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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">swng8YXdF33Hzz7PYWBPhVy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180126</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Special Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Executive Summary &#8211; Guidelines for Mechanical Circulatory Support of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Silvia Moreira Ayub-Ferreira, Rua En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>silvia.ayub@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>4</fpage>
      <lpage>12</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/complications, Heart Failure/therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Assisted Circulation/instrumentation</kwd>
        <kwd>Contraindicators</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Evaluation of candidates for mechanical circulatory support devices</title>
      <p>In advanced heart failure (HF), the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) proposed seven clinical profiles (and modifiers) for a convenient, easy classification of disease status, risk of implantation of mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSDs) and adequate time for intervention (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Chart 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) profiles</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Profile</th>
              <th align="center">Description</th>
              <th align="center">Hemodynamic status</th>
              <th align="center">Time frame for definitive intervention</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">Critical cardiogenic shock</td>
              <td align="center">Persistent hypotension despite the use of inotropes and intra&#8209;aortic balloon pumps, associated with organic dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">Hours</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">Progressive decline, but inotrope dependent</td>
              <td align="center">Deterioration of renal and hepatic function, nutritional status and lactate levels, despite use of inotropes in optimized doses</td>
              <td align="center">Days</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">Stable but inotrope dependent</td>
              <td align="center">Clinical stability on continuous inotropic therapy, and history of failure to wean from it</td>
              <td align="center">Weeks - months</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4</td>
              <td align="center">Frequent hospitalization</td>
              <td align="center">Signs of water retention, symptoms at rest and frequent admissions to emergency departments</td>
              <td align="center">Weeks - months</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5</td>
              <td align="center">At home, exertion intolerant</td>
              <td align="center">Intolerant to activity, comfortable at rest despite water retention</td>
              <td align="center">Intervention emergency depends on nutritional status and organic dysfunction severity</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6</td>
              <td align="center">Exertion limited</td>
              <td align="center">Moderate limitation to activity; absence of signs of hypervolemia</td>
              <td align="center">Intervention emergency depends on nutritional status and organic dysfunction severity</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">7</td>
              <td align="center">NYHA III</td>
              <td align="center">Hemodynamic stability and absence of hypervolemia</td>
              <td align="center">Intervention is not indicated</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>One of the main determinant factors for a successful MCSD implantation is patient eligibility. Correct selection of patients involves &#8211; (1) patients with advanced HF to which the risk of MCSD implantation surpasses mortality risk for current disease (making it a beneficial intervention); (2) patients with moderately advanced HF, i.e., implantation of MCSD would not increase patient&#8217;s morbidity and mortality due to increased complication rate; (3) no contraindications for MCSD implantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Perioperative renal failure, pre-existing right HF, liver dysfunction, mechanical ventilation in the pre-operative period, low weight or overweight and reoperation have been related to worse clinical outcomes after MCSD implantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The main scores for risk prediction in MCSD implantation are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Chart 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Chart 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Risk predictors for mechanical circulatory support device implantation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Risk score for destination therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Risk score for bridge/destination therapy (HMII score)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Pre-operative risk score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Pre-operative risk score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk of 90-day in-hospital mortality<break/>(pulsatile flow)</td>
              <td align="center">Ninety-day mortality<break/>(continuous flow)</td>
              <td align="center">Mortality risk after MCSD implantation<break/>(mean of 84 days)</td>
              <td align="center">Mortality risk after MCSD implantation<break/>(mean of 100 days)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Platelets &lt; 148.000/&#181;L<break/>OR: 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">Age (for 10 years)<break/>OR: 1.32</td>
              <td align="center">Urine flow &lt; 30 mL/hour<break/>RR: 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">Respiratory failure /sepsis OR: 11,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Albumin &lt; 3.3 mg/dL<break/>OR: 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">Albumin<break/>OR: 0.49</td>
              <td align="center">CVP &gt; 16 mmHg<break/>RR: 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">Right heart failure<break/>OR: 3.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">INR &gt; 1,1<break/>OR: 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">Creatinine<break/>OR: 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">Mechanical ventilation<break/>RR: 3</td>
              <td align="center">Age &gt; 65 years<break/>OR: 3.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of vasodilator<break/>OR: 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">INR<break/>OR: 3.11</td>
              <td align="center">Prothrombin time &gt; 16 seconds<break/>RR: 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">Postcardiotomy acute ventricular failure<break/>OR: 1.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary artery medium pressure &lt; 25 mmHg<break/>OR: 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">Center volume &lt; 15 implants<break/>OR: 2.24</td>
              <td align="center">Reoperation<break/>RR: 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">Acute myocardial infarction<break/>OR: 1.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ALT &gt; 45 U/mL<break/>OR: 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Leucocytes &gt; 15.000<break/>RR: 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hematocrit &lt; 34%<break/>OR: 3,0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Temperature &gt; 101.5 F<break/>RR: 0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BUN &gt; 51 U/dL<break/>OR: 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intravenous inotropic support<break/>OR: 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>HMII: HeartmateII; OR: odds ratio; RR: relative risk; CVP: central venous pressure; INR: international normalized ratio; ALT: alanine transaminase; BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen. MCSD: mechanical circulatory support device</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Echocardiography</title>
      <p>Evaluation of patients candidates for MCDS should include a transthoracic echocardiogram (TEE) complemented by a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).</p>
      <p>The effects of MCDS on right ventricular function depend on the balance between the benefits of decompression of the left chambers (reduction of the left ventricular afterload) and greater volumetric load to the right atrium (RA; increase of the right ventricular preload). Decompression of left chambers also cause changes in the geometry of the right chambers, such as leftward shift of interatrial (IAS) and interventricular septum (IVS), structural changes of tricuspid annulus, which can aggravate a pre-existing tricuspid insufficiency (TI) and right ventricular overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering that right ventricular cardiac output determines left ventricular preload, a significant reduction in right ventricular function results in decreased output by the MCSD. It is estimated that approximately 30% of patients with left ventricular assist device develop limiting right ventricular dysfunction. For these reasons, a careful evaluation of right ventricular function is mandatory before MCDS implantation. In the presence of moderate-to-severe dysfunction, the requirement of a permanent biventricular support cannot be ruled out.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the assessment of right ventricular function before MCSD implantation, it is recommended the measurement of the right ventricle, as well as a semiquantitative assessment of right ventricular longitudinal and radial contractility combined with quantitative parameters, including fractional area change (FAC; FAC &lt; 20% are associated with increased risk of right ventricular dysfunction after MCSD implantation),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) determined by M mode, peak systolic velocity of lateral tricuspid ring, measured by tissue Doppler (s&#8217;), and right ventricular performance index.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Predictors of right ventricular dysfunction before mechanical circulatory support device implantation</title>
        <p>Right ventricular dysfunction is multifactorial and includes an increase in preload, ventricular ischemia and mechanical interdependence of ventricular geometry. It is one of the most severe complications of left ventricular assist device, observed in up to 30% of cases and associated with a six-fold increase in morbidity and mortality (increased risk in up to 67%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Risk factors and the main risk score for right ventricular dysfunction after MCSD implantation are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Charts 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Chart 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Risk factors for right ventricular dysfunction after mechanical circulatory support device implantation (MCSD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="80%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Indication of MCDS</th>
                <th align="left">Destination therapy</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sex</td>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pre-implantation support</td>
                <td align="left">Intra-aortic balloon pump and vasopressor requirement</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="6">Organic dysfunctions</td>
                <td align="left">Respiratory: invasive ventilatory support</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hepatic: ALT &#8805; 80 UI/L. bilirubin &gt; 2.0 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renal: serum creatinine &#8805; 2.3 g/dLHistory of kidney replacement therapy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nutritional: albumin &#8804; 3.0 g/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coagulation: platelets &lt; 120,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Others: increased BNP. PCR. Procalcitonin</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Right ventricular dysfunction</td>
                <td align="left">Right ventricular diastolic diameter &gt; 35 mm. FAC &lt; 30%. Right atrium &gt; 50 mm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemodynamic measures</td>
                <td align="left">CVP &#8805; 15 mmHg or CVP/PCP &#8805; 0.63. right ventricular work index &#8804; 300 mmHg mL/m<sup>2</sup>; low pulmonary artery pressures, low cardiac index or increased pulmonary vascular resistance</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Others</td>
                <td align="left">Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, reoperation, important TI, history of PTE</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>ALT: alanine transaminase; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CRP: C-reactive protein; FAC: fractional area change; CVP: central venous pressure; PCP pulmonary capillary pressure; TI: tricuspid insufficiency; PTE: pulmonary thromboembolism</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Chart 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Main risk scores for right ventricular failure after left ventricular mechanical circulatory support device implantation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Score</th>
                <th align="center">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Prediction</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">University of Michigan, RV Failure Risk Score, Matthews et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Vasopressor requirement: 4 points<break/>TGP &#8805; 80 IU/L: 2 points<break/>Bilirubin &#8805; 2.0 mg/dL: 2.5 points<break/>Creatinine &#8805; 2.3 mg/dL or hemodialysis: 3 points</td>
                <td align="center">Likelihood of right ventricular failure<break/>&#8226; &#8805; 5.5 points: 7.6<break/> &#8226; 4.0-5.0 points: 2.8<break/>&#8226; &#8804; 3.0 points: 0.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kormos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pre-operative predictors for early left ventricular dysfunction:<break/>CVP/PCP &gt; 0.63<break/>Ventilatory support<break/>BUN &gt; 39 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">One-year survival:<break/>&#8226; Absent right ventricular dysfunction: 78%<break/>&#8226; Early right ventricular dysfunction: 59% (p&lt; 0.001)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">University of Pennsylvania, RV Failure Risk Score, Fitzpatrick et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiac index &#8804; 2.2 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>: 18 points<break/>SVRI &#8804; 0.25 mmHg-L/m<sup>2</sup>: 18 points<break/>Important right ventricular dysfunction: 17 points<break/>Serum creatinine &#8805; 1.9 mg/dL: 17 points<break/>Previous cardiac surgery: 16 points<break/>Systolic arterial pressure &#8804; 96 mmHg: 13 points</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 30: 96%, isolated left ventricular assist device<break/>&#8805; 65 points: 11%, isolated left ventricular assist device</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRITT score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">CVP &gt; 15 mmHg: 1 point<break/>Severe right ventricular dysfunction: 1 point<break/>Pre-operative mechanical ventilation: 1 point<break/>Important tricuspid insufficiency: 1 point<break/>Tachycardia (&gt; 100 bpm) = 1 point</td>
                <td align="center">1-2 points: low risk for right ventricular dysfunction<break/>2-3 points: moderate risk for right ventricular dysfunction<break/>4-5 points: high risk for right ventricular dysfunction</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>ALT: alanine transaminase; CVP: central venous pressure; PCP pulmonary capillary pressure; BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen; SVRI: systemic vascular resistance index</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Implantation of a MCSD in the left ventricle should be performed with caution in patients with important right ventricular dilation, moderate-to-severe tricuspid insufficiency, tricuspid valve annulus &gt; 45 mm and CVP &gt; 15 mmHg. By this means, hemodynamic variables directly reflect a preload or afterload increase and right ventricular contractility reductions, whereas venous congestion and organ hypoperfusion, consequence of right ventricular dysfunction, indicate hepatic and renal dysfunctions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Positive hemodynamic indicators of adequate right ventricular function that might reduce the risk of post-MCSD implantation dysfunction are: CVP &#8804; 8 mmHg; PCP &#8804; 18 mmHg; CVP/PCP &#8804; 0,66; pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) &lt; 2 wood units and right ventricular work index &#8805; 400 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Temporary devices</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Selection of strategies for temporary mechanical circulatory support devices</title>
        <p>Temporary MCSD can be used for hemodynamic and clinical stability restoration, aiming at improvement of cardiac function and transplantation. Three strategies (which may be overlapped) can be defined:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Bridge to decision:</bold> should be considered in severely ill patients, who requires immediate hemodynamic support due to high risk of cardiac failure. It may occur in different situations &#8211; lack of neurological recovery, multiple organ failure, hemodynamic stabilization and requirement of other devices &#8211; in which the final strategy of therapy cannot be established during device implantation (e.g. after cardiorespiratory arrest).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Bridge to recovery:</bold> situation in which support device is removed for ventricular function recovery, such as ventricular dysfunction following acute myocardial infarction, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and myocarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Bridge to transplantation:</bold> situations in which the patient is in progressive severity and heart transplantation cannot be performed in a short term. Support devices may provide hemodynamic support and clinical stability until transplantation is performed.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Types of temporary mechanical circulatory support devices </title>
        <p>Main characteristics of temporary MCSDs available in Brazil are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Chart 5</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Chart 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Temporary mechanical circulatory support devices available in Brazil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center">Intra-aortic balloon </th>
                <th align="center">ECMO</th>
                <th align="center">TandemHeart&#8482;</th>
                <th align="center">Impella 2.5&#174;<break/>Impella CP&#174;<break/>Impella 5.0&#174;</th>
                <th align="center">CentriMag&#174;</th>
                <th align="center">EXCOR&#174;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mechanism</td>
                <td align="center">Pneumatic</td>
                <td align="center">Centrifugal</td>
                <td align="center">Centrifugal</td>
                <td align="center">Axial</td>
                <td align="center">Centrifugal</td>
                <td align="center">Pulsatile</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Access</td>
                <td align="center">Percutaneous</td>
                <td align="center">Percutaneous / thoracotomy</td>
                <td align="center">Percutaneous</td>
                <td align="center">Percutaneous<break/>Percutaneous<break/>Dissection</td>
                <td align="center">Thoracotomy</td>
                <td align="center">Thoracotomy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cannulation</td>
                <td align="center">7-9 F</td>
                <td align="center">18-21 F Inflow<break/>15-22 F Outflow</td>
                <td align="center">21 F Inflow<break/>15-17 F Outflow</td>
                <td align="center">12 F<break/>14 F<break/>21 F</td>
                <td align="center">24-34 F</td>
                <td align="center">27-48 F<break/>Inflow<break/>36-48 F Outflow</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insertion technique</td>
                <td align="center">Descending aorta via femoral artery</td>
                <td align="center">Percutaneous:<break/>- Inflow: right atrium via femoral or jugular vein<break/>- Outflow: descending aorta via femoral artery<break/>Thoracotomy:<break/>- Inflow: right atrium<break/>- Outflow: pulmonary artery (left mechanical circulatory assist device) or ascending aorta (biventricular assist device)</td>
                <td align="center">Inflow: left atrium via femoral vein and transseptal puncture<break/>Outflow: femoral artery</td>
                <td align="center">Insertion into left ventricle via femoral artery</td>
                <td align="center">ACM-E:<break/>- Inflow: left ventricle (via left atrium or apex of left ventricle)<break/>- Outflow: ascending aorta<break/>ACM-D:- Inflow: right atrium<break/>- Outflow: pulmonary artery</td>
                <td align="center">ACM-E:<break/>- Inflow: left ventricle (apex of left ventricle)<break/>- Outflow: ascending aorta<break/>ACM-D:<break/>- Inflow: right atrium<break/>- Outflow: pulmonary artery</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemodynamic support</td>
                <td align="center">0.5 L/min</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 4.5 L/min</td>
                <td align="center">4 L/min</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 L/min<break/>3.7 L/min<break/>5.0 L/min</td>
                <td align="center">Up to 8-10 L/min</td>
                <td align="center">Up to 8 L/min</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Indications and contraindications</title>
          <p>Although temporary MCSDs are primarily indicated for patients INTERMACS levels 1 and 2, INTERMACS level 3 patients, dependent of high doses of inotropes or at high risk of hemodynamic instability may also be considered eligible.</p>
          <p>Contraindications for temporary MCDS include limiting clinical situations that require individualized approach and involvement of other professionals (e.g. oncologist for establishment of cancer prognosis).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)</title>
          <p>The mechanism of action of the IABP is aortic counterpulsation, which increases diastolic pressure at aortic root, promoting an increase in coronary perfusion, afterload reduction, and consequently an increment in cardiac output by 15%.</p>
          <p>Although IABP is still used in the clinical practice especially in younger patients with less severe cardiogenic shock, the efficacy of the method should be carefully evaluated based on improvement of objective parameters of tissue microperfusion. Lack of improvement of these variables in a short time period (hours) justifies the selection of more invasive devices.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for intra-aortic balloon pump implantation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center">Class</th>
                  <th align="center">Evidence level</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Post-AMI cardiogenic shock</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Post-AMI mechanical complication with cardiogenic shock</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Refractory angina after standard therapy for acute coronary syndrome</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cardiogenic shock in ischemic / non&#8209;ischemic chronic cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Intervention support for patients at high cardiac risk</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Percutaneous circulatory devices</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and benefits</title>
          <p>Percutaneous circulatory devices enable active support without requiring a synchronism with the cardiac cycle. The main benefits are maintenance of tissue perfusion, improvement of coronary perfusion, and reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption, filling pressures and ventricular wall stress, providing a circulatory support in cardiogenic shock.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for percutaneous circulatory support device implantation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center">Class</th>
                  <th align="center">Evidence level</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Post-AMI cardiogenic shock</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Support for interventions in patients at high cardiac risk</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Types of percutaneous circulatory devices</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Impella<sup>&#174;</sup></title>
          <p>Impella device is composed of a continuous axial flow pump, that aspirates blood directly from the left ventricle and directs it to the aorta (works in series with left ventricle). It allows the flow of 2.5 L/min (Impella&#174; 2.5), 4.0 L/min (Impella&#174; CP) or 5.0 L/min (Impella&#174; 5.0). The model currently available in Brazil is Impella&#174; CP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TandemHeart&#8482;</title>
          <p>TandemHeart&#8482; system is composed of a centrifugal extracorporeal pump, a femoral cannula, a transseptal cannula and a control console. It pumps blood from the left atrium through a transseptal cannula to the ileo-femoral arterial system. Both TandemHeart&#8482; and the left ventricle work in parallel and contribute to aortic blood flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition, types and benefits</title>
          <p>Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an invasive temporary mechanical support that provides partial or total cardiopulmonary support for patients with cardiogenic shock and/or acute respiratory insufficiency. There are two types of ECMO &#8211; venoarterial and venovenous. With quick installation technology, ECMO promotes rapid reversal of circulatory failure and/or anoxia.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation implantation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center">Class</th>
                  <th align="center">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bridge to decision or recovery</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bridge to transplantation</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Paracorporeal circulatory support</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition, types and benefits</title>
          <p>Paracorporeal circulatory support devices are surgically implanted pumps that promote hemodynamic support in individuals with refractory cardiogenic shock with high mortality risk.</p>
          <p>A CentriMag&#174; is a continuous flow, magnetically levitated centrifugal blood pump. It provides up to 10 L/minute of blood flow and low shear stress, promoting low thrombogenicity, moderate anticoagulation levels and minimum hemolysis during support.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Berlin Heart EXCOR&#174; is a pulsatile-flow pump that provides up to 8 L/min of blood flow, with batteries connected to a transport system, allowing an up to ten hours of patient&#8217;s mobility.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for implantation of paracorporeal circulatory pumps</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center">Class</th>
                  <th align="center">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bridge to decision or recovery</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bridge to transplantation</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Other conventional centrifugal pumps may be used with the same purpose.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Long term devices</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Types of long-term mechanical circulatory support devices</title>
          <p>Due to technological progress, advances in long-term MCSD models have occurred during the last years, regarding pumping system and flow type, enabling its reduction in size, greater efficiency and lower complication rates (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f1">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Progress of long-term mechanical circulatory support devices.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0004-80126-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The long-term MCSDs available in Brazil are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Chart 6</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Chart 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Long-term mechanical circulatory support devices available in Brazil</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Name</th>
                  <th align="center">Company</th>
                  <th align="center">Type of pump</th>
                  <th align="center">Type of support</th>
                  <th align="center">Presence of bearing</th>
                  <th align="center">Anvisa Approval</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HeartMate II<sup>&#174;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Thoratec</td>
                  <td align="center">Axial flow</td>
                  <td align="center">Left</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">INCOR<sup>&#174;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Berlin Heart</td>
                  <td align="center">Axial flow</td>
                  <td align="center">Left</td>
                  <td align="center">No (electromagnetic levitation)</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HeartWare<sup>&#174;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">HeartWare</td>
                  <td align="center">Centrifugal flow</td>
                  <td align="center">Left</td>
                  <td align="center">No (electromagnetic levitation)</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Anvisa: Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (The Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency); NA: not applicable</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indications and contraindications</title>
          <p>In making decision process for long-term MCSDs, some important factors should be considered. In case of bridge to transplantation, transplant waiting time should be taken into account; for waiting time shorter than 30 days, there would be a low benefit-cost ratio. Also, the use of these devices in INTERMACS level 2 patients may have unfavorable results.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for long-term mechanical circulatory support devices as bridge to transplant</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center">Class</th>
                  <th align="center">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Systolic heart failure - INTERMACS levels 2 and 3</td>
                  <td align="center">Class IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Systolic heart failure - INTERMACS level 4</td>
                  <td align="center">Class IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Systolic heart failure -INTERMACS levels 1, 5, 6 and 7</td>
                  <td align="center">Class III</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t15">
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for long-term mechanical circulatory support devices as destination therapy</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center">Class</th>
                  <th align="center">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Systolic heart failure - INTERMACS 3</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Class IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Systolic heart failure - INTERMACS 2</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Systolic heart failure - INTERMACS 4</td>
                  <td align="center">Class IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Systolic heart failure - INTERMACS 1, 5, 6 e 7</td>
                  <td align="center">Class III</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t16">
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for long-term mechanical circulatory support devices as bridge to decision</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center">Class</th>
                  <th align="center">Level of evidence</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Systolic heart failure - INTERMACS 2 and 3</td>
                  <td align="center">Class IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Systolic heart failure - INTERMACS 4</td>
                  <td align="center">Class IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Systolic heart failure - INTERMACS 1, 5, 6 and 7</td>
                  <td align="center">Class III</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Patients eligible for MCSD should be evaluated for the presence of factors that may contraindicate or negatively influence patients&#8217; survival after transplant. Main contraindications are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Chart 7</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Chart 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Contraindications for long-term mechanical circulatory support devices</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="80%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="10">
                    <bold>Absolute</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">Coumarin intolerance</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Absence of trained caregivers</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Severe psychiatric disorders or nonadherence to the staff instructions</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Severe motor deficit or cognitive deficit related after stroke</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Neoplastic disease with unfavorable prognosis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vascular malformation of the small bowel that predisposes to bleeding</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Severe pulmonary obstructive disease</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Severe hepatic dysfunction</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Active infection</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hematologic changes (platelets &lt; 50,000 mm<sup>3</sup> and thrombophilia)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="6">
                    <bold>Relative</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">Moderate-to-severe right ventricular dysfunction</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dialytic therapy for renal failure</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Difficult-to-control diabetes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Partial motor deficit after stroke</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Severe malnutrition</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Significative peripheral artery disease</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Strategy for selection of long-term MCSDs</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Bridge to decision:</bold> long-term MCSDs may be indicated for patients with clinical conditions that contraindicate heart transplantation, but if modified, patients may become eligible for transplant (for example: pulmonary hypertension and curable cancers).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Bridge to transplant:</bold> Situations in which MCSDs may provide hemodynamic support and clinical stability until heart transplant, in patients with progressive severity and when a short-term transplant is not possible.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Destination therapy:</bold> Situations in which MCSDs may provide hemodynamic support and clinical stability in patients with refractory heart failure with contraindication for cardiac transplant, promoting higher survival and better quality of life as compared with clinical treatment with drugs.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Optimization and management of right ventricular function</title>
          <p>Right ventricular failure is still one of the main factors that affect patients&#8217; survival after MCSD implantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Its diagnostic criteria are &#8211; signs and symptoms for persistent right ventricular dysfunction; CVP &gt; 18 mmHg with cardiac index &lt; 2,0 L/min.m<sup>2</sup> in the absence of ventricular arrhythmias or pneumothorax; requirement of ventricular support devices; or requirement for inhaled nitric oxide or inotropic therapy for more than one week after device implantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Implantation of a MCSD increases cardiac output and consequently causes an increment in venous return to the right ventricle. To counteract this preload increase, right ventricular compliance should improve with reduction of its afterload (decrease in left ventricular filling pressure and pulmonary arterial pressure). However, leftward shift of IVS may occur in case of excessive left ventricular emptying.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
          <p>In addition to its contractility, optimization of right ventricular preload and afterload is crucial to prevent right ventricular failure in the perioperative period. CVP and systolic pulmonary pressure should be maintained lower than 16 mmHg and 65 mmHg, respectively. For maintenance of coronary perfusion, use of inotropes that cause pulmonary vasodilation (milrinone or dobutamine) and maintain adequate systemic pressure (adrenaline) is recommended. In addition, the use of specific pulmonary vasodilators, such as nitric oxide should be considered (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Optimization and management of right ventricular function. MgSO<sub>4</sub>: magnesium sulfate; HR: heart rate; DC PM: dual-chamber pacemaker with right atrial and ventricular stimulation and sensitivity; LVAD: Left ventricular assist device; CVP: central venous pressure; CI: cardiac index; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; RV: right ventricular; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; LV: left ventricular; SVR: systemic vascular resistance; RVAD: right ventricular assist device; mAP: mean arterial pressure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0004-80126-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complications after long-term MCSD implantation</title>
          <p>The main complications related to long-term MCSD implantation are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Chart 8</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Chart 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Complications of long-term mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSDs)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Bleeding</th>
                  <th align="center">Pericardial effusion</th>
                  <th align="center">Respiratory insufficiency</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Right ventricular dysfunction</td>
                  <td align="center">Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">Non-neurological arterial thromboembolism</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Neurological events</td>
                  <td align="center">Arrhythmias</td>
                  <td align="center">Venous thromboembolism</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infections</td>
                  <td align="center">Myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">Surgical wound dehiscence</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">MCSD malfunction</td>
                  <td align="center">Hepatic dysfunction</td>
                  <td align="center">Psychiatric / behavioral change</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemolysis</td>
                  <td align="center">Renal dysfunction</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Proposal of prioritization criteria for cardiac transplant in patients with MCSD</title>
          <p>With increasing number of MCDSs, this document proposes a change in the prioritization criteria for patients in the cardiac transplant waiting list. These new criteria are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Chart 9</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Chart 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Proposal of prioritization criteria for cardiac transplant</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="80%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Priority</th>
                  <th align="left">Criterium</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td align="left">Cardiogenic shock in patients using short/medium-term paracorporeal MCDS (including intra-aortic balloon)<break/>Long-term MCDS with complications and substitution of device is not possible</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td align="left">Cardiogenic shock in patients using inotropes or vasopressors</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="left">Stable long-term MCDS without complications</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4</td>
                  <td align="left">Outpatient management of advanced heart failure</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>MCDS: mechanical circulatory device support</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Especial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resumo Executivo - Diretriz de Assist&#234;ncia Circulat&#243;ria Mec&#226;nica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moreira</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
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      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Silvia Moreira Ayub-Ferreira, Rua En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>silvia.ayub@incor.usp.br</email>
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        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Assistida/instrumenta&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Contraindica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Medic&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
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    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de candidatos a dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica</title>
        <p>Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) avan&#231;ada, os sete perfis cl&#237;nicos (e seus modificadores) propostos pela INTERMACS (<italic>Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support</italic>) oferecem uma classifica&#231;&#227;o conveniente e de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do <italic>status</italic> da doen&#231;a, do risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio do implante do dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica (DACM) e do tempo em que a interven&#231;&#227;o deve ser indicada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t17">Quadro 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t17">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support</italic> (INTERMACS)</title>
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          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
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              <tr>
                <th align="left">Perfil</th>
                <th align="center">Descri&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Estado hemodin&#226;mico</th>
                <th align="center">Tempo para interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
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            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">Choque cardiog&#234;nico grave</td>
                <td align="center">Hipotens&#227;o persistente, apesar do uso de inotr&#243;picos e/ou assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica tempor&#225;ria, associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica</td>
                <td align="center">Horas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">Decl&#237;nio progressivo, apesar do uso de inotr&#243;pico</td>
                <td align="center">Decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e hep&#225;tica, estado nutricional e lactatemia, a despeito do uso de agentes inotr&#243;picos em doses otimizadas</td>
                <td align="center">Dias</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">Est&#225;vel &#224;s custas de inotr&#243;pico</td>
                <td align="center">Estabilidade cl&#237;nica em vig&#234;ncia de terapia inotr&#243;pica mas com hist&#243;rico de fal&#234;ncia do desmame</td>
                <td align="center">Semanas a meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">Interna&#231;&#245;es frequentes</td>
                <td align="center">Sinais de reten&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica, sintomas ao repouso e passagens frequentes a unidades de emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">Semanas a meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="center">Em casa, intolerante aos esfor&#231;os</td>
                <td align="center">Limita&#231;&#227;o marcante para atividades, por&#233;m confort&#225;vel ao repouso, a despeito de reten&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica</td>
                <td align="center">Urg&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel, dependente do estado nutricional e do grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="center">Limita&#231;&#227;o aos esfor&#231;os</td>
                <td align="center">Limita&#231;&#227;o moderada aos esfor&#231;os e aus&#234;ncia de sinais de hipervolemia</td>
                <td align="center">Urg&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel, dependente do estado nutricional e do grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">NYHA III</td>
                <td align="center">Estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e aus&#234;ncia da hipervolemia</td>
                <td align="center">Sem indica&#231;&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Um dos principais fatores determinantes do sucesso do implante do DACM &#233; a sele&#231;&#227;o apropriada do paciente. A correta sele&#231;&#227;o do paciente envolve tr&#234;s fatores principais: (1) identificar pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada, para o qual o risco do implante do DACM suplanta a mortalidade da doen&#231;a atual, tornando o procedimento ben&#233;fico; (2) garantir que a doen&#231;a n&#227;o esteja em est&#225;gio t&#227;o avan&#231;ado, situa&#231;&#227;o em que o implante do DACM resulta em morbidade e mortalidade ao paciente devido ao aumento do &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es; (3) assegurar que n&#227;o existam contraindica&#231;&#245;es ao implante do DACM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Insufici&#234;ncia renal (IR) perioperat&#243;ria, IC direita preexistente, disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, extremos de peso e reopera&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o consistentemente relacionados a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s implante de DACM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os principias escores preditores de risco de implante de DACM est&#227;o descritos no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">quadro 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t18">
          <label>Quadro 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escores preditores de risco p&#243;s-implante de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Escore de risco para terapia de destino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Escore de risco para terapia de ponte/destino (HMII escore)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Escore de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Escore de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco de &#243;bito hospitalar em 90 dias<break/>(fluxo puls&#225;til)</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de &#243;bito em 90 dias<break/>(fluxo cont&#237;nuo)</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de &#243;bito ap&#243;s implante<break/>(m&#233;dia de 84 dias)</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de &#243;bito ap&#243;s implante<break/>(m&#233;dia de 100 dias)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Plaquetas &lt; 148.000/&#181;L<break/>OR: 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">Idade (por 10 anos)<break/>OR: 1,32</td>
                <td align="center">D&#233;bito urin&#225;rio &lt; 30 mL/hora<break/>RR: 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">Fal&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria/sepse<break/>OR: 11,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Albumina &lt; 3.3 mg/dL<break/>OR: 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">Albumina<break/>OR: 0,49</td>
                <td align="center">PVC &gt; 16 mmHg<break/>RR: 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita<break/>OR: 3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">INR &gt; 1,1<break/>OR: 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">Creatinina<break/>OR: 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica<break/>RR: 3</td>
                <td align="center">Idade &gt; 65 anos<break/>OR: 3,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de vasodilatador<break/>OR: 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">INR<break/>OR: 3,11</td>
                <td align="center">Tempo de protrombina &gt; 16 segundos<break/>RR: 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">Fal&#234;ncia ventricular aguda p&#243;s&#8209;cardiotomia<break/>OR: 1,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar &lt; 25 mmHg<break/>OR: 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">Volume do centro &lt; 15 implantes<break/>OR: 2,24</td>
                <td align="center">Reopera&#231;&#227;o<break/>RR: 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<break/>OR: 1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TGP &gt; 45 U/mLOR: 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Leuc&#243;citos &gt; 15.000<break/>RR: 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito &lt; 34%<break/>OR: 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Temperatura &gt; 101,5 F<break/>RR: 0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BUN &gt; 51 U/dL<break/>OR: 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de Inotr&#243;picos intravenosos<break/>OR: 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>HMII: HeartmateII; OR: odds ratio; RR: risco relativo; PVC: press&#227;o venosa central; INR: &#237;ndice internacional normalizado; TGP: transaminase glut&#226;mico pir&#250;vica; BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiograma</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de um paciente candidato ao DACM deve incluir um Estudo Ecocardiogr&#225;fico Transtor&#225;cico (ETT) completo e complementa&#231;&#227;o com Ecocardiograma Transesof&#225;gico (ETE).</p>
        <p>Os efeitos de um DACM sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (VD) dependem do balan&#231;o entre o benef&#237;cio causado pela descompress&#227;o das c&#226;maras esquerdas (diminui&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga ao VD) e a maior carga volum&#233;trica que chega ao &#193;trio Direito (AD; aumento de pr&#233;-carga do VD). A descompress&#227;o das c&#226;maras esquerdas tamb&#233;m gera mudan&#231;as na geometria das c&#226;maras direitas, como o deslocamento dos Septos Interatrial (SIA) e Interventricular (SIV) para a esquerda, e altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura do anel tric&#250;spide, podendo piorar o grau de uma Insufici&#234;ncia Tric&#250;spide (IT) preexistente, gerando mais sobrecarga para o VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando que o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco do VD determina a pr&#233;-carga ao Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE), uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita resulta em diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito pelo DACM. Estima-se que em torno de 30% dos pacientes que recebem um DACM &#224; esquerda evolui com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita limitante. Por esses motivos, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD &#233; mandat&#243;ria antes do implante, sendo que, na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada a importante, deve-se estar preparado para o implante de suporte biventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD pr&#233;-implante de DACM, recomenda-se que sejam aferidas as dimens&#245;es do VD, e feita a avalia&#231;&#227;o semiquantitativa da contratilidade longitudinal e radial do VD, a qual deve ser complementada por &#237;ndices quantitativos, como a Varia&#231;&#227;o Fracional da &#193;rea (VFA; valores &lt; 20% est&#227;o relacionados a um risco elevado de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD ap&#243;s o implante),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Deslocamento Sist&#243;lico do Plano do Anel Tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) pelo modo M, velocidade sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima do anel tric&#250;spide lateral estimado pelo Doppler tecidual (s&#8217;) e &#237;ndice de <italic>performance</italic> do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Preditores de disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito pr&#233;-implante de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica</title>
          <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD &#233; multifatorial e inclui fatores como aumento da pr&#233;-carga, isquemia ventricular e interdepend&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica da geometria ventricular. Sua ocorr&#234;ncia &#233; um dos problemas mais graves ap&#243;s implante de DACM para VE, ocorrendo em at&#233; 30% dos casos e estando relacionada com um aumento de seis vezes da morbidade e da mortalidade (aumento do risco de at&#233; 67%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os fatores de risco e os principais escores de risco para disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD p&#243;s-implante de DACM est&#227;o descritos nos <xref ref-type="table" rid="t19">quadros 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t20">4</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t19">
            <label>Quadro 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores de risco para disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) p&#243;s-implante de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica16</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="80%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#227;o de implante</th>
                  <th align="center">Terapia de destino</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Suporte pr&#233;-implante</td>
                  <td align="left">Necessidade de vasopressor e uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="6">Disfun&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas</td>
                  <td align="left">Respirat&#243;rio: suporte ventilat&#243;rio invasivo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hep&#225;tico: TGO &#8805; 80 UI/L, bilirrubina &gt; 2,0 mg/dL</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Renal: creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805; 2,3 g/dLNecessidade de terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal pr&#233;via</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nutricional: albumina &#8804; 3,0 g/dL</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Coagula&#231;&#227;o: plaquetas &lt; 120.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros: aumento de BNP, PCR, procalcitonina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD</td>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VD &gt; 35 mm, VFA&lt; 30%, &#225;trio direito &gt; 50 mm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Medidas hemodin&#226;micas</td>
                  <td align="left">PVC &#8805; 15 mmHg ou PVC/PCP &#8805; 0,63, trabalho indexado de VD &#8804; 300 mmHg mL/m<sup>2</sup>; press&#245;es de art&#233;ria pulmonar baixas, baixo &#237;ndice card&#237;aco ou RVP elevada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros</td>
                  <td align="left">Miocardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, reopera&#231;&#227;o, IT importante, TEP pr&#233;vio</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>TGO: transaminase glut&#226;mico oxalac&#233;tica; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o fracional de &#225;rea; PVC: press&#227;o venosa central; PCP: press&#227;o capilar pulmonar; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; IT: insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide; TEP: tromboembolismo pulmonar.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t20">
            <label>Quadro 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Principais escores de risco para fal&#234;ncia de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) ap&#243;s implante de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica (DACM) para ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Escore</th>
                  <th align="center">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Predi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>University of Michigan, RV Failure Risk Score,</italic> Matthews et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Necessidade vasopressor: 4 pontos<break/>TGP &#8805; 80 IU/L: 2 pontos<break/>Bilirrubinas &#8805; 2,0 mg/dL: 2,5 pontos<break/>Creatinina &#8805; 2,3 mg/dL ou hemodi&#225;lise: 3 pontos</td>
                  <td align="center">Probabilidade de fal&#234;ncia de VD<break/>&#8226; &#8805; 5,5 pontos: 7,6<break/>&#8226; 4,0-5,0 pontos: 2,8<break/>&#8226; &#8804; 3,0 pontos: 0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Kormos et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Preditores independentes pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios para disfun&#231;&#227;o precoce de VD: PVC/PCP &gt; 0,63<break/>Suporte ventilat&#243;rio<break/>BUN &gt; 39 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">Sobrevida 365 dias:<break/>&#8226; Sem disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD: 78%<break/>&#8226; Disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD precoce: 59% (p&lt; 0,001)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">University of Pennsylvania, RV Failure Risk Score,Fitzpatrick et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndice card&#237;aco &#8804; 2,2 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>: 18 pontos<break/>IRVS &#8804; 0,25 mmHg-L/m<sup>2</sup>: 18 pontos<break/>Disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD importante: 17 pontos<break/>Creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805; 1,9 mg/dL: 17 pontos<break/>Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via: 16 pontos<break/>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8804; 96 mmHg: 13 pontos</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 30: 96%, assist&#234;ncia esquerda isolada<break/>&#8805; 65 pontos: 11%, assist&#234;ncia esquerda isolada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore CRITT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">PVC &gt; 15 mmHg: 1 ponto<break/>Disfun&#231;&#227;o VD grave: 1 ponto<break/>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria: 1 ponto<break/>Insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante: 1 ponto<break/>Taquicardia (&gt; 100 bpm) = 1 ponto</td>
                  <td align="center">1-2 pontos: baixo risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD<break/>2-3 pontos: moderado risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD<break/>4-5 pontos: alto risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>TGP: transaminase glut&#226;mico pir&#250;vica; PVC: press&#227;o venosa central; PCP: press&#227;o capilar pulmonar; BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen; IRVS: &#237;ndice resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O implante de DACM univentricular esquerdo deve ser realizado com cautela em pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o importante do VD, IT moderada a importante, anel da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide &gt; 45 mm e PVC &gt; 15 mmHg. Desse modo, as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas refletem diretamente o aumento da pr&#233; e p&#243;s-cargas, e as redu&#231;&#245;es na contratilidade de VD, enquanto as consequ&#234;ncias da disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD como congest&#227;o venosa e hipoperfus&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os s&#227;o refletidas como altera&#231;&#245;es significativas das fun&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas e renais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos considerados &#243;timos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e que diminuiriam o risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD p&#243;s-implantes seriam: PVC &#8804; 8 mmHg; PCP &#8804; 18 mmHg; PVC/PCP &#8804; 0,66; Resist&#234;ncia Vascular Pulmonar (RVP) &lt; 2 unidades wood e trabalho indexado de VD &#8805; 400 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dispositivos tempor&#225;rios</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gia de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica tempor&#225;rios</title>
          <p>Os DACM tempor&#225;rios podem ser utilizados no resgate hemodin&#226;mico e para se obter estabilidade cl&#237;nica, incluindo a possibilidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, bem como a realiza&#231;&#227;o do transplante, definindo, assim, tr&#234;s estrat&#233;gias que podem ser sobrepostas:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Ponte para decis&#227;o:</bold> deve ser considerada em pacientes gravemente enfermos, cuja necessidade de suporte hemodin&#226;mico &#233; imediata, devido ao alto risco de morte por fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Nesse contexto, diferentes cen&#225;rios podem ocorrer (aus&#234;ncia de recupera&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica, disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, estabiliza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica com necessidade de outros dispositivos, entre outros), n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel estabelecer, no momento do implante, qual a estrat&#233;gia final de tratamento (por exemplo: p&#243;s-parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Ponte para recupera&#231;&#227;o:</bold> situa&#231;&#227;o na qual existe a perspectiva de melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s insulto agudo, sendo retirado o dispositivo com a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, como, por exemplo: disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular p&#243;s-Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), Takotsubo e miocardite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Ponte para transplante:</bold> situa&#231;&#227;o em que os dispositivos podem oferecer suporte hemodin&#226;mico e estabilidade cl&#237;nica at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco, no contexto da gravidade progressiva dos pacientes e pela indisponibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do transplante em um curto prazo.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipos de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica tempor&#225;rios</title>
          <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos DACM tempor&#225;rios dispon&#237;veis no Brasil est&#227;o no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t21">quadro 5</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t21">
            <label>Quadro 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica tempor&#225;rios dispon&#237;veis no Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center">BIA</th>
                  <th align="center">ECMO</th>
                  <th align="center">TandemHeart&#8482;</th>
                  <th align="center">Impella 2.5&#174;<break/>Impella CP&#174;<break/>Impella 5.0&#174;</th>
                  <th align="center">CentriMag&#174;</th>
                  <th align="center">EXCOR&#174;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mecanismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Pneum&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">Centr&#237;fugo</td>
                  <td align="center">Centr&#237;fugo</td>
                  <td align="center">Axial</td>
                  <td align="center">Centr&#237;fugo</td>
                  <td align="center">Puls&#225;til</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Via de acesso</td>
                  <td align="center">Percut&#226;neo</td>
                  <td align="center">Percut&#226;neo / direto por toracotomia</td>
                  <td align="center">Percut&#226;neo</td>
                  <td align="center">Percut&#226;neo<break/>Percut&#226;neo<break/>Dissec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Direto por toracotomia</td>
                  <td align="center">Direto por toracotomia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">C&#226;nula</td>
                  <td align="center">7-9 F</td>
                  <td align="center">18-21 F Inflow<break/>15-22 F Outflow</td>
                  <td align="center">21 F Inflow<break/>15-17 F Outflow</td>
                  <td align="center">12 F<break/>14 F<break/>21 F</td>
                  <td align="center">24-34 F</td>
                  <td align="center">27-48 F<break/>Inflow<break/>36-48 F Outflow</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">T&#233;cnica de inser&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Aorta descendente via art&#233;ria femoral</td>
                  <td align="center">Percut&#226;neo:<break/>- Inflow: &#225;trio direito via veia femoral ou jugular<break/>- Outflow: aorta descendente via art&#233;ria femoral<break/>Toracotomia:<break/>- Inflow: &#225;trio direito<break/>- Outflow: art&#233;ria pulmonar (ACM-D) ou aorta ascendente (assist&#234;ncia biventricular)</td>
                  <td align="center">Inflow: &#225;trio esquerdo via veia femoral e pun&#231;&#227;o transfixa&#231;&#227;o do septo interatrial<break/>Outflow: art&#233;ria femoral</td>
                  <td align="center">Inser&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo via art&#233;ria femoral</td>
                  <td align="center">ACM-E:<break/>- Inflow: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (acesso via &#225;trio esquerdo ou ponta do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo)<break/>- Outflow: aorta ascendente ACM-D:<break/>- Inflow: &#225;trio direito<break/>- Outflow: art&#233;ria pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">ACM-E:<break/>- Inflow: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (ponta do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo)<break/>- Outflow: aorta ascendenteACM-D:<break/>- Inflow: &#225;trio direito<break/>- Outflow: art&#233;ria pulmonar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Suporte hemodin&#226;mico</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5 L/min</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 4,5 L/min</td>
                  <td align="center">4 L/min</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 L/min<break/>3,7 L/min<break/>5,0 L/min</td>
                  <td align="center">At&#233; 8-10 L/min</td>
                  <td align="center">At&#233; 8 L/min</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>BIA: bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; ECMO: oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea; ACM-D: assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica direita; ACM-E: assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica esquerda.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <sec>
            <title>Indica&#231;&#245;es e contraindica&#231;&#245;es</title>
            <p>Conceitualmente, os DACM tempor&#225;rios est&#227;o indicados preferencialmente em pacientes INTERMACS 1 e 2, mas pacientes em INTERMACS 3, dependentes de altas doses de inotr&#243;picos ou ao alto risco de instabiliza&#231;&#227;o podem ser considerados candidatos.</p>
            <p>Dentre as contraindica&#231;&#245;es aos DACM tempor&#225;rios, devemos considerar situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que limitem a expectativa de vida, individualizando a decis&#227;o e, preferencialmente, envolvendo outros profissionais relacionados &#224; comorbidade (por exemplo: oncologista e o progn&#243;stico de uma neoplasia). </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</title>
            <p>O mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BIA) &#233; a contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, o que aumenta a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica na raiz da aorta, propiciando aumento da perfus&#227;o coronariana, redu&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga e consequente incremento no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco na ordem de 15%.</p>
            <p>Embora o uso do BIA ainda encontre espa&#231;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, principalmente nos pacientes mais jovens com choque cardiog&#234;nico menos intenso, a efetividade do m&#233;todo deve ser avaliada a partir da melhora de par&#226;metros objetivos de microperfus&#227;o tecidual. A n&#227;o melhora dessas vari&#225;veis em curto per&#237;odo de tempo (horas) justifica o escalonamento para outros dispositivos mais invasivos.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t26">
              <caption>
                <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para implante de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">Classe</th>
                    <th align="center">N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Choque cardiog&#234;nico p&#243;s-IAM</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Complica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica p&#243;s-IAM com choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Angina refrat&#225;ria ap&#243;s tratamento padr&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Choque cardiog&#234;nico em miocardiopatia cr&#244;nica isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Suporte em interven&#231;&#245;es de pacientes de alto risco card&#237;aco</td>
                    <td align="center">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN17">
                  <p>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dispositivos circulat&#243;rios percut&#226;neos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e benef&#237;cios</title>
            <p>Os dispositivos circulat&#243;rios percut&#226;neos permitem um suporte ativo e n&#227;o requerem sincronismo com o ciclo card&#237;aco. Os principais benef&#237;cios s&#227;o manter a perfus&#227;o tecidual; aumentar a perfus&#227;o coronariana; e reduzir o consumo mioc&#225;rdio de oxig&#234;nio, das press&#245;es de enchimento e o estresse na parede ventricular, promovendo suporte circulat&#243;rio no choque cardiog&#234;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
						</p>
            <table-wrap id="t27">
              <caption>
                <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para implante de dispositivos circulat&#243;rios percut&#226;neos</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">Classe</th>
                    <th align="center">N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Choque cardiog&#234;nico p&#243;s-IAM</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Suporte em interven&#231;&#245;es de pacientes de alto risco card&#237;aco</td>
                    <td align="center">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN18">
                  <p>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipos de dispositivos circulat&#243;rios percut&#226;neos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Impella<sup>&#174;</sup></title>
            <p>Dispositivo composto por uma bomba de fluxo axial cont&#237;nuo, que aspira sangue do VE para a aorta (trabalha em s&#233;rie com o VE). Permite fluxos de 2,5 L/min (Impella&#174; 2.5), 4 L/min (Impella&#174; CP) ou 5,0 L/min (Impella&#174; 5.0). No Brasil, atualmente, o modelo disponivel &#233; o Impella&#174; CP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>TandemHeart&#8482;</title>
            <p>Sistema composto por c&#226;nula transeptal, bomba centr&#237;fuga, c&#226;nula arterial femoral e console. O dispositivo bombeia sangue do &#225;trio esquerdo por meio de uma c&#226;nula inserida via transeptal para o sistema arterial ileofemoral. Tanto o TandemHeart&#8482; como o VE contribuem com o fluxo para a aorta (trabalham em paralelo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o, tipos e benef&#237;cios</title>
            <p>A Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO) &#233; um suporte mec&#226;nico invasivo tempor&#225;rio idealizado para fornecer suporte cardiopulmonar parcial ou total para pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico e/ou insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda. Pode ser de dois tipos: venoarterial e venovenoso.</p>
            <p>&#201; uma tecnologia com instala&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida, aplic&#225;vel &#224; maioria dos pacientes, e que rapidamente reverte a fal&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria e/ou an&#243;xia.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t28">
              <caption>
                <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para implante de ECMO</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">Classe</th>
                    <th align="center">N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Ponte para decis&#227;o ou recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Ponte para Transplante</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bombas circulat&#243;rias paracorp&#243;reas</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o, tipos e benef&#237;cios</title>
            <p>S&#227;o dispositivos externos implantados cirurgicamente que promovem suporte hemodin&#226;mico em indiv&#237;duos com choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio com alto risco de mortalidade.</p>
            <p>A CentriMag&#174; &#233; uma bomba centr&#237;fuga de fluxo cont&#237;nuo que utiliza levita&#231;&#227;o magn&#233;tica para a rota&#231;&#227;o. Fornece um fluxo de at&#233; 10 L/min com baixa tens&#227;o de cisalhamento, minimizando a trombogenicidade e permitindo n&#237;veis moderados de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e m&#237;nima hem&#243;lise durante o suporte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A Berlin Heart EXCOR&#174; &#233; uma bomba de fluxo puls&#225;til e que fornece at&#233; 8 L/min, com baterias acopladas a um sistema de transporte, o qual permite a deambula&#231;&#227;o por at&#233; 10 horas.</p>
            <p>Outras bombas centr&#237;fugas convencionais podem ser utilizadas com o mesmo objetivo.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t29">
              <caption>
                <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para implante de bombas circulat&#243;rias paracorp&#243;reas</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">Classe</th>
                    <th align="center">N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Ponte para decis&#227;o ou recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Ponte para Transplante</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dispositivos de longa perman&#234;ncia</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Tipos de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica de longa perman&#234;ncia</title>
            <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos DACM de longa perman&#234;ncia, observou-se, nos &#250;ltimos anos, uma evolu&#231;&#227;o nos modelos dos equipamentos, baseada em avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos importantes.</p>
            <p>Os dispositivos sofreram aprimoramentos, principalmente em seus princ&#237;pios de propuls&#227;o e tipo de fluxo, com redu&#231;&#227;o de suas dimens&#245;es, tornando-se mais eficientes e com menores &#237;ndices de complica&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f3">
                <label>Figura 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica de longa dura&#231;&#227;o</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0004-80126-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t22">quadro 6</xref> descreve os DACM de longa perman&#234;ncia dispon&#237;veis no Brasil.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t22">
              <label>Quadro 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica de longa perman&#234;ncia dispon&#237;veis no Brasil.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="16%"/>
                  <col width="16%"/>
                  <col width="16%"/>
                  <col width="16%"/>
                  <col width="16%"/>
                  <col width="16%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Nome</th>
                    <th align="center">Empresa</th>
                    <th align="center">Tipo de bomba</th>
                    <th align="center">Tipo de suporte</th>
                    <th align="center">Presen&#231;a de rolamento</th>
                    <th align="center">Aprova&#231;&#227;o da Anvisa</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">HeartMate II<sup>&#174;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Thoratec</td>
                    <td align="center">Fluxo axial</td>
                    <td align="center">Esquerdo</td>
                    <td align="center">Sim</td>
                    <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">INCOR<sup>&#174;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Berlin Heart</td>
                    <td align="center">Fluxo axial</td>
                    <td align="center">Esquerdo</td>
                    <td align="center">N&#227;o (levita&#231;&#227;o eletromagn&#233;tica)</td>
                    <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">HeartWare<sup>&#174;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">HeartWare</td>
                    <td align="center">Fluxo centr&#237;fugo</td>
                    <td align="center">Esquerdo</td>
                    <td align="center">N&#227;o (levita&#231;&#227;o hidrodin&#226;mica)</td>
                    <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN15">
                  <p>Anvisa: Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria; NA: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Indica&#231;&#245;es e contraindica&#231;&#245;es</title>
            <p>Na indica&#231;&#227;o de DACM de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, alguns fatores s&#227;o relevantes na tomada de decis&#227;o. No caso de ponte para transplante, a expectativa de tempo de espera em fila deve ser considerada. Em casos de expectativa de espera em fila menor que 30 dias, a indica&#231;&#227;o de DACM teria baixa rela&#231;&#227;o de custo-benef&#237;cio. Deve-se tamb&#233;m ter em mente que a indica&#231;&#227;o desses dispositivos em pacientes INTERMACS 2 tem resultados mais desfavor&#225;veis.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t30">
              <caption>
                <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para DACM de longa perman&#234;ncia como ponte para transplante</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">Classe</th>
                    <th align="center">N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica INTERMACS 2 e 3</td>
                    <td align="center">Classe IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica INTERMACS 4</td>
                    <td align="center">Classe IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica INTERMACS 1, 5, 6 e 7</td>
                    <td align="center">Classe III</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t31">
              <caption>
                <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para DACM de longa perman&#234;ncia como terapia de destino</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">Classe </th>
                    <th align="center">N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica INTERMACS 3</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Classe IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica INTERMACS 2</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica INTERMACS 4</td>
                    <td align="center">Classe IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica INTERMACS 1, 5, 6 e 7</td>
                    <td align="center">Classe III</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t32">
              <caption>
                <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para DACM de longa perman&#234;ncia como ponte para decis&#227;o</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#245;es</th>
                    <th align="center">Classe</th>
                    <th align="center">N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica INTERMACS 2 e 3</td>
                    <td align="center">Classe IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica INTERMACS 4</td>
                    <td align="center">Classe IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica INTERMACS 1, 5, 6 e 7</td>
                    <td align="center">Classe III</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Os pacientes candidatos a DACM devem ser avaliados quanto a presen&#231;a de fatores que possam contraindicar ou influenciar na sobrevida ap&#243;s o implante. As principais contraindica&#231;&#245;es para implante de DACM de longa perman&#234;ncia est&#227;o no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t23">quadro 7</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t23">
              <label>Quadro 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Contraindica&#231;&#245;es ao implante de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="80%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="10">
                      <bold>Absolutas</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">Intoler&#226;ncia ao uso de cumar&#237;nicos</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Aus&#234;ncia de cuidadores capacitado</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos graves ou n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es da equipe</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral com d&#233;ficit motor significativo ou com altera&#231;&#227;o da capacidade cognitiva</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Doen&#231;a neopl&#225;sica com progn&#243;stico n&#227;o favor&#225;vel</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Malforma&#231;&#227;o vascular intestinal que predisp&#245;e a sangramentos</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva grave</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica grave</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o ativa</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Altera&#231;&#245;es hematol&#243;gicas (plaquetas &lt; 50 000 mm<sup>3</sup> e trombofilias)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="6">
                      <bold>Relativas</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita moderada a grave</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal em terap&#234;utica dial&#237;tica</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Diabetes de dif&#237;cil controle</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral com d&#233;fice motor parcial</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Desnutri&#231;&#227;o em grau avan&#231;ado</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular arterial perif&#233;rica significativa</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia de DACMs de longa perman&#234;ncia</title>
            <p>
              <list list-type="order">
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>Ponte para decis&#227;o:</bold> Pode ser considerada em pacientes com condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas proibitivas ao transplante card&#237;aco, por&#233;m, se modific&#225;veis, permitem que o paciente se torne candidato ao transplante (por exemplo: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e neoplasias com potencial de cura).</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>Ponte para transplante:</bold> Situa&#231;&#227;o em que o dispositivo pode oferecer suporte hemodin&#226;mico e estabilidade cl&#237;nica at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco, no contexto da gravidade progressiva do paciente e da indisponibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do transplante em um prazo curto.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p><bold>Terapia de destino:</bold> Situa&#231;&#227;o em que o dispositivo pode oferecer suporte hemodin&#226;mico e estabilidade cl&#237;nica em paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria, que apresenta contraindica&#231;&#227;o para o TC, possibilitando maior sobrevida e melhor qualidade de vida, comparado com o tratamento cl&#237;nico medicamentoso.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Otimiza&#231;&#227;o e manejo do ventr&#237;culo direito</title>
            <p>A fal&#234;ncia do VD ainda &#233; um dos principais fatores que impactam na sobrevida dos pacientes ap&#243;s o implante de DACM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Os crit&#233;rios para esse diagn&#243;stico s&#227;o: sintomas e sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o persistente de VD; PVC &gt; 18 mmHg com &#237;ndice card&#237;aco &lt; 2,0 L/min.m<sup>2</sup> na aus&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares ou pneumot&#243;rax; necessidade de implanta&#231;&#227;o de DACM &#224; direita ou necessidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico inalat&#243;rio ou terapia inotr&#243;pica por mais de 1 semana ap&#243;s o implante do dispositivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
						</p>
            <p>O implante de DACM gera aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e consequente aumento do retorno venoso para o VD. Para contrapor este aumento de pr&#233;-carga, a complac&#234;ncia do VD precisa melhorar com a redu&#231;&#227;o de sua p&#243;s-carga (redu&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE e da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar). No entanto, se o VE for esvaziado em demasia, o SIV pode se desviar para a esquerda, prejudicando a contratilidade do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A otimiza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-carga do VD, al&#233;m de sua contratilidade, &#233; crucial para a preven&#231;&#227;o da fal&#234;ncia de VD no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio. Deve-se manter PVC &lt; 16 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica &lt; 65 mmHg. Usar inotr&#243;picos que provoquem vasodilata&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (milrinona ou dobutamina) e, ao mesmo tempo, mantenham adequada press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (adrenalina) para manter a perfus&#227;o coronariana. Deve-se lan&#231;ar m&#227;o de vasodilatadores pulmonares espec&#237;ficos, como &#243;xido n&#237;trico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
						</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f4">
                <label>Figura 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Otimiza&#231;&#227;o e manejo do ventr&#237;culo direito. MgSO<sub>4</sub>: sulfato de magn&#233;sio; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; MP DDD: marca-passo bicameral com estimula&#231;&#227;o e sensibilidade de &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo direto; ACME: assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica esquerda; PVC: press&#227;o venosa central; IC: &#237;ndice card&#237;aco; ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; Desvio E: desvio &#224; esquerda; NO<sub>i</sub>: &#243;xido n&#237;trico inalat&#243;rio; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RVS: resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica; ACMD: assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica direita; PAm press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0004-80126-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s implante de DACM de longa dura&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <p>As principais complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a DACM est&#227;o no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t24">quadro 8</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t24">
              <label>Quadro 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica (DACM) de longa dura&#231;&#227;o</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Sangramentos</th>
                    <th align="center">Derrame peric&#225;rdico</th>
                    <th align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
                    <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">Tromboembolismo arterial n&#227;o neurol&#243;gico</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Eventos neurol&#243;gicos</td>
                    <td align="center">Arritmias</td>
                    <td align="center">Tromboembolismo venoso</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    <td align="center">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                    <td align="center">Deisc&#234;ncia de ferida operat&#243;ria</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Mau funcionamento do DACM</td>
                    <td align="center">Disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica</td>
                    <td align="center">Altera&#231;&#227;o psiqui&#225;trica/comportamental</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Hem&#243;lise</td>
                    <td align="center">Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Proposta de crit&#233;rios de prioriza&#231;&#227;o para transplante card&#237;aco em pacientes com dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica</title>
            <p>Com o aumento do n&#250;mero de implantes de DACM em nosso meio, esse documento prop&#245;e uma altera&#231;&#227;o nos crit&#233;rios de prioriza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em fila de transplante card&#237;aco. Esse novo crit&#233;rio est&#225; descrito no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t25">quadro 9</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t25">
              <label>Quadro 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Proposta de crit&#233;rios de prioriza&#231;&#227;o para transplante card&#237;aco</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="80%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Prioridade</th>
                    <th align="left">Crit&#233;rio</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">1</td>
                    <td align="left">Pacientes em choque cardiog&#234;nico em uso de DACM paracorp&#243;reos de curta ou m&#233;dia dura&#231;&#227;o (incluindo bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico)<break/>DACM de longa perman&#234;ncia complicada na impossibilidade de troca</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">2</td>
                    <td align="left">Choque cardiog&#234;nico em uso de inotr&#243;picos ou vasopressores</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">3</td>
                    <td align="left">DACM de longa perman&#234;ncia est&#225;vel n&#227;o complicada</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">4</td>
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada ambulatorial</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN16">
                  <p>DACM: dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
