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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yKBntvkmwHDxRfGQssvNhyH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000600551</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180085</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group specific-use="heading">
            <subject>Hipertension</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Behavior of Blood Pressure Variables in Children and Adolescents with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marui</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiane R. R. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bombig</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Palmeira</surname>
            <given-names>Natascha G. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thalenberg</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Focaccia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Acary S. B. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui M. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Henrique Tria Bianco.</bold> Setor de L&#237;pides, Aterosclerose, Biologia Vascular e Hipertens&#227;o Arterial. Disciplina de Cardiologia da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP). Rua Loefgren, 1350. Postal Code 04040-001, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>henriquetria@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Marui FRRH, Povoa RMS; Acquisition of data: Marui FRRH, Thalenberg JM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Marui FRRH, Bianco HT, Oliveira ASB, Povoa RMS; Statistical analysis: Marui FRRH, Bianco HT, Palmeira NGF, Povoa RMS; Obtaining financing: Marui FRRH, Povoa RMS; Writing of the manuscript: Marui FRRH, Bombig MTN, Povoa FF, Izar MCO, Fonseca FAH, Povoa RMS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bianco HT, Bombig MTN, Palmeira NGF, Thalenberg JM, Povoa FF, Izar MCO, Fonseca FAH, Povoa RMS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>551</fpage>
      <lpage>557</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-chromosome-linked genetic disorder (locus Xp21). Involvement of the cardiovascular system is characterized by fibrous degeneration/replacement of myocytes with consequent ventricular hypertrophy and arterial hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective: </title>
          <p>To assess, by using 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, the behavior of blood pressure variables in children and adolescents with a confirmed diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective observational cohort study, which selected 46 patients followed up on an outpatient basis, divided according to age groups. Blood pressure was classified according to the age percentile. The monitoring interpretation includes systolic and diastolic blood pressure means, systolic and diastolic blood pressure loads, and nocturnal dipping. The blood pressure means were calculated for the 24-hour, wakefulness and sleep periods. Nocturnal dipping was defined as a drop in blood pressure means during sleep greater than 10%. The significance level adopted was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Nocturnal dipping for systolic blood pressure was present in 29.9% of the participants. Approximately 53% of them had attenuated nocturnal dipping, and 15%, reverse nocturnal dipping. The age groups of 9-11 years and 6-8 years had the greatest percentage of attenuation, 19.1% and 14.9%, respectively. Regarding diastolic blood pressure, nocturnal dipping was identified in 53.2% of the children, being extreme in 27.7% of those in the age group of 6-11 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The early diagnosis of blood pressure changes can allow the appropriate and specific therapy, aimed at increasing the life expectancy of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Male</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-chromosome-linked genetic disorder that affects approximately 1 in every 3500 live-born boys.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is clinically characterized by progressive and irreversible muscle weakness consequent to dystrophin deficiency or absence. It is the most frequent neuromuscular disease in human beings, and, although predominating in the male sex, it is occasionally reported in females due to inactivation or abnormalities of the X chromosome. That anomaly is present in the short arm of the X chromosome (<italic>locus Xp21</italic>). Its global prevalence can reach 63 cases per one million individuals. Duchenne muscular dystrophy has a high spontaneous mutation velocity, and approximately one third of the cases are estimated to be due to new mutations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The first clinical signs manifest at an early age as frequent falls, difficulty climbing stairs, running and getting up from a lying or sitting position, and mainly calf hypertrophy. The muscle impairment is symmetric, initiates in the pelvic girdle muscles (hip and legs) and reaches the upper limbs.</p>
      <p>In addition, cardiomyopathy is frequent in DMD. While some studies have estimated its incidence in 25% at the age of 6 years, and 59% at the age of 10 years, others have reported its beginning at the age of 14 and 15 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Cardiac involvement occurs in 90% of the patients, being the cause of death in 50% of them. However, its clinical identification can be hindered by severe muscle weakness and thoracic deformities. Cardiac histological changes include hypertrophy of myocytes and myocardial fibrosis, with replacement with connective and fatty tissues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Dystrophin deficiency or absence in cardiomyocytes hinders the function of membrane ion channels, notably in sarcolemma, which is activated by stretching, responding to mechanical stress. When cardiomyocytes, with or without dystrophin deficiency, are stretched during ventricular filling, the ion channels do not open properly, increasing calcium influx. Excessive intracellular calcium activates a group of calcium-induced proteases, the calpains, which degrade troponin I and hinder contraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The importance of the cardiomyopathy in children with DMD has grown in past decades, mainly due to the increase in survival, consequent to advances in ventilatory and orthopedic supports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In the absence of ventilatory intervention, death usually occurs by the end of the second or beginning of the third decade. Diastolic dysfunction can be present even before systolic dysfunction is detected. The use of drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, such as angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers, should be considered, aiming at reducing afterload before symptom onset.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) allows indirect and intermittent blood pressure (BP) recording for 24 hours, during wakefulness and sleep. In adults, ABPM is a well-established diagnostic and follow-up method, considered "gold standard" in BP assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In 2008, the American Heart Association (AHA) published recommendations for the use of ABPM in the pediatric population, which were reviewed in 2014.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Many recommendations of ABPM use for adults can be applied to children. Because of the difficulty of conducting randomized clinical trials in the pediatric population, the recommendations used are based on expert opinions. However, it is worth considering some aspects, such as equipment selection, which should be light (weight between 168 and 457 grams), with appropriate cuff size.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The use of corticosteroid, known to increase BP, has been widely studied. Left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy can cause arterial hypertension (AH) and/or pulmonary hypertension or mitral and/or tricuspid regurgitation, sometimes culminating in ventricular failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A study by Braat et al. has assessed the renal function of 20 individuals with DMD and undergoing ABPM, 9 of whom had elevated BP (over the 95th percentile), 8 of whom were on corticosteroids, and 13 had no nocturnal dipping (ND), 10 of whom were on corticosteroids.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Knowing BP behavior in such patients is fundamental, mainly because it enables early treatment, contributing to improve the quality of life, aiming at reducing the high morbidity rates of those patients. Thus, our study aimed at assessing the behavior of BP variables, by using 24-hour ABPM, in children and adolescents diagnosed with DMD, followed up at a university-affiliated outpatient clinic specialized in muscular dystrophies.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a descriptive study comprising all 46 boys with a confirmed diagnosis of DMD followed up on an outpatient basis. Because DMD is a rare disease, we chose to assess all children and adolescents followed up on a university-affiliated outpatient clinic. The boys were divided into five age groups, considering the distribution of normal BP levels for age, according to the previously reported AHA suggestion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The research project was approved by the local Ethics Committee, the information was provided by the parents or guardians, and written informed consent was provided by all participants. Prior to ABPM, the patients' clinical history was collected, and the height and weight measured in the children who could walk, while, for wheelchair-bound patients, historical height was used. Blood pressure was measured at the medical office with the OMROM digital device (HEM 742INT<sup>&#174;</sup> model) and appropriate cuff size, respecting the proportion width/length 1:2, corresponding to 40% of arm circumference and at least 80% of its length. The Spacelabs 90207<sup>&#174;</sup> ABPM monitor was installed on the "nondominant" arm, with appropriate cuff size, by a trained nurse, and programmed to take BP every 15 minutes during wakefulness and every 30 minutes during sleep. The parents/guardians received a diary to record the most important events in 24 hours, mainly the bedtime and wake-up time.</p>
      <p>The following variables were assessed in ABPM interpretation: systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP, respectively) means; systolic and diastolic blood pressure loads (SBPL and DBPL, respectively); and ND. The SBP and DBP means were calculated for the 24-hour, wakefulness and sleep periods. The SBPL and DBPL were calculated considering the proportion of readings over the 95th percentile. Nocturnal dipping was defined as a drop greater than 10% in BP means during sleep. All parameters were compared to the normal range values to determine whether BP was normal or elevated, as was the presence or absence of ND. In addition, ND was stratified as follows: "present", BP drop during sleep between 10% and 20% as compared to wakefulness; "absent", no BP drop during sleep; "attenuated", BP drop &gt; 0% and &lt; 10% during sleep; "reverse", BP during sleep higher than that during wakefulness; and "extreme", BP drop &gt; 20%.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The continuous variables with normal distribution were presented as means &#177; standard deviation, while those without normal distribution were presented as medians and interquartile range. The categorical variables were presented as absolute numbers and percentages. The significance level adopted in the statistical analyses was 0.05. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of the variables, and Pearson chi-square test was used to assess the association between corticosteroid use and BP classification.</p>
        <p>We used as comparator the BP values of the 95th percentile from the AHA recommendations, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, which classified children and adolescents according to age groups. Values of <italic>p</italic> &lt;0.05 were considered significant. All statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software, version 17.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA)<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of blood pressure (BP) levels in children</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Classification</th>
                <th align="center">Office BP</th>
                <th align="center">Mean SBP and DBP on ABPM</th>
                <th align="center">Blood pressure loads (SBP and DBP)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal BP</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 90<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">White coat hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prehypertension</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 90<sup>th</sup> percentile or &gt; 120/80 mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masked hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ambulatory hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
                <td align="center">25-50%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Severe ambulatory hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 50%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>Adapted from: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension.15 SPB: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the major characteristics of the participants with DMD. Of the 46 children, 57.4% were wheelchair-bound, 69.6% were on corticosteroids, and 6.4% had been previously diagnosed with AH, as reported by their parents/guardians. The diagnosis of DMD was established at around 7 years of age, while the first symptoms appeared approximately at the age of 2.7 years. Other family members were reported to have DMD in 6.4% of the cases. A significant part (63.8%) of the participants was undergoing specific physical therapy, and 40.5% used some type of respiratory support, such as artificial manual breathing unit (AMBU) and/or bilevel positive airway pressure (bipap).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="80%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Age groups</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3 - 5 years, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6 - 8 years, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (32.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">9 - 11 years, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (39.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">12 - 14 years, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (15.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">15 - 17 years, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous diagnosis of SAH,* n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Other family members with DMD<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of bipap<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">6 (13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of AMBU</td>
              <td align="center">12 (26)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Wheelchair-bound</td>
              <td align="center">26 (56.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Motor physical therapy</td>
              <td align="center">29 (63)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of corticosteroid</td>
              <td align="center">32 (69.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age of the first symptoms of DMD, md (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (5-8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age of diagnosis of DMD, md (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">2.5 (1.2-4.5)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>SAH*: systemic arterial hypertension; DMD&#8224;: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; bipap&#8225;: Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure. Data expressed as numbers (n) and percentages (%); age in median (md) and interquartile range (IQR).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows BP behavior, distribution of the SBP and DBP means with their respective standard deviations in the five age groups, as well as SBPL and DBPL. Regarding SBP, ND was present in 29.9% of the children with DMD. More than half of the participants (53.1%) had attenuated ND, while 15% had reverse ND. The age groups of 9-11 years and 6-8 years concentrated the highest percentage of ND attenuation, 19.1% and 14.9% respectively. Regarding DBP, ND was present in 53.2% of the boys; 27.7% had extreme ND (highest percentage in the age group of 6-11 years: 19.1%), while 14.9% had attenuated ND.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of the blood pressure variables (office and ABPM) according to age groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Age groups (years)</th>
              <th align="center">3-5 years n = 3</th>
              <th align="center">6-8 years n = 15</th>
              <th align="center">9-11 years n = 18</th>
              <th align="center">12-14 years n = 7</th>
              <th align="center">15-17 years n = 3</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Office SBP* (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">117.3 &#177; 17.0</td>
              <td align="center">118.3 &#177; 14.6</td>
              <td align="center">118.2 &#177; 22.2</td>
              <td align="center">119.8 &#177; 18.2</td>
              <td align="center">123.3 &#177; 12.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Office DBP<sup>&#8224;</sup> (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">69.3 &#177; 9.5</td>
              <td align="center">73.2 &#177; 8.4</td>
              <td align="center">76.4 &#177; 16.6</td>
              <td align="center">71.4 &#177; 9.1</td>
              <td align="center">74.3 &#177; 4.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM: 24h SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">122.6 &#177; 20.0</td>
              <td align="center">117.7 &#177; 15.6</td>
              <td align="center">119.3 &#177; 19.6</td>
              <td align="center">117.4 &#177; 8.3</td>
              <td align="center">114.3 &#177; 8.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM: 24h DBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">73.3 &#177; 10.1</td>
              <td align="center">71.2 &#177; 15.6</td>
              <td align="center">71.2 &#177; 13.3</td>
              <td align="center">71.7 &#177; 15.1</td>
              <td align="center">69.3 &#177; 5.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM: wakefulness SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">125.0 &#177; 19.5</td>
              <td align="center">121.0 &#177; 13.7</td>
              <td align="center">121.3 &#177; 19.8</td>
              <td align="center">120.1 &#177; 8.3</td>
              <td align="center">117.3 &#177; 6.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM: wakefulness DBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">76.7 &#177; 13.0</td>
              <td align="center">75.5 &#177; 8.7</td>
              <td align="center">71.4 &#177; 13.6</td>
              <td align="center">74.8 &#177; 8.3</td>
              <td align="center">73 &#177; 4.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM: sleep SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">119 &#177; 20.1</td>
              <td align="center">111.7 &#177; 18.1</td>
              <td align="center">114.2 &#177; 19.8</td>
              <td align="center">110.4 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td align="center">109 &#177; 8.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABPM: sleep DBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">66.7 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">61.2 &#177; 18.7</td>
              <td align="center">66.2 &#177; 13.8</td>
              <td align="center">62.9 &#177; 6.7</td>
              <td align="center">59.7 &#177; 8.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24h SBPL<sup>&#8225;</sup> (&gt; 50%), n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (66.6)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (38.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24h DBPL<sup>&#167;</sup> (&gt; 50%), n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (46.7)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (38.9)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (21.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Wakefulness SBPL (&gt; 50%), n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (66.6)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Wakefulness DBPL (&gt; 50%), n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (27.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sleep SBPL (&gt; 50%), n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (66.6)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (46.7)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (22.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sleep DBPL (&gt; 50%), n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (13.3)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>SBP*: systolic blood pressure; DBP&#8224;: diastolic blood pressure; SBPL&#8225;: systolic blood pressure load; DBPL&#167;: diastolic blood pressure load. Data presented as numbers (n) and percentages; and mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>For BP stratification, the BP measurements taken at the office and on ABPM were considered. Although the recommendations of the specialized guidelines suggest classifying BP in one of the ABPM periods (wakefulness or sleep) or in 24 hours, we classified BP in all periods (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Regarding the use of corticosteroids, there was no association between corticosteroid use and BP classification in 24 hours (p = 0.904), during wakefulness (p = 0.720) and sleep (p = 0.996).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of the participants with Duchenne muscular dystrophy according to blood pressure classification on ABPM during 24hours, wakefulness and sleep</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="41%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Classification</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">24h ABPM n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Wakefulness ABPM n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Sleep ABPM n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">28.3</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">36.9</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">34.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal with BPL* &gt; 25%</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prehypertension</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">8.7</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">15.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prehypertension without increased BPL</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">8.7</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White coat SAH<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">19.6</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">21.7</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Masked hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">6.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Masked hypertension with SBPL<sup>&#8225;</sup> &gt; 50%</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Severe SAH</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">23.9</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">21.8</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">17.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High wakefulness or sleep SBP<sup>&#167;</sup> without increased BPL</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH only on ABPM</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH with SBPL &lt; 25%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <p>BPL*: blood pressure load; SAH&#8224;: systemic arterial hypertension; SBPL&#8225;: systolic blood pressure load; SBP&#167;: systolic blood pressure. Data presented as numbers (n) and percentages.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease of poor prognosis, whose survival extends to the second decade of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> However, the advances in treatment, such as non-invasive ventilation and physical therapy, have enabled boys with DMD to reach 30 years of age. Considering this increase in life expectancy, other aspects, in addition to neuromuscular impairment, need to be assessed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although office BP classification in pediatrics was standardized by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program in 2004, the classification of BP obtained from ABPM in children and adolescents has not been standardized. Thus, we used the recommendations based on expert opinions, such as those published by the AHA in 2008. Blood pressure classification in children, according to those recommendations, should consider, in addition to measurements taken at the office, those from ABPM during 24 hours, wakefulness or sleep, and SBPL or DBPL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A study on the BP of boys with DMD has reported the prevalence and correlations of low BP levels measured at the office with a possible autonomic dysfunction due to DMD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Regarding office BP measurement, more than 50% of the boys had stage 1 or 2 AH, and 12.8% had borderline BP levels. The VII Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension replaced the term 'borderline' with 'prehypertension', and estimates its prevalence between 10% and 15% of the pediatric population. However, established AH affects 3% to 5% of the children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In our study, the highest SBP mean during wakefulness was 126.7 &#177; 10.0 in the age group of 12-14 years, followed by 122 &#177; 18.6 for office BP in children aged 6-8 years. Considering the percentile for age, the BP mean on ABPM during wakefulness was within the expected range. However, the BP mean at the office was above the 95th percentile. Regarding DBP, the highest mean was observed in the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile (78.5 &#177; 12.4) in the age group of 6-8 years on ABPM during wakefulness, followed by 77.3 &#177; 9.1 in the age group of 15-17 years on ABPM, which is above the estimated percentile. Regarding SBPL and DBPL, all age groups had median &gt; 25% in 24 hours, wakefulness or sleep. Considering only wakefulness, 38.3% of the children had normal BP, 21.3% had severe AH, and 21.3% had white coat hypertension.</p>
      <p>The median ND was lower than 10% for SBP and higher than 10% for DBP in all age groups. It is worth noting that 68% of the boys had no 10% ND for SBP. In adults, the absence of ND is considered a risk factor for target-organ damage, in addition to increasing the cardiovascular risk of hypertensive and normotensive individuals. Although the use of corticosteroid can lead to weight gain and BP elevation, it is the only drug that can delay the progression of muscle weakness, reduce the development of scoliosis, and delay respiratory failure. Its mechanism is based on the hypothesis that its anti-inflammatory property and immunosuppressive action promote the proliferation of myoblasts and a reduction in necrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Our study showed no association of corticosteroid use and AH, blood pressure load elevation and ND. Although a significant part of the boys was on prednisone, its administration was intermittent and on the first days of the month.</p>
      <p>However, if corticosteroid did not influence BP behavior, what was the factor responsible for the elevated number of hypertensives and BP measurements out of the normal range among those children? The mdx mouse develops X-linked recessive muscular dystrophy (<italic>locus Xp21</italic>) and does not express dystrophin. Although it does not show intense fibrosis and fatty tissue accumulation in muscles, it is considered the most appropriate animal model of DMD. A mechanistic study with those mice has shown that the absence of dystrophin interferes with nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vascular dilatation. When submitted to pressure variations, the vessel showed no adaptation. Because the endothelium is essential for the arteries to adapt to chronic changes in blood flow, in the long run that deficiency might affect the flow-induced vascular remodeling, with consequence to vascular resistence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Other studies have shown an abnormal sympathetic neurovascular control in dystrophin-deficient muscle, which is evidenced during physical exercise, when sympathetic vasoconstriction is normally absent in active muscles, due to the action of local vasodilating substances, such as NO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The neuronal deficiency of NO sintase, which is reduced in the absence of dystrophin, seems to be the major cause of vasoregulation deficiencies. However, the vascular tone modulation can also be hindered by dystrophin deficiency in arterial smooth muscle cells. Dystrophin is usually expressed in the tunica media of blood vessels, being absent in the vessels of mdx mice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering those findings, we might explain the high number of individuals with DMD and BP changes in our study. Another aspect that can be related to endothelial change is the absence or attenuation of ND in those children. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is usually accompanied by changes in the respiratory pattern during sleep, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), causing deleterious effects to the cardiovascular system. In addition, excessive sympathetic activity occurs in OSA, which can contribute to the lack of decrease in BP levels during the night.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Because DMD is a rare disease, our study can be considered a potential generator of hypotheses. It is worth noting the lack of standardization for ABPM use for children. Thus, we followed the AHA recommendation, which was based on expert opinions. However, such data need to be validated in further studies, with a greater sample power. In addition, it is worth noting the difficulties in measuring the height of the children, because many of them were wheelchair-bound. Thus, we used the historical height, reported by the parents or legal guardians.</p>
        <p>Another limitation of our study was the patients' stratification based on age groups, by use of convenience sampling, because of the low incidence of DMD. Because of the difficulty of conducting randomized clinical trials in the pediatric population, the recommendations used were based on expert opinions.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The analysis of BP variables, obtained mainly from ABPM, is a useful tool to identify patients with DMD at higher risk. Considering the cardiovascular changes of those patients, the early identification of BP changes would allow the appropriate and specific therapeutic intervention. In addition, we suggest the regular and multidisciplinary follow-up of those patients to identify their BP changes, ensuring improvement in their life expectancy and comfort.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Fabiane R. R. H. Marui, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP) under the protocol number CEP 0199/10, 05/21/10. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group specific-use="heading">
            <subject>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comportamento de Vari&#225;veis Press&#243;ricas em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes com Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marui</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiane R. R. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bombig</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Palmeira</surname>
            <given-names>Natascha G. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thalenberg</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Focaccia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Acary S. B. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui M. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Tria Bianco.</bold> Setor de L&#237;pides, Aterosclerose, Biologia Vascular e Hipertens&#227;o Arterial. Disciplina de Cardiologia da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP). Rua Loefgren, 1350. CEP 04040-001, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>henriquetria@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Marui FRRH, Povoa RMS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Marui FRRH, Thalenberg JM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Marui FRRH, Bianco HT, Oliveira ASB, Povoa RMS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Marui FRRH, Bianco HT, Palmeira NGF, Povoa RMS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Marui FRRH, Povoa RMS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Marui FRRH, Bombig MTN, Povoa FF, Izar MCO, Fonseca FAH, Povoa RMS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bianco HT, Bombig MTN, Palmeira NGF, Thalenberg JM, Povoa FF, Izar MCO, Fonseca FAH, Povoa RMS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A distrofia muscular de Duchenne &#233; altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica determinada por altera&#231;&#227;o no bra&#231;o curto do cromossomo X (locus Xp21). O envolvimento do sistema cardiovascular caracteriza-se por degenera&#231;&#227;o/substitui&#231;&#227;o fibr&#243;tica dos mi&#243;citos com consequente hipertrofia ventricular e hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o comportamento de vari&#225;veis press&#243;ricas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado, pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial por 24 horas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo coorte prospectivo e observacional, com sele&#231;&#227;o de 46 pacientes em acompanhamento ambulatorial, agrupados por faixa et&#225;ria. A classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial deu-se conforme o percentil de idade. Na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, foram inclu&#237;das as m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, as cargas press&#243;ricas sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas e o descenso do sono. As m&#233;dias press&#243;ricas foram calculadas para o per&#237;odo de 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e sono. O descenso noturno foi definido como a queda maior que 10% para as m&#233;dias durante o sono. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O descenso noturno para a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica esteve presente em 29,9%. Aproximadamente 53% dos participantes apresentaram descenso atenuado e 15%, descenso invertido. As faixas et&#225;rias 9 a 11 anos e 6 a 8 anos concentraram o maior percentual de atenua&#231;&#227;o do descenso, 19,1% e 14,9%, respectivamente. Para a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica, o descenso esteve presente em 53,2%, e encontramos 27,7% com descenso acentuado na faixa et&#225;ria de 6 a 11 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Considerando nossos achados, o diagn&#243;stico precoce das anormalidades press&#243;ricas pode ser ferramenta valiosa para a identifica&#231;&#227;o e instala&#231;&#227;o de terap&#234;utica apropriada visando aumento da sobrevida desses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne / gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Masculino</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) &#233; uma altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica ligada ao cromossomo X e que afeta aproximadamente 1 em cada 3500 meninos nascidos vivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Clinicamente, &#233; caracterizada por fraqueza muscular progressiva e irrevers&#237;vel como consequ&#234;ncia da defici&#234;ncia ou aus&#234;ncia da distrofina. &#201; a doen&#231;a neuromuscular mais frequente em seres humanos e apesar da predomin&#226;ncia de acometimento sobre o sexo masculino, &#233; ocasionalmente relatada em indiv&#237;duos do sexo feminino em casos de inativa&#231;&#227;o ou anormalidades do cromossomo X. Essa anomalia est&#225; presente no bra&#231;o curto do cromossomo X (<italic>locus Xp21</italic>). Sua preval&#234;ncia global chega a ser de 63 casos por milh&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos. Essa desordem tem uma alta velocidade de muta&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea, estimando-se que aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos casos seja devido a novas muta&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os primeiros sinais cl&#237;nicos manifestam-se em idades precoces, com quedas frequentes, dificuldade para subir escadas, correr, levantar do ch&#227;o e notadamente hipertrofia das panturrilhas. O comprometimento muscular &#233; sim&#233;trico com in&#237;cio pelos m&#250;sculos da cintura p&#233;lvica (quadril e pernas), atingindo mais tarde os membros superiores.</p>
        <p>Por sua vez, a cardiomiopatia &#233; caracter&#237;stica tamb&#233;m frequente na DMD. Enquanto alguns estudos estimam a sua incid&#234;ncia em 25% aos 6 anos e 59% aos 10 anos de idade, outros descrevem seu in&#237;cio aos 14 e 15 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O envolvimento card&#237;aco ocorre em cerca de 90% dos pacientes sendo causa de morte em 50%. Entretanto, o reconhecimento cl&#237;nico pode ser mascarado pela fraqueza muscular grave e por deformidades tor&#225;cicas. As altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas card&#237;acas incluem hipertrofia dos mi&#243;citos, fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, havendo substitui&#231;&#227;o por tecido conjuntivo e gordura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Defeitos ou aus&#234;ncia da distrofina nos cardiomi&#243;citos comprometem a fun&#231;&#227;o dos canais i&#244;nicos da membrana, notadamente no sarcolema, que &#233; ativado por estiramento, respondendo ao estresse mec&#226;nico. Quando os cardiomi&#243;citos com defici&#234;ncia de distrofina ou sem ela s&#227;o estirados durante o enchimento ventricular, os canais i&#244;nicos n&#227;o se abrem adequadamente, gerando aumento do influxo de c&#225;lcio. O excesso de c&#225;lcio intracelular ativa um grupo de proteases induzidas por c&#225;lcio, as calpa&#237;nas, que degradam a troponina I e comprometem a contra&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia dada &#224; cardiomiopatia nas crian&#231;as com DMD tem se destacado nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, sobretudo devido ao aumento da sobrevida, consequente aos avan&#231;os nos cuidados ventilat&#243;rios e ortop&#233;dicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Na aus&#234;ncia de interven&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria, a morte normalmente ocorre no final da segunda ou no in&#237;cio da terceira d&#233;cada. A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pode estar presente antes mesmo da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ser detectada. O uso de f&#225;rmacos com a&#231;&#227;o no eixo renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, como os inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina ou bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina, deve ser considerado objetivando reduzir a p&#243;s-carga antes do in&#237;cio dos sintomas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por sua vez, a Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) &#233; m&#233;todo que permite o registro indireto e intermitente da press&#227;o arterial (PA) durante 24 horas, durante a vig&#237;lia e sono. A MAPA em adultos, &#233; m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico e de seguimento bem estabelecido, sendo considerada o "padr&#227;o ouro" na mensura&#231;&#227;o da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em 2008, a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) publicou recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, as quais foram revisadas em 2014.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Muitas das recomenda&#231;&#245;es na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de MAPA para adultos s&#227;o aplic&#225;veis &#224;s crian&#231;as. Pela dificuldade em se ter estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es utilizadas s&#227;o baseadas em opini&#245;es de especialistas. No entanto, alguns pontos devem ser considerados, como a sele&#231;&#227;o do equipamento, que deve ser leve (peso entre 168 e 457 gramas), com manguitos adequados &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia braquial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O uso de corticoide tem sido amplamente estudado e sabe-se que pode elevar a PA. A hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e/ou direito pode promover o aparecimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) e/ou pulmonar ou insufici&#234;ncias mitral e/ou tric&#250;spide, culminando por vezes em insufici&#234;ncia ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Destaque para interessante estudo de Braat et al. que avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal em portadores de DMD, utilizando a MAPA em 20 pacientes, onde 9 apresentaram PA elevada - acima do percentil 95 - (desses, 8 utilizavam corticoide) e 13 apresentaram aus&#234;ncia do descenso noturno (DN - 10 tratados com corticoide).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O conhecimento do comportamento da PA nesses pacientes torna-se fundamental, sobretudo pela possibilidade do tratamento precoce, contribuindo para melhorar a qualidade de vida e, sobretudo, objetivando a redu&#231;&#227;o nas altas taxas de morbidade dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, o objetivo de nosso estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de vari&#225;veis press&#243;ricas pela MAPA de 24 horas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com diagn&#243;stico de DMD atendidas em ambulat&#243;rio universit&#225;rio especializado em distrofias musculares.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo descritivo composto por todos os 46 meninos com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de DMD e em acompanhamento ambulatorial. Por tratar-se de doen&#231;a rara, consideramos a avalia&#231;&#227;o de todas as crian&#231;as e adolescentes em acompanhamento ambulatorial em centro universit&#225;rio. Os meninos foram alocados em cinco faixas et&#225;rias, considerando a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores normais de PA para idade, conforme sugest&#227;o da AHA reportada previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local e todas as informa&#231;&#245;es pertinentes foram fornecidas aos pais ou respons&#225;veis e a participa&#231;&#227;o se deu ap&#243;s assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Antes da instala&#231;&#227;o da MAPA, foi realizada anamnese, verifica&#231;&#227;o da altura e do peso das crian&#231;as que deambulavam (nos cadeirantes utilizou-se a altura hist&#243;rica) e verifica&#231;&#227;o da PA no consult&#243;rio com aparelho digital OMROM modelo HEM 742INT<sup>&#174;</sup>, utilizando-se manguito adequado &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia braquial, respeitando-se a propor&#231;&#227;o largura/comprimento de 1:2, correspondendo a 40% da circunfer&#234;ncia braquial, e seu comprimento em pelo menos 80%. O monitor da MAPA Spacelabs 90207<sup>&#174;</sup> foi instalado no bra&#231;o "n&#227;o dominante" com manguito tamb&#233;m adequado &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o, por profissional de enfermagem devidamente treinado, e programado para medidas a cada 15 minutos durante a vig&#237;lia e 30 minutos no per&#237;odo de sono. Foi entregue aos acompanhantes das crian&#231;as um di&#225;rio para que anotassem os eventos mais importantes nas 24 horas, principalmente o hor&#225;rio em que os pacientes foram dormir e o hor&#225;rio em que acordaram.</p>
        <p>Na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da MAPA foram inclu&#237;das as m&#233;dias de PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e PA diast&#243;lica (PAD), as cargas press&#243;ricas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (CPS e CPD, respectivamente) e descenso do sono (DN). As m&#233;dias de PAS e PAD foram calculadas para o per&#237;odo de 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e sono. A CPS e a CPD foram calculadas considerando a propor&#231;&#227;o de leituras acima do percentil 95. O DN foi definido como queda maior que 10% para as m&#233;dias da PA durante o sono. Todos os par&#226;metros foram comparados com valores de normalidade para determinar se a PA estava normal ou elevada, assim como a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia do DN. O DN foi tamb&#233;m estratificado: em "presente" (queda da PA durante o sono entre 10% e 20% em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vig&#237;lia), "ausente" (queda da PA durante o sono inexistente), "atenuado" (queda da PA &gt; 0% e inferior a 10% durante o sono), "invertido" (PA no sono mais elevada que na vig&#237;lia) ou "acentuado" (queda superior a 20%).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram representadas pelas m&#233;dias &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e as que n&#227;o apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal pelas medianas e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas por n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foi de 0,05. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para verifica&#231;&#227;o de normalidade das vari&#225;veis e o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson para se verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de corticoide e a classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA.</p>
          <p>Utilizamos como comparador os valores press&#243;ricos alocados no percentil 95 provenientes das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da AHA, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>, que estratificou as crian&#231;as e adolescentes em faixas et&#225;rias. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o <italic>software</italic> SPSS, vers&#227;o 17.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, EUA)<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estadiamento de n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Classifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Press&#227;o de consult&#243;rio</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dias PAS e PAD pela MAPA</th>
                  <th align="center">Cargas press&#243;ricas (PAS e PAD)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial normal</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; percentil 90</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; percentil 95</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 25%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o do &#8220;avental branco&#8221;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; percentil 95</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; percentil 95</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 25%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; percentil 90 ou &gt; 120/80 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; percentil 95</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 25%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o mascarada</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; percentil 95</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; percentil 95</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 25%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; percentil 95</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; percentil 95</td>
                  <td align="center">25-50%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o ambulatorial severa</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; percentil 95</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; percentil 95</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 50%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <p>Adaptado de: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.15 PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; MAPA: monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes com DMD est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>. Dos 46 participantes, 57,4% eram cadeirantes e 69,6% faziam uso de corticoide, sendo a HA pr&#233;via de 6,4%, segundo informa&#231;&#227;o dos respons&#225;veis. O diagn&#243;stico de DMD foi estabelecido por volta dos 7 anos, enquanto que os primeiros sintomas surgiram aproximadamente aos 2,7 anos. Houve relato de outros membros da fam&#237;lia com DMD em 6,4% dos casos. Parcela significativa (63,8%) dos participantes realizava fisioterapia espec&#237;fica e 40,5% utilizavam algum aporte respirat&#243;rio como ambu e/ou bipap (<italic>Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure</italic>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Grupos et&#225;rios</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3 a 5 anos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6 a 8 anos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (32,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9 a 11 anos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (39,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">12 a 14 anos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (15,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">15 a 17 anos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de HAS,* n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros acometidos por DMD<sup>&#8224;</sup> na fam&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de bipap<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6 (13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de ambu</td>
                <td align="center">12 (26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cadeirantes</td>
                <td align="center">26 (56,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fisioterapia motora</td>
                <td align="center">29 (63)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de corticoide</td>
                <td align="center">32 (69,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade dos primeiros sintomas de DMD, md (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5-8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade do diagn&#243;stico de DMD, md (IIQ) </td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (1,2-4,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>HAS*: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DMD&#8224;: distrofia muscular de Duchenne; bipap&#8225;: Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure. Os dados s&#227;o expressos em n&#250;meros (n) e porcentagens (%); idade em mediana (md) e intervalo interquartil (IIQ).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Para o estudo do comportamento da PA, a distribui&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias da PAS e da PAD com seus respectivos desvios-padr&#227;o nas cinco faixas et&#225;rias, assim como a CPS e a CPD, podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>. O DN para a PAS esteve presente em 29,9% das crian&#231;as com DMD. Mais da metade desses participantes (53,1%) apresentou DN atenuado e 15% DN invertido. Quando observamos a idade, as faixas et&#225;rias de 9 a 11 anos e de 6 a 8 anos concentraram o maior percentual de atenua&#231;&#227;o do DN, 19,1% e 14,9% respectivamente. Para a PAD, o DN esteve presente em 53,2% desses meninos; 27,7% apresentaram DN acentuado (maior percentual na faixa et&#225;ria de 6 a 11 anos - 19,1%) e 14,9% DN atenuado.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis press&#243;ricas (consult&#243;rio e MAPA) por faixa et&#225;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</th>
                <th align="center">3-5 anos n = 3</th>
                <th align="center">6-8 anos n = 15</th>
                <th align="center">9-11 anos n = 18</th>
                <th align="center">12-14 anos n = 7</th>
                <th align="center">15-17 anos n = 3</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS* consult&#243;rio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">117,3 &#177; 17,0</td>
                <td align="center">118,3 &#177; 14,6</td>
                <td align="center">118,2 &#177; 22,2</td>
                <td align="center">119,8 &#177; 18,2</td>
                <td align="center">123,3 &#177; 12,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD<sup>&#8224;</sup> consult&#243;rio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">69,3 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">73,2 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">76,4 &#177; 16,6</td>
                <td align="center">71,4 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">74,3 &#177; 4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA PAS 24h (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">122,6 &#177; 20,0</td>
                <td align="center">117,7 &#177; 15,6</td>
                <td align="center">119,3 &#177; 19,6</td>
                <td align="center">117,4 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">114,3 &#177; 8,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA PAD 24h (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">73,3 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">71,2 &#177; 15,6</td>
                <td align="center">71,2 &#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center">71,7 &#177; 15,1</td>
                <td align="center">69,3 &#177; 5,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA PAS vig&#237;lia (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">125,0 &#177; 19,5</td>
                <td align="center">121,0 &#177; 13,7</td>
                <td align="center">121,3 &#177; 19,8</td>
                <td align="center">120,1 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">117,3 &#177; 6,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA PAD vig&#237;lia (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">76,7 &#177; 13,0</td>
                <td align="center">75,5 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">71,4 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">74,8 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 4,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA PAS sono (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">119 &#177; 20,1</td>
                <td align="center">111,7 &#177; 18,1</td>
                <td align="center">114,2 &#177; 19,8</td>
                <td align="center">110,4 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">109 &#177; 8,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MAPA PAD sono (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">66,7 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">61,2 &#177; 18,7</td>
                <td align="center">66,2 &#177; 13,8</td>
                <td align="center">62,9 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td align="center">59,7 &#177; 8,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPS<sup>&#8225;</sup> 24h (&gt; 50%), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (66,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (38,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPD<sup>&#167;</sup> 24h (&gt; 50%), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (46,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (38,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (21,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPS vig&#237;lia (&gt; 50%), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (66,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPD vig&#237;lia (&gt; 50%), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (27,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPS sono (&gt; 50%), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (66,6)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (46,7)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPD sono (&gt; 50%), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <p>PAS*: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD&#8224;: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; CPS&#8225;: carga press&#243;rica sist&#243;lica; CPD&#167;: carga press&#243;rica diast&#243;lica. Dados apresentados em n&#250;mero (n) e porcentagens; e m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o da PA, utilizou-se em conjunto as medidas no consult&#243;rio e da MAPA. Embora as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de diretrizes especializadas sugiram a classifica&#231;&#227;o em um dos per&#237;odos da MAPA (vig&#237;lia ou sono) ou nas 24 horas, a PA foi classificada em todos os per&#237;odos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). Quanto ao uso de corticoide, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o uso e a classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA nas 24 horas (p = 0,904), vig&#237;lia (p = 0,720) e sono (p = 0,996).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne conforme a classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial pela MAPA 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e sono</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="41%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="13%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Classifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">MAPA 24h n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">MAPA vig&#237;lia n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">MAPA sono n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">28,3</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">36,9</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">34,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal c/ CP* &gt; 25%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">15,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o sem CP aumentada</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS<sup>&#8224;</sup> do avental branco</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">21,7</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o mascarada</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o mascarada com CPS<sup>&#8225;</sup> &gt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS grave</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">23,9</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">21,8</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">17,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS<sup>&#167;</sup> vig&#237;lia ou sono elevada sem CP aumentada</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS somente pela MAPA</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS com CPS &lt; 25%</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>CP*: carga press&#243;rica; HAS&#8224;: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; CPS&#8225;: carga press&#243;rica sist&#243;lica; PAS&#167;: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. Dados apresentados em n&#250;mero (n) e porcentagens (%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A DMD &#233; uma doen&#231;a com progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel, cuja idade de sobrevida compreende a segunda d&#233;cada da vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> No entanto, os avan&#231;os no tratamento, como a ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva e a fisioterapia, por exemplo, t&#234;m proporcionado aos meninos com a doen&#231;a chegarem aos 30 anos de idade. Considerando esse aumento da expectativa de vida, outros aspectos, al&#233;m do comprometimento neuromuscular, precisam ser avaliados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora a classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA no consult&#243;rio em pediatria tenha sido normatizada pela <italic>National High Blood Pressure Education Program</italic> em 2004, para a MAPA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecida uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o. Assim, utilizamos recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas em opini&#245;es de especialistas, como por exemplo, as publicadas pela AHA em 2008. A classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA em crian&#231;as, segundo essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, deve considerar, al&#233;m dos valores das medidas no consult&#243;rio, a m&#233;dia da MAPA de 24 horas, na vig&#237;lia ou sono e a CPS ou a CPD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo que abordou a PA em meninos portadores de DMD documentou preval&#234;ncia e correla&#231;&#245;es de valores baixos de medidas da PA no consult&#243;rio com uma poss&#237;vel disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica decorrente da DMD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Para a PA no consult&#243;rio, mais de 50% dos meninos tinham HA nos est&#225;gios 1 ou 2, e 12,8% tinham n&#237;veis lim&#237;trofes. A VII Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o substituiu o termo lim&#237;trofe por pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e estima sua preval&#234;ncia entre 10% e 15% para a popula&#231;&#227;o infantil. J&#225; a HA estabelecida atinge 3% a 5% das crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Em nosso estudo, a m&#233;dia mais elevada para a PAS na vig&#237;lia foi de 126,7 &#177; 10,0 na faixa et&#225;ria de 12 a 14 anos, seguida por 122 &#177; 18,6 para a PA no consult&#243;rio nas crian&#231;as entre 6 e 8 anos. Ao considerarmos o percentil para a idade, a m&#233;dia da PA &#224; MAPA durante a vig&#237;lia est&#225; dentro do esperado. J&#225; a m&#233;dia para PA no consult&#243;rio estava acima do percentil 95. Para a PAD, observamos a maior m&#233;dia dentro do percentil 95 (78,5 &#177; 12,4) nas idades entre 6 e 8 anos, para a MAPA na vig&#237;lia, seguido por 77,3 &#177; 9,1 nos meninos entre 15 e 17 anos na MAPA, a qual est&#225; acima do percentil estimado. Quanto &#224; CPS e &#224; CPD, em todas as faixas de idade tiveram mediana &gt; 25% nas 24 horas, vig&#237;lia ou sono. Considerando apenas a vig&#237;lia, 38,3% das crian&#231;as apresentaram PA normal, 21,3%, HA grave e o mesmo percentual para hipertens&#227;o do avental branco.</p>
        <p>A mediana do DN foi inferior a 10% para a PAS e superior a 10% para a PAD em todas as faixas et&#225;rias. De forma interessante, 68% dos meninos apresentaram aus&#234;ncia de DN de 10% na PAS. Em adultos, a aus&#234;ncia de DN &#233; considerada fator de risco para a les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, al&#233;m de aumentar o risco cardiovascular em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e normotensos. Embora o uso de corticoide possa levar ao aumento de peso e &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA, &#233; o &#250;nico f&#225;rmaco que pode retardar a progress&#227;o da fraqueza muscular, reduzir o desenvolvimento de escoliose e postergar a insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria. O seu mecanismo fundamenta-se na hip&#243;tese de que sua propriedade anti-inflamat&#243;ria e a&#231;&#227;o imunossupressora promovem a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de mioblastos e a redu&#231;&#227;o da necrose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Nosso estudo n&#227;o mostrou rela&#231;&#227;o associativa entre o uso de corticoide e a HA, eleva&#231;&#227;o da carga press&#243;rica e do DN. Embora parcela significativa dos meninos estivesse em uso de prednisona, sua administra&#231;&#227;o era intermitente e nos primeiros dias do m&#234;s.</p>
        <p>No entanto, se o corticoide n&#227;o influenciou o comportamento da PA, qual o fator respons&#225;vel pelo elevado n&#250;mero de hipertensos e medidas da PA fora do padr&#227;o de normalidade nessas crian&#231;as? O camundongo mdx desenvolve distrofia muscular recessiva ligada ao cromossomo X (<italic>locus Xp21</italic>) e n&#227;o expressa distrofina. Embora n&#227;o apresente intensa fibrose do tecido muscular e ac&#250;mulo de tecido adiposo, &#233; considerado o modelo animal mais adequado da DMD. Estudo mecan&#237;stico com esses camundongos mostrou que a aus&#234;ncia da distrofina induz altera&#231;&#227;o na dilata&#231;&#227;o vascular mediada pelo &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO). Quando submetido &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o, o vaso n&#227;o mostrou adapta&#231;&#227;o a essas varia&#231;&#245;es. Como o endot&#233;lio &#233; essencial para a adapta&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias nas altera&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, a consequ&#234;ncia em longo prazo dessa defici&#234;ncia pode afetar a remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular induzida pelo fluxo sangu&#237;neo, com consequ&#234;ncia na resist&#234;ncia vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Outros estudos demonstraram que o controle neurovascular simp&#225;tico &#233; anormal no m&#250;sculo com defici&#234;ncia de distrofina, o que &#233; observado durante o exerc&#237;cio, quando a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica normalmente est&#225; ausente nos m&#250;sculos em atividade, devido &#224; a&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadoras locais, como o NO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A defici&#234;ncia de natureza neuronal da NO sintase, que se encontra reduzida na aus&#234;ncia de distrofina, parece ser a principal causa das defici&#234;ncias na vasorregula&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, a modula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular pode estar comprometida tamb&#233;m devido &#224; defici&#234;ncia de distrofina em c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso arterial. A distrofina &#233; normalmente expressa na t&#250;nica m&#233;dia dos vasos sangu&#237;neos, estando ausente em vasos de camundongos mdx.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando esses achados, talvez possamos explicar o elevado n&#250;mero de portadores de DMD com altera&#231;&#227;o da PA em nosso estudo. Outro aspecto que pode estar relacionado com a altera&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; a aus&#234;ncia ou atenua&#231;&#227;o do DN nessas crian&#231;as. A DMD geralmente cursa com altera&#231;&#245;es no padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio durante o sono, como por exemplo, a apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS), ocasionando efeitos delet&#233;rios para o sistema cardiovascular. A exacerba&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica tamb&#233;m ocorre na AOS, o que pode contribuir para que os valores press&#243;ricos n&#227;o diminuam no per&#237;odo noturno.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Por se tratar de doen&#231;a rara, consideramos nosso estudo com um poss&#237;vel gerador de hip&#243;tese. Importante destacar a falta de normatiza&#231;&#227;o no uso da MAPA em crian&#231;as. Dessa forma, seguimos a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da AHA, que foi baseada na opini&#227;o de especialistas. Entretanto, esses dados precisam ser validados em outros estudos e talvez com maior poder amostral. Destacamos ainda, as dificuldades como aferi&#231;&#227;o da altura dessas crian&#231;as, tendo em vista o grande n&#250;mero de cadeirantes. Dessa forma, utilizamos do expediente da "altura hist&#243;rica", reportada pelos pais ou seus respons&#225;veis legais.</p>
          <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo foi a estratifica&#231;&#227;o desses participantes em faixa et&#225;ria. Por se tratar de doen&#231;a com baixa incid&#234;ncia, dividimos por m&#233;todo de conveni&#234;ncia esses pacientes em grupos et&#225;rios. Pela dificuldade em se ter estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es utilizadas s&#227;o baseadas em opini&#245;es de especialistas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis press&#243;ricas, sobretudo pela MAPA, destaca-se como ferramenta &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes sob maior risco. Considerando-se as altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares sofridas por esses pacientes, a identifica&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas de forma precoce permitiria a interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica apropriada e espec&#237;fica nos pacientes portadores da DMD. Sugerimos ainda, o acompanhamento peri&#243;dico desses pacientes, em escala multidisciplinar, na expectativa de identifica&#231;&#227;o dessas anormalidades press&#243;ricas, assegurando melhora na expectativa de vida e conforto a esses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Fabiane R. R. H. Marui pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CEP 0199/10, 21/05/10. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
