<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Xp7fFSdWJMpj657nVjb8z5B</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000600585</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180092</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Update of the Impact of Consumption of Whole Chicken Eggs on the Lipid Profile: to What Extent are They Impacting?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Uberl&#226;ndia</city>
            <state>MG</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia (UFU), Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Heitor Oliveira Santos.</bold> Av. Par&#225;, 1720. Postal Code 38400-902, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>heitoroliveirasantos@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos HO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>585</fpage>
      <lpage>587</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cholesterol / chemistry</kwd>
        <kwd>Eggs / utilization</kwd>
        <kwd>Egg Proteins</kwd>
        <kwd>Egg Proteins, Dietary</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidants</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The older literature (mid 1980-90) shows that increased dietary cholesterol intake can raise total serum cholesterol and LDL levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Some more current positions question the recommendation of daily cholesterol intake, as well as the impact of the whole chicken egg, inquiring whether it is a harmful or beneficial classification food in this context.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In the midst of controversial issues, it is essential to analyze variables such as food consumption in general and how much dietary cholesterol intake is impacting on the parameters of the lipid profile, thus obtaining a more reliable information, mainly when the focus is the clinical conduct.</p>
      <p>One of the foods most known to contain cholesterol is the egg, and it is in the yolk where the cholesterol is concentrated. The chicken egg is the most consumed worldwide, being a food of affordable price, and, above all, of practical cooking and good nutritional profile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Among the types of cooking, the fried chicken egg, stir-fried, cooked, poch&#234;, roast, in the form of omelet and souffl&#233;s, besides being an ingredient of various preparations, stands out. The nutritional aspects of the chicken egg are extensive. It is a source rich in proteins of high biological value, unsaturated fats, liposoluble vitamins (mainly vitamin A and E), vitamin B12 and antioxidant components.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>I carried out studies of great sample character, exhibiting interesting adjustments through the ingestion of chicken eggs. Data from observational methodology and human intervention support new research.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Hence, we sought to analyze the impact of the intake of whole chicken eggs on the lipid profile from older and recent studies.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pre-established studies: discussion of research in the mid-2000s</title>
        <p>In 2000, McNamara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> through a review encompassing a survey of 167 studies, whereof cholesterol intake in more than 4000 individuals was analyzed, shows that every 100 mg of dietary cholesterol intake the total plasma cholesterol increased only 2.2 mg/dL. A whole chicken egg unit (~ 50 g) contains a cholesterol content equivalent to the amount analyzed in the McNamara study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> presenting approximately 100-150 mg of cholesterol,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> therefore, being one of the main foods that provided the increase of the cholesterol intake.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Regarding the LDL and HDL lipoproteins, the addition of 100 mg of cholesterol per day from the diet in the general McNamara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> population increased the LDL levels by 1.9mg/dL and HDL levels by 0.4 mg/dL. Nevertheless, the mean change in the proportion of LDL: HDL per 100mg of dietary daily cholesterol in the patients was 2.60 to 2.61, that is, both values were literally negligible for the outcome of cardiovascular problems, such as plaque atheroma and stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>McNamara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> also shows the relationship of dietary cholesterol response to heterogeneity, whose people are divided into hypersensitive and hypersensitive. According to the author, 15% to 25% of the population is sensitive to dietary cholesterol, in which there is a genetic increase in the production of apolipoprotein E4 and apolipoprotein B. However, the impact of daily dietary cholesterol intake per 100mg increased by only 1.4 mg/dL of total cholesterol levels in hypo-responsive individuals and 3.9 mg/dL in hyperresponsive individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>However, McNamara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> does not emphasize whether the main food responsible for dietary cholesterol was chicken egg. A subject to analyze is the response of the lipid profile of patients with dyslipidemia to the eggs ingestion. In 1997, Knopp et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> already had data for this issue.</p>
        <p>Knopp et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> conducted a very well controlled study involving 130 patients with hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia. For six weeks was used a diet based on traditional recommendations, and from that period randomized patients to receive two whole chicken eggs per week or at most one whole chicken egg per week, lasting 12 weeks. They analyzed the lipid profile before and after the intervention and observed that patients with hypercholesterolemia who consumed two eggs daily increased their HDL levels by an average of 48 to 52 ng/dL (p = 0.003), while they did not change other markers such as LDL, total cholesterol, VLDL and apolipoprotein B. On the other hand, patients with combined hyperlipidaemia who consumed two eggs per day increased mean total cholesterol from 238 to 250 ng/dL (p = 0.001), LDL from 150 to 162 ng/dL (p = 0.001), HDL from 42 to 45 ng/dL (p = 0.02), and apolipoprotein B (p = 0.05). A decrease in VLDL from 103 to 95 mg/dL (p = 0.007) was observed in this study, which was probably not expected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Current studies: from large population samples to intervention with good control of intakes of whole chicken eggs</title>
        <p>A recently published study showed that consumption between two to four (n = 4493) and greater than four whole chicken eggs (n = 214) per week did not increase the incidence of cardiovascular disease compared to individuals with a consumption habit of less than two eggs per week (n = 2509). It is noteworthy that this study is of the renowned group PREDIMED (PREvenci&#243;n con DIeta MEDiterr&#225;nea), in which the individuals followed a Mediterranean food style, therefore, with habitual consumption of olive oil and oilseeds. In this way, the increase in egg consumption was accompanied by a good dietary style, which was confirmed by the control of macronutrients and type of ingested lipids, as a relevant percentage of monounsaturated fats (~20% of total caloric value) and moderate in saturated fats (~10% of the total caloric value).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Despite the study by the PREDIMED group,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> in a study with a considerable sample (n = 1231) it is stated that the higher the consumption of whole chicken eggs, the greater the area of the atheroma plaque in the carotid (weekly consumption between one and five eggs exhibited larger area of the plaque compared to half egg weekly). However, in the study lack physical exercise control, waist circumference and mainly, dietary habits. Nevertheless, the increase in plaque area was related to an older age and history of smoking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Another recent study showed that the daily intake of two to three whole chicken eggs increased the functionality of HDL and plasma carotenoids, which are anti-inflammatory and antioxidant factors. Thirty-eight healthy participants participated in a study in which initially they stayed a period of 2 weeks without eating egg, and later consumed an entire egg of chicken for 4 weeks, and progressively two and three whole eggs daily every 4 weeks; the intervention lasted 14 weeks. Compared with the time of deprivation of egg ingestion, consumption of one to three eggs/day resulted in increased concentrations of large LDL (21-37%), large HDL (6-13%) and apolipoprotein AI (9-15%) whereas ingestion of two to three eggs/day promoted an increase in apolipoprotein AII by 11% and lutein and plasma zeaxanthin by 20-31%, whereas the ingestion of three eggs/day resulted in an increase of 9-16% in serum paraoxonase-1 activity compared to the intake of one to two eggs/day. Intake of one egg/day was sufficient to increase HDL function and particle concentration of large LDL. In general, the daily intake of less than three eggs/day favored a better LDL particle profile, improved the function of HDL and increased plasma antioxidants in healthy young adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>This recent intervention adds to the literature a more biologically detailed impact as a function of the consumption of whole chicken eggs, since it goes beyond classic lipid profile markers in clinical practice, analyzing lipoprotein precursors and antioxidant character.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The increase of paraoxonase-1 and apolipoprotein AI levels as a function of egg ingestion are beneficial, since they are precursors of HDL formation, providing greater functionality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In reference to the increase of large LDL, it does not mean a bad factor, but a beneficial modulation of the molecule, because the higher the volume, the lower is the propensity for endothelial penetration in the arteries, unlike LDL of lower volume (ie, sdLDL, small dense low-density lipoprotein particles).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Positioning of guidelines regarding cholesterol consumption</title>
        <p>The V Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias and Prevention of Atherosclerosis encourages the ingestion of cholesterol &lt; 300 mg/d for patients in general, and for dyslipidemics the incentive is &lt; 200 mg/d.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In agreement with the most recent recommendations in the medical literature, a new consensus from the American Heart Association,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> based mainly on the dietary guidelines of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> in the period from 2015 to 2020, cholesterol consumption is still limited to that advocated by the V Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias and Prevention of Atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, such recommendations do not specify where dietary cholesterol comes from, for example, whether it is primarily from a Western-style diet rich in fritters as a whole, or from a type of nutrient-rich diet rich in functional substances. The American Heart Association's recent positioning encourages Mediterranean feeding, citing the PREDIMED group, which, in parallel, can be based on a considerable weekly frequency of intakes of whole eggs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Analyzing a food in isolation requires detailed adjustments, and the egg is a food that undoubtedly remains controversial. There are two strands, one more cautious and another one that overestimates the potential of the egg as food. Following the traditional recommendations of cholesterol intake is of some importance; however, one should consider the whole lifestyle.</p>
      <p>Probably, in individuals who exercise and have good dietary control, the routine intake of whole eggs will not cause harm to the lipid profile, since, presumably, the body is in a good redox balance, being a protective factor for cardiovascular outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Even in elderly individuals, the daily consumption of eggs, at least non-abusively, may be insignificant in altering the lipid profile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In a cross-over study of 33 elderly (mean age 79 years), the daily consumption of a whole chicken egg for five weeks did not change any traditional lipid profile marker compared to the same period without the ingestion of eggs, and serum antioxidant markers (+26% lutein and + 38% zeaxanthin).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Given the importance of redox balance as a protector to the cardiovascular side, perhaps the consumption of whole eggs is also not of concern for patients with dyslipidemias, because as was quoted, its consumption exhibits beneficial antioxidant modulation to lipoproteins. The PREDIMED study is a good baseline, encompassing middle-aged and large sample patients. Regarding whole eggs intake in the style of Mediterranean food, two to four eggs per week are consumed on average, whereas less than two servings of sweetmeats and red meat and less than a portion of processed meat are consumed. The white meat intake is two servings and the portions of vegetables, fish or shellfish are two or more per week.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Thus, like the PREDIMED study, if the individual has good eating habits as a whole, the intake of whole eggs with considerable weekly frequency seems to be safe. Above all, the prescription of eggs in clinical practice is a very individual factor, mainly depending on lipid and protein adjustments.</p>
      <p>Taken together, dietary cholesterol mainly by using the egg as a source can alter the lipid profile by increasing the markers in general. However, in assessing the actual biological impact this appears to be practically insignificant. Genetic factors can increase the cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides levels of individuals because of higher cholesterol intake, but nonetheless not quite alarming.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Ginsberg HN, Karmally W, Siddiqui M, Holleran S, Tall AR, Blaner WS, et al. Increases in dietary cholesterol are associated with modest increases in both LDL and HDL cholesterol in healthy young women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;15(2):169-78. PMID: 7749822.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ginsberg</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karmally</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siddiqui</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holleran</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tall</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blaner</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increases in dietary cholesterol are associated with modest increases in both LDL and HDL cholesterol in healthy young women</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>169</fpage>
          <lpage>178</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmcid">7749822</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Edington J, Geekie M, Carter R, Benfield L, Fisher K, Ball M, et al. Effect of dietary cholesterol on plasma cholesterol concentration in subjects following reduced fat, high fibre diet. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;294(6568):333-6. PMID: 3028545.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Edington</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geekie</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benfield</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ball</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Effect of dietary cholesterol on plasma cholesterol concentration in subjects following reduced fat, high fibre diet</chapter-title>
          <source>Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)</source>
          <year>1987</year>
          <volume>294</volume>
          <issue>6568</issue>
          <fpage>333</fpage>
          <lpage>336</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmcid">3028545</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Griffin BA. Eggs: good or bad? Proc Nutr Soc. 2016;75(3):259-64. doi: 10.1017/S0029665116000215.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Griffin</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Eggs: good or bad?</article-title>
          <source>Proc Nutr Soc</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>264</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0029665116000215</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Fernandez ML. Rethinking dietary cholesterol. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012;15(2):117-21. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834d2259.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rethinking dietary cholesterol</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>117</fpage>
          <lpage>121</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834d2259</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 D&#237;ez-Espino J, Basterra-Gortari FJ, Salas-Salvad&#243; J, Buil-Cosiales P, Corella D, Schr&#246;der H, et al; PREDIMED Investigators. Egg consumption and cardiovascular disease according to diabetic status: the PREDIMED study. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(4):1015-21. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D&#237;ez-Espino</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Basterra-Gortari</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salas-Salvad&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buil-Cosiales</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corella</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schr&#246;der</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>PREDIMED Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Egg consumption and cardiovascular disease according to diabetic status: the PREDIMED study</article-title>
          <source>Clin Nutr</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1015</fpage>
          <lpage>1021</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 DiMarco DM, Norris GH, Millar CL, Blesso CN, Fernandez ML. Intake of up to 3 eggs per day is associated with changes in HDL function and increased plasma antioxidants in healthy, young adults. J Nutr. 2017;147(3):323-9. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.241877.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DiMarco</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Norris</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Millar</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blesso</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intake of up to 3 eggs per day is associated with changes in HDL function and increased plasma antioxidants in healthy, young adults</article-title>
          <source>J Nutr</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>147</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>323</fpage>
          <lpage>329</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3945/jn.116.241877</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 McNamara DJ. The impact of egg limitations on coronary heart disease risk: do the numbers add up? J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19(5 Suppl):540S-548S. PMID: 11023005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McNamara</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The impact of egg limitations on coronary heart disease risk: do the numbers add up?</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Nutr.</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>540S</fpage>
          <lpage>548S</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11023005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Miranda JM, Anton X, Redondo-Valbuena C, Roca-Saavedra P, Rodriguez JA, Lamas A, et al. Egg and egg-derived foods: effects on human health and use as functional foods. Nutrients. 2015;7(1):706-29. doi: 10.3390/nu7010706.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miranda</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anton</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redondo-Valbuena</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roca-Saavedra</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodriguez</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Egg and egg-derived foods: effects on human health and use as functional foods</article-title>
          <source>Nutrients</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>706</fpage>
          <lpage>729</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/nu7010706</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Knopp RH, Retzlaff BM, Walden CE, Dowdy AA, Tsunehara CH, Austin MA, et al. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of the effects of two eggs per day in moderately hypercholesterolemic and combined hyperlipidemic subjects taught the NCEP step I diet. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997;16(6):551-61. PMID: 9430083.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Knopp</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Retzlaff</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walden</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dowdy</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsunehara</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Austin</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of the effects of two eggs per day in moderately hypercholesterolemic and combined hyperlipidemic subjects taught the NCEP step I diet</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Nutr</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>551</fpage>
          <lpage>561</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9430083</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Spence JD, Jenkins DJ, Davignon J. Egg yolk consumption and carotid plaque. Atherosclerosis. 2012;224(2):469-73. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.032.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spence</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jenkins</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davignon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Egg yolk consumption and carotid plaque</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>224</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>469</fpage>
          <lpage>473</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.032</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Reddy ST, Wadleigh DJ, Grijalva V, Ng C, Hama S, Gangopadhyay A, et al. Human paraoxonase-3 is an HDL-associated enzyme with biological activity similar to paraoxonase-1 protein but is not regulated by oxidized lipids. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(4):542-7. PMID: 11304470.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wadleigh</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grijalva</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ng</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hama</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gangopadhyay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Human paraoxonase-3 is an HDL-associated enzyme with biological activity similar to paraoxonase-1 protein but is not regulated by oxidized lipids</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>542</fpage>
          <lpage>547</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11304470</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 DiDonato JA, Huang Y, Aulak K, Even-Or O, Gerstenecker G, Gogonea V, et al. The Function and Distribution of Apolipoprotein A1 in the Artery Wall are Markedly Distinct from those in Plasma. Circulation. 2013;128(15):1644-55. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002624</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DiDonato</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aulak</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Even-Or</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerstenecker</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gogonea</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Function and Distribution of Apolipoprotein A1 in the Artery Wall are Markedly Distinct from those in Plasma</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>128</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1644</fpage>
          <lpage>1655</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002624</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Krauss RM. Dietary and genetic probes of atherogenic dyslipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(11):2265-72. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000186365.73973.f0.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krauss</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dietary and genetic probes of atherogenic dyslipidemia</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2265</fpage>
          <lpage>2272</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.ATV.0000186365.73973.f0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Xavier HT, Izar MC, Faria Neto JR, Assad MH, Rocha VZ, Sposito AC, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. [V Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Prevention of Atherosclerosis]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;101(4 Suppl 1):1-20. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/105935/abc20135010">http://dx.doi.org/105935/abc20135010</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Xavier</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izar</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assad</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>VZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sposito</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>V Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Prevention of Atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>4 Suppl 1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/105935/abc20135010">http://dx.doi.org/105935/abc20135010</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JH, Appel LJ, Creager MA, Kris-Etherton PM, et al; American Heart Association. Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;136(3):e1-e23. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sacks</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lichtenstein</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appel</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Creager</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kris-Etherton</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Heart Association</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>136</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>e1</fpage>
          <lpage>e23</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP). Advisory Report. Report Index. [Internet]. [Accessed in 2017 Jun 24]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/">https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Advisory Report. Report Index. [Internet]</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2017 Jun 24</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/">https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Hunter PM, Hegele RA. Functional foods and dietary supplements for the management of dyslipidaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(5):278-88. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.210.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hunter</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hegele</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Functional foods and dietary supplements for the management of dyslipidaemia</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>278</fpage>
          <lpage>288</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrendo.2016.210</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Goodrow EF, Wilson TA, Houde SC, Vishwanathan R, Scollin PA, Handelman G, et al. Consumption of one egg per day increases serum lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in older adults without altering serum lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. J Nutr. 2006;136(10):2519-24. PMID: 16988120.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goodrow</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Houde</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vishwanathan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scollin</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Handelman</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Consumption of one egg per day increases serum lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in older adults without altering serum lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations</article-title>
          <source>J Nutr</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>136</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>2519</fpage>
          <lpage>2524</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16988120</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Bach-Faig A, Berry EM, Lairon D, Reguant J, Trichopoulou A, Dernini S, et al; Mediterranean Diet Foundation Expert Group. Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(12A):2274-84. doi: 10.1017/S1368980011002515.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bach-Faig</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berry</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lairon</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reguant</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trichopoulou</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dernini</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Mediterranean Diet Foundation Expert Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates</article-title>
          <source>Public Health Nutr</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>12A</issue>
          <fpage>2274</fpage>
          <lpage>2284</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S1368980011002515</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o do Impacto do Consumo de Ovos de Galinha Inteiros no Perfil Lip&#237;dico: At&#233; que Ponto s&#227;o Impactantes?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia (UFU), Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Heitor Oliveira Santos.</bold> Av. Par&#225;, 1720. CEP 38400-902, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>heitoroliveirasantos@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos HO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Colesterol / qu&#237;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ovos / utiliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;nas do Ovo</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;nas Diet&#233;ticas do Ovo</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A literatura mais antiga (meados de 1980-1990) mostra que o aumento da ingest&#227;o de colesterol diet&#233;tico pode aumentar o colesterol total s&#233;rico e a LDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> J&#225;, alguns posicionamentos mais atuais questionam a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de colesterol, assim como o impacto do ovo de galinha inteiro, indagando se &#233; um alimento de classifica&#231;&#227;o mal&#233;fica ou ben&#233;fica nesse &#226;mbito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> No meio de temas controversos, &#233; primordial analisar vari&#225;veis, como o consumo alimentar no geral e o quanto a ingest&#227;o do colesterol diet&#233;tico &#233; impactante nos par&#226;metros do perfil lip&#237;dico, assim obtendo uma informa&#231;&#227;o mais fidedigna, principalmente quando o foco &#233; a conduta cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Um dos alimentos mais conhecidos por conter colesterol &#233; o ovo, e &#233; na gema que o colesterol se concentra. O ovo de galinha &#233; o mais consumido mundialmente, sendo um alimento de pre&#231;o acess&#237;vel, sobretudo, de coc&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica e bom perfil nutricional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dentre os tipos de coc&#231;&#245;es, destaca-se o ovo frito, mexido, cozido, poch&#234;, assado, na forma de omelete e sufl&#234;s, al&#233;m de ser um ingrediente de diversas prepara&#231;&#245;es. Os aspectos nutritivos do ovo de galinha s&#227;o amplos. &#201; uma fonte rica em prote&#237;nas de alto valor biol&#243;gico, gorduras insaturadas, vitaminas lipossol&#250;veis (principalmente vitamina A e E), vitamina B12 e componentes antioxidantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Surgiram estudos de grande car&#225;ter amostral, exibindo ajustes interessantes atrav&#233;s da ingest&#227;o de ovos de galinha. Dados provenientes de metodologia observacional e interven&#231;&#227;o em humanos respaldam as novas pesquisas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dessa forma, procurou-se analisar qual &#233; o impacto da ingest&#227;o de ovos de galinha inteiros no perfil lip&#237;dico a partir de estudos mais antigos e recentes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudos pr&#233;-estabelecidos: discuss&#227;o de pesquisas em meados dos anos 2000</title>
          <p>Em 2000, baseado em um levantamento de 167 estudos que abrangeu a ingest&#227;o do colesterol em mais de 4000 indiv&#237;duos, McNamara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> mostrou que a cada 100 mg da ingest&#227;o do colesterol diet&#233;tico o colesterol total no plasma variou em apenas 2,2 mg/dL. Uma unidade de ovo de galinha inteiro (~50 g) cont&#233;m um teor de colesterol equivalente &#224; quantidade analisada no estudo de McNamara,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> apresentando aproximadamente 100-150mg de colesterol,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> portanto, podendo ser um dos principais alimentos que proporcionou o aumento da ingest&#227;o de colesterol diet&#233;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
          <p>No tocante a lipoprote&#237;nas LDL e HDL, a adi&#231;&#227;o de 100mg de colesterol por dia provindo da dieta na popula&#231;&#227;o geral de McNamara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> aumentou os n&#237;veis da LDL em 1,9 mg/dL e HDL em 0,4 mg/dL. N&#227;o obstante, a m&#233;dia da altera&#231;&#227;o da propor&#231;&#227;o de LDL:HDL por 100 mg de colesterol diet&#233;tico di&#225;rio nos pacientes foi de 2,60 para 2,61, ou seja, ambos valores, literalmente, &#237;nfimos para desfecho de problemas cardiovasculares, como placa de ateroma e acidente vascular cerebral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <p>McNamara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> tamb&#233;m mostra a rela&#231;&#227;o da resposta ao colesterol diet&#233;tico perante a heterogeneidade, cuja as pessoas s&#227;o divididas em hiper-responsivas e hipo-responsivas. Segundo o autor, 15% a 25% da popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; sens&#237;vel para o colesterol da dieta, na qual ocorre aumento gen&#233;tico da produ&#231;&#227;o de apolipoprote&#237;na E4 e apolipoprote&#237;na B. Todavia, o impacto da ingest&#227;o de colesterol diet&#233;tico di&#225;rio a cada 100 mg aumentou apenas 1,4 mg/dL dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total nos indiv&#237;duos hipo-responsivos e 3,9 mg/dL nos hiper-responsivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <p>No entanto, McNamara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> n&#227;o enfatiza se o principal alimento respons&#225;vel pelo colesterol diet&#233;tico foi o ovo de galinha. Um tema a analisar &#233; a resposta do perfil lip&#237;dico de pacientes com dislipidemia &#224; ingest&#227;o de ovos. Em 1997, Knopp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> j&#225; tinham dados para essa quest&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Knopp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> realizaram um estudo muito bem controlado envolvendo um total de 130 pacientes com hipercolesterolemia e hiperlipidemia combinada. Por seis semanas empregou-se uma dieta baseada nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es tradicionais como um todo, e a partir desse per&#237;odo randomizaram os pacientes a receberem dois ovos de galinha inteiros diariamente por semana ou no m&#225;ximo um ovo de galinha inteiro por semana, tendo dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas. Analisaram o perfil lip&#237;dico antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o e observaram que os pacientes com hipercolesterolemia que consumiram dois ovos di&#225;rios aumentaram a m&#233;dia dos n&#237;veis da HDL de 48 para 52 ng/dL (p = 0,003), ao passo que n&#227;o alterou outros marcadores, tais como, LDL, colesterol total, VLDL e apolipoprote&#237;na B. Por outro lado, os pacientes com hiperlipidemia combinada que consumiram dois ovos por dia aumentaram em m&#233;dia o colesterol total de 238 para 250 ng/dL (p = 0,001), LDL em 150 para 162 ng/dL (p = 0,001), HDL de 42 para 45 ng/dL (p = 0,02), e apolipoprote&#237;na B (p = 0,05). Observou-se a diminui&#231;&#227;o da VLDL de 103 para 95mg/dL (p = 0,007) neste estudo, o que provavelmente n&#227;o era esperado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudos atuais: de grandes amostras populacionais &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o com bom controle da ingest&#227;o de ovos de galinha inteiros</title>
          <p>Recente estudo mostrou que o consumo entre dois a quatro (n = 4493) e maior que quatro ovos (n = 214) inteiros de galinha por semana n&#227;o aumentou a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares comparado a indiv&#237;duos com h&#225;bito de consumo menor que dois ovos por semana (n = 2509). Vale ressaltar que este estudo &#233; do renomado grupo PREDIMED (PREvenci&#243;n con DIeta MEDiterr&#225;nea), no qual os indiv&#237;duos seguiam um estilo alimentar mediterr&#226;neo, portanto, havendo consumo habitual de azeite de oliva e oleaginosas. Logo, o aumento do consumo de ovos era acompanhado por um bom estilo alimentar, o qual foi comprovado pelo controle de macronutrientes e tipo de lip&#237;dios ingeridos, como relevante percentual de gorduras monoinsaturadas (~20% do valor cal&#243;rico total) e moderada em saturadas (~10% do valor cal&#243;rico total).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A despeito do estudo do grupo PREDIMED,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> em um estudo tamb&#233;m com consider&#225;vel amostra (n = 1231) &#233; disposto que quanto maior o consumo de ovos de galinha inteiros, maior foi a &#225;rea da placa de ateroma na car&#243;tida (consumo semanal entre um a cinco ovos exibiu maior &#225;rea da placa comparado com meio ovo semanal). Entretanto, no estudo falta o controle de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e o principal, h&#225;bitos diet&#233;ticos. N&#227;o obstante, o aumento da &#225;rea da placa foi relacionado com maior idade e hist&#243;rico de fumar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Outro recente estudo mostrou que a ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de dois a tr&#234;s ovos inteiros de galinha aumentou a funcionalidade da HDL e carotenoides plasm&#225;ticos, os quais s&#227;o fatores anti-inflamat&#243;rios e antioxidantes. Trinta e oito participantes saud&#225;veis participaram de um estudo em que inicialmente ficaram um per&#237;odo de 2 semanas sem comer ovo, e posteriormente consumiram um ovo inteiro de galinha por 4 semanas, e progressivamente dois e tr&#234;s ovos inteiros diariamente a cada 4 semanas; a interven&#231;&#227;o durou um total de 14 semanas. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o momento da priva&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de ovos, o consumo de um a tr&#234;s ovos/dia resultou em concentra&#231;&#245;es aumentadas dos n&#237;veis da LDL grande (21-37%), HDL grande (6-13%) e apolipoprote&#237;na AI (9-15%), ao passo que a ingest&#227;o de dois a tr&#234;s ovos/dia promoveu um aumento da apolipoprote&#237;na AII em 11% e a lute&#237;na e zeaxantina plasm&#225;tica em 20-31%, enquanto a ingest&#227;o de tr&#234;s ovos/dia resultou no aumento de 9-16% na atividade de paraoxonase-1 s&#233;rica em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ingest&#227;o de um a dois ovos/dia. A ingest&#227;o de um ovo/dia foi suficiente para aumentar a fun&#231;&#227;o da HDL e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de part&#237;culas da LDL grande. J&#225;, a ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria menor que tr&#234;s ovos/dia favoreceu &#224; melhora do perfil da part&#237;cula de LDL menos aterog&#234;nica, melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o da HDL e aumentou os n&#237;veis de antioxidantes plasm&#225;ticos em adultos jovens e saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Esta recente interven&#231;&#227;o adiciona &#224; literatura um impacto mais detalhado biologicamente em fun&#231;&#227;o do consumo de ovos de galinha inteiros, pois vai al&#233;m de marcadores cl&#225;ssicos do perfil lip&#237;dico na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, analisando precursores das lipoprote&#237;nas e car&#225;ter antioxidante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O aumento dos n&#237;veis da paraoxonase-1 e apolipoprote&#237;na AI em fun&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o dos ovos s&#227;o ben&#233;ficos, pois s&#227;o percursores da forma&#231;&#227;o da HDL, proporcionado maior funcionalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A respeito do aumento dos valores da LDL grande, ele n&#227;o representa um fator ruim, e sim uma modula&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fica da mol&#233;cula, pois quanto maior o volume dela, menor &#233; a propens&#227;o &#224; penetra&#231;&#227;o endotelial nas art&#233;rias, diferentemente da LDL de menor volume (i.e., a sdLDL, a lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade pequena e densa).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Posicionamento de diretrizes diante do consumo de colesterol</title>
          <p>A V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose incentiva a ingest&#227;o de colesterol &lt; 300 mg/d para pacientes no geral, sendo que para dislipid&#234;micos o incentivo &#233; &lt; 200 mg/d.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Em concord&#226;ncia com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es mais recentes na literatura m&#233;dica, um novo consensual da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> baseado principalmente nas diretrizes diet&#233;ticas da <italic>Dietary Guidelines for Americans</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> no per&#237;odo de 2015 a 2020, o consumo de colesterol ainda &#233; limitado igualmente ao preconizado pela V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Por&#233;m, tais recomenda&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o especificam de onde o colesterol diet&#233;tico &#233; proveniente, por exemplo, se &#233; principalmente de uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o do estilo ocidental rica em frituras como um todo, ou se &#233; de um tipo de alimenta&#231;&#227;o com equil&#237;brio nutricional rica em subst&#226;ncias funcionais. O pr&#243;prio posicionamento recente da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> incentiva a alimenta&#231;&#227;o mediterr&#226;nea, citando o grupo PREDIMED, a qual, paralelamente, pode ser baseada com consider&#225;vel frequ&#234;ncia semanal da ingest&#227;o de ovos inteiros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Analisar um alimento de forma isolada requer ajustes pormenorizados, e o ovo &#233; um alimento que, indubitavelmente, permanece em resultados pol&#234;micos. Existem duas vertentes, uma mais cautelosa e outra que superestima o potencial do ovo como alimento. Seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es tradicionais da ingest&#227;o de colesterol tem certa import&#226;ncia, entretanto, deve-se considerar o estilo de vida como um todo.</p>
        <p>Provavelmente, em indiv&#237;duos que praticam exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e t&#234;m bom controle alimentar, a ingest&#227;o rotineira de ovos inteiros n&#227;o ocasionar&#225; malef&#237;cios no perfil lip&#237;dico, uma vez que, presumivelmente, o organismo se encontra em um bom equil&#237;brio redox, sendo um fator protetor para desfechos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>At&#233; mesmo em indiv&#237;duos idosos, o consumo di&#225;rio de ovos, pelo menos de forma n&#227;o abusiva, pode ser insignificante na altera&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Em um estudo cross-over composto por 33 idosos (m&#233;dia de 79 anos), o consumo di&#225;rio de um ovo de galinha inteiro, durante cinco semanas, n&#227;o alterou nenhum marcador tradicional do perfil lip&#237;dico comparado ao mesmo per&#237;odo sem a ingest&#227;o de ovos, e ainda aumentou marcadores antioxidantes s&#233;ricos (+26% de lute&#237;na e +38% de zeaxantina).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dada a import&#226;ncia do equil&#237;brio redox como protetor ao lado cardiovascular, talvez, o consumo de ovos inteiros tamb&#233;m n&#227;o seja algo preocupante para pacientes com dislipidemias, pois como citado, seu consumo exibe ben&#233;fica modula&#231;&#227;o antioxidante &#224;s lipoprote&#237;nas. O estudo PREDIMED &#233; um bom embasamento, abrangendo pacientes de meia idade al&#233;m de grande amostra. Em refer&#234;ncia ao consumo de ovos inteiros no estilo da alimenta&#231;&#227;o mediterr&#226;nea, consome-se em m&#233;dia dois a quatro ovos por semana, ao passo que menos que duas por&#231;&#245;es de doces e de carne vermelha e menos que uma por&#231;&#227;o de carne processada s&#227;o consumidas. A ingest&#227;o de carne branca &#233; de duas por&#231;&#245;es e as por&#231;&#245;es de legumes, peixes ou mariscos s&#227;o de duas ou mais por semana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Portanto, a exemplo do estudo do PREDIMED, se o indiv&#237;duo tem bons h&#225;bitos alimentares como um todo, a ingest&#227;o de ovos inteiros com consider&#225;vel frequ&#234;ncia semanal parece ser segura. Todavia, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de ovos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; um fator muito individual, dependendo principalmente de ajustes lip&#237;dicos e proteicos.</p>
        <p>A ingest&#227;o de colesterol diet&#233;tico principalmente utilizando-se o ovo como fonte pode alterar o perfil lip&#237;dico atrav&#233;s do aumento dos marcadores no geral. No entanto, ao se avaliar o impacto biol&#243;gico real isto parece ser praticamente insignificante. Fatores gen&#233;ticos podem aumentar o colesterol, LDL e triglicer&#237;deos s&#233;ricos dos indiv&#237;duos por causa de maior ingest&#227;o de colesterol, por&#233;m, mesmo assim n&#227;o chega a ser alarmante.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
