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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dvXbKnMGXnxb3BW7bSCKHXH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000600577</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180097</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pulmonary Ultrasound in Patients with Heart Failure - Systematic Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muniz</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Tostes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Vale</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rafael Tostes Muniz.</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Rua Marques de Paran&#225;, 330, 4&#186; andar - pr&#233;dio anexo. Postal Code 24240-670, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>dr.rtmuniz@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Muniz RT, Mesquita ET; Acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data: Muniz RT, Mesquita ET, Souza Junior CV; Writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Muniz RT, Mesquita ET, Martins WA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>577</fpage>
      <lpage>584</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Pulmonary congestion is an important clinical finding in patients with heart failure (HF). Physical examination and chest X-ray have limited accuracy in detecting congestion. Pulmonary ultrasound (PU) has been incorporated into clinical practice in the evaluation of pulmonary congestion. This paper aimed to perform a systematic review of the use of PU in patients with HF, in different scenarios. A search was performed in the MEDLINE and LILACS databases in February 2017 involving articles published between 2006 and 2016. We found 26 articles in the present review, 11 of which in the emergency setting and 7 in the outpatient setting, with diagnostic and prognosis defined value and poorly studied therapeutic value. PU increased accuracy by 90% as compared to physical examination and chest X-ray for the diagnosis of congestion, being more sensitive and precocious. The skill of the PU performer did not interfere with diagnostic accuracy. The presence of B-lines &#8805; 15 correlated with high BNP values (&#8805; 500) and E/e' ratio &#8805; 15, with prognostic impact in IC patients at hospital discharge and those followed up on an outpatient basis. In conclusion, when assessing pulmonary congestion in HF, PU has an incremental value in the diagnostic and prognostic approach in all scenarios studied.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Congestion, Extravascular Lung Water / diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Lung / diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonography</kwd>
        <kwd>Lung / radiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is one of the major causes of hospitalization of adults in Brazil. The BREATHE Registry is the first to include a large sample of hospitalized patients with decompensated HF of different regions from Brazil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> that being the first cause of hospitalization of patients older than 65 years,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> one fourth of whom are readmitted to the hospital within 30 days.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In Europe, 44% of the patients with HF are readmitted at least once every 12 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Acute or progressive dyspnea due to pulmonary congestion is the major reason why patients seek care in emergency units.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Subclinical congestion is associated with a worse clinical outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Physical examination and chest X-ray are widely used by emergency doctors; however, they have low accuracy to diagnose pulmonary congestion. In addition, chest X-ray often depends on the radiologist's assessment, which delays decision-making.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Pulmonary ultrasound (PU) was previously considered of little clinical usefulness in classic cardiology textbooks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, since the study by Daniel Lichtenstein in 1997,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> PU has become widely used to assess alveolar-interstitial syndrome, which encompasses pulmonary congestion of cardiac origin,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in intensive care and emergency settings, for hospitalized patients before hospital discharge, and for patients with HF undergoing outpatient follow-up.</p>
      <p>The major use of PU for the cardiologist is to assess B-lines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The analysis of B-lines (ultrasound lung comets) allows the detection of alveolar-interstitial syndrome and the access to extravascular lung water.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The B-lines are laser-like vertical hyperechoic reverberation artifacts that arise from the pleural line, extend to the bottom of the screen without fading and move synchronously with lung sliding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Several B-lines are present in pulmonary congestion and can aid the detection, semiquantification and monitoring of extravascular lung water, the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and the prognostic stratification of chronic and acute HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> When three or more B-lines are identified, the zone or field is considered positive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Different methodologies have been applied to PU to analyze B-lines, from the prehospital setting, where only 2 lung fields are assessed,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> to more detailed assessments with 28 fields, as described by Jambrik<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Most studies, however, have used the 8-field methodology as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Methodology for pulmonary ultrasound assessment: 28 fields (zones). Modified from Jambrik et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0577-80097-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Methodology for pulmonary ultrasound assessment: 8 fields (zones). Modified from Volpicelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> PSL: para-sternal line; AAL: anterior axillary line; PAL: posterior axillary line.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0577-80097-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary ultrasound has shown better accuracy than physical examination and lung X-ray for the diagnosis of pulmonary congestion, even when performed by physicians lacking training in the method or physicians other than radiologists.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> This method adds value to neuropeptides [brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NTpro-BNP] for the diagnosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> prognosis and treatment of patients with decompensated HF.</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at conducting a systematic review about the use of PU for patients with HF in different clinical scenarios, to identify its role in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of the condition. We hypothesized that PU applied to the analysis of pulmonary congestion in different clinical scenarios for patients with HF can contribute to clinical practice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Bibliographic search</title>
        <p>The search was conducted in the MEDLINE (accessed via PubMed) and LILACS databases. The descriptors used were "heart failure", "pulmonary ultrasound", "thoracic ultrasound". The search in the databases used the following connectors: (heart failure) AND (pulmonary ultrasound) AND (thoracic ultrasound). The inclusion criteria adopted in the studies were: articles written in English, Portuguese or Spanish, approaching PU for the assessment of dyspnea or congestion in patients with HF. The data were extracted in a standardized way, by two independent researchers responsible for assessing the methodological quality of the manuscripts. Duplicate articles, reviews, editorials, letter to the editor, and studies conducted on animals and populations younger than 18 years were excluded. The search in the literature was performed in February 2017 and included articles from 2006 to 2016.</p>
        <p>The articles were selected in two steps. In the first, the abstracts were read and those not meeting the inclusion criteria were excluded. In the second step, the studies selected based on their abstracts were fully read, and those not meeting the inclusion criteria were excluded, according to the PRISMA model (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Structured search according to the PRISMA model of systematic reviews.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0577-80097-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Interobserver assessment in pulmonary ultrasound and comparison with other diagnostic methods</title>
        <p>Gustafsson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> have observed that nurses specialized in HF and trained in PU for 4 hours achieved a substantial level of interobserver analysis when compared to cardiologists (k = 0.71 and 0.66) to assess B-lines and pleural effusion, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Those results and other data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Summary of the articles selected and their results.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Diagnostic assessment of dyspnea in prehospital settings (AHF or DCHF)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PU was useful for the diagnosis in 68% of dyspneic patients in the prehospital setting with no delay in treatment and/or transportation, PE being present in 100% of those with decompensated HF, in 17% of patients with ACS, and in 20% of patients with COPD (p &lt; 0.01), PE thus being a diagnostic marker in patients with decompensated HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In the diagnosis of HF on PU, the S = 100% and E = 95% were comparable to those of NT-proBNP (&gt; 1.000 pg/mL), S = 92% and E = 89%, and superior to those of the modified Boston criteria, S = 85% and E = 86%. The combination of PU and NT-proBNP showed S and E of 100%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diagnostic assessment of dyspnea in emergency settings (AHF or DCHF)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Studies reported S ranging from 70% to 96.2% and E from 54% to 75%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> diagnostic reclassification ranging from 19% to 47%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> with change in treatment in 43% of the cases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> figures comparable to those of BNP &gt; 500 (S = 75% and E = 83%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> PU accuracy of 90% versus 67% (p = 0.0001) for clinical examination, and 81% (p = 0.04) for the combination of clinical examination + NT-proBNP + X-ray.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> PU was better for the diagnosis of DCHF (S = 100%) and of PNM (S = 75%) as compared to stethoscope auscultation (S = 89% and S = 73%, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Interobserver agreement was better in the anterior/superior thoracic zones for both pairs expert/expert and expert/beginner,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and the PU performed by beginners versus experts had S and E of 79-85% and 84-88%, respectively,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> and PPV of 64-75% and NPV of 90.9-94%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Global agreement with the gold-standard method for pulmonary edema interpretation on PU was 74%, higher than that with X-ray (58%, p&lt; 0.0001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A combination of PU and US of IVC had S = 94.3%, E = 91.9%, NPV = 91.9% and PPV = 94.3% to differentiate AHF from pulmonary disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> and JVD-US is a sensitive test (S = 98.2%) to identify pulmonary edema in dyspneic patients with suspicion of congestive AHF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Studies have shown an LR(+) of PU of 3.88-4.8% and an LR(-) of PU of 0.20-0.50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> for the diagnosis of AHF or DCHF, being higher than the LR(+) of NT&#8209;proBNP [= 2.3] and similar to the LR(-) of NT-proBNP [= 0.24].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diagnostic assessment in intensive care settings (AHF or DCHF)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Agreement of PU with the final diagnosis was 84%, with S = 86% and E = 87% for cardiac pulmonary edema,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and IVC values &gt; 9 mm on B mode had S = 84.4% and E = 92.9% [LR(+) = 11.8, LR(-) = 0.16] for the diagnosis of cardiac dyspnea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diagnostic assessment in outpatient settings</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Primary outcome (hospitalization due to DCHF and all-cause death) was 4x more frequent in patients of the third tertile than in patients of the first tertile with B-lines &#8805; 3 (p &lt; 0.001), whose time alive or outside the hospital was shorter (p&lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> The finding of B-lines or PE or both increased the risk of death or hospitalization (p&lt; 0.05)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and correlated in a paired way with the estimates of PCWP (p &lt; 0.001) and with the fluid impedance index (p &lt; 0.001); the impedance monitoring alert detected clinical deterioration of HF with S = 92%, while B-lines &#8805; 5 showed S = 83%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> HF decompensation was present in 68% of the patients when the number of B-lines &#8805; 15, and correlated with NT-proBNP &gt; 1000 (p &lt; 0.0001) and with an E/e&#8217; ratio &gt; 15 (p &lt; 0.0001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Prognostic assessment</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Event-free survival (all-cause death and re-hospitalization) of patients with HF and B-lines &#8805; 30 was shorter than that of patients with B-lines &lt; 30 (p &lt; 0.0001) in 3 months<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and of patients with B-lines &#8805; 15 in 6 months,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and the presence of B-lines &#8805; 30 was a predictor of death with BNP &gt; 700 (p = 0.002).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Therapeutic assessment</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">The number of B-lines reduced with treatment (p &lt; 0.05), and the PU score showed a linear correlation with the radiologic (p &lt; 0.05) and clinical scores (p &lt; 0.05) and with BNP levels (p &lt; 0.05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Assessment of PU as compared to other diagnostic methods</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">An increase in the number of B-lines correlated with LVEDV (p = 0.036);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> LV end-systolic diameter (p = 0.026);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> PW (p = 0.009);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> LV mass index (p = 0.001);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> RA volume index (p = 0.005);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> TR velocity (p = 0.005);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> measures of RA, DPAP, MPAP, PVR, all p &lt; 0,005,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and SPAP (p = 0.003-0,005),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and, for each B-line, there was an increase of 1 mm Hg in SPAP and of 0.1 Woods units in RVP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In the analysis of the number of B-lines, the US device types used did not statistically differ (4 or 8 zones assessed; p= 0.67),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> but the clip duration did differ: 4 versus 2 seconds (p &lt; 0.001 for 4 and 8 zones) and 6 versus 4 seconds (p = 0.057 for 4 zones; and p = 0.018 for 8 zones).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>AHF: acute heart failure; DCHF: decompensated chronic heart failure; HF: heart failure; PU: pulmonary ultrasound; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PE: pleural effusion; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; S: sensitivity; E: specificity; NPV: negative predictive value; PPV: positive predictive value; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; LR(+): positive likelihood ratio; LR(-): negative likelihood ratio; US: ultrasound; X-ray: chest X-ray; PNM: pneumonia; IVC: inferior vena cava; JVD-US: jugular vein distension on ultrasound; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; PW: posterior wall; LV: left ventricular; LA: left atrium; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; RA: right atrium; DPAP: diastolic pulmonary artery pressure; MPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; SPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Platz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> assessing the B-lines with Doppler echocardiographic data, have found a correlation with left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic diameter (EDD - p = 0.036) and LV end-systolic diameter (p = 0.026), with septal wall thickening (p = 0.009), LV mass index (p = 0.001), left atrial volume index (p = 0.005), tricuspid valve regurgitation velocity (p = 0.005) and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP, p = 0.003).</p>
        <p>In two distinct studies, Platz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> have concluded that the clip duration is more important than the type of device used to analyze B-lines, and that the number of B-lines correlate with right atrial pressures, diastolic and systolic pulmonary artery pressures and central venous pressure, but correlated with neither pulmonary artery occlusion pressure nor cardiac index.</p>
        <p>In our initial experience, pulmonary congestion detected on PU correlated better with SPAP than with EDD, 86% and 58%, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pulmonary ultrasound and diagnostic assessment</title>
        <p>A study has identified pleural effusion in 100% of the patients with decompensated HF in the prehospital setting,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and another by Prosen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> has concluded that PU can differentiate cardiac from pulmonary dyspnea, mainly when associating with the use of BNP, observing an increase in diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the association of PU and BNP.</p>
        <p>In the emergency setting, Pivetta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> have observed an increase in diagnostic accuracy, with reclassification of the diagnosis in 19% of the patients after PU. Russel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> have found a change in treatment in the acute phase of around 47% of the cases. Gallard et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> have reported an accuracy of 90% when PU was compared to the clinical examination (67%, p = 0.001), as well as compared to the combination of clinical examination with NT-proBNP and chest X-ray (81%, p = 0.04). Oskan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> when comparing the diagnostic performance of PU and auscultation for the diagnosis of decompensated HF and pneumonia, have found sensitivity of 100% and 89% vs. 75% and 73%, respectively. Gullet et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and Chiem et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> have found agreement between the little or newly trained observer and the highly trained observer in the interobserver analysis for the diagnosis of patients with dyspnea in the emergency setting. Regarding the diagnosis of decompensated HF in patients with dyspnea in the emergency setting, Anderson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> have found similar values for PU (S = 70%) and BNP &gt; 500 pg/mL (S = 75%). Martindale et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> have reported the superiority of PU (74%) <italic>versus</italic> chest X-ray (58%) in the global agreement with the gold-standard method for the diagnosis of pulmonary edema. Kajimoto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> have reported that inferior vena cava (IVC) ultrasound associated with PU increases diagnostic sensitivity in acute HF <italic>versus</italic> primary pulmonary disease. Jang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> have reported that the longitudinal and cross-sectional measures of the internal jugular vein at the end of exhalation is a sensitive test to identify pulmonary edema on chest X-ray in patients with suspected HF. Liteplo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> have reported the superiority of PU as compared to NT-proBNP to differentiate chronic HF from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with a positive likelihood ratio (LR)(+) of 3.88 (99% CI = 1.55 - 9.73), while NT-proBNP had a LR(+) of 2.3 (95% CI = 1.41 - 3.76).</p>
        <p>In the intensive care setting, Dexheimer Neto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> using the BLUE protocol in dyspneic patients, have found an 84% agreement between PU and the final diagnosis of pneumonia or acute pulmonary edema (total kappa = 0.81). Yamanoglu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> have detected the cardiac origin of dyspnea by using the caval index (sensitivity= 84.4% and specificity= 92.9%).</p>
        <p>In our clinical practice, we observed that PU increases the diagnostic accuracy of pulmonary congestion, being better than the stethoscope auscultation in both the emergency and the cardiac intensive care unit settings.</p>
        <p>In the outpatient care setting, Miglioranza et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> have reported that a number of B-lines &#8805;15 correlates with NT-proBNP &gt; 1000 (p &lt; 0.001), E/e' ratio &gt;15 (p = 0.001) and clinical assessment (p &lt; 0.001), with sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 83%, for the risk of decompensated HF. Maines et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> have reported a correlation between the presence of B-lines and the impedance fluid index (p &lt; 0.001) of patients with HF at regular outpatient follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pulmonary ultrasound and prognostic assessment</title>
        <p>In the outpatient clinic context, Platz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> have identified that patients with more than three B-lines had a four-fold increase in the chance of hospitalization due to HF or of all-cause death, being worth noting that 81% of those patients had no compatible alteration in lung auscultation. Gustafsson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> studying 104 patients, have identified that the presence of B-lines or pleural effusion or both correlated with the increased risk of death or hospitalization (HR: 3-4; p &lt; 0.05). In 2015, Gargani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and Corio et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> found prognostic value on hospital discharge for the number of B-lines &#8805; 30 and &#8805; 15, respectively, for all-cause death or event-free hospitalization in 3 and 6 months (p &lt; 0.001 for both).</p>
        <p>We found a mean number of B-lines of 12.2 &#177; 7.3 on hospital discharge. Five patients were hospitalized again in 90 days, with an event-free mean of 63.6 &#177; 25.7 days and a mean BNP value of 450.10 &#177; 409.96 pg/mL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pulmonary ultrasound and therapeutic assessment</title>
        <p>Volpicelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> have concluded that B-line pattern mostly clears after medical treatment and correlates with other parameters, such as radiologic (p &lt; 0.05) and clinical (p &lt; 0.05) scores of congestion and BNP levels (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This systematic review was aimed at identifying scientific evidence about PU in HF. The results showed it increases the HF diagnosis accuracy in the prehospital and hospital settings with incremental prognostic value on the discharge of patients with decompensated HF and might play a role in guiding the treatment of patients with HF.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> shows the progressive increase in the number of publications on PU in HF over the past 10 years; however, several studies were clinical reviews,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> others were editorials, and there was a methodological description.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of specific publications about pulmonary ultrasound in heart failure in the 2006-2016 period.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0577-80097-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>There are several scenarios for the applicability of PU in assessing dyspneic patients with decompensated or presumed HF. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>, the emergency application of PU was the most studied. It is believed that one of the reasons for that would be the low accuracy of physical examination and of chest X-ray<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> for a rapid and more accurate diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A review study with 100 patients in the emergency department and using a pocket-sized cardiac ultrasound device has shown that PU can rapidly aid the diagnosis of HF, providing a more adequate and early treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of the number of publications about pulmonary ultrasound in heart failure according to the assessment setting. AU: admission unit; ICU: intensive care unit.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0577-80097-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In that context of emergency assessment, Miglioranza et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> and Facchini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> have reported positive correlations between PU data and neuropeptide levels. That information can be useful, mainly when the measurement of natriuretic peptides is not available for the initial assessment. Another author,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> using PU in the emergency setting, has reported that the identification of multiple B-lines bilaterally was a sensitive, but not specific, predictor of BNP elevation &gt; 500 pg/mL. That was the first study correlating B-lines with BNP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> In addition, it was confirmed that the presence of alveolar-interstitial syndrome, identified by the presence of B-lines, can represent a precise and reproducible test to discriminate between cardiac and noncardiac dyspnea in the emergency setting, with sensitivity of 93.6%, specificity of 84%, positive predictive value of 87.9% and negative predictive value of 91.3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Those findings also correlate with the NYHA functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction and grade of diastolic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> have correlated the presence of B-lines on PU with a sensitive marker for the diagnosis of decompensated HF; however, B-lines are not an exclusivity of decompensated HF. They can appear in adult respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another review study of patients with HF followed up on an outpatient basis has concluded that PU has great diagnostic potential for identifying pulmonary congestion signs at the bedside, can become a state-of-the-art marker of interstitial fluid, and that the B-line pattern usually disappears after proper treatment of acute HF, revealing itself as an alternative diagnostic tool of easy use and therapeutic applicability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A recent systematic review has shown that the PU findings can rapidly change with therapy for HF, and that the identification of residual congestion in patients with acute HF at hospital discharge or in patients with chronic HF followed up on an outpatient basis can indicate those at higher risk for adverse events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Gullet et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and Bedetti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> have reported the excellent correlation between two observers with different specific expertise regarding PU for the analysis of B-lines at the bedside of patients with known or presumed HF.</p>
      <p>In a study on stable patients undergoing dialysis, the identification of B-lines on PU correlated with pre-dialysis diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.015) and with the combination of reduced ejection fraction and reduced blood volume percentage at the end of hemodialysis (p = 0.028).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We trained two non-specialized physicians on PU to assess congestion. We concluded that 4 hours of theoretical training and performing 15 tests were sufficient for them to develop similar accuracy in quantifying pulmonary congestion. Our tests are validated by a specialist radiologist (AMB), emphasizing our commitment with performance areas and need for proficiency-training.</p>
      <p>In addition, in our medical practice, we identified the superiority of PU over stethoscope auscultation to assess pulmonary congestion. Furthermore, the presence of B-lines (mean value of 12.2 &#177; 7.3) was a marker of re-admission for one fourth of the patients in 90 days, and the presence of moderate congestion was a predictor of re-admission in 100% of the cases.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pulmonary ultrasound and evidence-based recommendations</title>
        <p>Volpicelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> have proposed the first document to provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical use of point-of-care PU. In that document, those authors have determined the levels of evidence for each applicability, establishing that, when assessing interstitial syndrome, the ultrasonographic technique consists ideally of the assessment of 8 regions (range: from 2 to 28). A positive region is defined by the presence of at least three B-lines on a longitudinal plane between two ribs.</p>
        <p>The ultrasonographic definition of B-line and the positive zone criterion (presence of &#8805; 3 B-lines per field analyzed) were criteria used by all the authors of the present review. In addition, the criterion to define alveolar-interstitial syndrome (&#8805; 3 B-lines per field analyzed bilaterally) was common among the authors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The present systematic review had as limitation the small sample size. The lack of standardization of the scores used for semiquantitative analysis was also a limiting factor.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The use of PU to assess dyspneic patients and those with HF in different clinical settings increases the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the diagnosis and prognosis of pulmonary congestion in patients with HF.</p>
      <p>Pulmonary ultrasound adds value to the diagnosis, facilitating decision-making in the assessment of acutely dyspneic patients, to whom HF is one of the differential diagnoses, minimizing treatment errors and improving the clinical outcome of this patient model.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rafael Tostes Muniz, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ultrassom Pulmonar em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca - Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muniz</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Tostes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Vale</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rafael Tostes Muniz.</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Rua Marques de Paran&#225;, 330, 4&#186; andar - pr&#233;dio anexo. CEP 24240-670, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>dr.rtmuniz@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Muniz RT, Mesquita ET; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Muniz RT, Mesquita ET, Souza Junior CV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Muniz RT, Mesquita ET, Martins WA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A congest&#227;o pulmonar &#233; um achado cl&#237;nico importante em paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Exame f&#237;sico e radiografia do t&#243;rax t&#234;m acur&#225;cia limitada na detec&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o. A ultrassonografia pulmonar (UP) vem sendo incorporada &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica na avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o pulmonar. Este artigo teve como objetivo realizar revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da UP em pacientes com IC, nos diferentes cen&#225;rios. Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS no m&#234;s de fevereiro de 2017 envolvendo artigos publicados entre 2006 e 2016. Foram encontrados 26 artigos na presente revis&#227;o, 11 deles no cen&#225;rio da emerg&#234;ncia e 7 em cen&#225;rio ambulatorial, com valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico definido e valor terap&#234;utico pouco estudado. A UP aumentou a acur&#225;cia em 90% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame f&#237;sico e &#224; radiografia do t&#243;rax para o diagn&#243;stico da congest&#227;o, sendo mais sens&#237;vel e precoce. A qualifica&#231;&#227;o do executor da UP n&#227;o interferiu na acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica. O achado de linhas B &#8805; 15 teve correla&#231;&#227;o com BNP elevado (&#8805; 500) e rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' &#8805; 15, com impacto progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC ambulatoriais e na alta hospitalar. Conclui-se que, na avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o pulmonar na IC, a UP tem valor incremental na abordagem diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica em todos os cen&#225;rios encontrados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Congest&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;gua Extravascular Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulm&#227;o / diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulm&#227;o / radiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma das principais causas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em adultos no Brasil. O registro BREATHE &#233; o primeiro a incluir uma ampla amostra de pacientes hospitalizados com IC descompensada de diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> sendo a primeira causa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes acima de 65 anos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> um quarto dos quais &#233; re-hospitalizado em 30 dias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Na Europa, 44% dos pacientes com IC s&#227;o re-hospitalizados pelo menos uma vez em 12 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A dispneia aguda ou progressiva devido a congest&#227;o pulmonar &#233; o principal fator para os pacientes procurarem atendimento nas emerg&#234;ncias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A congest&#227;o subcl&#237;nica est&#225; associada a um pior desfecho cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O exame f&#237;sico e a radiografia do t&#243;rax s&#227;o amplamente utilizados pelos emergencistas; mostram-se, entretanto, de baixa acur&#225;cia para o diagn&#243;stico da congest&#227;o pulmonar. Ademais, a radiografia do t&#243;rax frequentemente depende da avalia&#231;&#227;o do radiologista, o que atrasa a tomada de decis&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ultrassonografia pulmonar (UP) foi anteriormente tida como de baixa utilidade cl&#237;nica em livros textos cl&#225;ssicos de cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Entretanto, h&#225; cerca de 20 anos, com o trabalho de Daniel Lichtenstein em 1997,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> a UP passou a ser amplamente estudada na avalia&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome intersticial alveolar, a qual engloba a congest&#227;o pulmonar de origem card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> nos cen&#225;rios de terapia intensiva e sala de emerg&#234;ncia, assim como em pacientes internados, na pr&#233;-alta hospitalar e nos pacientes ambulatoriais com IC.</p>
        <p>A principal aplica&#231;&#227;o da UP para o cardiologista &#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o das linhas B.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A an&#225;lise da linha B - sinal do cometa - permitiu a detec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome alveolar intersticial e o acesso &#224; &#225;gua pulmonar extravascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> As linhas B s&#227;o descritas com um artefato de reverbera&#231;&#227;o hiperecoica semelhante ao feixe de laser vertical, que se origina da linha pleural, estende-se para a parte inferior da tela sem desvanecimento e move-se de forma sincr&#244;nica com o deslizamento do pulm&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> V&#225;rias linhas B est&#227;o presentes na congest&#227;o pulmonar e podem auxiliar na detec&#231;&#227;o, semiquantifica&#231;&#227;o e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da &#225;gua pulmonar extravascular, no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de dispneia e na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de IC cr&#244;nica e aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> &#201; considerado como zona ou campo positivo quando se identificam tr&#234;s ou mais linhas B.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Metodologias diferentes t&#234;m sido aplicadas &#224; UP para a an&#225;lise das linhas B, desde o cen&#225;rio pr&#233;-hospitalar, onde se avaliam 2 campos pulmonares apenas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> at&#233; avalia&#231;&#245;es mais detalhadas com 28 campos, conforme descrito por Jambrik<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>). No entanto, a maioria dos trabalhos usou a metodologia de 8 campos conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Esquema de 28 campos (zonas) para avalia&#231;&#227;o de ultrassonografia pulmonar adaptado segundo Jambrik et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0577-80097-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Esquema de oito campos (zonas) para avalia&#231;&#227;o de ultrassonografia pulmonar adaptado de Volpicelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>Legenda: LPE: linha paraesternal; LAA: linha axilar anterior; LAP: linha axilar posterior.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0577-80097-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A UP tem se mostrado de melhor acur&#225;cia que o exame f&#237;sico e a radiografia pulmonar para o diagn&#243;stico de congest&#227;o pulmonar, mesmo quando realizada por m&#233;dicos poucos experientes no m&#233;todo ou por m&#233;dicos n&#227;o radiologistas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Esse m&#233;todo agrega valor aos neuropept&#237;deos [pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) e NTpr&#243;-BNP] no diagn&#243;stico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> progn&#243;stico e tratamento dos pacientes com IC descompensada.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica acerca da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da UP em pacientes com IC em diferentes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, buscando identificar seu papel no diagn&#243;stico, no progn&#243;stico e na orienta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que a UP aplicada &#224; an&#225;lise da congest&#227;o pulmonar em diferentes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com IC possa oferecer real contribui&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Levantamento bibliogr&#225;fico</title>
          <p>Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados MEDLINE (acessado via PubMed) e LILACS. Os descritores utilizados foram "<italic>heart failure</italic>", "<italic>pulmonary ultrasound</italic>", "<italic>thoracic ultrasound</italic>". A pesquisa nas bases de dados foi realizada com os seguintes conectores: (<italic>heart failure</italic>) AND (<italic>pulmonary ultrasound</italic>) AND (<italic>thoracic ultrasound</italic>). Adotaram-se como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos estudos: artigos escritos em ingl&#234;s, portugu&#234;s ou espanhol, que abordaram a UP na avalia&#231;&#227;o da dispneia ou congest&#227;o em pacientes com IC. Os dados foram extra&#237;dos de forma padronizada, por dois investigadores independentes respons&#225;veis pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos manuscritos. Foram exclu&#237;dos artigos em duplicidade, revis&#245;es, editoriais, carta ao editor e aqueles feitos em animais e em popula&#231;&#245;es menores de 18 anos. A busca na literatura foi realizada em fevereiro de 2017, incluindo artigos de 2006 a 2016.</p>
          <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos ocorreu respeitando-se duas etapas. Na primeira, foi realizada leitura dos resumos e foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles que n&#227;o se enquadraram nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Na segunda etapa, os estudos restantes foram lidos na &#237;ntegra e, da mesma forma, foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles que n&#227;o se adequaram aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, segundo modelo PRISMA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Elabora&#231;&#227;o da busca estrutural segundo o modelo PRISMA de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0577-80097-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o interobservador na ultrassonografia pulmonar e compara&#231;&#227;o com outros m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos</title>
          <p>Gustafsson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> verificaram que enfermeiros especializados em IC, treinados por 4 horas em UP, atingiram n&#237;vel substancial de an&#225;lise interobservador quando comparados a cardiologistas para an&#225;lise de linhas B e derrame pleural (k = 0,71 e 0,66, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Esses resultados e demais dados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resumo dos artigos encontrados e seus respectivos resultados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de dispneia pr&#233;-hospitalar (ICA ou ICCD)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">UP foi &#250;til para o diagn&#243;stico em 68% dos pacientes dispneicos pr&#233;-hospitalar sem atraso no tratamento e/ou transporte, onde a presen&#231;a de DP em pacientes com IC descompensada foi de 100%, em pacientes com SCA (17%) e em pacientes com DPOC (20%; p &lt; 0,01), sendo o DP marcador diagn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC descompensada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 95% para o diagn&#243;stico de IC pela UP foram compar&#225;veis &#224;s do NT-pr&#243;BNP (&gt; 1,000 pg/mL), S = 92% e E = 89%, e superior &#224;s dos crit&#233;rios de Boston modificado: S = 85% e E = 86%. A combina&#231;&#227;o de UP e NT-pr&#243;BNP teve S e E de 100%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de dispneia na emerg&#234;ncia (ICA ou ICCD)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estudos apresentaram S variando de 70% a 96,2% e E de 54% a 75%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> sendo que a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica variou de 19% a 47%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> havendo mudan&#231;a de tratamento em 43%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> com valores compar&#225;veis aos do BNP &gt; 500 (S = 75% e E = 83%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Acur&#225;cia de 90% da UP versus 67% (p = 0,0001) para exame cl&#237;nico, e acur&#225;cia de 81% (p = 0,04) para a combina&#231;&#227;o de exame cl&#237;nico, NT-pr&#243;BNP e raioX.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A UP foi superior para o diagn&#243;stico de ICCD com S = 100% e de PNM com S = 75% comparada ao estetosc&#243;pio (S = 89% e S = 73%, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A concord&#226;ncia interobservador foi melhor nas zonas tor&#225;cicas anterior/superior, por ambos os pares perito/perito e perito/iniciante,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> sendo que a UP feita por iniciantes versus especialista teve S e E de 79-85% e 84-88%, respectivamente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> VPP de 64-75% e VPN de 90,9-94%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A concord&#226;ncia global com o padr&#227;o-ouro na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de edema pulmonar na UP foi 74%, superior &#224; do raioX (58%, p &lt; 0,0001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> UP e US de VCI integradas apresentou S= 94,3%, E= 91,9%, VPN= 91,9% e VPP= 94,3% para diferenciar ICA de doen&#231;a pulmonar,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> e a DVJ-US &#233; teste sens&#237;vel (S = 98,2%) para identificar edema pulmonar em pacientes dispneicos com suspeita de ICA congestiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Estudos revelaram LR(+) da UP de 3,88-4,8% e LR(-) da UP de 0,20-0,50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> para um diagn&#243;stico de ICA ou ICCD, sendo superior &#224; LR(+) do NT-pr&#243;BNP [= 2,3] e semelhante &#224; LR(-) do NT-pr&#243;BNP [= 0,24].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica na terapia intensiva (ICA ou ICCD)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Concord&#226;ncia da UP com diagn&#243;stico final foi de 84%, tendo o edema pulmonar cardiog&#234;nico S = 86% e E = 87%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e valores de VCI &gt; 9 mm, no modo-B, tiveram S = 84,4% e E = 92,9% [LR(+) = 11,8, LR(-) = 0,16] para diagn&#243;stico de dispneia cardiog&#234;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica ambulatorial</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">O desfecho prim&#225;rio (interna&#231;&#227;o por ICCD e morte por todas as causas) ocorreu 4x mais nos pacientes no terceiro tercil do que nos pacientes no primeiro tercil com &#8805; 3 linhas B (p &lt; 0,001), que ficaram menos tempo vivos e menos dias fora do hospital (p &lt; 0,001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> O achado de linhas B ou DP ou ambos aumentou o risco de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,05)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e correlacionou-se de forma pareada com as estimativas de PCAP (p &lt; 0,001) e com o &#237;ndice de imped&#226;ncia de fluidos (p &lt; 0,001); o alerta de imped&#226;ncia detectou deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de IC com S = 92% e &#8805; 5 linhas B mostrou S = 83%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> A descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC esteve presente em 68% dos pacientes quando o n&#250;mero de linhas B foi &#8805; 15, tendo correla&#231;&#227;o com o NT-pr&#243;BNP &gt; 1000 (p&lt; 0,0001) e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; &gt; 15 (p &lt; 0,0001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A sobrevida livre de eventos (morte por todas as causas ou reinterna&#231;&#227;o) em pacientes com IC e com &#8805; 30 linhas B foi menor que em pacientes com &lt; 30 linhas B (p &lt; 0,0001) em 3 meses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e em pacientes com &#8805; 15 linhas B em 6 meses,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> sendo que um n&#250;mero &#8805; 30 linhas B foi preditor de morte juntamente com BNP <italic>&gt;</italic> 700 (p = 0,002).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Houve redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de linhas B com o tratamento (p &lt; 0,05), havendo correla&#231;&#227;o linear do escore da UP com o escore radiol&#243;gico (p &lt; 0,05), o escore cl&#237;nico (p &lt; 0,05) e o n&#237;vel de BNP (p &lt; 0,05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da UP em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Achado de aumento de linhas B correlacionou-se com VDFVE (p = 0,036);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final VE (p = 0,026);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> PP (p = 0.009)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>; &#237;ndice massa VE (p = 0,001);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> &#237;ndice volume AE (p = 0,005);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> velocidade da RT (p = 0,005);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> medida de AD, PDAP, PAPM, RVP, todos p &lt; 0,005,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e PSAP (p = 0,003-0,005);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e, para cada linha B, houve aumento de 1 mmHg na PSAP e 0,1 ui Woods na RVP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise de n&#250;mero de linhas B entre os tipos de aparelhos de US usados, seja 4 ou 8 zonas avaliadas (p = 0.67),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> mas houve diferen&#231;a na dura&#231;&#227;o do clip 4 <italic>versus</italic> 2 segundos (p &lt; 0,001 para 4 e 8 zonas) e clip 6 <italic>versus</italic> 4 segundos (p = 0,057 para 4 zonas e p = 0,018 para 8 zonas).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN02">
                <p>ICA: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda; ICCD: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica descompensada; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; UP: ultrassonografia pulmonar; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DP: derrame pleural; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; S: sensibilidade; E: especificidade; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; NT-pr&#243;BNP: N-terminal pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; LR(+): raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva; LR(-): raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa; US: ultrassom; raioX: radiografia do t&#243;rax; PNM: pneumonia; VCI: veia cava inferior; DVJ-US: distens&#227;o da veia jugular ao ultrassom; PCAP: press&#227;o capilar da art&#233;ria pulmonar; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PP: parede posterior; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; AD: &#225;trio direito; PDAP: press&#227;o diast&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; PAPM: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; ui: unidades internacionais.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Platz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> ao analisarem as linhas B com dados do doppler cardiogr&#225;fico, encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o com di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final (DDF) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE; p = 0,036) e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE (p = 0,026), com espessamento da parede septal (p = 0,009), &#237;ndice de massa do VE (p = 0,001), &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (p = 0,005), velocidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (p = 0,005) e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP, p = 0,003).</p>
          <p>Platz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> conclu&#237;ram, em dois trabalhos distintos, que a dura&#231;&#227;o dos v&#237;deos ("clips") &#233; mais importante que o tipo de aparelho usado na an&#225;lise das linhas B e que as linhas B se correlacionam com press&#245;es do &#225;trio direito, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica pulmonar e press&#227;o venosa central, mas n&#227;o se correlacionaram com a press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar nem com o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco.</p>
          <p>Em nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial, a congest&#227;o pulmonar detectada &#224; UP correlacionou-se mais com a PSAP do que com o DDF, 86% e 58% respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ultrassonografia pulmonar e avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica</title>
          <p>Foi identificado derrame pleural em 100% dos pacientes com IC descompensada em cen&#225;rio pr&#233;-hospitalar,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e Prosen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> conclu&#237;ram que a UP tem potencial para diferenciar dispneia de origem cardiog&#234;nica ou pulmonar, principalmente quando associado ao uso do BNP, onde se observou aumento da sensibilidade e especificidade diagn&#243;stica para associa&#231;&#227;o do UP com o BNP.</p>
          <p>No cen&#225;rio da emerg&#234;ncia, Pivetta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> observaram aumento da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e 19% dos pacientes foram reclassificados quanto ao diagn&#243;stico ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da UP. Russel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> encontraram uma mudan&#231;a de conduta na fase aguda em torno de 47% dos casos. Gallard et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> encontraram uma acur&#225;cia de 90% quando a UP foi comparada ao exame cl&#237;nico (67%, p = 0,001) e quando comparada ao exame cl&#237;nico acrescido de NT-pr&#243;BNP e radiografia do t&#243;rax (81%, p = 0,04). Oskan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> ao compararem o desempenho diagn&#243;stico entre UP e ausculta, encontraram sensibilidade de 100% e 89% vs. 75% e 73%, respectivamente, para o diagn&#243;stico de IC descompensada e pneumonia. Tanto Gullet et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> quanto Chiem et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> encontraram concord&#226;ncia entre o executor com pouca experi&#234;ncia ou rec&#233;m-treinado e o especialista na an&#225;lise interobservador para o diagn&#243;stico de pacientes dispneicos na sala de emerg&#234;ncia. Quanto ao diagn&#243;stico de IC descompensada em pacientes dispneicos na emerg&#234;ncia, Anderson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> encontraram valores semelhantes para a UP (S = 70%) e o BNP &gt; 500 pg/mL (S = 75%). E Martindale et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> encontraram superioridade da UP (74%) <italic>versus</italic> radiografia do t&#243;rax (58%) na concord&#226;ncia global com o padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de edema pulmonar. Kajimoto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> constataram que a ultrassonografia de veia cava inferior (VCI) aliada &#224; UP aumenta a sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica na IC aguda <italic>versus</italic> doen&#231;a pulmonar prim&#225;ria. Jang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> constataram que a medida longitudinal e transversal da veia jugular interna no final da expira&#231;&#227;o &#233; teste sens&#237;vel para identificar edema pulmonar em radiografia do t&#243;rax em pacientes com suspeita de IC. Liteplo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> observaram a superioridade da UP comparada ao NT-pr&#243;BNP para diferenciar IC cr&#244;nica de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, com verossimilhan&#231;a positiva [LR(+)] de 3,88 (99% [IC] = 1,55 a 9,73), enquanto o NT-pr&#243;BNP teve uma LR(+) de 2,3 (95% [IC] = 1,41 a 3,76).</p>
          <p>Em ambiente de terapia intensiva, Dexheimer Neto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> usaram o protocolo BLUE em pacientes dispneicos e encontraram uma concord&#226;ncia da UP com o diagn&#243;stico final de pneumonia ou edema agudo pulmonar de 84% (kappa total = 0,81). E Yamanoglu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> detectaram a origem card&#237;aca da dispneia atrav&#233;s do &#237;ndice de colapsabilidade da VCI (sensibilidade = 84,4% e especificidade = 92,9%).</p>
          <p>Temos observado em nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica que a UP aumenta a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de congest&#227;o pulmonar, sendo superior ao estetosc&#243;pio tanto na emerg&#234;ncia quanto na unidade de terapia intensiva cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
          <p>No cen&#225;rio ambulatorial, Miglioranza et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> verificaram que o n&#250;mero de linhas B &#8805; 15 correlacionou-se ao NT-pr&#243;BNP &gt; 1000 (p &lt; 0,001), &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' &gt; 15 (p = 0,001) e &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (p&lt; 0,001), com sensibilidade de 85% e especificidade de 83%, para o risco de IC descompensada. Maines et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> obtiveram correla&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a das linhas B com o &#237;ndice de imped&#226;ncia dos fluidos (p &lt; 0,001) em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ultrassonografia pulmonar e avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica</title>
          <p>No &#226;mbito ambulatorial, Platz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> identificaram que pacientes que apresentaram mais de tr&#234;s linhas B tiveram quatro vezes mais chances de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC ou mortes por todas as causas, ressaltando-se que 81% desses n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es compat&#237;veis na ausculta pulmonar. Gustafsson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> verificaram em 104 pacientes que a presen&#231;a de linhas B ou derrame pleural ou ambos se correlacionou com risco aumentado de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (HR: 3-4; p &lt; 0,05). Gargani et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e Corio et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> ambos em 2015, encontraram valor progn&#243;stico na alta hospitalar, quando linhas B &#8805; 30 e &#8805; 15, respectivamente, para morte por todas as causas ou interna&#231;&#227;o em 3 meses (p &lt; 0,001) e 6 meses livre de eventos (p&lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica, encontramos um n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de linhas B de 12,2 &#177; 7,3, no momento da alta hospitalar. Cinco pacientes reinternaram em 90 dias, com uma m&#233;dia livre de eventos de 63,6 &#177; 25,7 dias e valor m&#233;dio de BNP de 450,10 &#177; 409,96 pg/mL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ultrassonografia pulmonar e avalia&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica</title>
          <p>Volpicelli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> conclu&#237;ram haver redu&#231;&#227;o das linhas B ap&#243;s institui&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e correla&#231;&#227;o dessa melhora com outros par&#226;metros, como o escore radiol&#243;gico de congest&#227;o (p &lt; 0,05), o escore cl&#237;nico (p&lt; 0,05) e o n&#237;vel de BNP (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica teve como objetivo identificar as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas sobre UP na IC. Os resultados mostram o aumento da acur&#225;cia no diagn&#243;stico da IC no ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar e hospitalar, com valor incremental no progn&#243;stico na alta dos pacientes com IC descompensada e um prov&#225;vel papel para guiar o tratamento nos pacientes portadores de IC.</p>
        <p>Nota-se que, ao longo desses 10 &#250;ltimos anos, houve um aumento progressivo de publica&#231;&#245;es sobre UP na IC, conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>, sendo, por&#233;m, muitos trabalhos de revis&#227;o cl&#237;nica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> descri&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> e editoriais.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de publica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas sobre ultrassonografia pulmonar aplicada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao longo do per&#237;odo (2006-2016).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0577-80097-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Diversos s&#227;o os cen&#225;rios de aplicabilidade da UP na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes dispneicos com IC descompensada ou IC presumida. A aplica&#231;&#227;o emergencial foi a mais estudada conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>. Acredita-se que um dos fatores seja a baixa acur&#225;cia do exame f&#237;sico e da radiografia do t&#243;rax<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> para um diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido e mais preciso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Um estudo de revis&#227;o que envolveu 100 pacientes na sala de emerg&#234;ncia e usou ultrassom card&#237;aco port&#225;til revelou que a UP pode rapidamente auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico de IC e facilitar o tratamento mais adequado e precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es sobre ultrassonografia pulmonar aplicada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca conforme cen&#225;rio de avalia&#231;&#227;o. UI: unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o; UTI: unidade de tratamento intensivo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0577-80097-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ainda nesse contexto de avalia&#231;&#227;o emergencial, Miglioranza et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> e Facchini et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> conclu&#237;ram haver correla&#231;&#245;es positivas entre dados da UP e n&#237;veis de neuropept&#237;deos. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o pode ser &#250;til, principalmente quando n&#227;o se disp&#245;e dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos para avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. Outro autor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> tamb&#233;m aplicou a UP no cen&#225;rio emergencial e constatou que a identifica&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas linhas B bilateralmente foi preditor sens&#237;vel, mas n&#227;o espec&#237;fico, para eleva&#231;&#227;o do BNP &gt; 500 pg/mL. Esse foi o primeiro trabalho publicado que correlacionou as linhas B com BNP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> Tamb&#233;m h&#225; confirma&#231;&#227;o de que a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome intersticial alveolar, identificada pela presen&#231;a de linhas B, pode representar um teste preciso e reprodut&#237;vel na discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre dispneia cardiog&#234;nica e n&#227;o cardiog&#234;nica na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, com sensibilidade de 93,6%, especificidade de 84%, valor preditivo positivo de 87,9% e valor preditivo negativo de 91,3%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> e esses achados tamb&#233;m possuem correla&#231;&#227;o com classe funcional da NYHA, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversos trabalhos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> correlacionaram a presen&#231;a de linhas B na UP com marcador sens&#237;vel para o diagn&#243;stico de IC descompensada; no entanto, a presen&#231;a de linhas B n&#227;o &#233; exclusiva da IC descompensada. Elas tamb&#233;m ocorrem na s&#237;ndrome da ang&#250;stia respirat&#243;ria do adulto e na fibrose intersticial pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em outro estudo de revis&#227;o com pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, concluiu-se que a UP tem grande potencial diagn&#243;stico &#224; beira do leito para identificar sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar, podendo vir a ser "<italic>state-of-the-art</italic>" como marcador de fluido intersticial, e esse padr&#227;o de linha B geralmente desaparece ap&#243;s tratamento adequado da IC aguda, revelando-se instrumento diagn&#243;stico alternativo de f&#225;cil utiliza&#231;&#227;o com aplicabilidade terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Em trabalho recente de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, foi constatado que os achados da UP podem modificar-se rapidamente com a terapia para IC, e que a identifica&#231;&#227;o de congest&#227;o residual em pacientes de alta hospitalar com IC aguda ou pacientes ambulatoriais com IC cr&#244;nica pode indicar aqueles sob maior risco de eventos adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Autores como Gullet et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e Bedetti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> conclu&#237;ram &#243;tima correla&#231;&#227;o entre dois observadores com diferentes expertises em UP para an&#225;lise de linhas B &#224; beira do leito, em pacientes com IC tanto conhecida quanto presumida.</p>
        <p>Num trabalho em pacientes dial&#237;ticos est&#225;veis, o achado de linhas B &#224; UP correlacionou-se com a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica pr&#233;-di&#225;lise (p = 0,015) e com a combina&#231;&#227;o de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida e o percentual de volume sangu&#237;neo reduzido no final da hemodi&#225;lise (p = 0,028).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tivemos a oportunidade de treinar dois m&#233;dicos n&#227;o especialistas em UP para avalia&#231;&#227;o de congest&#227;o. Percebemos que 4 horas de teoria e 15 exames pr&#225;ticos foram satisfat&#243;rios para que eles apresentassem acur&#225;cia semelhante na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o pulmonar. Nossos exames s&#227;o validados por um radiologista especialista pela AMB, refor&#231;ando nosso compromisso com &#225;reas de atua&#231;&#227;o e necessidade de profici&#234;ncia-capacita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m podemos constatar, em nossa pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, que a UP &#233; superior ao estetosc&#243;pio na avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o pulmonar, que a presen&#231;a de linhas B (valor m&#233;dio de 12,2 &#177; 7,3) foi marcador de reinterna&#231;&#227;o para um quarto dos pacientes em 90 dias, e que a presen&#231;a de congest&#227;o moderada foi preditor de reinterna&#231;&#227;o em 100% dos casos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ultrassonografia pulmonar e recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncias</title>
          <p>O primeiro documento a apresentar recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncias sobre o uso cl&#237;nico da UP no "<italic>point-of-care</italic>" foi de Volpicelli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Esses autores determinaram os n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia para cada aplicabilidade, tendo ficado definido que, na avalia&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome intersticial, a t&#233;cnica do exame de ultrassonografia consiste idealmente em avalia&#231;&#227;o de 8 regi&#245;es, podendo variar de 2 a 28. Uma regi&#227;o positiva &#233; definida pela presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais linhas B em um plano longitudinal entre duas costelas.</p>
          <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica da linha B e de zona positiva - presen&#231;a de &#8805; 3 linhas por campo analisado - foram crit&#233;rios usados por todos os autores da presente revis&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m o crit&#233;rio de defini&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome intersticial alveolar (&#8805; 3 linhas por campo analisado bilateralmente) foi comum entre os autores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica teve como limita&#231;&#227;o o reduzido tamanho amostral. A falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos escores utilizados para an&#225;lise semiquantitativa tamb&#233;m foi fator limitante.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O uso da UP na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes dispneicos e aqueles com IC em diferentes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos na abordagem diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica possui valor incremental na sensibilidade, especificidade e acur&#225;cia para o diagn&#243;stico da congest&#227;o pulmonar em pacientes com IC.</p>
        <p>A UP agrega valor ao diagn&#243;stico, facilitando a tomada de decis&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente agudo e dispneico, onde a IC &#233; um dos diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais, minimizando erros de tratamento e melhorando o desfecho cl&#237;nico desse modelo de paciente.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Rafael Tostes Muniz pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
