<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BqCRcKVMqh5gMTJ4h4LNPwv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000600568</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180088</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Heart Failure</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pressure Overload-induced Cardiac Hypertrophy Varies According to Different Ligation Needle Sizes and Body Weights in Mice</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jia</surname>
            <given-names>Zhen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Zhijun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Hongfei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armah</surname>
            <given-names>Malik Akuffu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teng</surname>
            <given-names>Peng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Weidong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jian</surname>
            <given-names>Dongdong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ma</surname>
            <given-names>Liang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ni</surname>
            <given-names>Yiming</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Zhejiang University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">The First Affiliated Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Zhejiang</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang - China</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Zhejiang University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Zhoushan Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Zhejiang</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Yiming Ni.</bold> Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003 - China. E-mail: <email>1183020@zju.edu.cn</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Zhen J, Yiming N; Acquisition of data: Zhen J, Chen Z, Hongfei X, Dongdong J; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Zhen J, Chen Z; Statistical analysis: Zhen J, Chen Z, Peng T; Obtaining financing: Hongfei X; Writing of the manuscript: Zhen J, Dongdong J; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Armah MA, Weidong L, Liang M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>568</fpage>
      <lpage>576</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The cardiac hypertrophy (CH) model for mice has been widely used, thereby providing an effective research foundation for CH exploration.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To research the effects of CH modeling under abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) using different needles and weights in mice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Four needles with different external diameters (0.35, 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50 mm) were used for AAC. 150 male C57BL/6 mice were selected according to body weight (BW) and divided into 3 weight levels: 18 g, 22 g, and 26 g (n = 50 in each group). All weight levels were divided into 5 groups: a sham group (n = 10) and 4 AAC groups using 4 ligation intensities (n = 10 per group). After surgery, survival rates were recorded, echocardiography was performed, hearts were dissected and used for histological detection, and data were statistically analyzed, P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>All mice died in the following AAC groups: 18g/0.35 mm, 22 g/0.35 mm, 26 g/0.35 mm, 22 g/0.40 mm, and 26 g/0.40 mm. All mice with AAC, those ligated with a 0.50-mm needle, and those that underwent sham operation survived. Different death rates occurred in the following AAC groups: 18 g/0.40 mm, 18 g/0.45 mm, 18 g/0.50 mm, 22 g/45 mm, 22 g/0.50 mm, 26 g/0.45 mm, and 26 g/0.50 mm. The heart weight/body weight ratios (5.39 &#177; 0.85, 6.41 &#177; 0.68, 4.67 &#177; 0.37, 5.22 &#177; 0.42, 4.23 &#177; 0.28, 5.41 &#177; 0.14, and 4.02 &#177; 0.13) were significantly increased compared with those of the sham groups for mice with the same weight levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>A 0.45-mm needle led to more obvious CH than did 0.40-mm and 0.50-mm needles and caused extraordinary CH in 18-g mice.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Weight</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Needles/utilization</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>The National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81570343</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (number 81570343).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiac hypertrophy (CH) is a compensatory pathological change that is usually induced by pressure overload (PO), neurohumoral abnormality, and the effects of cytokines. It is characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial hyperplasia, and it results in an enlarged heart and thickening of the heart walls. Clinically, CH is involved in the development of many diseases, such as valvular disease, hypertension, arterial stenosis, and primary myocardial hypertrophy. If these diseases develop at their own pace, then cardiac function (CF) will gradually decompensate, leading to heart failure (HF), which severely lowers the quality of life and increases the mortality rate. Therefore, CH is a widespread concern and has been explored at the molecular level by researchers. Due to the high genomic homology between mice and humans, an established CH model for mice has been widely used in animal experiments, thereby providing an effective research foundation for CH exploration.</p>
      <p>Currently, PO-induced CH is a common way to establish the model. Abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) is highly recommended by researchers because of the high success rate and the ability to perform surgery without the need for thoracotomy or a ventilator. However, the modeling effects with different ligating intensities for certain body weights (BWs) have not yet been reported. Therefore, we used 3 frequently used mice BWs (18 g, 22 g, and 26 g) and 4 different needle sizes (0.35, 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50 mm) to establish the CH model for each weight level for AAC, summarized the survival rates, and evaluated the CH effects.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animal groups and handling</title>
        <p>One-hundred fifty male C57BL/6 wild-type mice were obtained from the Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). All animals were treated and cared for in accordance with the <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic> (National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC, 1996). Experimental protocols were approved by our Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Zhejiang University (Hangzhou, China). Mice were selected according to weights of approximately 18 g (range, 17.3-18.7 g), 22 g (range, 20.8-23.0 g), and 26 g (range, 25.1-27.0 g), and they were divided into the following 3 weight levels: 18 g (18.0 &#177; 0.3 g; n = 50), 22 g (22.0 &#177; 0.6 g; n = 50), and 26 g (26.1 &#177; 0.5 g; n = 50). All weight levels were divided using sortition randomization method to create a sham group (n = 10) and 4 AAC groups according to ligating intensities (0.35, 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50mm; n = 10 per group). Regarding BW, no significant differences were found among the 5 groups for each weight level (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table S1</xref>), and the preoperative BWs of mice that died and those that survived were not significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table S2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Mice were anesthetized with 4% chloralhydrate (0.1ml/1g BW, intraperitoneal injection). When the mice did not respond when their toe was pinched, the limbs were fixed on the operating board in the supine position and the skin was prepared by shaving and disinfection with alcohol. Sterile gauze was placed on the right side of the abdomen and a ventrimesal incision approximately 1.5 cm was created starting from the xiphoid. The skin was fixed with a spreader and the viscera was pulled out gently with a swab and placed on the gauze. Then, the abdominal aorta was isolated using a blunt dissection technique with curved microforceps under a microscope. A 6-0 silk suture was snared and pulled back around the aorta 1mm above the superior mesenteric artery. A 2-mm blunt acupuncture needle (external diameters: 0.35 mm, 0.40 mm, 0.45 mm, and 0.50 mm; Huatuo; Suzhou Medical Appliance Factory, Suzhou, China; criterion number GB2024-1994) was then placed next to the aorta. The suture was tied snugly around the needle and the aorta. The needle was removed immediately after ligation, the viscera were replaced, the peritoneum and skin were sutured, and the mice were allowed to recover. Aortic ligation was omitted only for the sham group. After surgery, the ears were cut to differentiate the mice. Then, mice were placed in an incubator at 30&#176;C until they woke, and they were returned to their cages. Survival status was recorded daily. To observe the physical development of mice under different conditions, BW differences before surgery and at week 8 post-surgery were calculated as the change in BW.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography imaging</title>
        <p>After post-surgery weeks 4 and 8, mice were weighed and anesthetized with 4% chloralhydrate and placed on a warming pad after skin preparation. Transthoracic 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography was performed using the GE Vivid E9 Ultrasound echocardiographic system (General Electric Company, Fairfield, CT, USA) with the GE 9L probe (8-MHz linear array transducer; General Electric Company). M-mode parasternal long-axis scans of the left ventricle at the mitral chordae level were used to quantify the interventricular septum thickness at end-diastole (IVSd), interventricular septum thickness at end-systole (IVSs), left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole (LVIDd), left ventricular internal dimension at end-systole (LVIDs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole (LVPWd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-systole (LVPWs), ejection fraction (EF), and fractional shortening (FS). All mice were tested using the same parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Heart weight, heart weight/body weight, and heart weight/tibial length</title>
        <p>After echocardiographic analysis at 8 weeks post-surgery, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the hearts were dissected. Then, atrial and vascular tissues were snipped carefully, leaving the ventricles. The hearts were rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), drained by gently squeezing on absorbent paper, weighed, photographed under natural light, and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. The tibial lengths (TLs; mean value of the bilateral tibia) were recorded. Heart weight (HW), BW, and TL were measured, and the HW/BW ratio and HW/TL ratio were calculated to evaluate the hypertrophic response to PO.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histological examination of the heart</title>
        <p>Extracted hearts were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24h and dehydrated. After routine histologic procedures, the hearts were embedded in paraffin and cut into 4-&#181;m sections. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and picrosirius red (PSR). Cardiac cross-sections were captured at 20 &#215; microscopic views from HE sections, and 5 thicknesses of the left ventricle in each view were selected in systematic sampling, and measured using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA). Then, the mean values were calculated. Cardiomyocyte morphological changes were captured at 400&#215;microscopic views from HE sections. Interstitial and/or perivascular collagen depositions were captured at 200&#215;microscopic views under standard lights. Collagen was stained red using PSR, thereby indicating fibrosis. At least 6 views were selected in a blinded manner, and each photograph was analyzed to reveal the ratio of red collagen to the entire tissue area using Image-Pro Plus 6.0. Then, the mean values were calculated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>SPSS 17.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analyses. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was used to verify the normality of the quantitative variables as appropriate. Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests were used to evaluate differences between groups. p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Excessive AAC may lead to death</title>
        <p>We monitored mice deaths after surgery according to acute heart failure (AHF) criteria. Data (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) showed that all deaths occurred within 5 days, and a high incidence of death occurred during the initial 24h post-surgery.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mice deaths after surgery</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Needles (mm) for 18 g</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Needles (mm) for 22 g</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Needles (mm) for 26 g</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">0.35</th>
                <th align="center">0.40</th>
                <th align="center">0.45</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">0.35</th>
                <th align="center">0.40</th>
                <th align="center">0.45</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">0.35</th>
                <th align="center">0.40</th>
                <th align="center">0.45</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0-24 h</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">24 h-3 d</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3 d-5 d</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>There were no mice deaths in the AAC0.50-mm group or the sham group. Deaths were recorded during 3 time periods (0-24h, 24h-3d, and 3-5 d); 54 deaths occurred within 0-24h post-surgery. The total number of deaths was 65.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>AAC increases cardiac dimensions and reduces cardiac function</title>
        <p>Echocardiography was performed at the end of post-operative weeks 4 and 8. At week 4 post-surgery, data (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) showed a trend of heart enlargement for mice with AAC, including thickening of the ventricular wall and an increase in chamber dilation; however, differences in EF and FS were not significant, indicating that changes in the heart structure did not have a pronounced effect on cardiac function at that time point. At week 8 post-surgery, the trend of heart enlargement continued; however, the EF and FS values for the AAC groups decreased significantly. This change in cardiac function from week 4 to week 8 was consistent with systolic function beginning to be markedly affected at week 4 after PO surgery.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic outcomes of 18-g, 22-g, and 26-g mice</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="4%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">18 g/0.40 mm<break/>(n = 6)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">18 g/0.45 mm<break/>(n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">18 g/0.50 mm<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">18 g/Sham<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">22 g/0.45 mm<break/>(n = 7)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">22 g/0.50 mm<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">22 g/Sham<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">26 g/0.45 mm<break/>(n = 4)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">26 g/0.50 mm<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">26 g/Sham<break/>(n = 10)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Week 4</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IVSd</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.92 &#177; 0.05*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.05*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.86 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.82 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.83 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.78 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.84 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.80 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.80 &#177; 0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IVSs</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.12 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.24 &#177; 0.15*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.10</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.05 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.06 &#177; 0.07*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.00 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.98 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.15 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.11 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVIDd</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.21 &#177; 0.31</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.33 &#177; 0.26</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.00 &#177; 0.16</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.08 &#177; 0.28</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.04 &#177; 0.20</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.01 &#177; 0.17</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.00 &#177; 0.19</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.40 &#177; 0.11*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.11 &#177; 0.15</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.96 &#177; 0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVIDs</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.13 &#177; 0.26</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.37 &#177; 0.26*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.03 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.09 &#177; 0.21</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.92 &#177; 0.13</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.98 &#177; 0.14</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.07 &#177; 0.18</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.24 &#177; 0.18*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.02 &#177; 0.13</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.93 &#177; 0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVPWd</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.94 &#177; 0.04*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.01 &#177; 0.08*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.05*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.90 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.89 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVPWs</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.13 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.24 &#177; 0.06*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.04 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.04 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.00 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.04 &#177; 0.10</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.27 &#177; 0.04*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.12 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EF %</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">70.7 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">66.0 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">67.9 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">68.5 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">72.1 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">68.3 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">70.6 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">70.5 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">71.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">73.1 &#177; 4,.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FS %</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">34.5 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">31.2 &#177; 2.1*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">34.5 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">34.3 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">36.9 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">35.7 &#177; 3.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">36.7 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">36.3 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">37.5 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">36.6 &#177; 3.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Week 8</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IVSd</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.93 &#177; 0.08*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.97 &#177; 0.05*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.88 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.83 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.99 &#177; 0.06*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.91 &#177; 0.02*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.84 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.93 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.91 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IVSs</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.18 &#177; 0.20</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.33 &#177; 0.14*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.15 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 0.10</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.26 &#177; 0.07*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.16 &#177; 0.10*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.04 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.19 &#177; 0.10</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.17 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.14 &#177; 0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVIDd</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.34 &#177; 0.24</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4.12 &#177; 0.34*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.30 &#177; 0.41</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.14 &#177; 0.15</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.26 &#177; 0.13</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.15 &#177; 0.13</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.23 &#177; 0.15</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.50 &#177; 0.12*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.29 &#177; 0.16</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.20 &#177; 0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVIDs</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.13 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.02 &#177; 0.27*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.21 &#177; 0.40</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.94 &#177; 0.18</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.25 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.11 &#177; 0.14</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.19 &#177; 0.12</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.50 &#177; 0.15*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.33 &#177; 0.26</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.14 &#177; 0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVPWd</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.08*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.08*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.93 &#177; 0.04*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.84 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.99 &#177; 0.05*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.04*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.90 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 0.07*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.04*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.90 &#177; 0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVPWs</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.23 &#177; 0.08*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.35 &#177; 0.13*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.20 &#177; 0.07*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.07 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.22 &#177; 0.06*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.14 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.07 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.30 &#177; 0.08*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.13 &#177; 0.05*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.04 &#177; 0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EF %</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">64.7 &#177; 4.6*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">60.9 &#177; 2.4*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">67.6 &#177; 4.7*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">75.5 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">63.3 &#177; 3.0*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">67.7 &#177; 3.3*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">74.2 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">62.8 &#177; 2.6*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">67.5 &#177; 5.3*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">73.1 &#177; 2.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FS %</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">33.2 &#177; 3.0*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">29.4 &#177; 1.9*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">35.8 &#177; 4.3*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">41.0 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">32.9 &#177; 1.6*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">35.5 &#177; 2.4*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">40.8 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">31.0 &#177; 3.2*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">32.7 &#177; 3.8*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">36.9 &#177; 2.5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>IVSd: interventricular septum thickness at end-diastole; IVSs: interventricular septum thickness at end-systole; LVIDd: left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole; LVIDs: left ventricular internal dimension at end-systole; LVPWd: left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole; LVPWs: left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-systole; EF: ejection fraction; FS: fractional shortening. The cardiac dimensions (inclding IVSd, IVSs, LVIDd, LVIDs, LVPWd, and LVPWs) (mm) and functional indices (inclding EF and FS) changes measured by echocardiography. Data were statistically analyzed and presented as the mean &#177; SD. At week 4, cardiac dimensions for the AAC groups significantly increased compared with the sham groups (*p &lt; 0.05); at week 8 , more cardiac dimensions significantly increased, and that EF and FS values for the AAC groups all decreased significantly compared to those of the sham groups for 3 weight levels (*p &lt; 0.05).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>AAC increases HW, HW/BW, and HW/TL ratio</title>
        <p>Generally, the increased HW, HW/BW, and HW/TL ratio are the three main indicators of CH. In our study, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, we found that AAC significantly increased HW and caused a significantly higher HW/BW ratio and HW/TL ratio compared to the sham groups for all weight levels. The HW, HW/BW, and HW/TL values for the AAC0.45 mm groups were significantly higher than those for the AAC0.50 mm groups. These HW-related indices for the 18 g/0.45 mm groups were even significantly higher than those for the 18 g/0.40 mm groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Heart weight&#8211;related indices of 18-g, 22-g, and 26-g mice</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">18 g/0.40 mm<break/>(n = 6)</th>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">18 g/0.45 mm<break/>(n = 8)</th>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">18 g/0.50mm<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">18 g/Sham<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">22 g/0.45 mm<break/>(n = 7)</th>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">22 g/0.50 mm<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">22 g/Sham<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">26 g/0.45 mm<break/>(n = 4)</th>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">26 g/0.50 mm<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="left">26 g/Sham<break/>(n = 10)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HW</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">136.5 &#177; 22.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">170.0 &#177; 21.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">124.0 &#177; 9.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">103.5 &#177; 7.0</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">137.1 &#177; 7.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">115.5 &#177; 7.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">104.3 &#177; 7.4</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">153.5 &#177; 4.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">114.3 &#177; 5.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">103.2 &#177; 5.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HW/BW</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">5.39 &#177; 0.85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">6.41 &#177; 0.68<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">4.67 &#177; 0.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">3.86 &#177; 0.18</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">5.22 &#177; 0.42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">4.23 &#177; 0.28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">3.62 &#177; 0.26</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">5.41 &#177; 0.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">4.02 &#177; 0.13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">3.59 &#177; 0.16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HW/TL</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">63.8 &#177; 10.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">74.4 &#177; 9.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">57.6 &#177; 4.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">47.8 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">59.6 &#177; 3.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">54.2 &#177; 3.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">48.3 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">65.6 &#177; 1.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">49.2 &#177; 2.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">44.1 &#177; 2.8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>HW: heart weight; BW: body weight; TL: tibial length. HW(mg), HW/BW(mg/g), and HW/TL(mg/cm) were measured and calculated from AAC and sham groups of 3 BW levels. Data are presented as the mean &#177; SD.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Compared to the sham group in the same BW level, the heart weight&#8211;related indices of AAC groups increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Compared to the rest groups in the same BW level, the heart weight&#8211;related indices of the AAC 0.45-mm group increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>AAC leads to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and increases collagen depositions</title>
        <p>For mice undergoing AAC surgery, the hearts demonstrated different degrees of enlargement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>), enlargement of the papillary muscles, and thickening of the ventricular walls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>). Wall thickening increased significantly compared with that of the sham group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). The sham groups showed normal architecture of the cardiomyocytes compared with the AAC groups. Pathological changes including enlarged, disarrayed, and eosinophilic cardiomyocytes and cardiomyocytes rich in cytoplasm and trachychromatic and pantomorphic nuclei were observed in each of the AAC groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>). Scattered collagen depositions in the interstitial and perivascular spaces were observed in the sham groups. In comparison, in some AAC groups, a larger quantity and wider range of red deposits were observed in the interstitial space (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>), and thickened collagen was observed in the perivascular space, especially in the external vascular wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1E</xref>). Statistical analysis indicated that the AAC group had a significantly greater collagen area than the sham group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). These results imply that AAC is capable of inducing PO-induced CH and fibrosis.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen deposition histological examination. (A) Gross hearts under natural light. (B) The 20 &#215; microscopic views of HE sections. (C) The 400 &#215; microscopic views of HE sections. (D) Representative 200&#215;microscopic views under standard lights of PSR sections in the interstitial space. (E) Representative 200 &#215; microscopic views under standard lights of PSR sections in the perivascular space. Fibrosis is presented as red in the PSR sections.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0568-80088-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Thickness of the left ventricle (mm) based on weight and needle size</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="23%"/>
              <col width="23%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Weight</th>
                <th align="center">0.40 mm</th>
                <th align="center">0.45 mm</th>
                <th align="center">0.50 mm</th>
                <th align="center">Sham</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18 g</td>
                <td align="center">1.81 &#177; 0.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.86 &#177; 0.17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.59 &#177; 0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.27 &#177; 0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">22 g</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.69 &#177; 0.24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.55 &#177; 0.19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.22 &#177; 0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">26 g</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.82 &#177; 0.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.59 &#177; 0.22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.34 &#177; 0.07</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>Data are presented as the mean &#177; SD (n = 5).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 represents a significant difference between the abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) and sham groups.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage of collagen deposition in the left ventricle based on weight and needle size</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="23%"/>
              <col width="23%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Weight</th>
                <th align="center">0.40 mm</th>
                <th align="center">0.45 mm</th>
                <th align="center">0.50 mm</th>
                <th align="center">Sham</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18 g</td>
                <td align="center">5.8 &#177; 2.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8.9 &#177; 1.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5.1 &#177; 1.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.6 &#177; 1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">22 g</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">5.2 &#177; 1.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 1.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 0.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">26 g</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 1.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5.3 &#177; 1.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 0.8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>Data are presented as the mean &#177; SD (n = 6).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 represents a significant difference between the abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) and sham groups.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>AAC may restrict physical development</title>
        <p>Analysis showed that with AAC 0.45 mm, BW significantly increased in 18-g mice compared to 22-g and 26-g mice (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>), indicating that the 18-g groups had higher development potential. In the 18-g mice groups, data showed that the value of 18 g/0.40 mm was significantly lower than that of the 18 g/0.45 mm and 18 g/sham groups, and that there were no significant differences between the 18 g/0.45 mm and 18 g/sham groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>), indicating that the 18 g/0.45 mm group had nearly normal physical development. Development of the 18 g/0.40 mm group was limited.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Body weight changes with AAC under 0.45 mm needle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="28%"/>
              <col width="28%"/>
              <col width="24%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">18 g/0.45 mm (n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">22 g/0.45 mm (n = 7)</th>
                <th align="center">26 g/0.45 mm(n = 4)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Change in BW(g)</td>
                <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 0.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 0.3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>BW: body weight; AAC: abdominal aortic constriction. Data are presented as the mean &#177; SD.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 represents a significant difference between the 18 g/0.45 mm group and the 22 g/0.45 mm and 26 g/0.45 mm groups.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Body weight and BW changes in 18-g mice</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="23%"/>
              <col width="23%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">18 g/0.40 mm (n = 6)</th>
                <th align="center">18 g/0.45 mm (n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">18 g/0.50 mm (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">18 g/Sham (n = 10)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BW before surgery (g)</td>
                <td align="center">18.1 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">18.1 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">18.0 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 0.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BW at week 8 (g)</td>
                <td align="center">25.3 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">26.5 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 0.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BW change (g)</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 &#177; 0.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 0.9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>BW: body weight. BW changes of 18-g mice before and after surgery for 8 weeks. Data are presented as the mean &#177; SD.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 represents a significant difference between the 18 g/0.40 mm group and the rest groups after surgery.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we performed AAC according to 4 different ligating intensities for mice of 3 different weight levels to evaluate the survival rates of mice and CH induced by PO under different conditions. This is the first study showing that CH diversities exist among groups under different ligations and BW.</p>
      <p>AAC is widely used in the modeling of CH induced by PO in mice. Needle ligation is usually used, and the efficiency of modeling is highly dependent on ligation intensity. Nevertheless, excessive constriction will lead to death,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and our research findings (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) demonstrated this point. In this study, a 0.35-mm needle caused the death of all mice in the 3 weight levels, and the 0.40-mm needle caused the death of all mice in 22-g and 26-g groups. Contrarily, all mice with AAC that underwent surgery with a 0.50-mm needle or sham operation survived. Mice in the other groups had different mortality rates. Regarding the selection of needles for the BW ranges of this study, a needle smaller than 0.35mm in diameter caused stronger constriction and death. However, a needle larger than 0.50 mm in diameter did not alternatively affect the survival rate, but it did reduce the efficiency of CH because of the reduced PO from weaker constriction. This is why we chose needles between 0.35 mm and 0.50 mm.</p>
      <p>Death can occur after AAC. Undoubtedly, AAC increases cardiac afterloading. To cope with the additional biodynamics, the heart exerts a series of adaptive changes, including activation and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and hyperplasia of the extracellular matrix.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> This compensational mechanism maintains cardiac output (CO) effectively for a period of time while maintaining the survival of the organism; it is also the basis for the establishment of the CH model. However, when the sudden afterloading is out of the range of cardiomyocyte adjustment, the bloodstream will be limited and cause constriction, resulting in AHF. AHF is typically characterized by rapid changes in heart failure (HF) symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Sato et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> considered the incidence of death within 5 days as an assessment criterion of AHF. AHF could moderately or markedly improve by the second day if effectively controlled. AHF leads to high ventricular pressure, and high ventricular pressure leads to high pulmonary blood pressure, thus leading to pulmonary congestion, which is one of the causes of death after AAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Liao et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> suggested that cardiogenic pneumo-edema is the main cause of postoperative death for PO mice. Additionally, arrhythmia may occur as part of the electrophysiological changes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and cardiomyocyte sarcomeres may be disordered during the pathological changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> These are all severe threats to the survival rate after AAC. Our record of mice death times (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) showed the phenomenon of all deaths occurring within 5 days. A high incidence of death occurred during the initial 24h, which is in accordance with the aforementioned AHF criteria. In addition, there is a positive correlation between CO and BW;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> therefore, compared with the low-weight mice, high-weight mice require more CO and will have cardiac afterloading that is more increased than that of low-weight mice with the same aortic constriction. Results of the current study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) indicate that higher-weight mice had poorer tolerance for AAC, which is reflected in their mortality rates. Regarding mice with AAC that underwent ligation with a 0.40-mm needle, all mice in the 22-g and 26-g groups died. However, 6 out of 10 mice survived in the 18-g group.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of CH usually depends on changes in cardiac function and morphology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Echocardiography can be performed in vitro noninvasively during the first assessment of CH, and it is especially used to monitor changes in cardiac function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> We performed echocardiographic examinations of mice at the end of week 4 and week 8 post-surgery. Data (week 4 data in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) showed that at the end of week 4, the phenomena of thickened ventricular walls, enlarged ventricular chambers, and decreased cardiac functions were emerging in each AAC group compared with the sham groups, and this diversity was consistent with the characteristic cardiac changes that occur with chronic pressure overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> These trends became more pronounced at the end of week 8 (week 8 data in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), when EF and FS, which represent cardiac function, were significantly lower compared with the sham groups. CH also increased HW. In our study, the HW, HW/BW ratio, and HW/TL ratio for the AAC groups were significantly increased (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Cardiac remodeling is the most typical pathological change of CH, including cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the extracellular matrix increases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Our histological results showed increased external diameters and ventricular thickness in gross hearts and cross-sections under AAC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">B</xref>). HE staining of the AAC groups displayed the hypertrophic pathology of cardiomyocytes and nuclei (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>). PSR staining of the AAC groups displayed extensive collagen depositions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>), particularly in the perivascular space (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1E</xref>). Statistical analysis showed that the thickness of the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>) and the percentage of collagen deposition (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>) were significantly increased in the AAC groups compared to the sham group. Regarding the formation of collagen, Kuwahara et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> indicated that cardiac fibroblasts are activated on day 3 after PO, and that the neoformative fibrous tissues mainly affect the diastolic function rather than the systolic function during the initial 4 weeks. Then, excessive myocardial fibrosis is implicated in systolic dysfunction because of its more intensive traction, and cardiac function begins to deteriorate significantly. Regarding EF and FS values for the AAC groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), the downward trends from week 4 to week 8 conform to this theory.</p>
      <p>Choosing the proper needle is critical for establishing the CH model. Based on these results, we found that all mice with AAC died when a 0.35-mm needle was used for ligation for all 3 weight levels and when a 0.40-mm needle was used for ligation for the 22-g and 26-g groups; therefore, these 5 groups of weight-needle pairings were clearly unsuitable for use. The 18g/0.40mm group had obvious CH compared with the sham group, and its survival rate was acceptable (6 out of 10). However, it should still be excluded because the 18 g/0.45 mm group showed more obvious CH and higher survival rates (8 out of 10) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). The 0.45-mm and 0.50-mm needles are available for all 3 weight levels, but both can result in definite myocardial hypertrophy. However, the values of the HW, HW/BW ratio, and HW/TL ratio for the AAC mice when using the 0.45-mm needle were significantly higher than those when using a 0.50-mm needle for each weight level (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Therefore, for all 3 weight levels of our study, a CH model can be established using a 0.50-mm needle and the survival rate of the mice will not be threatened. However, a 0.45-mm needle leads to more effective CH model, and higher mortality than the 0.50-mm needle.</p>
      <p>Normally, with the PO-induced CH model, thinner needles creates more severe aortic stenosis and lead to more pronounced CH, and vice versa. However, we observed an interesting phenomenon: the CH level of the 18 g/0.45 mm group was abnormally significantly higher than that of the 18 g/0.40 mm group (18-g mice in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Regarding the analysis of BW data with AAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>), the changes in BW in 18-g mice during weeks 0 to 8 were significantly higher than those for the 22-g and 26-g mice, indicating that 18-g mice have greater potential for physical development after surgery and that physical development is often accompanied by organ development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Therefore, the heart of 18-g mice also has greater development potential. For the same weight level, the BW change of the 18 g/0.45 mm group during weeks 0 to 8 was significantly higher than that of the 18 g/0.40 mm group (BW change in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>). As mentioned, BW is positively related to CO; therefore, perhaps the greater ligation limited CO in the 18 g/0.40 mm group, which also limited physical development and organ development, including development of the heart. At the end of week 8, there was no significant difference in BW for the 18g/0.45mm group and 18g/sham groups; both had significantly higher BW than the 18 g/0.40 mm group (BW at week 8 in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>). The 0.45-mm needle had no obvious limits in18-g mice, but the BW advantage for the 18 g/0.45 mm group compared to the 18 g/0.40 mm group depends on greater CO and requires more hypertrophic myocardium for support. So, to establish CH models for AAC in mice that have developmental potential, such as 18-g mice, there may be a special ligating intensity region that can cause more obvious CH than the two adjacent regions. However, this phenomenon must comprise multiple factors and is worth further study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We established CH models using 4 ligation needle sizes and 3 weights for mice. Data showed that both of 0.45-mm and 0.50-mm needles lead to CH. However, 0.45mm needle brings more effective model and causes obvious CH in 18-g mice.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (number 81570343).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Zhen Jia, from Zhejiang University.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University under the protocol number 2014-17. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>Supplementary Materials</title>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table S1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mice body weights before surgery</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Weight</th>
                <th align="center">0.35 mm</th>
                <th align="center">0.40 mm</th>
                <th align="center">0.45 mm</th>
                <th align="center">0.50 mm</th>
                <th align="center">Sham</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18 g</td>
                <td align="center">18.0 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">18.0 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">18.1 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">18.0 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 0.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">22 g</td>
                <td align="center">22.1 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">22.0 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">21.9 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">22.2 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">22.1 &#177; 0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">26 g</td>
                <td align="center">26.0 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">26.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">26.0 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">26.3 &#177; 0.5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>No significant differences were found among the 5 groups according to pair-wise comparisons of each weight level (p &gt; 0.05); therefore, body weight could be considered one index for the same weight level. Data are presented as the mean &#177; SD (g) (n = 10). Body weights did not differ significantly from each other (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Table S2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mice body weights before abdominal aortic constriction</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="38%"/>
              <col width="22%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Weight</th>
                <th align="center">Survival</th>
                <th align="center">Death</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18 g</td>
                <td align="center">18.1 &#177; 0.3 (n = 24)</td>
                <td align="center">18.0 &#177; 0.3 (n = 16)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">22 g</td>
                <td align="center">22.1 &#177; 0.7 (n = 17)</td>
                <td align="center">22.0 &#177; 0.5 (n = 23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">26 g</td>
                <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 0.4 (n = 14)</td>
                <td align="center">26.1 &#177; 0.6 (n = 26)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>Retrospective data showed that the difference between weight at death and survival were not significant for each weight level (p &gt; 0.05), indicating that individual weight differences for the same weight level had no influence on postoperative death. Data are presented as mean &#177; SD (g).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </app>
    </app-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Zhao CZ, Zhao XM, Yang J, Mou Y, Chen B, Wu HD, et al. Inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase improves pressure overload induced chronic cardiac remodeling. Sci Rep. 2016 Dec 23;6:39186. doi: 10.1038/srep39186.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>CZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>XM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mou</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase improves pressure overload induced chronic cardiac remodeling</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <day>23</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <fpage>39186</fpage>
          <lpage>39186</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep39186</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Frey N, Olson EN. Cardiac hypertrophy: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Annu Rev Physiol. 2003;65:45-79. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142243.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Frey</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olson</surname>
              <given-names>EN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac hypertrophy: the good, the bad, and the ugly</article-title>
          <source>Annu Rev Physiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>79</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1146/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142243</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Alla F, Zannad F, Filippatos G. Epidemiology of acute heart failure syndromes. Heart Fail Rev. 2007;12(2):91-5. doi: 10.1007/s10741-007-9009-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alla</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zannad</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filippatos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epidemiology of acute heart failure syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>91</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10741-007-9009-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Sato N, Lam CS, Teerlink JR, Greenberg BH, Tsutsui H, Oh BH, et al. Evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of serelaxin when added to standard therapy in Asian patients with acute heart failure: design and rationale of RELAX-AHF-ASIA trial. J Card Fail. 2017;23(1):63-71. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.10.016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sato</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teerlink</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsutsui</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of serelaxin when added to standard therapy in Asian patients with acute heart failure: design and rationale of RELAX-AHF-ASIA trial</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>63</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.10.016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Yamamoto K, Ohishi M, Katsuya T, Ito N, Ikushima M, Kaibe M, et al. Deletion of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 accelerates pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction by increasing local angiotensin II. Hypertension. 2006;47(4):718-26. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000205833.89478.5b.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yamamoto</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohishi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katsuya</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ito</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikushima</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaibe</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Deletion of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 accelerates pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction by increasing local angiotensin II</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>718</fpage>
          <lpage>726</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.HYP.0000205833.89478.5b</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Liao Y, Bin J, Asakura M, Xuan W, Chen B, Huang Q, et al. Deficiency of type 1 cannabinoid receptors worsens acute heart failure induced by pressure overload in mice. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(24):3124-33. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr246.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asakura</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xuan</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Deficiency of type 1 cannabinoid receptors worsens acute heart failure induced by pressure overload in mice</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>3124</fpage>
          <lpage>3133</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehr246</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Martinez-Rubio A, Schwammenthal Y, Schwammenthal E, Block M, Reinhardt L, Garcia-Alberola A, et al. Patients with valvular heart disease presenting with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias or syncope: results of programmed ventricular stimulation and long-term follow-up. Circulation. 1997;96(2):500-8. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.96.2.500">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.96.2.500</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez-Rubio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwammenthal</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwammenthal</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Block</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reinhardt</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Alberola</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patients with valvular heart disease presenting with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias or syncope: results of programmed ventricular stimulation and long-term follow-up</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>500</fpage>
          <lpage>508</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.96.2.500</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Massengill MT, Ashraf HM, Chowdhury RR, Chrzanowski SM, Kar J, Warren SA, et al. Acute heart failure with cardiomyocyte atrophy induced in adult mice by ablation of cardiac myosin light chain kinase. Cardiovasc Res. 2016;111(1):34-43. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvw069.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Massengill</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ashraf</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chowdhury</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chrzanowski</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kar</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warren</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute heart failure with cardiomyocyte atrophy induced in adult mice by ablation of cardiac myosin light chain kinase</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>34</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cvr/cvw069</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Foppa M, Arora G, Gona P, Ashrafi A, Salton CJ, Yeon SB, et al. Right ventricular volumes and systolic function by cardiac magnetic resonance and the impact of sex, age, and obesity in a longitudinally followed cohort free of pulmonary and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(3):e003810. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003810.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Foppa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arora</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gona</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ashrafi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salton</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeon</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Right ventricular volumes and systolic function by cardiac magnetic resonance and the impact of sex, age, and obesity in a longitudinally followed cohort free of pulmonary and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e003810</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003810</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Karimian S, Stein J, Bauer B, Teupe C. Impact of severe obesity and weight loss on systolic left ventricular function and morphology: assessment by 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Obes. 2016;2016:2732613. doi: 10.1155/2016/2732613.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Karimian</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauer</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teupe</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of severe obesity and weight loss on systolic left ventricular function and morphology: assessment by 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Obes</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>2016</volume>
          <fpage>2732613</fpage>
          <lpage>2732613</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/2732613</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Elliott P, McKenna WJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2004;363(9424):1881-91. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16358-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elliott</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKenna</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>363</volume>
          <issue>9424</issue>
          <fpage>1881</fpage>
          <lpage>1891</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16358-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Zhao B, Wang S, Chen J, Ji Y, Wang J, Tian X, et al. Echocardiographic characterization of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Chinese patients with myosin-binding protein C3 mutations. Exp Ther Med. 2017;13(3):995-1002. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4089.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ji</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tian</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Echocardiographic characterization of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Chinese patients with myosin-binding protein C3 mutations</article-title>
          <source>Exp Ther Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>995</fpage>
          <lpage>1002</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3892/etm.2017.4089</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Hunter JJ, Chien KR. Signaling pathways for cardiac hypertrophy and failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(17):1276-83. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199910213411706.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hunter</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chien</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Signaling pathways for cardiac hypertrophy and failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>341</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1276</fpage>
          <lpage>1283</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM199910213411706</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Huang CK, Chen BY, Guo A, Chen R, Zhu YQ, Kutschke W, et al. Sildenafil ameliorates left ventricular T-tubule remodeling in a pressure overload-induced murine heart failure model. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2016;37(4):473-82. doi: 10.1038/aps.2016.13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>BY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>YQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kutschke</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sildenafil ameliorates left ventricular T-tubule remodeling in a pressure overload-induced murine heart failure model</article-title>
          <source>Acta Pharmacol Sin</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>473</fpage>
          <lpage>482</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/aps.2016.13</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Tsotetsi OJ, Woodiwiss AJ, Netjhardt M, Qubu D, Brooksbank R, Norton GR. Attenuation of cardiac failure, dilatation, damage, and detrimental interstitial remodeling without regression of hypertrophy in hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 2001;38(4):846-51. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/hy1001.092649">https://doi.org/10.1161/hy1001.092649</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsotetsi</surname>
              <given-names>OJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woodiwiss</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Netjhardt</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qubu</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brooksbank</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Norton</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Attenuation of cardiac failure, dilatation, damage, and detrimental interstitial remodeling without regression of hypertrophy in hypertensive rats</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>846</fpage>
          <lpage>851</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/hy1001.092649">https://doi.org/10.1161/hy1001.092649</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Kuwahara F, Kai H, Tokuda K, Kai M, Takeshita A, Egashira K, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta function blocking prevents myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in pressure-overloaded rats. Circulation. 2002;106(1):130-5. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000020689.12472.E0">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000020689.12472.E0</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuwahara</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kai</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tokuda</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kai</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takeshita</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Egashira</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transforming growth factor-beta function blocking prevents myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in pressure-overloaded rats</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>130</fpage>
          <lpage>135</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000020689.12472.E0">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000020689.12472.E0</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Minior VK, Levine B, Ferber A, Guller S, Divon MY. Nucleated red blood cells as a marker of acute and chronic fetal hypoxia in a rat model. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2017;8(2). doi: 10.5041/RMMJ.10302.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Minior</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levine</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferber</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guller</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Divon</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nucleated red blood cells as a marker of acute and chronic fetal hypoxia in a rat model</article-title>
          <source>Rambam Maimonides Med J</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5041/RMMJ.10302</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Hipertrofia Card&#237;aca Induzida por Sobrecarga de Press&#227;o Varia de Acordo com os Diferentes Tamanhos de Agulhas para Ligadura e os Pesos Corporais em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jia</surname>
            <given-names>Zhen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Zhijun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Hongfei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armah</surname>
            <given-names>Malik Akuffu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teng</surname>
            <given-names>Peng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Weidong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jian</surname>
            <given-names>Dongdong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ma</surname>
            <given-names>Liang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ni</surname>
            <given-names>Yiming</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Yiming Ni.</bold> Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003 - China. E-mail: <email>1183020@zju.edu.cn</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Zhen J, Yiming N; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Zhen J, Chen Z, Hongfei X, Dongdong J; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Zhen J, Chen Z; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Zhen J, Chen Z, Peng T; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Hongfei X; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Zhen J, Dongdong J; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Armah MA, Weidong L, Liang M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O modelo de hipertrofia card&#237;aca (HC) para ratos foi amplamente utilizado, proporcionando assim uma base de pesquisa efetiva para a explora&#231;&#227;o de HC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>pesquisar os efeitos do modelamento de HC sob constri&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal (CAA) usando diferentes agulhas e pesos em ratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>foram utilizadas quatro agulhas com di&#226;metros externos diferentes (0,35, 0,40, 0,45 e 0,50 mm) para CAA. Foram selecionados 150 ratos C57BL / 6 machos de acordo com o peso corporal (PC) e divididos em 3 n&#237;veis de peso: 18 g, 22 g e 26g (n = 50 em cada grupo). Todos os n&#237;veis de peso foram divididos em 5 grupos: um grupo <italic>sham</italic> (n = 10) e 4 grupos CAA usando 4 intensidades de ligadura (n = 10 por grupo). Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, foram registradas as taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia, foi realizada ecocardiografia, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram dissecados e utilizados para detec&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica, e os dados foram analisados estatisticamente, p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Todos os ratos morreram nos seguintes grupos de CAA: 18 g/0,35 mm, 22 g/0,35 mm, 26 g/0,35 mm, 22 g/0,40 mm e 26 g/0,40 mm. Todos os ratos com CAA, aqueles ligados com uma agulha de 0,50 mm, e aqueles que sofreram opera&#231;&#227;o <italic>sham</italic> sobreviveram. Ocorreram diferentes taxas de mortalidade nos seguintes grupos de CAA: 18 g/0,40 mm, 18 g/0,45 mm, 18 g/0,50 mm, 22 g/45 mm, 22 g/0,50 mm, 26 g/0,45 mm e 26 g/0,50 mm. As propor&#231;&#245;es de peso do cora&#231;&#227;o/peso corporal (5,39 &#177; 0,85, 6,41 &#177; 0,68, 4,67 &#177; 0,37, 5,22 &#177; 0,42, 4,23 &#177; 0,28, 5,41 &#177; 0,14 e 4,02 &#177; 0,13) aumentaram significativamente em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos <italic>sham</italic> para ratos com os mesmos n&#237;veis de peso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>uma agulha de 0,45mm levou a HC mais &#243;bvia do que as agulhas de 0,40 mm e 0,50mm e causou HC extraordin&#225;ria em ratos de 18 g.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Peso Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Agulhas/utiliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>The National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81570343</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo The National Natural Science Foundation of China (n&#250;mero 81570343).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertrofia card&#237;aca (HC) &#233; uma altera&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica compensat&#243;ria que geralmente &#233; induzida por sobrecarga de press&#227;o (SP), anormalidade neurohumoral e os efeitos das citocinas. Caracteriza-se por hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos e hiperplasia intersticial, e resulta em um cora&#231;&#227;o aumentado e espessamento das paredes do cora&#231;&#227;o. Clinicamente, a HC est&#225; envolvida no desenvolvimento de muitas doen&#231;as, como doen&#231;a valvular, hipertens&#227;o, estenose arterial e hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica prim&#225;ria. Se essas doen&#231;as se desenvolvem em seu pr&#243;prio ritmo, a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (FC) ir&#225; gradualmente se descompensar, levando &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (HF), que reduz a qualidade de vida e aumenta a taxa de mortalidade. Portanto, a HC &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o generalizada e tem sido explorada no n&#237;vel molecular pelos pesquisadores. Devido &#224; alta homologia gen&#244;mica entre ratos e seres humanos, um modelo de HC estabelecido para ratos tem sido amplamente utilizado em experi&#234;ncias com animais, proporcionando assim uma base de pesquisa efetiva para a explora&#231;&#227;o de HC.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, a HC induzida por SP &#233; uma maneira comum de estabelecer o modelo. A constri&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal (CAA) &#233; altamente recomendada pelos pesquisadores devido &#224; alta taxa de sucesso e &#224; capacidade de realizar cirurgia sem necessidade de toracotomia ou ventila&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, os efeitos de modelagem com diferentes intensidades de ligadura para certos pesos corporais (PCs) ainda n&#227;o foram relatados. Portanto, utilizamos 3 ratos PC usados com frequ&#234;ncia (18 g, 22 g e 26 g) e 4 diferentes tamanhos de agulha (0,35, 0,40, 0,45 e 0,50 mm) para estabelecer o modelo de HC para cada n&#237;vel de peso para CAA, resumir as taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia, e avaliar os efeitos da HC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Grupos de animais e manipula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Cento e cinquenta ratos machos de tipo selvagem C57BL/6 foram obtidos do Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co. Ltd (Xangai, China). Todos os animais foram tratados e atendidos de acordo com o <italic>Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio</italic> (National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC, 1996). Os protocolos experimentais foram aprovados pelo nosso Comit&#234; Institucional de Cuidados e Uso Animal da Universidade de Zhejiang (Hangzhou, China). Os ratos foram selecionados de acordo com pesos de aproximadamente 18 g (intervalo 17,3-18,7 g), 22 g (intervalo, 20,8-23,0 g) e 26 g (intervalo, 25,1-27,0 g) e foram divididos nos seguintes tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de peso: 18g (18,0 &#177; 0,3 g; n = 50), 22 g (22,0 &#177; 0,6 g; n = 50) e 26 g (26,1 &#177; 0,5 g; n = 50). Todos os n&#237;veis de peso foram divididos usando um m&#233;todo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o para criar um grupo <italic>sham</italic> (n = 10) e 4 grupos de CAA de acordo com as intensidades de ligadura (0,35, 0,40, 0,45 e 0,50mm; n = 10 por grupo). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PC, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os 5 grupos para cada n&#237;vel de peso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t17">Tabela S1</xref>) e os PC pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios de ratos que morreram e dos que sobreviveram n&#227;o foram significativos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">Tabela S2</xref>).</p>
          <p>Os ratos foram anestesiados com 4% de hidrato de cloral (0,1 ml / 1 g de PC, inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal). Quando os ratos n&#227;o responderam quando o dedo do p&#233; foi comprimido, os membros foram fixados na placa de opera&#231;&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e a pele foi preparada barbeando e desinfestando com &#225;lcool. Uma gaze est&#233;ril foi colocada no lado direito do abd&#244;men e uma incis&#227;o medioventral foi criada cerca de 1,5 cm a partir do xifoide. A pele foi fixada com um espalhador e as v&#237;sceras foram puxadas suavemente com um cotonete e colocadas na gaze. Em seguida, a aorta abdominal foi isolada usando uma t&#233;cnica de dissec&#231;&#227;o sem corte com microforceps curvados no microsc&#243;pio. Uma sutura de seda de 6-0 foi enrolada e puxada para tr&#225;s em torno da aorta 1 mm acima da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior. Uma agulha de acupuntura blunt de 2 mm (di&#226;metros externos: 0,35 mm, 0,40 mm, 0,45 mm e 0,50 mm; Huatuo; Suzhou Medical Appliance Factory, Suzhou, China; crit&#233;rio n&#250;mero GB2024-1994) foi ent&#227;o colocada ao lado da aorta. A sutura estava amarrada confortavelmente ao redor da agulha e da aorta. A agulha foi removida imediatamente ap&#243;s a ligadura, as v&#237;sceras foram substitu&#237;das, o peritoneu e a pele foram suturados, e os ratos foram colocados para se recuperar. A ligadura a&#243;rtica foi omitida apenas para o grupo <italic>sham</italic>. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, as orelhas foram cortadas para diferenciar os ratos. Em seguida, os ratos foram colocados em uma incubadora a 30&#176;C at&#233; que eles acordaram e foram devolvidos &#224;s suas gaiolas. O estado de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi registrado diariamente. Para observar o desenvolvimento f&#237;sico de ratos sob diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es, as diferen&#231;as de PC antes da cirurgia e na semana 8 p&#243;s-cirurgia foram calculadas como a mudan&#231;a no PC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s as semanas p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio 4 e 8, os ratos foram pesados e anestesiados com 4% de hidrato de cloral e colocados em uma almofada de aquecimento ap&#243;s a prepara&#231;&#227;o da pele. O ecocardiograma bidimensional transtor&#225;cico (2D) foi realizado utilizando o sistema ecocardiogr&#225;fico ultra-som GE Vivid E9 (General Electric Company, Fairfield, CT, EUA) com a sonda GE 9L (transdutor de matriz linear de 8 MHz, General Electric Company). As varreduras do eixo longo paraesternal do modo M do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no n&#237;vel das cordas mitrais foram utilizadas para quantificar a espessura do septo interventricular no final da di&#225;stole (ESId), espessura do septo interventricular no final da s&#237;stole (ESIs), dimens&#227;o interna do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no final da di&#225;stole (DIVEd), dimens&#227;o interna do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no final da s&#237;stole (DIVEs), espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no final da di&#225;stole (EPPVEd), espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no final da s&#237;stole (EPPVEs), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) e encurtamento fraccion&#225;rio (EF). Todos os ratos foram testados usando os mesmos par&#226;metros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Peso card&#237;aco, peso card&#237;aco/peso corporal e peso card&#237;aco/comprimento tibial</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica &#224;s 8 semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, os ratos foram sacrificados por desloca&#231;&#227;o cervical e os cora&#231;&#245;es foram dissecados. Ent&#227;o, os tecidos auriculares e vasculares foram cortados cuidadosamente, deixando os ventr&#237;culos. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram enxaguados com solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com fosfato (SSTF), drenados apertando suavemente sobre papel absorvente, pesados, fotografados sob luz natural e fixados em paraformalde&#237;do a 4%. Os comprimentos tibiais (CTs, valor m&#233;dio da t&#237;bia bilateral) foram registrados. O peso card&#237;aco (PCo), PC e CT foram medidos e a rela&#231;&#227;o PCo/PC e a rela&#231;&#227;o PCo/CT foram calculadas para avaliar a resposta hipertr&#243;fica &#224; SP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exame histol&#243;gico do cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Cora&#231;&#245;es extra&#237;dos foram fixados em paraformalde&#237;do a 4% por 24h e desidratados. Ap&#243;s os procedimentos histol&#243;gicos de rotina, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram incorporados em parafina e cortados em se&#231;&#245;es de 4 &#181;-m. As se&#231;&#245;es foram coradas com hematoxilina e eosina (HE) e picrosirius Red (PSR). As se&#231;&#245;es transversais card&#237;acas foram adquiridas em vistas microsc&#243;picas 20x a partir de se&#231;&#245;es HE e 5 espessuras do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em cada vis&#227;o foram selecionadas em amostragem sistem&#225;tica e medidas usando Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Rockville, MD, EUA). Ent&#227;o, os valores m&#233;dios foram calculados. As mudan&#231;as morfol&#243;gicas dos cardiomi&#243;citos foram adquiridas em vistas microsc&#243;picas 400 &#215; a partir de se&#231;&#245;es HE. Os dep&#243;sitos intersticiais e/ou perivasculares de col&#225;geno foram capturados em vistas microsc&#243;picas 200 x sob luzes padr&#227;o. O col&#225;geno foi corado com PSR, indicando fibrose. Pelo menos 6 visualiza&#231;&#245;es foram selecionadas de forma cega, e cada fotografia foi analisada para revelar a propor&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno vermelho para toda a &#225;rea de tecido usando o Image-Pro Plus 6.0. Ent&#227;o, os valores m&#233;dios foram calculados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O software estat&#237;stico SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) foi utilizado para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) foi utilizado para verificar a normalidade das vari&#225;veis quantitativas conforme apropriado. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). A ANOVA unidirecional e os testes p&#243;s-hoc Tukey foram utilizados para avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>CAA excessivo pode levar &#224; morte</title>
          <p>Monitoramos as mortes de ratos ap&#243;s a cirurgia de acordo com crit&#233;rios de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda (ICA). Os dados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 1</xref>) mostraram que todos os &#243;bitos ocorreram dentro de 5 dias, e uma alta incid&#234;ncia de &#243;bito ocorreu durante o per&#237;odo inicial de 24 h p&#243;s-cirurgia.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortes de ratos ap&#243;s a cirurgia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Agulhas (mm) para 18 g</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Agulhas (mm) para 22 g</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Agulhas (mm) para 26 g</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">0,35</th>
                  <th align="center">0,40</th>
                  <th align="center">0,45</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">0,35</th>
                  <th align="center">0,40</th>
                  <th align="center">0,45</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">0,35</th>
                  <th align="center">0,40</th>
                  <th align="center">0,45</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">0-24 h</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">24 h-3 d</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3 d-5 d</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p>N&#227;o houve mortes de ratos no grupo CAA 0.50-mm ou no grupo sham. As mortes foram registradas durante 3 per&#237;odos (0-24h, 24h-3d e 3-5 d); 54 mortes ocorreram dentro de 0-24h ap&#243;s a cirurgia. O n&#250;mero total de &#243;bitos foi de 65.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CAA aumenta as dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas e reduz a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A ecocardiografia foi realizada no final das semanas p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias 4 e 8. Na semana 4 p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, os dados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 2</xref>) mostraram uma tend&#234;ncia de aumento do cora&#231;&#227;o para ratos com CAA, incluindo espessamento da parede ventricular e um aumento na dilata&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara; no entanto, as diferen&#231;as em FE e EF n&#227;o foram significativas, indicando que mudan&#231;as na estrutura do cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tiveram um efeito pronunciado na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nesse momento. Na semana 8 p&#243;s-cirurgia, a tend&#234;ncia do aumento do cora&#231;&#227;o continuou; no entanto, os valores FE e EF para os grupos CAA diminu&#237;ram significativamente. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca da semana 4 &#224; semana 8 foi consistente com a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, come&#231;ando a ser marcadamente afetada na semana 4 ap&#243;s a cirurgia de SP.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de ratos de 18 g, 22 g e 26 g</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="4%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/0,40 mm<break/>(n = 6)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/0,45 mm<break/>(n = 8)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/0,50 mm<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/Sham<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">22 g/0,45 mm<break/>(n = 7)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">22 g/0,50 mm<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">22 g/Sham <break/>(n=10)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">26 g/0,45 mm<break/>(n = 4)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">26 g/0,50 mm<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">26 g/Sham<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Semana 4</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ESId</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 &#177; 0,05*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 &#177; 0,05*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80 &#177; 0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ESIs</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24 &#177; 0,15*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 &#177; 0,07*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DIVEd</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,21 &#177; 0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,33 &#177; 0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,00 &#177; 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,08 &#177; 0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,04 &#177; 0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,01 &#177; 0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,00 &#177; 0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,40 &#177; 0,11*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,11 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,96 &#177; 0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DIVEs</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,13 &#177; 0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,37 &#177; 0,26*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,03 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,09 &#177; 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,92 &#177; 0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,98 &#177; 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,07 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,24 &#177; 0,18*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,02 &#177; 0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,93 &#177; 0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EPPVEd</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 &#177; 0,04*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 &#177; 0,08*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,05*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EPPVEs</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24 &#177; 0,06*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27 &#177; 0,04*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE %</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">70,7 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">66,0 &#177; 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">67,9 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">68,5 &#177; 2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">72,1 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">68,3 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">70,6 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">70,5 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">71,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">73,1 &#177; 4,,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EF %</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">34,5 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">31,2 &#177; 2,1*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">34,5 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">34,3 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">36,9 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">35,7 &#177; 3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">36,7 &#177; 2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">36,3 &#177; 2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">37,5 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">36,6 &#177; 3,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Semana 8</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ESId</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 &#177; 0,08*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 &#177; 0,05*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 &#177; 0,06*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 &#177; 0,02*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ESIs</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,33 &#177; 0,14*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26 &#177; 0,07*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16 &#177; 0,10*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14 &#177; 0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DIVEd</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,34 &#177; 0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">4,12 &#177; 0,34*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,30 &#177; 0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,14 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,26 &#177; 0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,15 &#177; 0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,23 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,50 &#177; 0,12*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,29 &#177; 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,20 &#177; 0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DIVEs</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,13 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,02 &#177; 0,27*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,21 &#177; 0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,94 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,25 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,11 &#177; 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,19 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,50 &#177; 0,15*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,33 &#177; 0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,14 &#177; 0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EPPVEd</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 &#177; 0,08*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,08*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 &#177; 0,04*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 &#177; 0,05*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 &#177; 0,04*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 0,07*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 &#177; 0,04*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 &#177; 0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EPPVEs</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 &#177; 0,08*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35 &#177; 0,13*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20 &#177; 0,07*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22 &#177; 0,06*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30 &#177; 0,08*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 &#177; 0,05*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 &#177; 0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE %</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">64,7 &#177; 4,6*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">60,9 &#177; 2,4*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">67,6 &#177; 4,7*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">75,5 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">63,3 &#177; 3,0*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">67,7 &#177; 3,3*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">74,2 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">62,8 &#177; 2,6*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">67,5 &#177; 5,3*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">73,1 &#177; 2,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EF %</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">33,2 &#177; 3,0*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">29,4 &#177; 1,9*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">35,8 &#177; 4,3*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">41,0 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">32,9 &#177; 1,6*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">35,5 &#177; 2,4*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">40,8 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">31,0 &#177; 3,2*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">32,7 &#177; 3,8*</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">36,9 &#177; 2,5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <p>ESId: espessura do septo interventricular no final da di&#225;stole; ESIs: espessura do septo interventricular no final da s&#237;stole; DIVEd: dimens&#227;o interna do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no final da di&#225;stole; DIVEs: dimens&#227;o interna do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no final da s&#237;stole; EPPVEd: espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no final da di&#225;stole; EPPVEs: espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no final da s&#237;stole; FE, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; EF, encurtamento fracion&#225;rio. As dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas (incluindo ESId, ESIs, DIVEd, DIVEs, EPPVEd e EPPVEs) (mm) e os &#237;ndices funcionais (incluindo FE e EF) modificaram-se por meio de ecocardiografia. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente e apresentados como a m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Na semana 4, as dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas para os grupos CAA aumentaram significativamente em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos shams (*p &lt; 0,05); na semana 8, mais dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas aumentaram significativamente, e os valores de FE e EF para os grupos CAA diminu&#237;ram significativamente comparativamente aos dos grupos shams para 3 n&#237;veis de peso (* p &lt; 0,05).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CAA aumenta o PCo, e as rela&#231;&#245;es PCo/PC e PCo/CT</title>
          <p>Geralmente, o aumento do PCo, e das rela&#231;&#245;es PCo/PC e PCo/CT s&#227;o os tr&#234;s principais indicadores de HC. Em nosso estudo, como &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 3</xref>, descobrimos que o CAA aumentou significativamente o PCo e causou uma rela&#231;&#227;o PCo/PC e PCo/CT significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos <italic>shams</italic> para todos os n&#237;veis de peso. Os valores PCo, PCo/PC e PCo/CT para os grupos CAA 0,45 mm foram significativamente maiores que os dos grupos CAA 0,50 mm. Estes &#237;ndices relacionados ao PCo para os grupos de 18 g/0,45 mm foram significativamente maiores mesmo que os dos grupos de 18 g/0,40 mm.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#205;ndices relacionados ao peso card&#237;aco de ratos de 18 g, 22 g e 26 g</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="4%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/0,40 mm<break/>(n = 6)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/0,45 mm<break/>(n = 8)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/0,50 mm<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/Sham<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">22 g/0,45 mm<break/>(n = 7)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">22 g/0,50 mm<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">22 g/Sham<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">26 g/0,45 mm<break/>(n = 4)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">26 g/0,50 mm<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">26 g/Sham<break/>(n = 10)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCo</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">136,5 &#177; 22,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">170,0 &#177; 21,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">124,0 &#177; 9,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">103,5 &#177; 7,0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">137,1 &#177; 7,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">115,5 &#177; 7,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">104,3 &#177; 7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">153,5 &#177; 4,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">114,3 &#177; 5,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">103,2 &#177; 5,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCo/PC</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5,39 &#177; 0,85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">6,41 &#177; 0,68<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">4,67 &#177; 0,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,86 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5,22 &#177; 0,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">4,23 &#177; 0,28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,62 &#177; 0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5,41 &#177; 0,14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">4,02 &#177; 0,13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,59 &#177; 0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCo/CT</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">63,8 &#177; 10,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">74,4 &#177; 9,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">57,6 &#177; 4,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">47,8 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">59,6 &#177; 3,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">54,2 &#177; 3,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">48,3 &#177; 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">65,6 &#177; 1,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">49,2 &#177; 2,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">44,1 &#177; 2,8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>PCo: peso do cora&#231;&#227;o; PC: peso corporal; CT: comprimento tibial. PCo (mg), PCo/PC (mg/g) e PCo/CT (mg/cm) foram medidos e calculados a partir de CAA e grupos shams de 3 n&#237;veis de PC. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como a m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Comparados com o grupo sham no mesmo n&#237;vel PC, os &#237;ndices relacionados ao peso card&#237;aco dos grupos CAA aumentaram significativamente (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>Comparados com os grupos restantes no mesmo n&#237;vel de PC, os &#237;ndices relacionados ao peso do cora&#231;&#227;o do grupo CAA 0.45-mm aumentaram significativamente (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CAA leva &#224; hipertrofia dos cardiomi&#243;citos e aumenta os dep&#243;sitos de col&#225;geno</title>
          <p>Para os ratos submetidos &#224; cirurgia CAA, os cora&#231;&#245;es demonstraram diferentes graus de aumento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura1A</xref>), aumento dos m&#250;sculos papilares e espessamento das paredes ventriculares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1B</xref>). O espessamento da parede aumentou significativamente em compara&#231;&#227;o com o do grupo <italic>sham</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 4</xref>). Os grupos <italic>shams</italic> apresentaram arquitetura normal dos cardiomi&#243;citos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos CAA. Foram observadas mudan&#231;as patol&#243;gicas, incluindo cardiomi&#243;citos e cardiomi&#243;citos aumentados, desordenados e eosinof&#237;licos, ricos em citoplasma e n&#250;cleos traquicromaticos e pantom&#243;rficos em cada um dos grupos CAA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura1C</xref>). Dep&#243;sitos dispersos de col&#225;geno nos espa&#231;os intersticial e perivasculares foram observados nos grupos <italic>shams</italic>. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, em alguns grupos CAA, uma maior quantidade e uma maior amplitude de dep&#243;sitos vermelhos foram observados no espa&#231;o intersticial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1D</xref>) e observou-se col&#225;geno espessado no espa&#231;o perivascular, especialmente na parede vascular externa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura1E</xref>). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica indicou que o grupo CAA apresentou uma &#225;rea de col&#225;geno significativamente maior do que o grupo <italic>sham</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 5</xref>). Estes resultados implicam que CAA &#233; capaz de induzir HC induzida por SP e fibrose.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Espessura do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (mm) com base no peso e tamanho da agulha</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="22%"/>
                <col width="24%"/>
                <col width="24%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Peso</th>
                  <th align="center">0,40 mm</th>
                  <th align="center">0,45 mm</th>
                  <th align="center">0,50 mm</th>
                  <th align="center">Sham</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">18 g</td>
                  <td align="center">1,81 &#177; 0,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,86 &#177; 0,17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,59 &#177; 0,09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27 &#177; 0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">22 g</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,69 &#177; 0,24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55 &#177; 0,19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22 &#177; 0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">26 g</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,82 &#177; 0,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,59 &#177; 0,22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34 &#177; 0,07</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como a m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 5).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>P &lt; 0,05 representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre a constri&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal (CAA) e os grupos shams.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Percentagem do dep&#243;sito de col&#225;geno no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com base no peso e tamanho da agulha</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="23%"/>
                <col width="24%"/>
                <col width="24%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Peso</th>
                  <th align="center">0,40 mm</th>
                  <th align="center">0,45 mm</th>
                  <th align="center">0,50 mm</th>
                  <th align="center">Sham</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">18 g</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8 &#177; 2,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 1,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5,1 &#177; 1,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6 &#177; 1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">22 g</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 &#177; 1,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 1,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">26 g</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 1,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3 &#177; 1,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 0,8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como a m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 6).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre a constri&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal (CAA) e os grupos shams.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos e dep&#243;sitos de col&#225;geno no exame histol&#243;gico. (A) Corpos grossos sob luz natural. (B) Vistas 20 x microsc&#243;picas das se&#231;&#245;es HE. (C) Vistas microsc&#243;picas de 400 &#215; das se&#231;&#245;es HE. (D) Exibi&#231;&#245;es microsc&#243;picas representativas de 200 &#215; sob luzes padr&#227;o de se&#231;&#245;es PSR no espa&#231;o intersticial. (E) Exibi&#231;&#245;es microsc&#243;picas representativas de 200 &#215; sob luzes padr&#227;o de se&#231;&#245;es PSR no espa&#231;o perivascular. A fibrose &#233; apresentada como vermelha nas se&#231;&#245;es do PSR.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0568-80088-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CAA pode restringir o desenvolvimento f&#237;sico</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise mostrou que com CAA 0.45mm, o PC aumentou significativamente em ratos de 18 g em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ratos de 22 g e 26 g (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Tabela 6</xref>), indicando que os grupos de 18 g tinham maior potencial de desenvolvimento. Nos grupos de ratos de 18 g, os dados mostraram que o valor de 18 g/0,40 mm foi significativamente menor que o dos grupos 18 g/0,45 mm e 18 g/<italic>sham</italic>, e que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os 18 g/0,45 mm e 18 g/grupos <italic>sham</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Tabela 7</xref>), indicando que o grupo 18 g/0,45 mm teve desenvolvimento f&#237;sico quase normal. O desenvolvimento do grupo 18 g/0,40 mm foi limitado.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t15">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mudan&#231;as de peso corporal com CAA sob agulha de 0,45 mm</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="26%"/>
                <col width="23%"/>
                <col width="27%"/>
                <col width="24%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/0,45 mm (n = 8)</th>
                  <th align="center">22 g/0,45 mm (n = 7)</th>
                  <th align="center">26 g/0,45 mm (n = 4)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mudan&#231;a no PC (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 0,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 0,3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN25">
                <p>PC: peso corporal; CAA: constri&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN26">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>P &lt; 0,05 representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos 18 g/0,45 mm e 22 g/0,45 mm e 26 g/0,45 mm.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t16">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Peso corporal e mudan&#231;as no PC em ratos de 18 g</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="23%"/>
                <col width="23%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/0,40 mm (n = 6)</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/0,45 mm (n = 8)</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/0,50 mm (n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center">18 g/Sham (n = 10)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PC antes da cirurgia (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,1 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">18,1 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">18,0 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 0,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PC na semana 8 (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,3 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">26,5 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mudan&#231;a PC (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2 &#177; 0,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 0,9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN27">
                <p>PC: peso corporal. Mudan&#231;as no PC de ratos de 18 g antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia para 8 semanas. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como a m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN28">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>P &lt; 0,05 representa uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre o grupo 18 g/0,40 mm e os grupos restantes ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, realizamos CAA de acordo com 4 intensidades de ligadura diferentes para ratos de 3 diferentes n&#237;veis de peso para avaliar as taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de ratos com HC induzida por SP sob diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es. Este &#233; o primeiro estudo que mostra que existem diversidades de HC existem entre grupos sob ligaduras e PC diferentes.</p>
        <p>CAA &#233; amplamente utilizada na modelagem de HC induzida por SP em ratos. A ligadura da agulha &#233; usualmente utilizada e a efici&#234;ncia da modelagem &#233; altamente dependente da intensidade da ligadura. No entanto, a constri&#231;&#227;o excessiva levar&#225; &#224; morte,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e os achados da nossa pesquisa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 1</xref>) demonstraram esse ponto. Neste estudo, uma agulha de 0,35 mm causou a morte de todos os ratos nos tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de peso e a agulha de 0,40 mm causou a morte de todos os ratos nos grupos de 22 g e 26 g. Ao contr&#225;rio, todos os ratos com CAA submetidos a cirurgia com uma agulha de 0,50 mm ou opera&#231;&#227;o <italic>sham</italic> sobreviveram. Os ratos nos outros grupos apresentaram taxas de mortalidade diferentes. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o de agulhas para os intervalos PC deste estudo, uma agulha menor que 0,35 mm de di&#226;metro causou maior constri&#231;&#227;o e morte. No entanto, uma agulha com mais de 0,50 mm de di&#226;metro n&#227;o alterou a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia, mas reduziu a efici&#234;ncia de HC devido ao SP reduzido por uma constri&#231;&#227;o mais fraca. &#201; por isso que escolhemos agulhas entre 0,35 mm e 0,50 mm.</p>
        <p>A morte pode ocorrer ap&#243;s a CAA. Indubitavelmente, a CAA aumenta a p&#243;s-carga card&#237;aca. Para lidar com a biodin&#226;mica adicional, o cora&#231;&#227;o exerce uma s&#233;rie de mudan&#231;as adaptativas, incluindo ativa&#231;&#227;o e hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos e hiperplasia da matriz extracelular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Este mecanismo compensat&#243;rio mant&#233;m o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC) efetivo por um per&#237;odo de tempo, mantendo a sobreviv&#234;ncia do organismo; &#233; tamb&#233;m a base para o estabelecimento do modelo HC. No entanto, quando a p&#243;s-carga s&#250;bita est&#225; fora do rango do ajuste de cardiomi&#243;citos, a corrente sangu&#237;nea ser&#225; limitada e causar&#225; constri&#231;&#227;o, resultando em ICA. A ICA &#233; tipicamente caracterizada por mudan&#231;as r&#225;pidas nos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Sato et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> consideraram a incid&#234;ncia de morte dentro de 5 dias como um crit&#233;rio de avalia&#231;&#227;o de ICA. ICA poderia melhorar moderadamente ou notavelmente no segundo dia, se for efetivamente controlada. A ICA leva a alta press&#227;o ventricular e a alta press&#227;o ventricular leva a alta press&#227;o arterial pulmonar, levando a congest&#227;o pulmonar, que &#233; uma das causas de morte ap&#243;s CAA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Liao et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> sugeriram que o pneumoedema cardiog&#234;nico &#233; a principal causa de morte p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria para ratos SP. Al&#233;m disso, a arritmia pode ocorrer como parte das mudan&#231;as eletrofisiol&#243;gicas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e os sarc&#243;meros de cardiomi&#243;citos podem ser desordenados durante as mudan&#231;as patol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Estas s&#227;o todas amea&#231;as graves para a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a CAA. Nosso registro de tempos de morte de ratos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 1</xref>) mostrou o fen&#244;meno de todas as mortes ocorrendo dentro de 5 dias. Uma alta incid&#234;ncia de morte ocorreu durante as 24h iniciais, o que est&#225; de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de ICA acima mencionados. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre DC e PC; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> portanto, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os ratos de baixo peso, ratos de alto peso requerem mais DC e ter&#227;o p&#243;s-carga card&#237;aca mais aumentada do que os ratos de baixo peso com a mesma constri&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. Os resultados do estudo atual (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 1</xref>) indicam que os ratos de maior peso apresentaram menor toler&#226;ncia para CAA, o que se reflete nas taxas de mortalidade. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ratos com CAA submetidos a ligadura com uma agulha de 0,40 mm, todos os ratos nos grupos de 22 g e 26 g morreram. Entretanto, 6 dos 10 ratos sobreviveram no grupo de 18 g.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de HC geralmente depende de mudan&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e na morfologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A ecocardiografia pode ser realizada in vitro de forma n&#227;o invasiva durante a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o de HC, e &#233; especialmente utilizada para monitorar mudan&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Realizamos exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de ratos no final da semana 4 e da semana 8 p&#243;s-cirurgia. Os dados (dados da semana 4 na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 2</xref>) mostraram que, no final da semana 4, surgiram fen&#244;menos de paredes ventriculares espessadas, c&#226;maras ventriculares aumentadas e diminui&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas em cada grupo CAA em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos <italic>sham</italic>s, e essa diversidade era consistente com as mudan&#231;as card&#237;acas caracter&#237;sticas que ocorrem com a sobrecarga de press&#227;o cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Essas tend&#234;ncias se tornaram mais pronunciadas no final da semana 8 (dados da semana 8 na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 2</xref>), quando FE e EF, que representam a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, foram significativamente menores em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos <italic>shams</italic>. A HC tamb&#233;m aumentou o PCo. No nosso estudo, o PCo, as rela&#231;&#245;es PCo/PC e PCo/CT para os grupos CAA foram significativamente aumentados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 3</xref>). O remodelamento card&#237;aco &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica mais t&#237;pica de HC, incluindo hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos e aumento da matriz extracelular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nossos resultados histol&#243;gicos mostraram di&#226;metros externos aumentados e espessura ventricular em cora&#231;&#245;es totais e se&#231;&#245;es transversais sob CAA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">B</xref>). A colora&#231;&#227;o dos grupos CAA mostrou a patologia hipertr&#243;fica dos cardiomi&#243;citos e dos n&#250;cleos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1C</xref>). A colora&#231;&#227;o com PSR dos grupos CAA mostrou dep&#243;sitos extensos de col&#225;geno (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1D</xref>), particularmente no espa&#231;o perivascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1E</xref>). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mostrou que a espessura do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 4</xref>) e a porcentagem de dep&#243;sito de col&#225;geno (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 5</xref>) foram significativamente aumentadas nos grupos CAA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo <italic>sham</italic>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, Kuwahara et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> indicaram que os fibroblastos card&#237;acos s&#227;o ativados no dia 3 ap&#243;s SP e que os tecidos fibrosos neoformativos afetam principalmente &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em vez da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica durante as 4 semanas iniciais. Em seguida, a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica excessiva est&#225; implicada na disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica devido &#224; sua tra&#231;&#227;o mais intensa e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca come&#231;a a se deteriorar significativamente. Quanto aos valores FE e EF para os grupos CAA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 2</xref>), as tend&#234;ncias descendentes da semana 4 para semana 8 est&#227;o em conformidade com essa teoria.</p>
        <p>Escolher a agulha apropriada &#233; fundamental para estabelecer o modelo HC. Com base nesses resultados, descobrimos que todos os ratos com CAA morreram quando uma agulha de 0,35 mm foi usada para ligadura para todos os 3 n&#237;veis de peso e quando uma agulha de 0,40 mm foi usada para ligadura nos grupos de 22 g e 26 g; portanto, esses 5 grupos de emparelhamentos de agulhas-peso eram claramente inadequados para seu uso. O grupo de 18 g/0,40 mm apresentou HC &#243;bvia comparado com o grupo <italic>sham</italic> e sua taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi aceit&#225;vel (6 em 10). No entanto, ainda deve ser exclu&#237;do porque o grupo 18 g/0,45 mm apresentou HC mais &#243;bvia e maiores taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia (8 em cada 10) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 3</xref>). As agulhas de 0,45 mm e 0,50 mm est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para todos os 3 n&#237;veis de peso, mas ambas podem resultar em hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica definitiva. No entanto, os valores do PCo e das rela&#231;&#245;es PCo/PC e PCo/CT para os ratos CAA ao usar a agulha de 0,45 mm foram significativamente maiores do que aqueles quando se usa uma agulha de 0.50mm para cada n&#237;vel de peso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 3</xref>). Portanto, para todos os 3 n&#237;veis de peso do nosso estudo, um modelo de HC pode ser estabelecido usando uma agulha de 0,50mm e a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia dos ratos n&#227;o ser&#225; amea&#231;ada. No entanto, uma agulha de 0,45 mm leva a um modelo de HC mais eficaz e de maior mortalidade do que a agulha de 0,50 mm.</p>
        <p>Normalmente, com o modelo HC induzido por SP, as agulhas mais finas criam estenose a&#243;rtica mais severa e conduzem a HC mais pronunciada e vice-versa. No entanto, observamos um fen&#244;meno interessante: o n&#237;vel de HC do grupo 18 g/0,45 mm foi anormalmente maior do que o grupo 18 g/0,40 mm (ratos de 18 g na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 3</xref>). Quanto &#224; an&#225;lise dos dados de PC com CAA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Tabela 6</xref>), as mudan&#231;as no PC em ratos de 18 g durante as semanas 0 a 8 foram significativamente maiores do que as dos ratos de 22 g e 26 g, indicando que os ratinhos de 18 g t&#234;m maior potencial de desenvolvimento f&#237;sico ap&#243;s a cirurgia e que o desenvolvimento f&#237;sico &#233; frequentemente acompanhado de desenvolvimento de &#243;rg&#227;os.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Portanto, o cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos de 18 g tamb&#233;m possui maior potencial de desenvolvimento. Para o mesmo n&#237;vel de peso, a mudan&#231;a de PC no grupo 18 g/0,45 mm durante as semanas 0 a 8 foi significativamente maior que a do grupo 18 g/0,40 mm (mudan&#231;a de PC na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Tabela 7</xref>). Como foi mencionado, o PC est&#225; positivamente relacionado ao DC; portanto, talvez a ligadura maior tenha limitado o DC no grupo 18 g/0,40 mm, que tamb&#233;m limitou o desenvolvimento f&#237;sico e o desenvolvimento de &#243;rg&#227;os, incluindo o desenvolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o. No final da semana 8, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no PC para o grupo 18 g/0,45 mm e o 18g/grupo <italic>sham</italic>; ambos tiveram PC significativamente maior do que o grupo 18 g/0,40 mm (PC na semana 8 na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Tabela 7</xref>). A agulha de 0,45 mm n&#227;o tinha limites &#243;bvios em ratos de 18 g, mas a vantagem de PC para o grupo de 18 g/0,45 mm em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de 18 g/0,40 mm depende de maior DC e requer mais mioc&#225;rdio hipertr&#243;fico para suporte. Assim, para estabelecer modelos de HC para CAA em ratos com potencial de desenvolvimento, como ratos de 18 g, pode haver uma regi&#227;o de intensidade de ligadura especial que pode causar HC mais &#243;bvia do que as duas regi&#245;es adjacentes. No entanto, esse fen&#244;meno deve incluir m&#250;ltiplos fatores e merece maiores estudos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estabelecemos modelos de HC usando 4 tamanhos de agulha de ligadura e 3 pesos para ratos. Os dados mostraram que ambas as agulhas de 0,45 mm e 0.50mm levam a HC. No entanto, a agulha de 0,45 mm traz um modelo mais efetivo e provoca HC &#243;bvia em ratos de 18 g.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo The National Natural Science Foundation of China (n&#250;mero 81570343).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Zhen Jia pela Zhejiang University.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2014-17. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <title>Materiais Suplementares</title>
          <table-wrap id="t17">
            <label>Tabela S1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Peso corporal dos ratos antes da cirurgia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
                <col width="13%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Peso</th>
                  <th align="center">0,35 mm</th>
                  <th align="center">0,40 mm</th>
                  <th align="center">0,45 mm</th>
                  <th align="center">0,50 mm</th>
                  <th align="center">Sham</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">18 g</td>
                  <td align="center">18,0 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">18,0 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">18,1 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">18,0 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 0,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">22 g</td>
                  <td align="center">22,1 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">22,0 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">22,2 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">22,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">26 g</td>
                  <td align="center">26,0 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">26,0 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">25,9 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">26,3 &#177; 0,5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN29">
                <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os 5 grupos de acordo com as compara&#231;&#245;es em pares de cada n&#237;vel de peso (p &gt; 0,05); portanto, o peso corporal pode ser considerado um &#237;ndice para o mesmo n&#237;vel de peso. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como a m&#233;dia &#177; DP (g) (n = 10). Os pesos corporais n&#227;o diferiram significativamente um do outro (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t18">
            <label>Tabela S2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pesos corporais dos ratos antes da constri&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica abdominal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="38%"/>
                <col width="22%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Peso</th>
                  <th align="center">Sobreviv&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th align="center">Morte</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">18 g</td>
                  <td align="center">18,1 &#177; 0,3 (n = 24)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,0 &#177; 0,3 (n = 16)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">22 g</td>
                  <td align="center">22,1 &#177; 0,7 (n = 17)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,0 &#177; 0,5 (n = 23)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">26 g</td>
                  <td align="center">25,9 &#177; 0,4 (n = 14)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 0,6 (n = 26)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN30">
                <p>Os dados retrospectivos mostraram que a diferen&#231;a entre o peso na morte e sobrevida n&#227;o era significante para cada n&#237;vel de peso (p &gt; 0,05), indicando que as diferen&#231;as de peso individuais para o mesmo n&#237;vel de peso n&#227;o influenciavam a morte p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (g).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
