<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5QddG3fjQvTthfYSYVyb6Rc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000600597</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180089</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Eosinophilic Myocarditis: Clinical Case and Literature Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinis</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puga</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cachulo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Geral</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Coimbra</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Hospital Geral, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Universit&#225;ria das Artes de Coimbra</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Paulo Dinis. Rua Vila de Manteigas, n&#186; 28, 2&#186; Dto. Posta Code 6300-617, Guarda - Portugal. E-mail: <email>paulogdinis@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Dinis P, Puga L; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Dinis P, Teixeira R, Louren&#231;o C, Cachulo MC, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>597</fpage>
      <lpage>599</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Eosinophilia</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypereosinophilic Syndrome / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypereosinophilic Syndrome / drug therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Eosinophilic myocarditis is a rare and potentially lethal disease characterized by eosinophil infiltration of the myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The association between eosinophilia and myocardial injury is well established and may present several etiologies, from hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases to neoplasias and infections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In some cases the etiology remains unknown, and it is denominated idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Clinical manifestations present a wide spectrum, ranging from mild symptomatology to severe symptoms such as retrosternal pain, rhythm disturbances, and sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The definitive diagnosis is made through endomyocardial biopsy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a valid alternative, identifying the main structural changes caused by myocarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Treatment includes neurohumoral therapy, management of cardiac complications, and in cases selected, systemic corticosteroid therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Next, we present the case of a patient with symptomatology suggestive of myocardial infarction, but who in the course of the investigation had the diagnosis of eosinophilic myocarditis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>Patient 79 years old, female, who came to the Emergency Department with complaints of epigastralgia with two weeks of evolution and aggravation last night. She denied another accompanying symptomatology. As personal background, she presented unmedicated dyslipidemia and intrinsic asthma with onset in adulthood. She was medicated with bronchodilators and an association of a B2-agonist with inhaled corticosteroids at low doses.</p>
      <p>The objective examination showed tachycardia, confirmed on electrocardiogram with sinus rhythm of 125 beats per minute. Analytically had leukocytosis (13.2 x 10<sup>3</sup>/uL) and eosinophilia (2.8 x 10<sup>3</sup>/uL or 23%), C-reactive protein (0.8 mg/dL) and elevation of markers of myocardial necrosis (troponin I of 7.6 ng/mL). Transthoracic echocardiography revealed severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction estimated at 30-35%, ventricular septal hypocontractility and an increase in the concentric thickness of the ventricular walls.</p>
      <p>Valvular disease was not evident. It was placed as a first hypothesis that it was an acute coronary syndrome, so anti-ischemic therapy with double platelet antiaggregation, enoxaparin, was started and the patient was assigned to an invasive strategy. Coronary angiography did not reveal epicardial coronary disease. After this, the diagnosis of eosinophilic myocarditis in a patient with a known atopic component was likely. She was admitted to hospital for treatment and study. Neuro-humoral, beta-blocker and diuretic therapy were initiated, maintaining aspirin.</p>
      <p>On the third day of hospitalization, cardiac magnetic resonance was performed which identified subepicardial foci of edema and late enhancement in the left ventricular myocardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>); she also showed a small pericardial effusion in the free wall of the right ventricle. The ejection fraction was quantified by 33%. On the same day, she underwent an endomyocardial biopsy and collection of right ventricular infarct fragments, which confirmed the diagnosis of eosinophilic myocarditis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Systemic corticosteroid therapy was started with intravenous prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) with progressive improvement of general condition. On the 12th day of hospitalization, the echocardiogram showed a slight improvement in left ventricular global systolic function (ejection fraction estimated at 35-40%). She was discharged to home with prednisolone in weaning, and with follow-up consultation of cardiology and autoimmune diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance with subepicardial foci of edema and late enhancement of the myocardium in the left ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0597-80089-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Endomyocardial biopsy with presence of eosinophils.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0597-80089-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The autoimmune serological study was negative. After seven months of corticotherapy, the echocardiogram showed a significant improvement (ejection fraction estimated at 45-50%), and a decrease in concentric hypertrophy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the case described, the patient had a history of asthma, which may have been the starting point for hypereosinophilia. She also presented an epigastric discomfort, which may be an atypical presentation of an acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Electrocardiographic findings, sinus tachycardia, are neither specific nor sensitive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Analytically, leukocytosis and eosinophilia with troponin I elevation were evident and explained by infiltration of eosinophils into the myocardium. This infiltration allows the release of toxic granules, cationic proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxygen free radicals that will cause mitochondrial dysfunction, myocyte injury and necrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Complementary diagnostic tests are important in the evaluation of this pathology. The echocardiogram allows excluding other causes, to monitor dimension of cavities, thickness of the ventricular walls, presence of pericardial effusion and to evaluate left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Cardiac magnetic resonance provides a combination of safety, anatomical definition, and tissue characterization of the myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> It allowed the identification of edema and diffuse foci of late enhancement reflecting myocardial necrosis and fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The presence of pericardial effusion and left ventricular systolic dysfunction reinforce the evidence of myocarditis. In stable patients, it is reasonable to perform cardiac magnetic resonance imaging prior to biopsy, since the former may help to identify focal pathology through late enhancement. However, in unstable patients the biopsy should be a priority.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Endomyocardial biopsy is the only method that allows definitive diagnosis and identification of the underlying etiology. It has a sensitivity estimated at 50% due to sample errors.<sup>1,2</sup> Although it is the gold standard, in clinical practice it is not always performed, existing recommendations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> for its execution, which are dependent on the clinic and the results of the complementary tests. The pseudo-ischemic presentation of the patient, with elevation of markers of myocardial necrosis and exclusion of epicardial coronary disease, and alterations in the imaging tests done, fulfilled the criteria for performing the biopsy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In these cases, magnetic resonance imaging cardiac and endomyocardial biopsy together present synergies that go beyond the limitations that each exam presents separately.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The treatment and prognosis of eosinophilic myocarditis depends on its etiology. In the acute phase, restriction of physical activity is important.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In selected patients, particularly those with negative virology and suspected autoimmune etiology, early treatment with corticosteroids has shown favorable results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Due to the clinical and hemodynamic stability of the patient, and after infective exclusion, we decided to postpone the onset of corticosteroids until confirmation of eosinophilic myocarditis. In the literature, it is described that a period of immunosuppressive therapy of six months can bring significant improvements in the left ventricular function (increase of 15-20% on the ejection fraction),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> which was verified in this case. The question remains whether this improvement is due only to the corticosteroid or if it is associated with initiation of therapy for heart failure, in particular beta-blockers. The mechanism of action of corticosteroids in myocarditis is not fully understood, however it is thought that they interfere with eosinophilia; antagonize the development and maturation pathways; and promote the redistribution of peripheral blood eosinophils.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>During follow-up, all patients should be submitted to clinical evaluations with electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. If clinical or imaging worsening occurs, hospital readmission and repeat cardiac magnetic resonance and / or endomyocardial biopsy may be required.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Eosinophilic myocarditis is a rare, undiagnosed condition that can be fatal if not detected and treated in time.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Caforio A, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix S, et al; European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(33):2636-48, 2648a-2648d. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht210.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caforio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pankuweit</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arbustini</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Basso</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gimeno-Blanes</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Felix</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>33</issue>
          <fpage>2636</fpage>
          <lpage>2648</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/eht210</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Rezaizadeh H, Sanches-Ross M, Kaluski E, Klapholz M, Haider B, Gerula C. Acute eosinophilic myocarditis: diagnosis and treatment. Acute Card Care. 2010;12(1):31-6. doi: 10.3109/17482940903578998.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rezaizadeh</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanches-Ross</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaluski</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klapholz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haider</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerula</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute eosinophilic myocarditis: diagnosis and treatment</article-title>
          <source>Acute Card Care</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/17482940903578998</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Thambidorai SK, Korlakunta HL, Arouni AJ, Hunter WJ, Holmber MJ. Acute eosinophilic myocarditis mimicking myocardial infarction. Tex Heart Inst J 2009;36(4):355-7. PMID: 19693316.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thambidorai</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korlakunta</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arouni</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunter</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmber</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute eosinophilic myocarditis mimicking myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Tex Heart Inst J</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>355</fpage>
          <lpage>357</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmcid">19693316</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schultz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, et al; International Consensus Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Myocarditis. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: A JACC White paper. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(17):1475-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Friedrich</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sechtem</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schultz-Menger</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmvang</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alakija</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>International Consensus Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Myocarditis</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis. A JACC White paper</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1475</fpage>
          <lpage>1487</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Aggarwal H, Jain D, Kaverappa V, Jain P, Kumar A, Yadav S, et al. Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting as severe Loeffler's endocarditis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(4):e43-6. PMID: 23681213.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aggarwal</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jain</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaverappa</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jain</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yadav</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting as severe Loeffler's endocarditis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>e43</fpage>
          <lpage>e46</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmcid">23681213</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 El-Menyar A, Zubaid M, Sulaiman K, AlMahmeed W, Singh R, Alsheikh-Ali AA, et al; Gulf Registry of Acute Coronary Events (Gulf RACE) Investigators. Atypical presentation of acute coronary syndrome: a significant independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. J Cardiol. 2011;57(2):165-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.11.008.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>El-Menyar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zubaid</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sulaiman</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>AlMahmeed</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alsheikh-Ali</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Gulf Registry of Acute Coronary Events Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atypical presentation of acute coronary syndrome: a significant independent predictor of in-hospital mortality</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>165</fpage>
          <lpage>171</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.11.008</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Arima M, Kanoh T. Eosinophilic myocarditis associated with dense deposits of eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) in endomyocardium with high serum ECP. Heart. 1999;81(6):669-71. PMID: 10336931.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arima</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanoh</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Eosinophilic myocarditis associated with dense deposits of eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) in endomyocardium with high serum ECP</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>669</fpage>
          <lpage>671</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmcid">10336931</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Butterfield JH, Kane GC, Weiler CR. Hypereosinophilic syndrome: endomyocardial biopsy versus echocardiography to diagnose cardiac involvement. Postgrad Med. 2017;129(5):517-23. doi: 10.1080/00325481.2017.1317215.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Butterfield</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kane</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weiler</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypereosinophilic syndrome: endomyocardial biopsy versus echocardiography to diagnose cardiac involvement</article-title>
          <source>Postgrad Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>129</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>517</fpage>
          <lpage>523</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00325481.2017.1317215</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Baccouche H, Mahrholdt H, Meinhardt G, Merher R, Voehringer M, Hill S, et al. Diagnostic synergy of non-invasive cardiovascular magnetic resonance and invasive endomyocardial biopsy in troponin-positive patients without coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(23):2869-79. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp328.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baccouche</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahrholdt</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meinhardt</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merher</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voehringer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic synergy of non-invasive cardiovascular magnetic resonance and invasive endomyocardial biopsy in troponin-positive patients without coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2869</fpage>
          <lpage>2879</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehp328</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Frustaci A, Russo M, Chimenti C. Randomized study on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy: the TIMIC study. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(16):1995-2002. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp249.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Frustaci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chimenti</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Randomized study on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy: the TIMIC study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1995</fpage>
          <lpage>2002</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehp249</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Miocardite Eosinof&#237;lica: Relato de Caso e Revis&#227;o da Literatura</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinis</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puga</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cachulo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Hospital Geral, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Dinis. Rua Vila de Manteigas, n&#186; 28, 2&#186; Dto. CEP 6300-617, Guarda - Portugal. E-mail: <email>paulogdinis@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dinis P, Puga L; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Dinis P, Teixeira R, Louren&#231;o C, Cachulo MC, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Eosinofilia</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Hipereosinof&#237;lica / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Hipereosinof&#237;lica / tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A miocardite eosinof&#237;lica &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara e potencialmente letal, que se caracteriza pela infiltra&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio por eosin&#243;filos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a eosinofilia e a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica est&#225; bem estabelecida, podendo apresentar diversas etiologias, desde hipersensibilidade e doen&#231;as autoimunes at&#233; neoplasias e infe&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em alguns casos a etiologia permanece desconhecida, denominando-se s&#237;ndrome hipereosinof&#237;lica idiop&#225;tica. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas apresentam um amplo espectro, desde sintomatologia leve at&#233; sintomas graves como dor retroesternal, perturba&#231;&#245;es do ritmo, e morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O diagn&#243;stico definitivo &#233; realizado por meio da bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca &#233; uma alternativa v&#225;lida, identificando as principais altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais provocadas pela miocardite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O tratamento engloba a terap&#234;utica neuro-humoral, o manejo das complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, e em casos selecionados a corticoterapia sist&#233;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A seguir apresentamos o caso de um paciente com sintomatologia sugestiva de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, mas que no decorrer da investiga&#231;&#227;o teve o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite eosinof&#237;lica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de caso</title>
        <p>Paciente de 79 anos, do g&#233;nero feminino, que recorreu ao Servi&#231;o de Urg&#234;ncia com queixas de epigastralgia com duas semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o, e agravamento na &#250;ltima madrugada. Negava outra sintomatologia acompanhante. Como antecedentes pessoais apresentava dislipidemia n&#227;o medicada, e asma intr&#237;nseca com in&#237;cio na idade adulta. Estava medicada com broncodilatadores e uma associa&#231;&#227;o de um B<sub>2</sub>-agonista com corticoide inalado em baixas doses.</p>
        <p>Ao exame objetivo apresentava taquicardia, confirmada no eletrocardiograma, com ritmo sinusal de 125 batimentos por minuto. Analiticamente com leucocitose (13,2 x 10<sup>3</sup>/uL) e eosinofilia (2,8 x 10<sup>3</sup>/uL ou 23%), prote&#237;na C-reativa (0,8 mg/dL) e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (troponina I de 7,6 ng/mL). O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou uma disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o estimada em 30-35%, hipocontratilidade do septo interventricular e um aumento da espessura conc&#234;ntrica das paredes ventriculares. N&#227;o era evidente doen&#231;a valvular. Foi colocada como primeira hip&#243;tese tratar-se de uma s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, pelo que foi iniciada terap&#234;utica anti-isqu&#233;mica com dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquetar, enoxaparina e a paciente foi alocada a uma estrat&#233;gia invasiva. A coronariografia n&#227;o revelou doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica. Ap&#243;s isto, o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite eosinof&#237;lica numa paciente com componente at&#243;pico conhecido era prov&#225;vel. Foi admitida em regime de interna&#231;&#227;o para tratamento e estudo. Iniciou-se terap&#234;utica neuro-humoral, beta-bloqueante e diur&#233;tica, mantendo-se a aspirina.</p>
        <p>No terceiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o realizou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca que identificou focos subepic&#225;rdicos de edema e de realce tardio no mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>); mostrou tamb&#233;m um pequeno derrame peric&#225;rdico na parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi quantificada em 33%. No mesmo dia foi submetida a uma bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica com colheita de fragmentos de mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito, cujo resultado confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite eosinof&#237;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Iniciou corticoterapia sist&#233;mica com prednisolona endovenosa (1 mg/kg/dia) com progressiva melhoria do seu estado geral. No 12&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o repetiu o ecocardiograma que demonstrou melhoria ligeira da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o estimada em 35-40%). Teve alta medicada para o domic&#237;lio com prednisolona em esquema de desmame, e com consulta de seguimento de cardiologia e doen&#231;as autoimunes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca com focos subepic&#225;rdicos de edema e de realce tardio do mioc&#225;rdio no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0597-80089-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica com presen&#231;a de eosin&#243;filos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0597-80089-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O estudo serol&#243;gico autoimune realizado foi negativo. Ap&#243;s sete meses de corticoterapia, o ecocardiograma apresentou melhoria significativa (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o estimada em 45-50%), e diminui&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No caso descrito a paciente tinha antecedentes de asma, o qual pode ter sido o ponto de partida para a hipereosinofilia. Tamb&#233;m apresentava um desconforto epig&#225;strico, que pode ser uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica de uma s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos encontrados, taquicardia sinusal, n&#227;o s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos nem sens&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Analiticamente era evidente a leucocitose e a eosinofilia com eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina I, que &#233; explicada pela infiltra&#231;&#227;o dos eosin&#243;filos no mioc&#225;rdio. Esta infiltra&#231;&#227;o permite a liberta&#231;&#227;o de gr&#226;nulos t&#243;xicos, prote&#237;nas cati&#243;nicas, citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e radicais livres de oxig&#233;nio que v&#227;o provocar disfun&#231;&#227;o a n&#237;vel mitocondrial, les&#227;o e necrose dos mi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os exames complementares de diagn&#243;stico s&#227;o importantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o desta patologia. O ecocardiograma possibilita excluir outras causas, monitorar a dimens&#227;o das cavidades, a espessura das paredes ventriculares, presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico e avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca proporciona uma combina&#231;&#227;o de seguran&#231;a, defini&#231;&#227;o anat&#243;mica e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Permitiu identificar o edema e os focos difusos de realce tardio que refletiam a necrose e fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo refor&#231;am a evid&#234;ncia de se tratar de uma miocardite. Em pacientes est&#225;veis &#233; razo&#225;vel realizar a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca antes da bi&#243;psia, visto que a primeira pode ajudar a identificar patologia focal por meio do realce tardio. No entanto, em pacientes inst&#225;veis a bi&#243;psia deve ser priorit&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica &#233; o &#250;nico m&#233;todo que permite o diagn&#243;stico definitivo e a identifica&#231;&#227;o da etiologia subjacente. Tem uma sensibilidade estimada em 50% devido a erros da amostra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Apesar de ser o <italic>gold standard</italic>, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica nem sempre &#233; realizada, existindo recomenda&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> para a sua execu&#231;&#227;o, que s&#227;o dependentes da cl&#237;nica e dos resultados dos exames complementares. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o pseudo-isqu&#233;mica da paciente, com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e exclus&#227;o de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica, e as altera&#231;&#245;es nos exames de imagem verificados, preenchiam os crit&#233;rios para realiza&#231;&#227;o da bi&#243;psia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Nestes casos, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica em conjunto apresentam sinergias que ultrapassam as limita&#231;&#245;es que cada exame apresenta separadamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O tratamento e progn&#243;stico da miocardite eosinof&#237;lica depende da sua etiologia. Na fase aguda &#233; importante a restri&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Em doentes selecionados, particularmente os que apresentam virologia negativa e suspeita de etiologia autoimune, o tratamento precoce com corticoides tem apresentado resultados favor&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Devido &#224; estabilidade cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica da paciente, e ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o infeciosa, decidimos protelar o in&#237;cio dos corticoides at&#233; &#224; confirma&#231;&#227;o da miocardite eosinof&#237;lica. Na literatura est&#225; descrito que um per&#237;odo de terap&#234;utica imunossupressora de seis meses pode trazer melhorias significativas ao n&#237;vel da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (aumento de 15-20% da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> o que foi o verificado neste caso. Permanece a d&#250;vida se esta melhoria se deve apenas ao corticoide ou se tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada ao in&#237;cio de terap&#234;utica para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, nomeadamente os beta-bloqueantes. O mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o dos corticoides na miocardite n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente esclarecido, no entanto pensa-se que interferem com a eosinofilopoiese; antagonizam as vias de desenvolvimento e matura&#231;&#227;o; e promovem a redistribui&#231;&#227;o dos eosin&#243;filos do sangue perif&#233;rico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Durante o seguimento, todos os pacientes devem ser sujeitos a avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas com eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma. Se houver agravamento cl&#237;nico ou imagiol&#243;gico, poder&#225; ser necess&#225;rio a reinterna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e a repeti&#231;&#227;o da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e/ou da bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A miocardite eosinof&#237;lica &#233; uma patologia rara, sub-diagnosticada, e que pode ser letal se n&#227;o for detectada e tratada a tempo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
