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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LK5j4vHhs9g9xXbV3jf7Nsq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000600588</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180100</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Correlation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 3/2018 - A 60-year-old Female with Chagasic Heart Disease, Admitted Due to Heart Failure Decompensation, Cachexia and Pulmonary Infection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arduine</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Alonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello.</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>588</fpage>
      <lpage>596</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cachexia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The patient is a 60-year-old female with Chagas heart disease and cachexia, admitted due to heart failure decompensation attributed to bronchopneumonia. She eventually had a cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity after lung biopsy.</p>
    <p>The patient was being followed up at InCor since the age of 48 years, diagnosed with Chagas disease. She initially complained of palpitations, which subsided after amiodarone was prescribed. In addition, she had systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
    <p>Her laboratory tests revealed: potassium, 5.2 mEq/L; sodium, 144 mEq/L; creatinine, 0.8 mg/L; hemoglobin, 16.2 g/dL; hematocrit, 48%; glycemia, 87 mg/dL; cholesterol, 200 mg/dL; triglycerides, 53 mg/dL; TSH, 1.16 microIU/mL; free T4, 1.1 ng/dL; ALT, 8 IU/L; AST, 10 IU/L.</p>
    <p>At the time, the ECG revealed diffuse ventricular repolarization changes.</p>
    <p>The echocardiogram (August 2004) showed the following: aorta, 28 mm; left atrium, 52 mm; septal thickness, 11 mm; posterior wall, 7 mm; left ventricle (diast/syst), 71/62 mm; left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 26%, with posterior (basal), inferior (basal) and lateral (basal) akinesia, and small apical aneurysm; right ventricle, 28 mm (dilated and hypokinetic); severe mitral regurgitation; and right ventricular systolic pressure, 65 mm Hg.</p>
    <p>The chest X-ray (2012) showed cardiomegaly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-ray (posterior-anterior view): increased pulmonary vasculature and cardiomegaly (+++).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The Holter ECG at that time showed frequent ventricular extrasystoles and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
    <p> The patient remained asymptomatic until 2013 (57 years of age) using hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg), spironolactone (25 mg), carvedilol (12.5 mg), enalapril (20 mg) and amiodarone (100 mg) daily. In April 2013, she had a resuscitated cardiac arrest, preceded by malaise and sustained ventricular tachycardia, receiving an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) with cardiac pacemaker programing for bradycardia episodes (ICD-T - ICD with antibradycardia and antitachycardia pacing and shock), being prescribed 600 mg of amiodarone daily.</p>
    <p>Five days before that episode, she had upper digestive bleeding with hematemesis, when endoscopy revealed gastric ulcer with no active bleeding, and clean base (Forrest III), with a lower risk for rebleeding.</p>
    <p>The patient experienced appropriate shock in May 2014. She was receiving an amiodarone dose lower than prescribed, thus the dose was increased, but the patient did not tolerate it because of dyspepsia. A cardiac electrophysiology study was indicated, aimed at the possible ablation of the sustained ventricular tachycardia pathways.</p>
    <p>The chest X-ray revealed pulmonary congestion and more severe cardiomegaly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-ray (posterior-anterior view): presence of cardiac pacemaker, worse pulmonary congestion, cardiomegaly (+++).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The echocardiogram (August 4, 2014) revealed: aorta, 27 mm; left atrium, 43 mm; ventricular septal thickness, 9 mm, posterior wall, 8 mm; left ventricular diameters, 68/57 mm; LVEF, 30%. The left ventricle showed eccentric hypertrophy and reduced systolic function due to an inferolateral wall aneurysm (mid and basal segments) and an apical aneurysm. The right ventricle was normal. There was moderate mitral valve regurgitation. The pulmonary artery pressure was 25 mm Hg.</p>
    <p>Her coronary tomography angiography (July 28, 2014) evidenced no coronary lesion. The cardiac electrophysiology study (July 31, 2014) identified poorly-tolerated sustained ventricular tachycardia triggered by extra-stimuli, which required electric cardioversion. The electroanatomic mapping revealed a scar associated with low and slow late potentials in the lateral (mid and basal segments), antero-lateral (mid and basal segments) and inferolateral (mid and basal segments) walls. Because of the proximity to the circumflex sub-branches, the radiofrequency pulses were not delivered through the epicardium, but through the endocardium. After the procedure, the new stimuli no longer triggered ventricular tachycardia similar to that initially observed. However, several poorly tolerated tachycardias of different morphologies were triggered, requiring cardioversion.</p>
    <p>On outpatient follow-up (November 2014), the patient complained of dyspnea on exertion and dizziness when changing from supine to orthostatic position.</p>
    <p>Her physical examination (November 11, 2014) revealed: weight, 70 kg; height, 1.7 m; arterial blood pressure, 102/80 mmHg; heart rate, 68 bpm. The pulmonary auscultation was normal. On cardiac auscultation, her heart rhythm was regular with no abnormal heart sound, and a systolic heart murmur was heard over the mitral area (++/4+). The abdominal examination was normal. There was no edema, and her pulses were palpable and symmetrical. Because of her complaints and arterial blood pressure levels, hydrochlorothiazide was suspended, and the other medications, maintained.</p>
    <p>Her laboratory tests (October 2014) showed: hemoglobin, 13.2 g/dL; hematocrit, 43%; leukocytes, 7220/mm<sup>3</sup> (normal differential count); platelets, 200000/mm<sup>3</sup>; total cholesterol, 180 mg/dL; HDL-cholesterol, 73 mg/dL; LDL-cholesterol, 88 mg/dL; triglycerides, 95 mg/dL; glycemia, 94 mg/dL; creatinine, 0.96 mg/dL; sodium, 141 mEq/L; potassium, 4.8 mEq/L; AST, 79 IU/L; ALT, 111 IU/L; uric acid, 4.2 mg/dL; C-reactive protein, 6.78 mg/L; TSH, 2.85 &#181;g/mL; free T4, 1.62 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>On outpatient follow-up visits (October 2015 and March 18, 2016), she denied dyspnea, chest pain, palpitations and syncope, but complained of dizziness. The ICD/pacemaker assessment was normal.</p>
    <p>Her chest X-ray (2015) revealed pulmonary congestion and cardiomegaly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-ray (posterior-anterior view): increase and cephalization of the pulmonary vasculature.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>On September 22, 2016, the patient was admitted due to decompensated heart failure and bronchopneumonia. She reported progressive worsening of dyspnea, which was then triggered on mild exertion. She denied chest pain and fever, but reported dry cough, lack of appetite and weight loss. Her physical examination revealed an emaciated patient (53 kg), on regular general condition, tachypneic, with heart rate of 72 bpm, arterial blood pressure of 95/60 mm Hg, and O<sub>2</sub> saturation of 92%. Her auscultation revealed rales over the pulmonary bases, rhythmic heart sounds, and systolic heart murmur over the mitral area (++++/6+). Her abdomen was flaccid, with a tender liver, palpated 2 cm from the costal margin. There was lower limb edema (+++/4+).</p>
    <p>The patient was using amiodarone (200 mg), enalapril (5 mg), hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg), levothyroxine (25 &#181;g), metoprolol (100 mg), simvastatin (20 mg), warfarin (5 mg).</p>
    <p>Her ECG (September 22) showed: sinus rhythm; heart rate, 63 bpm; indirect signs of right atrial overload (Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi); low-voltage QRS complexes on the frontal plane; probable electrically inactive lateral area; left anterior-superior hemiblock (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). After a few days, the new ECG revealed an operational pacemaker with atrial stimulus propagating to the ventricle (AAI) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: sinus rhythm, low-voltage QRS complexes on the frontal plane, probable electrically inactive lateral area, right bundle-branch block, left anterior&#8209;superior hemiblock.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: operational pacemaker with atrial stimulus propagating normally to the ventricle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Her chest X-ray (September 22, 2016) evidenced the presence of an ICD/pacemaker with electrodes in the left atrium and ventricle, pulmonary congestion, opacity area suggestive of pneumonia in the right pulmonary lower field (air bronchogram), elevation of the left main bronchus (suggestive of enlarged left atrium), and global enlargement of the heart area, attributed mainly to the right ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f6">
        <label>Figure 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-ray (posterior-anterior view): presence of cardiac pacemaker, pulmonary congestion, and cardiomegaly (++++/4).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Her laboratory tests (September 22) revealed: hemoglobin, 8.2 g/dL; hematocrit, 26%; leukocytes, 17500/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutrophils 79%, eosinophils 0%, lymphocytes 15% and monocytes 6%); platelets, 344000/mm<sup>3</sup>; urea, 33 mg/dL; creatinine, 0.71 mg/dL; AST, 148 IU/L; ALT, 136 IU/L; gamma GT, 36 IU/L; alkaline phosphatase, 75 mg/dL; total proteins, 6.9 g/dL; albumin, 3.1 g/dL; C-reactive protein, 124.39 mg/L; sodium, 140 mEq/L; potassium, 3.6 mEq/L. Arterial blood gas analysis: pH, 7.54; pCO<sub>2</sub>, 31.1 mm Hg; pO<sub>2</sub>, 62.3 mmHg; O<sub>2</sub> saturation, 93%; bicarbonate, 26.2 mmol/L; base excess, 3.9 mmol/L.</p>
    <p>Because of the diagnostic suspicion of pneumonia, ceftriaxone and clarithromycin were initiated.</p>
    <p>The dyspnea and edema improved, arterial hypotension episodes occurred, and the dry cough and mild hyperthermia (37.6&#186;C) persisted.</p>
    <p>Assessment of the ICD/pacemaker revealed 14 episodes of ventricular tachycardia in July 2016: 12 abolished by burst (high-frequency stimuli) and 2 abolished with 31-J shocks.</p>
    <p>Her echocardiogram (September 26, 2016) showed: aorta, 26 mm; left atrium, 60 mm; basal and mid right ventricle, 43 mm and 33 mm, respectively; ventricular septal thickness, 10 mm; posterior wall, 7 mm; left ventricle (diast/syst), 73/60 mm; LVEF, 40%. The atria were severely enlarged, the left ventricle was dilated with dyskinesia of the lateral wall (basal segment), akinesia of the inferior wall (basal segment), and apical aneurysm. The right ventricular function was normal. The mitral and tricuspid valves showed severe regurgitation due to inadequate leaflet coaptation. Systolic pulmonary artery pressure was estimated at 47 mmHg. No pericardial change was observed.</p>
    <p>On the days following admission, her laboratory tests continued to show leukocytosis (around 19000), anemia, hypoalbuminemia (1.9 g/dL) and elevated C-reactive protein (above 150 mg/L).</p>
    <p>A new chest X-ray detected an opaque nodule in the right base (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f7">
        <label>Figure 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-ray (lateral view): similar to the previous ones, the only difference being the presence of an opaque nodule in the right base.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Chest tomography (September 28, 2016) evidenced: pacemaker with endocavitary electrodes in the right chambers; dilation of the pulmonary trunk (41 mm); permeable trachea and main bronchi of normal caliber; diffuse thickening of the bronchial walls; enlarged pulmonary hila; and hilar calcifications that could be lymph node sequelae. There was an irregular nodule measuring 2.3 x 2.5 x 1.9 cm in the transition between the medial and lateral segments of the middle lobe, in addition to diffuse ground-glass opacity with septal thickening, mainly in the bases, compatible with congestion. Furthermore, there was a peripheral hyperdense area, close to the pleural surface of the right superior lobe, suggestive of subacute parenchymal bleeding or accumulation of amiodarone. The pulmonary vascularization was increased, and there was small bilateral pleural effusion. In the liver, low-density nodules were identified, but their assessment was limited due to lack of contrast media imaging. In addition, there were sparse nodular calcifications in the liver parenchyma, whose density was diffusely increased (suggestive of amiodarone deposition). Dilation of the inferior vena cava and of the hepatic veins, as well as ectasia of the gallbladder, was observed. No lymph node enlargement was identified. The heart was diffusely enlarged, with predominance of the left atrium.</p>
    <p>Because the patient was emaciated, had moderate reduction of the LVEF and altered pulmonary imaging, the search for consumptive syndrome causes other than heart failure began. Sputum tests (three samples on different days) were negative for acid-fast bacillus. The bacteriologic examination of the sputum revealed the usual local flora: Gram-positive bacilli, Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative bacilli, Gram-negative diplococci and Gram-negative coccobacilli.</p>
    <p>The patient was submitted to biopsy of the pulmonary nodule (October 12, 2016), which revealed a granulomatous chronic inflammatory process with extensive area of necrosis. The search for fungi was negative and that for acid-fast bacillus was ongoing.</p>
    <p>On the night of October 12, 2016, 12 hours after the biopsy, the patient woke up complaining of ill-defined malaise. Her initial examination revealed arterial blood pressure of 50/40 mmHg, O<sub>2</sub> saturation of 99% with O<sub>2</sub> catheter, tachycardia and tachypnea. The patient had a cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. She was resuscitated but developed asystole and died.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>This 60-year-old patient had the following problems: dyspnea, dry cough, weight loss, slightly elevated body temperature, anemia, enlarged pulmonary hila, hilar calcifications (lymph nodes) and pulmonary nodule (granuloma with necrosis). In addition, she had the following antecedents: Chagas disease (not confirmed, because no serology for Chagas disease was performed), systemic arterial hypertension, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and previous akinetic areas, apical aneurysm and sustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
      <p>Of the granulomatous diseases, sarcoidosis has unspecific symptoms, such as fever, weight loss, nocturnal sweating and fatigue. Other symptoms depend on the organs or parts of the body affected, such as the lungs (dry cough, dyspnea, chest pain), eyes (eye pain, blurred vision), skin, musculoskeletal system (joint pain, myalgias) and lymph nodes (swelling).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Although heart involvement is diagnosed in 5% to 10% of the cases, on postmortem examination, it can range from 10% to 76%, causing bundle-branch block, repolarization disorders, arrhythmias and cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Isolated cardiac sarcoidosis can occur in up to 25% of the cases; thus, absence of extracardiac sarcoidosis does not exclude heart involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The most common clinical characteristic of cardiac sarcoidosis is biventricular heart failure, with or without evidence of noncardiac involvement. In addition, mitral regurgitation can be severe and caused by the involvement of the papillary muscle, which could explain this patient's mitral regurgitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Ventricular arrhythmias (sustained or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and premature ventricular beats) are the second most common clinical presentation of cardiac sarcoidosis, occurring in approximately 30% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic findings in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis vary and can include focal areas of edema, resulting in wall thickening and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mimicking (for example, asymmetric septal hypertrophy), or, in more advanced patterns of involvement, focal areas of akinesia, dyskinesia or aneurysm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although cardiac sarcoidosis has been described as a restrictive cardiomyopathy, its most common phenotype is dilated cardiomyopathy, with occasional aneurysm formation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Because the above described disease has many findings in common with those of our patient, our clinical hypothesis is systemic sarcoidosis with cardiac and pulmonary involvement. However, infectious causes for the respiratory impairment cannot be ruled out, the most common and prevalent in Brazil being tuberculosis, which also forms granulomas.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting, however, that sarcoid granulomas are usually "non-caseating", that is, have no necrosis. Thus, the lymph node biopsy of our patient does not support that diagnosis. (Gustavo Alonso Arduine, MD)</p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypothesis:</bold> syndromic: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; etiological: systemic sarcoidosis (cardiac and pulmonary). (Gustavo Alonso Arduine, MD)</p>
      <p><bold>Final finding:</bold> Mixed septic and cardiogenic shock (Gustavo Alonso Arduine, MD)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Postmortem examination</title>
      <p>The postmortem examination revealed an emaciated female patient, with a cutaneous sign of thoracic needle puncture on the right side. Chest opening evidenced blood clots on the parietal pleura and blood collection in the right pleural cavity (total of 1400 mL).</p>
      <p>The heart was moderately enlarged (450 g), with mild biventricular dilation and an aneurysm formation with thinning of the left lateral myocardial wall (approximately 4x3 cm) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>). That area evidenced fibrous replacement of the myocardium. The mitral valve showed signs of regurgitation secondary to annulus dilation. In the right chambers, the pacemaker metallic leads could be seen, one attached to the atrium and the other to the trabecular portion of the ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 9</xref>). On its way through the tricuspid valve, the lead was adhered and covered by a whitish sheath. No cavitary thrombus was seen.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gross examination: aneurysmal thinning of the left ventricular lateral wall, with fibrous replacement of the myocardium (arrows). The left atrium (asterisk) is extremely dilated.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Right chambers showing two endocardial pacemaker metallic leads, one attached to the atrium and the other to the ventricular apex. T- Tricuspid valve.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The examination of the lungs evidenced an ill-defined brownish nodule, with necrotic center, in the right middle lobe, measuring 2.5 cm in its long axis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 10</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cut surface of the lung showing an ill-defined nodule with necrotic center (arrow).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The hilar and subcarinal lymph nodes were enlarged, confluent, and had extensive nodular, whitish areas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 11</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figure 11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gross examination of the longitudinally opened trachea on its posterior face. In the subcarinal region, confluent lymph nodes with whitish nodular areas are seen (arrows).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf11.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The liver weighed 2223 g and had a finely granular surface.</p>
      <p>The microscopic study of the myocardium showed hypertrophied cardiomyocytes, varied focal fibrosis, and focal and mild inflammatory infiltrate.</p>
      <p>The microscopic study of the lungs and lymph nodes showed extensive chronic granulomatous inflammation with caseating necrosis, including in the nodular area of the pulmonary parenchyma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 12</xref>). The search for acid-fast bacilli was positive, with a small number of bacilli in the caseating lesions (not shown).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figure 12</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Microscopic examination: granulomatous chronic inflammation of the lung (left panel) and lymph node (right panel). Note the numerous giant cells (arrows) and foci of caseating necrosis (N). Hematoxylin-eosin, 10X and 5X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf12.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The microscopic study of the liver evidenced diffuse nodular transformation, expansion of the portal spaces and diffusely damaged hepatocytes, characterized by the presence of multiple eosinophilic inclusions in their cytoplasm (Mallory bodies) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 13</xref>). (Vera Demarchi Aiello, Prof., M.D.)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>Figure 13</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Photomicrograph of the liver. Left panel: nodular transformation of the parenchyma, reticulin stain, 5X. Right panel: hepatocytes with multiple eosinophilic bodies (Mallory bodies - arrows), hematoxylin-eosin, 40X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf13.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <list list-type="simple">
        <title>Anatomopathological diagnoses:</title>
        <list-item>
          <p>- Chronic heart disease, probably of Chagasic etiology, with an aneurysm of the lateral wall;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>- Productive-caseating tuberculosis in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>- Chronic liver disease progressing to cirrhosis, with characteristics of cellular damage secondary to the chronic use of amiodarone;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>- Hemothorax. (Vera Demarchi Aiello, Prof., M.D.)</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>The patient had chronic heart disease with arrhythmia, having received specific treatment with pacemaker implantation and prescription of antiarrhythmic drugs. Her clinical condition worsened due to the development of productive-caseating tuberculosis in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes, which motivated the final diagnostic investigation. The clinical hypothesis of sarcoidosis was ruled out by the finding of the infectious agent (acid-fast bacilli) in the granulomatous lesions.</p>
      <p>Despite the lack of diffuse myocarditis on the microscopic study, Chagasic heart disease is the most probable diagnosis, considering the gross morphological aspect of the heart, with fibrous replacement of the left ventricular lateral/inferior wall and the presence of diffuse interstitial fibrosis, although such findings are not characteristic.</p>
      <p>The microscopic findings in the liver parenchyma point to a type of cell damage related to drug toxicity. Because of the report of this patient having received amiodarone during her disease, we concluded that her liver damage is related to that drug. That type of lesion is characterized by nodular transformation (cirrhosis) and hepatitis with several Mallory bodies. In the past, such bodies were known to be associated with alcoholic liver disease. However, several studies have shown the pathogenic role of amiodarone and its metabolites on the development of liver disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Those substances accumulate in the hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and ductal cells, resulting in inhibition of the removal of lysosomal lipids. Hepatotoxicity occurs in 1% to 3% of the patients treated with amiodarone and seems to be dose-dependent (cumulative). However, the prevalence of pulmonary toxicity is higher, estimated at 5% to 7%. We believe that the liver damage contributed to the changes in coagulation that culminated in hemothorax.</p>
      <p>There was no time to initiate the specific treatment against tuberculosis, which might have had a positive impact on this patient's outcome. (Vera Demarchi Aiello, Prof., M.D.)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Associate editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 3/2018 - Mulher de 60 Anos Portadora de Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica, Internada por Descompensa&#231;&#227;o da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Caquexia e Infec&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arduine</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Alonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello.</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a De Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Caquexia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Trata-se de paciente do sexo feminino, 60 anos, com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica e caquexia, internada por descompensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca atribu&#237;da a broncopneumonia. Apresentou parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulsos ap&#243;s bi&#243;psia pulmonar.</p>
      <p>A paciente fazia seguimento no InCor desde os 48 anos de idade, com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a de Chagas. Queixou-se inicialmente de palpita&#231;&#245;es, que cessaram ap&#243;s a prescri&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona. Era portadora tamb&#233;m de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram: pot&#225;ssio, 5,2 mEq/l; s&#243;dio, 144 mEq/l; creatinina, 0,8 mg/l; hemoglobina, 16,2 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito, 48%; glicemia, 87 mg/dl; colesterol, 200 mg/dl; triglic&#233;rides, 53 mg/dl; TSH, 1,16 microUI/ml; T4 livre, 1,1 ng/dl; ALT, 8 UI/l; AST, 10 UI/l.</p>
      <p>O ECG da &#233;poca revelou altera&#231;&#245;es difusas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (agosto 2004) revelou as seguintes medidas: aorta, 28 mm; &#225;trio esquerdo, 52 mm; espessura do septo, 11 mm; parede posterior, 7 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (di&#225;st/s&#237;st), 71/62 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), 26%, com acinesia posterior (basal), inferior (basal) e lateral (basal) e pequeno aneurisma de ponta; ventr&#237;culo direito, 28 mm (dilatado e hipocin&#233;tico); insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada; e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo direito, 65 mmHg.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (2012) revelou cardiomegalia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f14">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>RX t&#243;rax PA: aumento de trama vascular pulmonar e cardiomegalia (+++).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O holter no mesmo per&#237;odo revelou frequentes extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares e taquicardias ventriculares n&#227;o sustentadas.</p>
      <p> Permaneceu assintom&#225;tica at&#233; 2013 (57 anos de idade) em uso de hidroclorotiazida (25 mg), espironolactona (25 mg), carvedilol (12,5 mg), enalapril (20 mg) e amiodarona (100 mg) di&#225;rios. Em abril de 2013, apresentou parada card&#237;aca ressuscitada, precedida de mal-estar geral e registro de taquicardia ventricular sustentada, tendo sido implantado desfibrilador com programa&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo card&#237;aco por epis&#243;dios de bradicardia (ICD-T - ICD com estimula&#231;&#227;o antibradicardia, antitaquicardia e choque) e receitados 600 mg de amiodarona por dia.</p>
      <p>Cinco dias antes desse epis&#243;dio, apresentou sangramento digestivo alto com hemat&#234;mese e a endoscopia revelou &#250;lcera g&#225;strica sem sangramento ativo e com base limpa (Forrest III), com menor risco de ressangramento.</p>
      <p>Apresentou choque apropriado em maio de 2014 e, como a paciente estivesse tomando dose de amiodarona abaixo da prescrita, essa foi aumentada. A paciente, contudo, n&#227;o tolerou por dispepsia e foi indicado estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico para poss&#237;vel abla&#231;&#227;o de vias de manuten&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular sustentada.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou congest&#227;o pulmonar e cardiomegalia mais acentuada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f15">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>RX t&#243;rax PA: presen&#231;a de marca-passo card&#237;aco, piora da congest&#227;o pulmonar, cardiomegalia (+++).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (4 agosto 2014) revelou: aorta, 27 mm; &#225;trio esquerdo, 43 mm; espessura do septo interventricular, 9 mm, e da parede posterior, 8 mm; di&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 68/57 mm; FEVE, 30%. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentava hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica diminu&#237;da &#224; custa de aneurisma em parede &#237;nfero-lateral (segmentos m&#233;dio e basal) e aneurisma apical. O ventr&#237;culo direito foi descrito como normal. A valva mitral apresentava insufici&#234;ncia de grau moderado. A press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar foi 25 mmHg.</p>
      <p>A angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias (28 julho 2014) n&#227;o revelou les&#245;es coron&#225;rias. No estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (31 julho 2014), os extra-est&#237;mulos desencadearam taquicardia ventricular sustentada mal tolerada, que necessitou cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. O mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico revelou cicatriz associada a potenciais tardios baixos e lentos na parede lateral (m&#233;dio e basal), &#226;ntero-lateral (m&#233;dio e basal) e &#237;nfero-lateral (m&#233;dio e basal). Como havia muita proximidade com sub-ramos do ramo circunflexo, n&#227;o foram realizados pulsos de radiofrequ&#234;ncia por via epic&#225;rdica, os quais foram aplicados por via endoc&#225;rdica. Ap&#243;s os procedimentos, novos est&#237;mulos n&#227;o mais desencadearam taquicardia ventricular semelhante &#224;quela inicialmente observada, contudo foram desencadeadas v&#225;rias taquicardias de morfologias diferentes e mal toleradas que tamb&#233;m necessitaram de cardiovers&#227;o.</p>
      <p>No retorno ambulatorial (novembro 2014), a paciente queixou-se de dispneia aos grandes esfor&#231;os e tontura &#224;s mudan&#231;as da posi&#231;&#227;o supina para ortost&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (11 novembro 2014) revelou: peso, 70 kg; altura, 1,7 m; press&#227;o arterial, 102/80 mmHg; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 68 bpm. A ausculta pulmonar foi normal e a ausculta card&#237;aca mostrou ritmo card&#237;aco regular sem bulhas anormais e presen&#231;a de sopro sist&#243;lico mitral (++/4+). O exame abdominal foi normal, sem edemas, pulsos palp&#225;veis e sim&#233;tricos. Pelas queixas e medidas de press&#227;o arterial, foi suspensa a hidroclorotiazida e mantidas as outras medica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (outubro 2014) revelaram: hemoglobina, 13,2 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito, 43%; leuc&#243;citos, 7.220/mm<sup>3</sup>, com diferencial normal; plaquetas, 200.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; colesterol total, 180 mg/dl; HDL-colesterol, 73 mg/dl; LDL-colesterol, 88 mg/dl; triglic&#233;rides, 95 mg/dl; glicemia, 94 mg/dl; creatinina, 0,96 mg/dl; s&#243;dio, 141 mEq/l; pot&#225;ssio, 4,8 mEq/l; AST, 79 UI/l; ALT, 111 UI/l; &#225;cido &#250;rico, 4,2 mg/dl; prote&#237;na C reativa, 6,78 mg/l; TSH, 2,85 &#181;g/ml; T4 livre, 1,62 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>Em consultas ambulatoriais (outubro 2015 e 18 mar&#231;o 2016), estava sem queixas de dispneia, dor precordial, palpita&#231;&#245;es ou s&#237;ncopes, mas ainda se queixava de tonturas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfibrilador/marca-passo foi normal.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (2015) revelou congest&#227;o pulmonar e cardiomegalia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f16">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>RX t&#243;rax PA: aumento e cefaliza&#231;&#227;o da trama vascular pulmonar.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A paciente foi internada em 22 de setembro de 2016 para tratamento de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e broncopneumonia. Referia piora progressiva da dispneia at&#233; ocorrer aos pequenos esfor&#231;os. Negava dor tor&#225;cica ou febre, mas referia tosse seca, inapet&#234;ncia e perda de peso. O exame f&#237;sico revelou paciente emagrecida, em regular estado geral, taquipneica, peso de 53 kg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 72 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 95/60 mmHg, satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> de 92%, crepita&#231;&#245;es em bases pulmonares, bulhas card&#237;acas r&#237;tmicas, com presen&#231;a de sopro sist&#243;lico mitral (++++/6+). O abdome era fl&#225;cido, com f&#237;gado doloroso, palpado a 2 cm do rebordo costal. Havia edema (+++/4+) em membros inferiores.</p>
      <p>Fazia uso de amiodarona (200 mg), enalapril (5 mg), hidroclorotiazida (25 mg), levotiroxina (25 &#181;g), metoprolol (100 mg), sinvastatina (20 mg), varfarina (5 mg).</p>
      <p>O ECG (22 setembro) revelou: ritmo sinusal; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 63 bpm; sinais indiretos de sobrecarga atrial direita (Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi); baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS no plano frontal; prov&#225;vel &#225;rea eletricamente inativa lateral; bloqueio da divis&#227;o &#226;ntero-superior do ramo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 4</xref>). O ECG de alguns dias depois revelou marca-passo funcionante com est&#237;mulo atrial se propagando para o ventr&#237;culo (AAI) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f17">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: ritmo sinusal, baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS no plano frontal, prov&#225;vel &#225;rea eletricamente inativa lateral, bloqueio de ramo direito, bloqueio da divis&#227;o &#226;ntero-superior do ramo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f18">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: marcapasso funcionante com est&#237;mulo atrial propagando normalmente para ventr&#237;culo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (22 setembro 2016) revelou presen&#231;a de desfibrilador/marca-passo com eletrodos em &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo esquerdos, congest&#227;o pulmonar, &#225;rea de hipotranspar&#234;ncia sugestiva de pneumonia em campo pulmonar inferior direito (broncograma a&#233;reo), eleva&#231;&#227;o do br&#244;nquio-fonte esquerdo (sugestivo de aumento de &#225;trio esquerdo) e aumento global de &#225;rea card&#237;aca, com maior participa&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f19">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>RX t&#243;rax PA: presen&#231;a de marcapasso card&#237;aco, congest&#227;o pulmonar e cardiomegalia (++++/4).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (22 setembro) revelaram: hemoglobina, 8,2 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito, 26%; leuc&#243;citos, 17.500/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutr&#243;filos 79%, eosin&#243;filos 0%, linf&#243;citos 15% e mon&#243;citos 6%); plaquetas, 344.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; ureia, 33 mg/dl; creatinina, 0,71 mg/dl; AST, 148 UI/l; ALT, 136 UI/l; gama GT, 36 UI/l; fosfatase alcalina, 75 mg/dl; prote&#237;nas totais, 6,9 g/dl; albumina, 3,1 g/dl; prote&#237;na C reativa, 124,39 mg/l; s&#243;dio, 140 mEq/l; pot&#225;ssio, 3,6 mEq/l. Gasimetria arterial: pH 7,54; pCO<sub>2</sub> 31,1 mmHg; pO<sub>2</sub> 62,3 mmHg; satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>, 93%; bicarbonato, 26,2 mmol/l; excesso de base, 3,9 mmol/l.</p>
      <p>Devido &#224; suspeita diagn&#243;stica de pneumonia, foram iniciados os antibi&#243;ticos ceftriaxona e claritromicina.</p>
      <p>A paciente evoluiu com melhora da dispneia e do edema, mas com epis&#243;dios de hipotens&#227;o arterial e persist&#234;ncia da tosse seca e de hipertermia discreta (37,6&#186;C).</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfibrilador/marca-passo revelou que haviam ocorrido 14 epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular em julho de 2016: 12 abolidos por "<italic>burst</italic>" (est&#237;mulos com alta frequ&#234;ncia) e 2 com choques de 31 J.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (26 setembro 2016) revelou: aorta, 26 mm; &#225;trio esquerdo, 60 mm; ventr&#237;culo direito basal 43 mm e m&#233;dio 33 mm; espessura de septo interventricular, 10 mm; parede posterior, 7 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (di&#225;st/s&#237;st), 73/60 mm; FEVE, 40%. Havia aumento acentuado de &#225;trios, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dilatado com discinesia de parede lateral (segmento basal), acinesia inferior (segmento basal) e aneurisma de &#225;pice. Ventr&#237;culo direito de fun&#231;&#227;o normal. As valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia acentuada por falha de coapta&#231;&#227;o de c&#250;spides. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar foi estimada em 47 mmHg. N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es no peric&#225;rdio.</p>
      <p>Nos dias subsequentes &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, os exames laboratoriais continuaram a demonstrar leucocitose (ao redor de 19000), anemia, hipoalbuminemia (1,9 g/dl) e prote&#237;na C reativa elevada (acima de 150 mg/l).</p>
      <p>Nova radiografia revelou hipotranspar&#234;ncia nodular em base direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f20">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>RX t&#243;rax perfil: semelhantes &#224;s anteriores, somente diferindo pela presen&#231;a de hipotranspar&#234;ncia arredondada em base direita.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A tomografia de t&#243;rax (28 setembro 2016) revelou: presen&#231;a de marca-passo com eletrodos endocavit&#225;rios em c&#226;maras direitas, dilata&#231;&#227;o do tronco da pulmonar (41 mm); traqueia e br&#244;nquios principais perme&#225;veis e de calibre normal, al&#233;m de espessamento difuso da parede dos br&#244;nquios, hilos pulmonares aumentados, calcifica&#231;&#245;es hilares podendo ser linfonodais sequelares. Havia n&#243;dulo irregular medindo cerca de 2,3x2,5x1,9 cm na transi&#231;&#227;o entre o segmento medial e o lateral do lobo m&#233;dio e opacidade em vidro fosco difusa com espessamentos septais de permeio, notadamente nas bases, compat&#237;veis com congest&#227;o. Existia ainda &#225;rea hiperdensa perif&#233;rica, junto &#224; superf&#237;cie pleural do lobo superior direito, sugestiva de sangramento parenquimatoso subagudo ou, ainda, dep&#243;sito de amiodarona. A vasculariza&#231;&#227;o pulmonar estava aumentada e havia pequeno derrame pleural bilateral. Descritos tamb&#233;m n&#243;dulos hipoatenuantes hep&#225;ticos de avalia&#231;&#227;o limitada neste estudo sem contraste, al&#233;m de calcifica&#231;&#245;es nodulares esparsas no par&#234;nquima hep&#225;tico, que apresenta densidade difusamente aumentada (aspecto sugestivo com dep&#243;sito de amiodarona no par&#234;nquima). Dilata&#231;&#227;o das veias cava inferior e hep&#225;ticas. Ectasia da ves&#237;cula biliar. N&#227;o havia linfonodomegalias. O cora&#231;&#227;o era aumentado difusamente com predom&#237;nio de &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Como a paciente estivesse muito emagrecida, com diminui&#231;&#227;o moderada da FEVE e imagem pulmonar alterada, iniciou-se a pesquisa de causas de s&#237;ndromes consumptivas outras que n&#227;o a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os exames do escarro (tr&#234;s amostras em dias diferentes) foram negativos para bacilos &#225;lcool-&#225;cido resistentes. A bacterioscopia do escarro revelou flora habitual local: bacilos Gram-positivos, cocos Gram-positivos, bacilos Gram-negativos, diplococos Gram-negativos e cocobacilos Gram-negativos.</p>
      <p>A paciente foi submetida a bi&#243;psia do n&#243;dulo pulmonar (12 outubro 2016), que revelou processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico granulomatoso com extensa &#225;rea de necrose. A pesquisa de fungos foi negativa e a de BAAR estava em andamento.</p>
      <p>Na noite de 12 de outubro de 2016, cerca de 12 horas ap&#243;s a bi&#243;psia, a paciente acordou com mal-estar indefinido. Os sinais vitais iniciais eram press&#227;o arterial de 50/40 mmHg, satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> de 99% com cateter de O<sub>2</sub>, taquicardia e taquipneia. Evolui para parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria com ritmo el&#233;trico sem pulso. Mesmo com realiza&#231;&#227;o de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o, evoluiu para assistolia e faleceu.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Iniciamos a discuss&#227;o pela lista de problemas: 60 anos, dispneia, tosse seca, perda ponderal, subfebril, anemia, aumento dos hilos pulmonares, calcifica&#231;&#245;es hilares (linfonodos sequelares) e n&#243;dulo pulmonar (granuloma com necrose). Como antecedentes, existiam doen&#231;a de Chagas (n&#227;o havia confirma&#231;&#227;o, pois n&#227;o tinha sorologia para doen&#231;a de Chagas), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, com &#225;reas de acinesia e aneurisma de ponta e taquicardia ventricular sustentada pr&#233;via.</p>
        <p>Dentre as doen&#231;as granulomatosas, a sarcoidose possui sintomas inespec&#237;ficos, como febre, emagrecimento, sudorese noturna e fadiga. Outros sintomas dependem dos &#243;rg&#227;os acometidos, como no comprometimento pulmonar (tosse seca, dispneia, dor tor&#225;cica), ocular (dor ocular, dist&#250;rbios da vis&#227;o), cut&#226;neo, musculoesquel&#233;tico (dores articulares, mialgias) e linfonodomegalia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Embora o acometimento card&#237;aco seja diagnosticado em porcentual que varia de 5% a 10% dos casos, em achados de aut&#243;psias atinge valores entre 10% e 76%, podendo provocar bloqueio de ramo, dist&#250;rbios da repolariza&#231;&#227;o, arritmias e cardiomiopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A sarcoidose card&#237;aca isolada pode ocorrer em at&#233; 25% dos casos e, portanto, a aus&#234;ncia de sarcoidose extracard&#237;aca n&#227;o exclui o acometimento do cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A caracter&#237;stica cl&#237;nica mais comum da sarcoidose card&#237;aca &#233; a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca biventricular, com ou sem evid&#234;ncia de envolvimento n&#227;o card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral pode ser grave e causada por envolvimento do m&#250;sculo papilar, uma possibilidade para a insufici&#234;ncia mitral da paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Arritmias ventriculares (taquicardia ventricular sustentada ou n&#227;o sustentada e batimentos prematuros ventriculares) s&#227;o a segunda apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais comum da sarcoidose card&#237;aca, ocorrendo em aproximadamente 30% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes com sarcoidose card&#237;aca s&#227;o vari&#225;veis e podem incluir &#225;reas focais de edema, resultando em aumento da espessura da parede e mimetiza&#231;&#227;o de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (por exemplo, hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica), ou, em padr&#245;es mais avan&#231;ados de envolvimento, &#225;reas focais de acinesia, discinesia ou aneurisma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de ter sido muitas vezes descrito como uma cardiomiopatia restritiva, o fen&#243;tipo mais comum da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca sarcoid&#243;tica &#233; a cardiomiopatia dilatada, com ocasional forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Como a descri&#231;&#227;o dessa doen&#231;a citada acima possui muitos pontos em comum com os achados da paciente, a hip&#243;tese aventada &#233; de sarcoidose sist&#234;mica com acometimento card&#237;aco e pulmonar, n&#227;o se podendo afastar as causas infecciosas do acometimento respirat&#243;rio, dentre elas, a mais comum e prevalente ainda no Brasil, a tuberculose, que tamb&#233;m forma granulomas.</p>
        <p>Deve ser salientado, no entanto, que os granulomas sarco&#237;dicos s&#227;o em geral "duros", ou seja, n&#227;o apresentam necrose, e que, portanto, a bi&#243;psia ganglionar n&#227;o favorece esse diagn&#243;stico. (Dr. Gustavo Alonso Arduine)</p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica:</bold> sindr&#244;mica: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; etiol&#243;gica: sarcoidose sist&#234;mica (card&#237;aca e pulmonar). (Dr. Gustavo Alonso Arduine)</p>
        <p><bold>Quadro final: Choque misto:</bold> s&#233;ptico e cardiog&#234;nico (Dr. Gustavo Alonso Arduine)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necr&#243;psia</title>
        <p>A necr&#243;psia mostrou paciente emagrecida, com sinal cut&#226;neo de pun&#231;&#227;o tor&#225;cica por agulha em hemit&#243;rax direito. &#192; abertura do t&#243;rax observou-se presen&#231;a de co&#225;gulos sangu&#237;neos na pleura parietal e cole&#231;&#227;o de sangue na cavidade pleural direita, totalizando cerca de 1400 ml.</p>
        <p>O exame do cora&#231;&#227;o revelou cardiomegalia moderada (450 g de peso), com dilata&#231;&#227;o biventricular discreta e aneurisma com afilamento da parede mioc&#225;rdica lateral esquerda em uma &#225;rea de aproximadamente 4x3 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 8</xref>). Nesse local, encontramos substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrosa do mioc&#225;rdio. A valva mitral mostrava sinais de insufici&#234;ncia secund&#225;ria &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel. Nas c&#226;maras direitas, havia cabos met&#225;licos de marca-passo, um deles impactado no &#225;trio e o outro na por&#231;&#227;o trabeculada do ventr&#237;culo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Figura 9</xref>). Na sua passagem pela valva tric&#250;spide, o cabo estava a ela aderido e recoberto por bainha de tecido esbranqui&#231;ado. N&#227;o havia trombos cavit&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f21">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aspecto macrosc&#243;pico da les&#227;o afilada da parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, onde h&#225; substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrosa do mioc&#225;rdio (setas). O &#225;trio esquerdo (asterisco) est&#225; bastante dilatado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f22">
            <label>Figura 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>C&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas com dois cabos met&#225;licos de marcapasso endoc&#225;rdico, um impactado no &#225;trio e outro no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo. T- valva tric&#250;spide.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf09-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O exame dos pulm&#245;es revelou a presen&#231;a de um n&#243;dulo mal delimitado de colora&#231;&#227;o pardacenta e com centro necr&#243;tico no lobo m&#233;dio direito, medindo 2,5 cm no maior eixo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f23">Figura 10</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f23">
            <label>Figura 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Superf&#237;cie de corte do pulm&#227;o com les&#227;o nodular mostrando centro necr&#243;tico (seta).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf10-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os linfonodos hilares e subcarinais estavam aumentados de volume, eram confluentes e exibiam extensas &#225;reas nodulares e esbranqui&#231;adas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f24">Figura 11</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f24">
            <label>Figura 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Traqueia aberta pela face posterior. Em regi&#227;o subcarinal, h&#225; linfonodos confluentes com &#225;reas nodulares esbranqui&#231;adas (setas).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf11-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O f&#237;gado exibia superf&#237;cie finamente granulosa e pesou 2.223 g.</p>
        <p>Ao exame histol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio, havia hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos com fibrose focal de intensidade vari&#225;vel. Discreto infiltrado infamat&#243;rio mioc&#225;rdico estava presente focalmente.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o microsc&#243;pica dos pulm&#245;es e dos linfonodos mostrou inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica granulomatosa extensa com necrose caseosa, inclusive na &#225;rea nodular do par&#234;nquima pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f25">Figura 12</xref>). A pesquisa de bacilos &#225;lcool-&#225;cido resistentes foi positiva, com pequena quantidade de bacilos nas les&#245;es caseosas (n&#227;o demonstrados).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f25">
            <label>Figura 12</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica granulomatosa em pulm&#227;o (painel esquerdo) e linfonodo (painel direito). Notam-se numerosas c&#233;lulas gigantes (setas) e focos de necrose caseosa (N). Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina-eosina, aumentos das objetivas 10X e 5X.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf12-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ainda microscopicamente, o f&#237;gado mostrou transforma&#231;&#227;o nodular difusa, com expans&#227;o dos espa&#231;os-porta e les&#227;o difusa de hepat&#243;citos caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos corpos eosinof&#237;licos citoplasm&#225;ticos (corp&#250;sculos de Mallory) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f26">Figura 13</xref>). (Profa. Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f26">
            <label>Figura 13</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografias do f&#237;gado. No painel da esquerda nota-se transforma&#231;&#227;o nodular do par&#234;nquima e, no da direita, hepat&#243;citos com m&#250;ltiplos corp&#250;sculos avermelhados (corp&#250;sculos de Mallory - setas). Colora&#231;&#227;o pela reticulina (painel da esquerda) e pela hematoxilina-eosina (painel da direita). Aumentos das objetivas respectivamente 5X e 40X.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0588-80100-gf13-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <title>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos:</title>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Cardiopatia cr&#244;nica de prov&#225;vel etiologia chag&#225;sica com aneurisma da parede lateral;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Tuberculose produtivo-caseosa em pulm&#245;es e linfonodos mediastinais;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Hepatopatia cr&#244;nica em cirrotiza&#231;&#227;o, com caracter&#237;sticas de les&#227;o celular secund&#225;ria ao uso cr&#244;nico de amiodarona;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Hemot&#243;rax. (Profa. Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
          <p>A paciente em quest&#227;o apresentava cardiopatia cr&#244;nica com arritmia e tratamento espec&#237;fico com marca-passo e drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. O agravamento da sua condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica deveu-se ao desenvolvimento de tuberculose produtivo-caseosa em pulm&#245;es e linfonodos mediastinais, que foi motivo da investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica final. A hip&#243;tese cl&#237;nica de sarcoidose foi afastada pelo achado dos agentes infecciosos (bacilos &#225;lcool-&#225;cido resistentes) nas les&#245;es granulomatosas.</p>
          <p>Embora n&#227;o existisse miocardite difusa ao exame histol&#243;gico, o diagn&#243;stico mais prov&#225;vel &#233; mesmo a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, a julgar pelo aspecto morfol&#243;gico macrosc&#243;pico com substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrosa da parede lateral/inferior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e pela presen&#231;a de fibrose intersticial difusa, embora tais achados n&#227;o sejam caracter&#237;sticos.</p>
          <p>Os achados histol&#243;gicos no par&#234;nquima hep&#225;tico apontam para um tipo de les&#227;o celular descrita na toxicidade a drogas. Como existe relato de esta paciente ter recebido amiodarona no decorrer da sua doen&#231;a, conclu&#237;mos que essa droga est&#225; relacionada &#224; les&#227;o hep&#225;tica. Esse tipo de les&#227;o &#233; caracterizado por transforma&#231;&#227;o nodular (cirrose) e por hepatite com numerosos corp&#250;sculos de Mallory. Tais corp&#250;sculos eram no passado conhecidos como tendo associa&#231;&#227;o com a etiologia alco&#243;lica da hepatopatia; por&#233;m, diversos estudos mostraram o papel patog&#234;nico da amiodarona e seus metab&#243;litos no desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O ac&#250;mulo dessas subst&#226;ncias se d&#225; em hepat&#243;citos, c&#233;lulas de Kupffer e c&#233;lulas ductais, havendo inibi&#231;&#227;o da remo&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;pides lisossomais. A hepatotoxicidade acontece em 1% a 3% dos pacientes tratados com amiodarona, e parece ser dependente da dose (acumulativa). J&#225; para toxicidade pulmonar, a preval&#234;ncia &#233; maior e estimada em 5% a 7%. Acreditamos que a les&#227;o hep&#225;tica deva ter contribu&#237;do para as altera&#231;&#245;es da coagula&#231;&#227;o que culminaram no hemot&#243;rax.</p>
          <p>Infelizmente n&#227;o houve tempo suficiente para iniciar o tratamento espec&#237;fico contra tuberculose, que poderia trazer impacto positivo na evolu&#231;&#227;o dessa paciente. (Profa. Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</p>
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          <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
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