographic pattern, history of sudden death of a first-degree relative younger than 35 years, arrhythmia induced on electrophysiological study, syncope, sinus node disease and history of sudden death. In the model proposed, a score equal to or greater than 2 represents high risk for outcome, with positive predictive value of 90%, maintained at 81% when having external validity.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the rate of the implantable device events was lower than that reported in the literature, including national studies with patients with BrS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and the one patient with appropriate therapy received it in the first year of follow-up. Nevertheless, the mean 5-year follow-up showed a temporal gain as compared to many similar studies, allowing for the analysis of events in a larger time window - knowing that the risks are continuous throughout life - with the potential advantage of overcoming occasional inaccurate clinical data, manly family history, because the information is patient-dependent and previous data might not be well characterized in the generation immediately before the proband.</p>
      <p>Although controversial, the use of electrophysiological study for stratification has shown to be a useful tool to identify high-risk patients, representing a clear signal that the ventricle is more excitable, and, thus, prone to arrhythmic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study has limitations such as the fact that the cohort is not constituted by patients identified by ECG, but by those, who, according to their attending doctors would benefit from an electrophysiological study for risk stratification, a fact that limited the sample size and can be a bias by selecting patients that raise more concern about future events. Another fact is that, of the 35 patients, 5 did not undergo follow-up at the same institution where the electrophysiological study was performed. In such cases, data were limited to information collected via telephone, with checking up on neither the electronic medical records nor the devices. Moreover, we performed no genetic study of the population assessed, because it is not routinely available in the healthcare system in addition to its costs.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Brugada syndrome is a potentially fatal arrhythmic condition, and reports on it increased substantially in past years. In this cohort, similarly to the world literature, most patients are of the male sex and had spontaneous type I electrocardiographic pattern. Class IA antiarrhythmic drugs of the Vaughan Williams classification have high rates of electrocardiographic conversion when used for diagnostic challenge. The rate of arrhythmic event was 6.25%, and mortality was lower than that in the literature. The electrophysiological study for risk assessment, although controversial, is currently a useful tool for patient&#8217;s stratification, mainly when the clinical characteristics are poor and do not allow for estimating accurately the risks of future events.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul under the protocol number UP 5374/17. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coorte de Pacientes Encaminhados para Investiga&#231;&#227;o de S&#237;ndrome de Brugada em um Servi&#231;o Terci&#225;rio de Eletrofisiologia - Registro de 19 Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Warpechowski</surname>
            <given-names>Stefan</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ley</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Lessa Gaudie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ley</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Lessa Gaudie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Zwan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Lapa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria &#8226;</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. CEP 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>pesquisa.leiria@gmail.com</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Warpechowski Neto S, Lima GG, Ley LLG, Ley ALG, Dutra LZ, Pires LM, Kruse ML, Leiria TLL</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>S&#237;ndrome de Brugada (SBr) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o arr&#237;tmica definida por anormalidades do segmento ST-T em deriva&#231;&#245;es V<sub>1</sub>-V<sub>3</sub> associada a risco elevado de arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita. Dados locais quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico (ECG) t&#237;pico avaliados por estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar pacientes com padr&#227;o ECG sugestivo de SBr encaminhados para EEF em um centro especializado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte de casos encaminhados para EEF por padr&#227;o ECG compat&#237;vel com SBr, entre janeiro de 1998 e mar&#231;o de 2017.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos 5506 procedimentos, 35 (0,64%) foram para investiga&#231;&#227;o de SBr. Vinte e cinco (71,42%) eram homens. Idade m&#233;dia 43,89 &#177; 13,1 anos. Apresenta&#231;&#227;o ECG foi tipo I em 22 casos (62,85%), tipo II em 12 (34,30%) e tipo III em 1 (2,85%). Vinte e tr&#234;s (65,7%) eram assintom&#225;ticos, 6 (17,14%) apresentavam palpita&#231;&#245;es, 5 (14,3%) s&#237;ncope, 3 (8,6%) hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita. Estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico induziu taquiarritmias ventriculares em 16 casos (45,7%), sendo o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio ventricular m&#233;dio de 228 &#177; 36 ms. Utilizou-se ajmalina/procainamida em 11 casos (31,4%), sendo o padr&#227;o ECG transformado em tipo I em 7 (63,6%). Dezesseis casos (45,7%) receberam cardiodes fibrilador (CDI). Em seguimento m&#233;dio de 5 anos, 1 dos 16 pacientes (6,25%) com CDI teve terapia apropriada para fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Nenhuma morte foi registrada. Outras arritmias ocorreram em 4 (11,4%) casos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Homens s&#227;o maioria, sendo o padr&#227;o ECG tipo I a principal indica&#231;&#227;o de EEF. Droga classe IA possui alta taxa de convers&#227;o do padr&#227;o ECG. A taxa de eventos no CDI foi de 6%. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Brugada (SBr) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o arr&#237;tmica de base gen&#233;tica caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas t&#237;picas do segmento ST-T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas (V1-V3), associada a risco aumentado de morte s&#250;bita decorrente de arritmias ventriculares, sobretudo taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica, na aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia estrutural.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Descrita em 1992, a SBr est&#225; relacionada com a perda de fun&#231;&#227;o dos canais de s&#243;dio situados nas c&#233;lulas ventriculares mioc&#225;rdicas e resulta da diminui&#231;&#227;o da quantidade e express&#227;o do canal, altera&#231;&#227;o na voltagem, atua&#231;&#227;o dependente do tempo e recupera&#231;&#227;o acelerada ou prolongada da inativa&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> acarretando diminui&#231;&#227;o do influxo do c&#225;tion s&#243;dio e redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o. Embora de heran&#231;a gen&#233;tica autoss&#244;mica dominante, o conhecimento atual da doen&#231;a reconhece cerca de dois ter&#231;os dos casos como espor&#225;dicos (65%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> por muta&#231;&#245;es acarretando perda de fun&#231;&#227;o SCN5A codificadora dos canais de s&#243;dio - inicialmente rescrita em 1998<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - ou por outras 350 muta&#231;&#245;es patog&#234;nicas em diversos outros genes codificadores de canais de s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio ou c&#225;lcio, em percentuais de altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas que respondem hoje por n&#227;o mais do que 35%.</p>
        <p>Por etiologia multifatorial que envolve a contribui&#231;&#227;o tanto de fatores gen&#233;ticos como ambientais e hormonais, a expressividade cl&#237;nica &#233; muito vari&#225;vel com acometimento preferencial de homens (em propor&#231;&#245;es de 8-9:1),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, em m&#233;dia, aos 40 anos e predom&#237;nio de desfechos de morte s&#250;bita durante o sono, induzida por vagotonia ou precipitada por eventos febris. A SBr responde hoje por cerca de 20% das mortes card&#237;acas s&#250;bitas em cora&#231;&#245;es normais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e entre 4-12% de todas as mortes s&#250;bitas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente trabalho descreve a coorte de pacientes do Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (ICFUC), ao longo dos &#250;ltimos 19 anos (1998-2017), submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico ap&#243;s achado de padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico t&#237;pico de SBr em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es de atendimento m&#233;dico e referenciados para avalia&#231;&#227;o a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo de coorte de pacientes encaminhados para estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico no laborat&#243;rio de eletrofisiologia do ICFUC entre janeiro de 1998 e mar&#231;o de 2017. Dentre os 5506 exames realizados no per&#237;odo, 35 (0,67%) corresponderam &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico compat&#237;vel (padr&#227;o de Brugada), inclu&#237;dos no seguimento a partir da data do exame.</p>
        <p>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia estrutural, aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria pessoal de morte s&#250;bita abortada, eletrocardiograma (ECG) compat&#237;vel com padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo I, II ou III e realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico sob protocolo preestabelecido de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular com tr&#234;s ciclos basais (600, 500 e 400 ms) com introdu&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; tr&#234;s extra est&#237;mulos. Desafio diagn&#243;stico com a infus&#227;o de antiarr&#237;tmicos de classe IA da classifica&#231;&#227;o Vaughan Williams (ajmalina em dose de 1mg/kg ao longo de 10 minutos ou procainamida 10mg/kg em 10 minutos) foi realizado nas apresenta&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas do tipo II, em concord&#226;ncia com os f&#225;rmacos mais utilizados tanto nos trabalhos europeus quanto americanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A partir da data do exame, seguimento temporal foi realizado atrav&#233;s de consultas m&#233;dicas, em intervalos regulares de seis meses, revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico e/ou contato telef&#244;nico.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Nosso banco de dados foi armazenado em planilhas do Microsoft Excel e analisado usando o software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), vers&#227;o 20.0 (Armonk, NY, EUA: IBM Corp). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas que foram descritas como m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o) foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste t para amostras independentes. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o gaussiana foram descritas como mediana (intervalo interquartil [IQR]), sendo comparadas utilizando-se o teste U de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como porcentagens e comparadas com o teste qui-quadrado; as compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos foram feitas usando o teste z, com uma an&#225;lise post-hoc de Bonferroni para identificar a diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise da sobrevida livre de eventos utilizando o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meyer, sendo referidos a perspectiva da sobrevida percentual e o erro-padr&#227;o. As diferen&#231;as entre a frequ&#234;ncia de eventos no tempo de acordo com as vari&#225;veis identificadas foram comparadas pelo teste de Log-rank. Consideramos p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos no acompanhamento</title>
          <p>Foram pesquisados por meio de revis&#227;o do prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico ou liga&#231;&#227;o telef&#244;nica a ocorr&#234;ncia dos seguintes eventos: morte, s&#237;ncope, interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por arritmia, presen&#231;a de palpita&#231;&#245;es recorrentes com necessidade de atendimento m&#233;dico. Naqueles pacientes que receberam um cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI), foi pesquisada a ocorr&#234;ncia de choque e, se dispon&#237;vel, se o evento foi considerado apropriado (choque por arritmia ventricular) ou inapropriado (choque por taquicardia supraventricular, sensibilidade aumentada para onda T ou interfer&#234;ncia eletromagn&#233;tica).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De um total de 35 pacientes inclu&#237;dos na coorte, 22 (62,85%) apresentavam padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico tipo I, 12 (34,30%) tipo II e 1 paciente (2,85%) com padr&#227;o tipo III. Quanto ao sexo, 25 (71,42%) eram do sexo masculino. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 43,89&#177;13,1 anos e a grande maioria dos casos (65,71%) apresentava-se assintom&#225;tica no momento da inclus&#227;o. Quanto aos sintomas, seis pacientes (17,14%) apresentavam palpita&#231;&#245;es, cinco (14,28%) relatavam s&#237;ncope, e tr&#234;s (8,57%) informaram hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita em familiar de primeiro grau. Dezesseis pacientes (45,7%) apresentaram taquiarritmias ventriculares induzidas &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o - per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio ventricular m&#233;dio de 228 &#177; 36 ms. Onze pacientes (31,4%) com padr&#227;o tipo II receberam ajmalina ou procainamida e, em sete deles (63,6%), houve transforma&#231;&#227;o do ECG em tipo I. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 1</xref> sumariza os achados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e eletrofisiol&#243;gicos dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos com e sem indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e do estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Apresenta&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas</th>
                <th align="center">N = 35</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens</td>
                <td align="center">25 (71,42%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">43,89 &#177; 13,1 anos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Assintom&#225;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">23 (65,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Palpita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6 (17,14%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#245;es Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tipo I</td>
                <td align="center">22 (62,85%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tipo II</td>
                <td align="center">12 (34,30%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tipo III</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,85%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taquiarritmia ventricular</td>
                <td align="center">16 (45,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">228 &#177; 36 ms</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intervalo HV</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 8,6 ms</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ajmalina/Procainamida</td>
                <td align="center">11 (31,4%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas quanto &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia ao estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Arritmia induzida</th>
                <th align="center">Arritmia n&#227;o induzida</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (45,7)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (54,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">44,625 (&#177; 13,69)</td>
                <td align="center">43,26 (&#177; 13,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,768<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (68,42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7304<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tipo I</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">0,8034<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tipo II</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tipo III</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Assintom&#225;tico</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">0,99<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Palpita&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,82<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,83<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF morte s&#250;bita</td>
                <td align="center">2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,87<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>No grupo de pacientes com arritmia induzida, um apresentava associa&#231;&#227;o de palpita&#231;&#245;es e morte s&#250;bita familiar.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>No grupo de pacientes sem arritmia induzida, um apresentava a associa&#231;&#227;o de palpita&#231;&#245;es e s&#237;ncope. HF: hist&#243;ria familiar.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste Qui-quadrado / exato de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Cardiodesfibrilador foi implantado em 16 casos (45,7%). Desses, apenas 2 n&#227;o tiveram arritmia desencadeada (raz&#227;o do implante hist&#243;ria de morte s&#250;bita e s&#237;ncope). Dois pacientes com arritmia ventricular (um deles com taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada e outro com fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular) se negaram a receber o CDI a despeito da indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Em seguimento m&#233;dio de 5 anos, 1 dos 16 pacientes (6,25%) que receberam CDI teve terapia apropriada para fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e 1 (6,25%) n&#227;o teve consulta ap&#243;s o implante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Nenhuma morte foi registrada no acompanhamento. Outros eventos arr&#237;tmicos ocorreram em 4 (11,4%) casos, entre eles epis&#243;dios de taquiarritmias supraventriculares n&#227;o sustentadas e complexos ventriculares prematuros frequentes. A discrimina&#231;&#227;o de eventos entre pacientes com CDI pode ser vista na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva de sobrevida livre de eventos entre pacientes com cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0013-80094-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Discrimina&#231;&#227;o de eventos entre pacientes com cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0013-80094-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
          <p>Ainda &#233; limitado o conhecimento quanto &#224; taxa de eventos a longo prazo nos pacientes diagnosticados como portadores de SBr ou padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de Brugada, dado o relativo pouco tempo desde a descri&#231;&#227;o inicial, datada de 1992,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e limita&#231;&#227;o de seguimento dos trabalhos atuais, cujas maiores linhas temporais atingem n&#227;o mais do que 3 anos, em sua maioria.</p>
          <p>Heterog&#234;nea na sua preval&#234;ncia ao redor do mundo, seja por tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos n&#227;o permanentes, altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas d&#237;spares ou por percentuais de pacientes n&#227;o reconhecidos, potenciais eventos arr&#237;tmicos e morte s&#250;bita s&#227;o perenes ao longo da vida nas popula&#231;&#245;es acometidas e fazem com que seguimentos de longo prazo se tornem importantes no conhecimento da doen&#231;a e na elabora&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e abordagem terap&#234;utica - sobretudo pelo acometimento de popula&#231;&#245;es jovens e longo tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o a poss&#237;veis desfechos.</p>
          <p>O predom&#237;nio masculino encontrado no presente trabalho, j&#225; presente na descri&#231;&#227;o inicial em percentual de 75%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#233; concordante com os achados da literatura global, cujos percentuais variam conforme a localiza&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica, constituindo 84,3% dos pacientes em grande coorte japonesa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> 70% em coorte espanhola<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>ou 57,9% em trabalho belga<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> a propor&#231;&#227;o mant&#233;m-se em popula&#231;&#245;es geograficamente pr&#243;ximas, com coorte argentina com tamanho semelhante (43 pacientes), onde o percentual masculino atingiu 85%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A idade m&#233;dia de 43,89 anos, da mesma forma, reflete os achados das diversas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas, mesmo naquelas com n&#250;mero maior de participantes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> mostrando, de maneira clara e repetida, o acometimento de pessoas jovens em plena capacidade produtiva, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia da correta identifica&#231;&#227;o dos expostos a maiores riscos a partir de um perfil epidemiol&#243;gico comum.</p>
          <p>Embora a hist&#243;ria de arritmias ventriculares do tipo fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou taquicardia seja um preditor de mortalidade nos pacientes acometidos, e as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia arr&#237;tmica estejam em torno de 7,7% ao ano,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> a grande maioria de nossos pacientes era assintom&#225;tica no momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica. Se, por um lado, pacientes assintom&#225;ticos sem fator de risco adicional s&#227;o hoje classificados como de baixo risco,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> por outro &#233; dif&#237;cil predizer o risco potencial pela avalia&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica do ECG, tornando-se necess&#225;ria uma abordagem de avalia&#231;&#227;o multifatorial na busca de outros agravantes, como hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita, hist&#243;ria pessoal de s&#237;ncope ou arritmia induzida - j&#225; que o simples padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, isoladamente, parece n&#227;o ser suficiente para a defini&#231;&#227;o de alto risco de eventos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A incorpora&#231;&#227;o das evolu&#231;&#245;es da cardiologia na busca por preditores de risco apresenta resultados divergentes em um cen&#225;rio onde a identifica&#231;&#227;o de suscetibilidade ainda &#233; o principal ponto, uma vez que a terap&#234;utica n&#227;o apresentou mudan&#231;as significativas nos &#250;ltimos anos, continua sem alternativa farmacol&#243;gica efetiva e segue limitada aos dispositivos antiarr&#237;tmicos implant&#225;veis. Esses, sabe-se, t&#234;m contribui&#231;&#227;o significativa, ainda que indiretamente, na qualidade de vida por repercuss&#245;es sociais ou profissionais no dia a dia dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> acrescentando argumentos ao j&#225; desafiador processo de identifica&#231;&#227;o de seus reais benefici&#225;rios.</p>
          <p>Em 2003, na avalia&#231;&#227;o de 547 pacientes com padr&#227;o de Brugada sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de morte s&#250;bita, com seguimento m&#233;dio de 24 meses, o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico positivo teve associa&#231;&#227;o com desfechos arr&#237;tmicos em an&#225;lise multivariada (risco seis vezes maior em intervalo de 2 anos versus duas e meia vezes no segundo melhor preditor, que foi hist&#243;ria previa de s&#237;ncope).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em coorte de 1029 pacientes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> com 72% de homem, idade m&#233;dia de 45 anos e 64% assintom&#225;ticos (perfil populacional semelhante ao nosso), estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico foi realizado em 638 indiv&#237;duos com positividade em 41% sem, no entanto, apresentar-se como preditor de risco em an&#225;lise multivariada, restando apenas a hist&#243;ria pessoal e o padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico correlacionados com eventos.</p>
          <p>Dois anos depois, estudo multic&#234;ntrico prospectivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> avaliou especificamente a acur&#225;cia da arritmia induzida na estimula&#231;&#227;o e a identifica&#231;&#227;o de novos preditores de risco. O resultado foi de que a arritmia induzida n&#227;o foi preditor de eventos em seguimento limitado a per&#237;odo de 36 meses (sendo que, dos pacientes com arritmia induzida, apenas 34% tiveram nova indu&#231;&#227;o na repeti&#231;&#227;o do protocolo), os mesmos achados de rela&#231;&#227;o com ECG tipo I e hist&#243;ria pessoal de s&#237;ncope e o achado adicional positivo para per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio ventricular inferior a 200ms e fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de QRS. Dos 14 eventos, apenas 1 n&#227;o apresentava padr&#227;o tipo I espont&#226;neo, com n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio tratar (NNT) de 25,2.</p>
          <p>Por outro lado, em 2016, revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de trabalhos prospectivos observacionais envolvendo 1312 pacientes de oito estudos, com n variando de 575 a 23 portadores de SBr, sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de morte s&#250;bita, submetidos a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, mostrou que arritmia induzida correlacionou-se com eventos em seguimento m&#233;dio de 38,3 meses, com riscos maiores nos pacientes induz&#237;veis com um ou dois extra est&#237;mulos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A an&#225;lise global dos dados indica que o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico &#233; &#250;til, sobretudo, nos pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio, onde as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o s&#227;o capazes de classifica&#231;&#227;o dicot&#244;mica de alto ou baixo risco.</p>
          <p>Em 2017, Sieira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> propuseram um modelo de classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco baseado em coorte de 400 pacientes de um &#250;nico centro belga, com idade m&#233;dia e percentuais de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos semelhantes aos da nossa coorte, onde fatores cl&#237;nicos associados a desfechos foram categorizados em modelo de pontos incluindo as vari&#225;veis: padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico tipo I, hist&#243;ria de morte s&#250;bita em familiar de primeiro grau antes de 35 anos, arritmia induzida ao estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, s&#237;ncope, doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal e hist&#243;ria de morte s&#250;bita. No escore proposto, somas iguais ou acima de 2 representam elevado risco de desfechos, com valor preditivo positivo de 90%, mantendo-se em 81% quando levado &#224; validade externa.</p>
          <p>No presente trabalho, a taxa de eventos do dispositivo implant&#225;vel foi menor do que a descrita na literatura, incluindo trabalhos nacionais envolvendo pacientes com SBr,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e o paciente com terapia apropriada recebeu-a ainda no primeiro ano de acompanhamento. Apesar disso, o seguimento m&#233;dio de 5 anos representou um ganho temporal em rela&#231;&#227;o a muitos trabalhos semelhantes, permitindo a an&#225;lise de eventos em janela de tempo maior - sabendo-se que os riscos s&#227;o cont&#237;nuos ao longo da vida - com a potencial vantagem de superar eventuais dados cl&#237;nicos imprecisos - sobretudo a hist&#243;ria familiar - visto que a informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; dependente do paciente e dados pregressos podem n&#227;o estar bem caracterizados j&#225; na gera&#231;&#227;o imediatamente anterior ao probando.</p>
          <p>Embora controverso, o uso do estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico na estratifica&#231;&#227;o vem se mostrando uma ferramenta &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto risco e representa um claro sinal de que o ventr&#237;culo &#233; mais excit&#225;vel e, portanto, propenso a eventos arr&#237;tmicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Dentre as limita&#231;&#245;es do trabalho, destaca-se o fato de a coorte n&#227;o ser constitu&#237;da por pacientes identificados por ECG, mas sim apenas aqueles que, no julgamento dos seus respectivos m&#233;dicos assistentes, teriam no estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico uma ferramenta de aux&#237;lio da abordagem de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, fato que limitou o tamanho da amostra e pode constituir vi&#233;s por selecionar os pacientes que despertaram maior preocupa&#231;&#227;o quanto a futuros eventos. Outro fato a ser lembrado &#233; que, dos 35 pacientes, 5 n&#227;o seguiram acompanhamento na mesma institui&#231;&#227;o onde se realizou o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico. Nesses casos, a coleta de dados limitou-se &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas, sem os registros de prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico ou a interroga&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos para confer&#234;ncia. Ainda, prescinde-se aqui de avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, limitada pelos custos associados e por n&#227;o estar acess&#237;vel rotineiramente no sistema de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A SBr &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o arr&#237;tmica potencialmente fatal e as suas descri&#231;&#245;es aumentaram substancialmente nos &#250;ltimos anos. Na presente coorte, semelhante &#224; literatura mundial, a maioria dos pacientes &#233; do sexo masculino e apresentava padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico tipo I espont&#226;neo. Drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas da classe IA da classifica&#231;&#227;o Vaughan Williams t&#234;m altas taxas de convers&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica quando empregadas no desafio diagn&#243;stico. A taxa de evento arr&#237;tmico foi de 6,25% e a mortalidade foi menor do que a literatura vigente. O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco, embora controverso, apresenta-se hoje como uma ferramenta &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, sobretudo quando as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o pobres e n&#227;o permitem estimar com precis&#227;o o risco de eventos futuros.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo UP 5374/17. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
