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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GprFHqd9cSL798rTbK4M5Rs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000600542</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180090</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Epidemiology</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Risk in Xavante Indigenous Population</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Padua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fabbro</surname>
            <given-names>Amaury Lelis Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sartorelli</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Saes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kuhn</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Chamadoira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moises</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo Botelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>La&#233;rcio Joel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Uberl&#226;ndia</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Luana Padua Soares. Av. Par&#225;, 1720 - Bloco 2U - Curso de Nutri&#231;&#227;o. Postal Code 38405-320, Umuarama, Uberl&#226;ndia. MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>luanapaduasoares@hotmail.com</email>, <email>luanaps@ufu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Soares LP, Moises RS, Vieira-Filho JPB, Franco LJ; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Soares LP, Dal Fabbro AL, Silva AS, Sartorelli DS, Franco LF, Kuhn PC, Moises RS, Vieira-Filho JPB, Franco LJ; Obtaining financing: Franco LJ; Writing of the manuscript: Soares LP, Franco LJ.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>542</fpage>
      <lpage>550</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licen&#231;a Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribui&#231;&#227;o e reprodu&#231;&#227;o em qualquer meio, sem restri&#231;&#245;es desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is little known in Brazilian indigenous populations. In the last two decades, important changes have occurred in the lifestyle and epidemiological profile of the Xavante people.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Xavante adults in S&#227;o Marcos and Sangradouro/Volta Grande reserves, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study carried out with 925 Xavante people aged &#8805; 20 years between 2008 and 2012. The following indicators were assessed: triglycerides (TG), total, LDL and HDL-cholesterol, Castelli index I and II, TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio, apo B / Apo A1 ratio, Framingham risk score, C-reactive protein, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW), glycemia and blood pressure. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student's t test and Chi-square test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) were used for statistical analysis, and significance level was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>High prevalence of elevated cardiovascular risk was observed in men and women according to HDL-cholesterol (66.2% and 86.2%, respectively), TG (53.2% and 51.5%), TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio (60.0% and 49.1%), C-reactive protein (44.1% and 48.1%), BMI (81.3% and 81.7%), WC (59.1% and 96.2%), HW (38.0% and 50,6%) and glycemia (46.8% and 70.2%). Individuals aged 40 to 59 years had the highest cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The Xavante have a high cardiovascular risk according to several indicators evaluated. The present analysis of cardiovascular risk factors provides support for the development of preventive measures and early treatment, in attempt to minimize the impact of cardiovascular diseases on this population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Indigenous Population</kwd>
        <kwd>Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>476347/2007-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2010/05634-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq (Proc. 476347/2007-6) and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - FAPESP (Proc. 2010/05634-0).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of mortality and morbidity in Brazil and the world. Approximately one third of deaths are caused by CVDs. Besides, they constitute one of the main causes of long hospital stay and health costs in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most CVDs result from unhealthy lifestyle and modifiable risk factors. Altered lipid profile, diabetes mellitus, smoking, advanced age, family history, sedentary lifestyle and weight excess are the main predisposing factors for CVDs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> CVDs start in early stages of life and progress silently until first manifestations in advanced stages. The earlier the risk factors are identified, the higher the possibility of prevention to prevent and reduce complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is still poorly investigated in indigenous populations in Brazil. In the last decades, considerable changes in eating habits and physical activity level have occurred in Xavante people, contributing to increased prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, despite significant literature on health conditions, there are no studies on cardiovascular risk in this indigenous group.</p>
      <p>Considering that CVDs increase the risk of premature deaths, disabilities and decreased quality of life, and exert an economic impact for families, communities and society, determining the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors would be valuable for the establishment of prevention strategies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Xavante adults from S&#227;o Marcos and Sangradouro/Volta Grande indigenous reserves in Mato Grosso state, Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a cross-sectional study of Xavante adults living in S&#227;o Marcos and Sangradouro/Volta Grande indigenous reserves in Mato Grosso State, Brazil.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP, Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP, CONEP and FUNAI.</p>
      <p>Xavante communities live in eight indigenous reserves located in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The study was conducted by periodic visits made to these communities from October 2008 to January 2012. Total population of indigenous in these reserves is estimated to be 4,020 people, 1,582 of them aged 20 years or older.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> All subjects aged 20 years or older were invited to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>Physical examination, including anthropometry, and collection of blood samples were performed in the villages. After being informed about the study objectives, the tribe chiefs and participants gave their consent, mostly written. To illiterate participants (14%), the consent forms were read by community health agents, and fingerprints were used to confirm their agreement to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>The following variables were assessed: sex, age, weight (Kg), height (m), waist circumference (WC) (cm), triglyceride levels (TG) (mg/dL), total cholesterol (TC) (mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), apolipoproteins A1 and B (apo 1 and apo B) (mg/dL), capillary blood glucose levels at baseline and at 2 hours (mg/dL), systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (mm/Hg), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (mg/dL).</p>
      <p>Body weight was measured using an electronic scale (Plenna&#174;), with maximum capacity of 150 Kg, and height was measured using a portable stadiometer (Alturexata&#174;). Weight and height values were used for body mass index (BMI) calculation (weight (kg)/height(m)<sup>2</sup>].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> WC was measured using an inelastic measuring tape at the midpoint between the lowest rib and iliac crest, at standing position.</p>
      <p>Venous blood was collected after an 8-10 hour fast, using sterile disposable tubes (Vacutainer &#174;). Samples were stored at -20&#176;C and transported to a laboratory in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Measurements of serum TG, TC, LDL-c, HDL-c, apo A1 and apo B were determined by enzymatic methods, and hs-CRP levels were determined by immunoturbidimetry.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure (BP) was measured on the left arm in the sitting position after 5 minutes at rest, using an automatic digital monitor (OMRON HEM-742INTC&#174;). Measurements were taken three times, and the mean of the last two measurements was considered for analysis.</p>
      <p>Capillary blood glucose at baseline and two hours after a 75 g anhydrous glucose overload (Glutol&#174;) were measured using a portable glucose meter (HemoCue&#174; Glucose 201, HemoCue AB).</p>
      <p>Castelli index I (TC/HD/l-c ratio) and II (LDL-c/HDL-c ratio)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>, TG/HDL-c,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> ApoB/ApoA1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and Framingham risk score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> were calculated. Hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW) was defined as the simultaneous presence of increased WC and increased TG levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Indicators of cardiovascular risk used in the study are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Chart 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Chart 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk indicators</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="60%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Indicators </th>
              <th align="center">RISK</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 200 mg/dl</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 50 mg/dl in women and &lt; 40 mg/dl in men</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 130 mg/dl</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 150 mg/dl</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Castelli index I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 4.4 for women and &gt; 5.1 for men</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Castelli index II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 2.9 for women and &gt; 3,3 for men</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG/HDL-C ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 3.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ApoB/ApoA1 ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 0.8 for women and &gt; 0.9 for men</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Framingham risk score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Low risk &#8211; probability &lt; 10%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Intermediate risk &#8211; probability between 10% and 20%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">High risk &#8211; probability &gt; 20%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Hs-CRP (mg/L)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Low risk - &lt; 1.0 mg/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Intermediate risk &#8211; 1.0 &#8211; 3.0 mg/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">High risk - &gt;3.0 mg/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 25.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for adults</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 27.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for elderly subjects</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 94 cm in men and &#8805; 80 cm in women</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertriglyceridemic waist<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Increased WC (&#8805; 94 cm in men and &#8805; 80 cm in women) and TG &#8805; 150 mg/dl</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Glycemia (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Casual glucose level &#8805; 200 mg/dL and/or</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Glucose after 2 hours &#8805; 140 mg/dL and/or</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">using oral antidiabetic drugs or insulin</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Blood pressure (mm/Hg)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Systolic arterial pressure &#8805; 140mmHg and/or</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Diastolic arterial pressure &#8805; 90mmHg and/or</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Use of anti-hypertensive agents</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <p>WC: waist circumference; TG: triglycerides; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; BMI: body mass index</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The <italic>Kolmogorov-Smirnov</italic> test was used to test normality of variable distributions. Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation, and Student's t-test was used to compare the variable means between men and women. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies, and the chi-square test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) was used for comparison of proportions. Analyses were formed using the <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) software version 17, and significance level was set at 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Study population was composed of 925 Xavante people, 455 (49.2%) men and 470 (50.8%) women. Most (57.0%) of them were aged between 20 and 39 years.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular risk indicators are presented as mean and standard deviations in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Mean apo A1, WC, BMI and glucose levels were higher in women than men, whereas mean Castelli index I and II, Framingham score, Apo B/Apo A-I ratio and systolic and diastolic BP were higher in men than in women.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk indicators (mean and standard deviation) by sex in Xavante adults in Sao Marcos and Sangradouro reserves, Brazil, 2008-2012</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="28%"/>
            <col width="18%"/>
            <col width="18%"/>
            <col width="18%"/>
            <col width="18%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p-value*</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
              <th align="center">Women</th>
              <th align="center">Men</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">42.8 &#177; 19.2</td>
              <td align="center">42.5 &#177; 19.4</td>
              <td align="center">43.2 &#177; 19.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.586</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">146.4 &#177; 43.1</td>
              <td align="center">146.8 &#177; 43.2</td>
              <td align="center">146.0 &#177; 43.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.757</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">38.9 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">40.6 &#177; 8.2</td>
              <td align="center">37.1 &#177; 7.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">70.4 &#177; 24.6</td>
              <td align="center">70.0 &#177; 23.3</td>
              <td align="center">70.8 &#177; 26.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.621</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">199.1 &#177; 171.2</td>
              <td align="center">196.4 &#177; 180.0</td>
              <td align="center">202.1 &#177; 161.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.615</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Castelli index I (CT/HDL-c)</td>
              <td align="center">3.9 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.0 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Castelli index II (LDL-c/HDL-c)</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.0 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG/HDL-C ratio</td>
              <td align="center">5.4 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">5.2 &#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.107</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Framingham risk score</td>
              <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 6.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.1 &#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Apo B (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">72.9 &#177; 18.9</td>
              <td align="center">73.2 &#177; 17.8</td>
              <td align="center">72.5 &#177; 17.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.577</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Apo A1 (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">106.8 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">110.1 &#177; 14.4</td>
              <td align="center">103.4 &#177; 14.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ApoB/ApoA1 ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.67 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.71 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High-sensitivity C-reactive protein</td>
              <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 12.7</td>
              <td align="center">5.8 &#177; 10.3 </td>
              <td align="center">0.543</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">97.3 &#177; 10.9</td>
              <td align="center">98.6 &#177; 11.1</td>
              <td align="center">95.9 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">30.3 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">30.7 &#177; 5.6</td>
              <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Baseline glucose level (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">152.5 &#177; 104.9</td>
              <td align="center">163.7 &#177; 112.4</td>
              <td align="center">140.8 &#177; 95.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose level at 2 hours (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">148.9 &#177; 51.8</td>
              <td align="center">158.6 &#177; 49.0</td>
              <td align="center">140.2 &#177; 52.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic blood pressure (mm/Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">72.7 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td align="center">71.5 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">74.0 &#177; 10.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure (mm/Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">122.3 &#177; 17.4</td>
              <td align="center">119.7 &#177; 18.4</td>
              <td align="center">125.1 &#177; 15.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student&#8217;s t-test; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>We found a high prevalence of elevated cardiovascular risk according to HDL-c, TG, TG/HDL-c ratio, CRP-hs, BMI, WC, HW and glucose levels, although a small number of participants had increased levels of TC or LDL-c. In general, participants aged between 40 and 59 years were the most exposed to cardiovascular risk factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Frequency of cardiovascular risk factors by age range in Xavante women in S&#227;o Marcos and Sangradouro reserves, Brazil, 2008-2012</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="24%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Cardiovascular risk indicators</th>
              <th align="center">20 &#8211; 39 years</th>
              <th align="center">40 &#8211; 59 years</th>
              <th align="center">&#8805; 60 years</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
              <th align="center">p-value*</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.039</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">254 (95.5)</td>
              <td align="center">94 (94.9)</td>
              <td align="center">93 (88.6)</td>
              <td align="center">441 (93.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">12 (4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (5.1)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (11.4)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (6.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.015</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">38 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (6.1)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (13.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">228 (85.7)</td>
              <td align="center">93 (93.9)</td>
              <td align="center">84 (80.0)</td>
              <td align="center">405 (86.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.620</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">254 (99.2)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (98.9)</td>
              <td align="center">98 (98.0)</td>
              <td align="center">438 (98.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.0)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Triglycerides (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">161 (60.5)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (31.3)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (34.3)</td>
              <td align="center">228 (48.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">105 (38.5)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (68.7)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (65.7)</td>
              <td align="center">242 (51.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Castelli index I</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.054</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">230 (86.5)</td>
              <td align="center">81 (81.8)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (76.2)</td>
              <td align="center">391 (83.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">36 (13.5)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (18.2)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (23.8)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (16.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Castelli index II</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.571</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">247 (96.5)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (94.3)</td>
              <td align="center">97 (97.0)</td>
              <td align="center">426 (96.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">9 (3.5)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (5.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.0)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (3.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>TG/HDL-C ratio</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">160 (60.2)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (35.4)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (41.9)</td>
              <td align="center">239 (50.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">106 (39.8)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (64.6)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (58.1)</td>
              <td align="center">231 (49.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ApoB/ApoA1 ratio</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.018</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">242 (91.3)</td>
              <td align="center">85 (85.7)</td>
              <td align="center">85 (81.0)</td>
              <td align="center">411 (87.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">23 (8.7)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (19.0)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (12.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Framingham</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk</td>
              <td align="center">266 (100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">85 (85.9)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (27.6)</td>
              <td align="center">380 (80.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate risk</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (12.1)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (48.6)</td>
              <td align="center">63 (13.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.0)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (23.8)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (5.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CRP (mg/L)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.650</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk</td>
              <td align="center">40 (15.0)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (16.2)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (14.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate risk</td>
              <td align="center">102 (38.3)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (34.3)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (38.1)</td>
              <td align="center">176 (37.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk</td>
              <td align="center">124 (46.6)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (54.5)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (45.7)</td>
              <td align="center">226 (48.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">25 (9.4)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (7.1)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (51.4)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (18.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">241 (90.6)</td>
              <td align="center">92 (92.9)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (48.6)</td>
              <td align="center">384 (81.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Waist circumference (cm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.071</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">12 (4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (5.7)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (3.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">254 (95.5)</td>
              <td align="center">99 (100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">99 (94.3)</td>
              <td align="center">452 (96.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hypertriglyceridemic waist</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">162 (60.9)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (31.3)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (37.1)</td>
              <td align="center">232 (49.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">104 (39.1)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (68.7)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (62.9)</td>
              <td align="center">238 (50.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Glycemia (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk</td>
              <td align="center">104 (39.1)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (15.2)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">140 (29.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk</td>
              <td align="center">162 (61.9)</td>
              <td align="center">84 (84.8)</td>
              <td align="center">84 (80.0)</td>
              <td align="center">330 (70.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Blood pressure (mm/Hg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk</td>
              <td align="center">254 (95.5)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (76.8)</td>
              <td align="center">71 (67.6)</td>
              <td align="center">401 (85.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk</td>
              <td align="center">12 (4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (23.2)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (32.4)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (14.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Chi square test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>); TG: triglycerides; BMI: body mass index LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Frequency of cardiovascular risk factors by age range in Xavante men in S&#227;o Marcos and Sangradouro reserves, Brazil, 2008-2012</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="24%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Cardiovascular risk indicators</th>
              <th align="center">20 &#8211; 39 years</th>
              <th align="center">40 &#8211; 59 years</th>
              <th align="center">&#8805; 60 years</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
              <th align="center">p-value*</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.871</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">238 (91.2)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (90.9)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (92.9)</td>
              <td align="center">416 (91.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">23 (8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (7.1)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (8.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.035</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">78 (29.9)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (34.5)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (45.2)</td>
              <td align="center">154 (33.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">183 (70.1)</td>
              <td align="center">72 (65.5)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (54.8)</td>
              <td align="center">301 (66.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.448</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">242 (98.8)</td>
              <td align="center">93 (96.9)</td>
              <td align="center">77 (98.7)</td>
              <td align="center">412 (98.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.2)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (1.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Triglycerides (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.003</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">120 (46.0)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (37.3)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (61.9)</td>
              <td align="center">213 (46.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">141 (54.0)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (62.7)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (38.1)</td>
              <td align="center">242 (53.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Castelli index I</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.128</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">225 (86.2)</td>
              <td align="center">94 (85.5)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (94.)</td>
              <td align="center">398 (87.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">36 (13.8)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (14.5)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (6.0)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Castelli index II</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.033</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">227 (92.7)</td>
              <td align="center">94 (97.9)</td>
              <td align="center">77 (98.7)</td>
              <td align="center">398 (95.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">18 (7.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (5.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>TG/HDL-C ratio</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">98 (37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (31.8)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (58.3)</td>
              <td align="center">182 (40.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">163 (62.5)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (68.2)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (41.7)</td>
              <td align="center">274 (60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ApoB/ApoA1 ratio</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.128</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">229 (88.4)</td>
              <td align="center">102 (92.7)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (95.2)</td>
              <td align="center">410 (90.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">30 (11.6)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (7.3)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (4.8)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (9.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Framingham</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk</td>
              <td align="center">261 (100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (71.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.2)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (74.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate risk</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (21.8)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (25.0)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (9.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (6.4)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (73.8)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (15.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hs-CRP (mg/L)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.867</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk</td>
              <td align="center">47 (18.0)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (17.3)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (20.5)</td>
              <td align="center">83 (18.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate risk</td>
              <td align="center">102 (39.1)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (38.2)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (32.5)</td>
              <td align="center">171 (37.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk</td>
              <td align="center">112 (42.9)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (44.5)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (47.0)</td>
              <td align="center">200 (44.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">33 (12.6)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">85 (18.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">228 (87.4)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (90.9)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">370 (81.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Waist circumference (cm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">118 (45.2)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (24.5)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (48.8)</td>
              <td align="center">186 (40.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">143 (54.8)</td>
              <td align="center">83 (75.5)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (51.2)</td>
              <td align="center">269 (59.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hypertriglyceridemic waist</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">164 (62.8)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (49.1)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (76.2)</td>
              <td align="center">282 (62.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">97 (37.2)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (50.9)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (23.8)</td>
              <td align="center">173 (38.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Glycemia (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk</td>
              <td align="center">160 (61.3)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (41.8)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (42.9)</td>
              <td align="center">242 (53.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk</td>
              <td align="center">101 (38.7)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (58.2)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (57.1)</td>
              <td align="center">213 (46.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Blood pressure (mm/Hg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low risk</td>
              <td align="center">236 (90.4)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (78.2)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (60.7)</td>
              <td align="center">373 (82.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High risk</td>
              <td align="center">25 (9.6)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (21.8)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (39.3)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (18.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Chi square test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>); TG: triglycerides; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our findings show that Xavante people have an increased risk for CVDs according to HDL-c, TG, TG/HDL-c ratio, CRP-hs, BMI, WC, HW and glucose levels. Based on this, the prevalence of these diseases and consequently the risk of death, disabilities, and reduced quality of life may increase in this population in the next years.</p>
      <p>Although several methods and indicators may be used to estimate cardiovascular risk, none of them can predict cardiovascular risk alone, and hence, should be evaluated together.</p>
      <p>One of the cardiovascular risk factors evaluated in our study was lipid profile. The risk for atherosclerotic disease is associated with increased TC and LDL-c levels and low HDL-c levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> With respect to TG, however, there is no consensus on whether they are a direct cause of atherosclerosis or a marker of other high-risk conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Only a small percentage of Xavante people had increased TC and LDL-c levels. Nevertheless, similarly to other indigenous populations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> the Xavantes showed a high prevalence of increased TG and decreased HDL-c levels.</p>
      <p>Castelli index I (CT/HDL-c) and II (LDL-c/HDL-c) and the TG/HDL-c ratio have been used to assess the combined influence of cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> We did not find an increased cardiovascular risk according to these indexes in the study population; however, values of TG/HDL-c ratio in 49.1% of women and 60.0% of men were indicative of high cardiovascular risk, corroborating the increased levels of TG and decreased levels of HDL-c observed in the population.</p>
      <p>Plasma apolipoproteins A1 and B and the apo B/apo A1 ratio have been described as the best predictors of cardiovascular risk as compared with lipid and lipoprotein levels or the Castelli index I and II.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Apolipoproteins are structural and functional components of lipoproteins. Apo A1 constitutes non-atherogenic lipid fractions (HDL-c), whereas apo B constitutes atherogenic ones (chylomicrons, LDL, IDL and VLDL). Thus, apo B/apo A1 ratio represents the balance between atherogenic and antiatherogenic lipoproteins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Increased apo B and apoB/A1 and reduced apo A1 levels have been consistently associated with risk for CVDs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In our study group, 12.2% of women and 9.3% of men had an apo B/apo A1 ratio indicative of cardiovascular risk. We have not found any studies evaluating these indicators in other indigenous populations.</p>
      <p>CRP, an acute-phase protein released into blood in response to inflammatory cytokines and a biomarker of systemic inflammation, was also evaluated in the current study. Increased CRP levels have been associated with coronary disease and stroke, even in patients with normal lipid profile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Approximately half of Xavante people had CRP-hs levels indicative of high cardiovascular risk. However, caution is needed in interpreting these data, as other inflammatory diseases can also increase CRP levels. Infectious and parasite diseases are common in indigenous populations, including the Xavante people, which may have influenced the results.</p>
      <p>Framingham score is one of the algorithms used in detecting the risk for CVDs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In our study, 15.2% of men and 5.7% of women have increased risk of developing CVDs in the next 10 years according to this score. Although this score has been developed for subjects aged 30 years or older, in the current study, patients aged between 20 and 29 years were also included, corresponding to 28.0% of the study population. In the "age" component of Framingham score calculation, these subjects received the rating assigned for individuals aged between 30 and 34 years (zero). No participant aged between 20 and 39 years showed increased cardiovascular risk. Despite its high predictive value, Framingham score does not consider weight excess or sedentary lifestyle, both considered important cardiovascular risks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies have reported a considerable increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in indigenous populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Studies conducted in specific populations have shown a high proportion of overweight and obese adults, greater than 50% in some age groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obesity is an important risk factor for CVDs. It is independently associated with risk for coronary disease, atrial fibrillation and heart failure. On the other hand, obesity, particularly abdominal or visceral obesity, is associated with other factors known to increase cardiovascular risk, such as systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>More recently, HW has also been used as an indicator of cardiometabolic risk. HW is defined as the simultaneous presence of increased WC and increased TG levels, and may be used in the screening of patients likely to have the atherogenic metabolic triad - fasting hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; and high proportion of small, dense LDL-c. For this reason, HW has been used as a practical, viable, low-cost tool in the identification of patients with high cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The prevalence of HW found in our study group (50.6% in women and 38.0% in men) was higher than that reported in other Brazilian studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diabetic subjects have from twice to three times the risk to suffer a cardiovascular event.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Besides, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are important causes of death in diabetes mellitus patients, accounting for up to 80% of deaths.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Altered glucose levels is a health problem of large magnitude in Xavante people. In the present study, 70.2% of women and 46.8% of men had diabetes and decreased glucose tolerance, indicating that they constitute a vulnerable group. This was a much higher prevalence as compared with that in the Brazilian population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>SAH is also an important risk factor for CVDs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The prevalence of SAH in Xavante people - 14.7% in women and 18.0% in men - was lower than mean values reported in Brazilian adult populations, ranging from 20.0%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> to 24.1%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As compared with the Xavantes of Pimentel Barbosa reserve, there was a tendency of increase in the prevalence of SAH. In 1962, no cases of HAS was observed in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> In 2009, however, the prevalence reached 8.1% among men and 5.8% among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> This may result from social, cultural, economic and environmental changes in Xavante people, that culminated in reduction of physical activity and changes in eating habits with increased consumption of packaged foods high in sugar, fat and sodium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations. Despite the large sample size, it corresponded to only 60% of the total estimated subjects aged 20 years or older in these communities, suggesting a selection bias, since healthier individuals tend to be less interested in participating in the study. In addition, some smaller, less accessible indigenous communities were not included in the study, affecting the participation rate. Limitations regarding communication between indigenous people and investigators, which may have been a source of bias, were partly prevented by participation of health professionals, members of the indigenous community in data collection. Also, due to cultural differences, we cannot assure that all volunteers were in fasting conditions on blood collection day despite instructions to do so; in addition to a more irregular eating pattern, they may have not understood the importance of such condition for laboratory tests. Thus, caution is need in interpreting TG levels and TG/HDL ratio and HW values. Another limitation was the fact that we did not evaluate smoking habit, which is a key cardiovascular risk factor, not only isolated but also as a Framingham score component. All subjects were rated as non-smokers in the score calculation, and hence the possibility that cardiovascular risk by this indicator was underestimated cannot be ruled out. </p>
      <p>These results are significant for this population and, to our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate cardiovascular risk using all these indicators.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Xavante people have high cardiovascular risk according to indicators such as HDL-c, TG/HDL-c ratio, BMI, WC, HW and glucose levels.</p>
      <p>Considering that CVD patients are initially asymptomatic, and that CVDs are important causes of morbidity and mortality, the present analysis of cardiovascular risk factors may be used as a basis for the planning of preventive measures and early treatment to minimize the impact of these diseases on this population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq (Proc. 476347/2007-6) and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - FAPESP (Proc. 2010/05634-0).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Luana Padua Soares, from Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) under the protocol number 598/2008 (CONEP 14914 / Process no 25000.103891/2008-41). All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
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          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
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            <subject>Epidemiologia</subject>
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          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Padua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fabbro</surname>
            <given-names>Amaury Lelis Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sartorelli</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Saes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kuhn</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Chamadoira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moises</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo Botelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>La&#233;rcio Joel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luana Padua Soares.</bold> Av. Par&#225;, 1720 - Bloco 2U - Curso de Nutri&#231;&#227;o. CEP 38405-320, Umuarama, Uberl&#226;ndia. MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luanapaduasoares@hotmail.com</email>, <email>luanaps@ufu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Soares LP, Moises RS, Vieira-Filho JPB, Franco LJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Soares LP, Dal Fabbro AL, Silva AS, Sartorelli DS, Franco LF, Kuhn PC, Moises RS, Vieira-Filho JPB, Franco LJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Franco LJ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Soares LP, Franco LJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular ainda &#233; pouco estudada em popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas brasileiras. Nas duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, observaram- se importantes mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e no perfil epidemiol&#243;gico dos Xavante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta Xavante das Reservas Ind&#237;genas de S&#227;o Marcos e Sangradouro/Volta Grande - MT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal realizado com 925 ind&#237;genas Xavante com 20 ou mais anos de idade, no per&#237;odo de 2008 a 2012. Foram considerados os indicadores: n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglic&#233;rides (TG), colesterol (total, LDL e HDL), &#205;ndices de Castelli I (CT/HDL-c) e II (LDL-c/HDL-c), raz&#227;o TG/HDL-C, rela&#231;&#227;o Apo B/Apo A1, escore de Framingham, prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica (CH), glicemia e press&#227;o arterial. Foram utilizados os testes <italic>Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t de Student</italic> e <italic>Qui</italic> quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>), sendo considerado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Verificaram-se altas preval&#234;ncias de risco cardiovascular elevado, em homens e mulheres, respectivamente, segundo os indicadores HDL-colesterol (66,2% e 86,2%), TG (53,2% e 51,5%), raz&#227;o TG/HDL-c (60,0% e 49,1%), PCR (44,1% e 48,1%), IMC (81,3% e 81,7%), CC (59,1% e 96,2%), CH (38,0% e 50,6%) e glicemia (46,8% e 70,2%). Os indiv&#237;duos de 40 a 59 anos foram os que apresentaram maior risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os Xavante apresentam elevado risco cardiovascular segundo v&#225;rios indicadores avaliados. Este inqu&#233;rito fornece subs&#237;dios para a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento precoce, a fim de minimizar os potenciais danos causados por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares entre os Xavante.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Popula&#231;&#227;o Ind&#237;gena</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>476347/2007-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2010/05634-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq (Proc. 476347/2007-6) e pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - FAPESP (Proc. 2010/05634-0).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) constituem a principal causa de morbimortalidade no Brasil e no mundo. Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o de todos os &#243;bitos ocorre devido &#224;s DCVs. Al&#233;m disso, constituem uma das principais causas de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar prolongada e de gastos em sa&#250;de no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maior parte das DCVs resulta de um estilo de vida pouco saud&#225;vel e de fatores de risco modific&#225;veis. Perfil lip&#237;dico alterado, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, tabagismo, idade avan&#231;ada, hist&#243;ria familiar, sedentarismo e excesso de peso s&#227;o os principais fatores que predisp&#245;em ao aparecimento de DCVs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A s DCVs t&#234;m in&#237;cio numa fase precoce da vida, progridem silenciosamente e encontram-se j&#225; avan&#231;adas quando aparecem as primeiras manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Quanto mais precocemente forem identificados os fatores de risco, maior a possibilidade de preven&#231;&#227;o e de redu&#231;&#227;o das suas complica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular ainda &#233; pouco estudada em popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas brasileiras. Entre os Xavante, a despeito de uma significativa literatura sobre suas condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos abordando essa tem&#225;tica. Sabe-se que essa popula&#231;&#227;o vem passando, nas duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, por importantes mudan&#231;as nos h&#225;bitos alimentares e na frequ&#234;ncia e intensidade da atividade f&#237;sica, o que contribui para o aumento da preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; dados espec&#237;ficos sobre risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Considerando que as DCVs geram elevado n&#250;mero de mortes prematuras e incapacidades, perda de qualidade de vida, al&#233;m de impactos econ&#244;micos para as fam&#237;lias, comunidades e a sociedade em geral, o conhecimento da preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia para o estabelecimento de estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo dest e estudo foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta Xavante das Reservas Ind&#237;genas de S&#227;o Marcos e Sangradouro/Volta Grande - MT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal, envolvendo a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta Xavante das Reservas Ind&#237;genas de S&#227;o Marcos e Sangradouro/Volta Grande - MT.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP, pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP, pela CONEP e FUNAI.</p>
        <p>Os Xavante vivem em oito reservas ind&#237;genas no estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Este inqu&#233;rito foi realizado nas reservas de S&#227;o Marcos e Sangradouro/Volta Grande, em viagens peri&#243;dicas &#224; regi&#227;o, no per&#237;odo de outubro de 2008 a janeiro de 2012. A popula&#231;&#227;o total dessas reservas est&#225; estimada em 4020 &#237;ndios, sendo 1582 com 20 anos ou mais de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Todos os indiv&#237;duos com 20 anos ou mais de idade foram convidados a participar do estudo.</p>
        <p>O exame f&#237;sico, incluindo antropometria e a coleta de amostras de sangue foram realizados nas aldeias. Os l&#237;deres ind&#237;genas e os participantes foram informados sobre os objetivos do estudo e deram seu consentimento, em sua maioria por escrito. Para os que eram analfabetos (14%), os termos de consentimento foram lidos por agentes de sa&#250;de ind&#237;gena. As impress&#245;es digitais foram usadas para documentar a sua aprova&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Foram consideradas as vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, peso (kg), altura (m), circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) (cm), n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglic&#233;rides (TG) (mg/dl), colesterol total (CT) (mg/dl), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) (mg/dl), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c) (mg/dl), apolipoprote&#237;nas A1 e B (apo A1 e apo B) (mg/dl), glicemia capilar inicial e de 2&#170; hora (mg/dl), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (mm/Hg), prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) ultras sens&#237;vel (mg/L).</p>
        <p>O peso foi avaliado com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica (Plenna&#174;), com capacidade m&#225;xima de 150 kg. A estatura foi verificada com estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til (Alturexata&#174;). A partir dos dados de peso e altura, foi calculado o &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) - [peso (kg)/altura(m)<sup>2</sup>].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A CC foi mensurada com fita milim&#233;trica inel&#225;stica, no ponto m&#233;dio entre o &#250;ltimo arco intercostal e a crista il&#237;aca, com o indiv&#237;duo na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta.</p>
        <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas com indiv&#237;duos em jejum de 8 a 10 horas, por via venosa, sendo utilizados coletores est&#233;reis e descart&#225;veis (Vacutainer&#174;). As amostras foram condicionadas a -20&#186;C e transportadas para o laborat&#243;rio na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TG, CT, LDL-c, HDL-c, apo A1 e apo B foram quantificados por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos. A dosagem de PCR ultrassens&#237;vel foi realizada por imunoturbidimetria.</p>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi aferida no bra&#231;o esquerdo do indiv&#237;duo sentado, ap&#243;s cinco minutos de repouso, utilizando o aparelho de press&#227;o digital de bra&#231;o autom&#225;tico (OMRON HEM-742INTC&#174;). A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida tr&#234;s vezes, sendo considerada a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas aferi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>A glicemia capilar inicial e a glicemia duas horas ap&#243;s sobrecarga de 75 g de glicose anidra (Glutol&#174;) foram medidas por um glicos&#237;metro port&#225;til (HemoCue&#174; Glucose 201, HemoCue AB).</p>
        <p>Foram calculados os &#205;ndices de Castelli I (raz&#227;o CT/HDL-c) e II (raz&#227;o LDL-c/HDL-c)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>, a raz&#227;o TG/HDL-c,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> a rela&#231;&#227;o Apo B/Apo A1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e o escore de risco de Framingham.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica (CH) foi definida como a presen&#231;a simult&#226;nea de CC aumentada e elevadas concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Quadro 1</xref>, est&#227;o apresentados os indicadores considerados no estudo e os respectivos par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Indicadores de Risco Cardiovascular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="45%"/>
              <col width="55%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">INDICADORES DE RISCO CARDIOVASCULAR</th>
                <th align="center">RISCO</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 200 mg/dl</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-colesterol (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 50 mg/dl em mulheres e &lt; 40 mg/dl em homens</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-colesterol (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 130 mg/dl</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 150 mg/dl</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de Castelli I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 4,4 para mulheres e &gt; 5,1 para homens</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de Castelli II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 2,9 para mulheres e &gt; 3,3 para homens</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o TG/HDL-C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 3,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o ApoB/ApoA1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0,8 para mulheres e &gt; 0,9 para homens</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Escore de Risco de Framingham<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">baixo risco - probabilidade &lt; 10%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">m&#233;dio risco - probabilidade entre 10% e 20%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">alto risco - probabilidade &gt; 20%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">PCR (mg/L)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">baixo risco - &lt; 1,0 mg/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">m&#233;dio risco - 1,0 a 3,0 mg/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">alto risco - &gt; 3,0 mg/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 25,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para adultos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 27,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>para idosos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 94 cm em homens e &#8805; 80 cm em mulheres</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">CC aumentada (&#8805; 94 cm em homens e &#8805; 80 cm em mulheres) e TG &#8805; 150 mg/dl</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Glicemia (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">glicemia casual &#8805; 200 mg/dL e/ou</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">glicemia na 2&#170; hora &#8805; 140 mg/dL e/ou</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">em uso de antidiab&#233;ticos orais ou insulina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Press&#227;o arterial (mm/Hg)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg e/ou</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; ApoB: apolipoprote&#237;na B; ApoA1: apolipoprote&#237;na A1; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Utilizou-se o teste de <italic>Kolmogorov-Smirnov</italic> para verificar se as vari&#225;veis apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em m&#233;dias e desvio-padr&#227;o e o Teste <italic>t de Student</italic> foi utilizado para comparar as m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis nos sexos feminino e masculino. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa e para compara&#231;&#227;o das propor&#231;&#245;es utilizou-se o Teste <italic>Qui</italic> quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>). Os dados foram analisados com o uso do software <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) vers&#227;o 17, sendo fixado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo &#233; constitu&#237;da por 925 ind&#237;genas Xavante, sendo 455 homens (49,2%) e 470 mulheres (50,8%). A maioria (57,0%) encontra-se na faixa et&#225;ria de 20 a 39 anos.</p>
        <p>As m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o dos indicadores de risco cardiovascular s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>. As mulheres apresentaram m&#233;dias mais elevadas de Apo A1, CC, IMC e glicemia. J&#225; os homens apresentam maiores m&#233;dias dos &#205;ndices de Castelli I e II, Escore de Framingham, Rela&#231;&#227;o Apo B/Apo A-I e PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o dos indicadores de risco cardiovascular, segundo sexo, na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta Xavante das Reservas Ind&#237;genas de S&#227;o Marcos e Sangradouro &#8211; MT, 2008-2012</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="28%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center">Feminino</th>
                <th align="center">Masculino</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">42,8 &#177; 19,2</td>
                <td align="center">42,5 &#177; 19,4</td>
                <td align="center">43,2 &#177; 19,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,586</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">146,4 &#177; 43,1</td>
                <td align="center">146,8 &#177; 43,2</td>
                <td align="center">146,0 &#177; 43,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,757</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-colesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">38,9 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">40,6 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">37,1 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-colesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">70,4 &#177; 24,6</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 &#177; 23,3</td>
                <td align="center">70,8 &#177; 26,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,621</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">199,1 &#177; 171,2</td>
                <td align="center">196,4 &#177; 180,0</td>
                <td align="center">202,1 &#177; 161,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,615</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de Castelli I (CT/HDL-c)</td>
                <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de Castelli II (LDL-c/HDL-c)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o TG/HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de Risco de Framingham</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apo B (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">72,9 &#177; 18,9</td>
                <td align="center">73,2 &#177; 17,8</td>
                <td align="center">72,5 &#177; 17,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,577</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apo A1 (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">106,8 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">110,1 &#177; 14,4</td>
                <td align="center">103,4 &#177; 14,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o ApoB/ApoA1</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;na C reativa</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 12,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 &#177; 10,3 </td>
                <td align="center">0,543</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">97,3 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">98,6 &#177; 11,1</td>
                <td align="center">95,9 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">30,3 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">30,7 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia inicial (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">152,5 &#177; 104,9</td>
                <td align="center">163,7 &#177; 112,4</td>
                <td align="center">140,8 &#177; 95,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia 2&#170; hora (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">148,9 &#177; 51,8</td>
                <td align="center">158,6 &#177; 49,0</td>
                <td align="center">140,2 &#177; 52,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mm/Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">72,7 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">71,5 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">74,0 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mm/Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">122,3 &#177; 17,4</td>
                <td align="center">119,7 &#177; 18,4</td>
                <td align="center">125,1 &#177; 15,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; CT: colesterol total; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em homens e mulheres, foram verificadas elevadas preval&#234;ncias de alto risco cardiovascular, segundo os indicadores HDL-c, TG, raz&#227;o TG/HDL-c, PCR, IMC, CC, CH e glicemia. Por outro lado, um percentual muito reduzido de Xavante apresentou n&#237;veis elevados de CT e LDL-c. De um modo geral, os indiv&#237;duos de 40 a 59 anos foram os mais expostos ao risco cardiovascular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia dos indicadores de risco cardiovascular, segundo faixa et&#225;ria, em mulheres Xavante das Reservas Ind&#237;genas de S&#227;o Marcos e Sangradouro &#8211; MT, 2008-2012</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="24%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Indicadores de Risco Cardiovascular</th>
                <th align="center">20 &#8211; 39 anos</th>
                <th align="center">40 &#8211; 59 anos</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 60 anos</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Colesterol total (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,039</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">254 (95,5)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (94,9)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (88,6)</td>
                <td align="center">441 (93,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">12 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HDL-colesterol (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,015</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">38 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (13,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">228 (85,7)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (93,9)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">405 (86,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LDL-colesterol (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,620</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">254 (99,2)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (98,9)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (98,0)</td>
                <td align="center">438 (98,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">161 (60,5)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (31,3)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (34,3)</td>
                <td align="center">228 (48,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">105 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (68,7)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (65,7)</td>
                <td align="center">242 (51,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de Castelli I</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,054</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">230 (86,5)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (81,8)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (76,2)</td>
                <td align="center">391 (83,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">36 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (16,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de Castelli II</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,571</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">247 (96,5)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (94,3)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (97,0)</td>
                <td align="center">426 (96,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">9 (3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Raz&#227;o TG/HDL-C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">160 (60,2)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (35,4)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (41,9)</td>
                <td align="center">239 (50,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">106 (39,8)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (64,6)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (58,1)</td>
                <td align="center">231 (49,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o ApoB/ApoA1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,018</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">242 (91,3)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (85,7)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (81,0)</td>
                <td align="center">411 (87,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">23 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (19,0)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escore de Risco de Framingham</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo risco</td>
                <td align="center">266 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (85,9)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (27,6)</td>
                <td align="center">380 (80,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dio risco</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (48,6)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (13,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Prote&#237;na C reativa (mg/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,650</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo risco</td>
                <td align="center">40 (15,0)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dio risco</td>
                <td align="center">102 (38,3)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (34,3)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (38,1)</td>
                <td align="center">176 (37,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                <td align="center">124 (46,6)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (45,7)</td>
                <td align="center">226 (48,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">25 (9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (51,4)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (18,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">241 (90,6)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (92,9)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (48,6)</td>
                <td align="center">384 (81,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,071</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">12 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">254 (95,5)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (94,3)</td>
                <td align="center">452 (96,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">162 (60,9)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (31,3)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (37,1)</td>
                <td align="center">232 (49,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">104 (39,1)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (68,7)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (62,9)</td>
                <td align="center">238 (50,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Glicemia (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo risco</td>
                <td align="center">104 (39,1)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (29,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                <td align="center">162 (61,9)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (84,8)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">330 (70,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial (mm/Hg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo risco</td>
                <td align="center">254 (95,5)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (76,8)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (67,6)</td>
                <td align="center">401 (85,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                <td align="center">12 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (23,2)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (32,4)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (14,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste Qui quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>). TG: triglicer&#237;deos; CT: colesterol total; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia dos indicadores de risco cardiovascular, segundo faixa et&#225;ria, em homens Xavante das Reservas Ind&#237;genas de S&#227;o Marcos e Sangradouro &#8211; MT, 2008-2012</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="24%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Indicadores de Risco Cardiovascular</th>
                <th align="center">20 &#8211; 39 anos</th>
                <th align="center">40 &#8211; 59 anos</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 60 anos</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Colesterol total (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,871</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">238 (91,2)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (90,9)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (92,9)</td>
                <td align="center">416 (91,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">23 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HDL-colesterol (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,035</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">78 (29,9)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (34,5)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (45,2)</td>
                <td align="center">154 (33,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">183 (70,1)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (65,5)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (54,8)</td>
                <td align="center">301 (66,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LDL-colesterol (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,448</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">242 (98,8)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (96,9)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (98,7)</td>
                <td align="center">412 (98,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,003</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">120 (46,0)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (37,3)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (61,9)</td>
                <td align="center">213 (46,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">141 (54,0)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (62,7)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (38,1)</td>
                <td align="center">242 (53,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de Castelli I</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,128</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">225 (86,2)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (85,5)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (94,)</td>
                <td align="center">398 (87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">36 (13,8)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de Castelli II</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,033</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">227 (92,7)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (97,9)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (98,7)</td>
                <td align="center">398 (95,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">18 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Raz&#227;o TG/HDL-C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">98 (37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (31,8)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (58,3)</td>
                <td align="center">182 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">163 (62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (68,2)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (41,7)</td>
                <td align="center">274 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o ApoB/ApoA1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,128</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">229 (88,4)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (92,7)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (95,2)</td>
                <td align="center">410 (90,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">30 (11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escore de Risco de Framingham</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo risco</td>
                <td align="center">261 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (71,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (74,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dio risco</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (73,8)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Prote&#237;na C reativa (mg/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,867</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo risco</td>
                <td align="center">47 (18,0)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (20,5)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (18,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dio risco</td>
                <td align="center">102 (39,1)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">171 (37,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                <td align="center">112 (42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (44,5)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (47,0)</td>
                <td align="center">200 (44,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">33 (12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">228 (87,4)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (90,9)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">370 (81,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">118 (45,2)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (48,8)</td>
                <td align="center">186 (40,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">143 (54,8)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (75,5)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (51,2)</td>
                <td align="center">269 (59,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">164 (62,8)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (49,1)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (76,2)</td>
                <td align="center">282 (62,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">97 (37,2)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (50,9)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">173 (38,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Glicemia (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo risco</td>
                <td align="center">160 (61,3)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (41,8)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">242 (53,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                <td align="center">101 (38,7)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (58,2)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (57,1)</td>
                <td align="center">213 (46,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial (mm/Hg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo risco</td>
                <td align="center">236 (90,4)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (78,2)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (60,7)</td>
                <td align="center">373 (82,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto risco</td>
                <td align="center">25 (9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (18,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste Qui quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>). TG: triglicer&#237;deos; CT: colesterol total; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os achados indicam que os Xavante apresentam risco elevado de desenvolver DCV, segundo os indicadores HDL-c, TG, raz&#227;o TG/HDL-c, PCR, IMC, CC, CH e glicemia. Esses resultados sugerem que h&#225; risco de aumento da preval&#234;ncia de DCV nessa popula&#231;&#227;o nos pr&#243;ximos anos, o que acarretaria aumento das mortes e incapacidades, e redu&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida dos Xavante.</p>
        <p>Existem diversas formas e indicadores para se estimar o risco cardiovascular. As vari&#225;veis devem ser avaliadas em conjunto, uma vez que, isoladamente, n&#227;o s&#227;o capazes de predizer adequadamente o risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Um dos fatores avaliados para identificar o risco cardiovascular &#233; o perfil lip&#237;dico. O risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica est&#225; associado, dentre outros fatores, a concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de CT e LDL-c e baixas de HDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o aos TG, ainda h&#225; discuss&#245;es se s&#227;o a causa direta da aterosclerose ou se s&#227;o apenas marcadores de outras condi&#231;&#245;es de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Apenas um pequeno percentual dos Xavante apresentou n&#237;veis elevados de CT e LDL-c. Por outro lado, n&#237;veis elevados de TG e n&#237;veis baixos de HDL-c foram bastante frequentes entre os Xavante, assim como em outras popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O &#237;ndice de Castelli I (CT/HDL-c), o &#237;ndice de Castelli II (LDL-c/HDL-c) e a raz&#227;o TG/HDL-c t&#234; m sido utilizados para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia combinada de fatores de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> N&#227;o foram verificados percentuais elevados de risco cardiovascular aumentado entre os Xavante, segundo os &#237;ndices de Castelli I e II. Por outro lado, 49,1% das mulheres e 60,0% dos homens apresentaram raz&#227;o TG/HDL-c indicativa de risco, o que refor&#231;a a exist&#234;ncia de altos n&#237;veis de TG e baixos de HDL-c entre os Xavante.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos das apolipoprote&#237;nas A1 e B e o &#237;ndice apo B/apo A1 t&#234; m sido descritos como melhores preditores de risco cardiovascular do que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de lip&#237;dios e lipoprote&#237;nas e os &#237;ndices de Castelli I e II.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> As apolipoprote&#237;nas s&#227;o componentes estruturais e funcionais das lipoprote&#237;nas. A apo A1 faz parte da fra&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica n&#227;o aterog&#234;nica (HDL-c) e a apo B das fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas aterog&#234;nicas (Quilomicrons, LDL, IDL e VLDL). Assim, o &#237;ndice apo B/apo A1 representa o balan&#231;o entre lipoprote&#237;nas aterog&#234;nicas e antiaterog&#234;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> N&#237;veis elevados de apo B, n&#237;veis reduzidos de apo A1 e aumento do &#237;ndice apo B/apo A1 t&#234;m sido consistentemente associados ao risco de DCVs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Entre os Xavantes, 12,2% das mulheres e 9,3% dos homens apresentaram valores de &#237;ndice apo B/apo A1 condizente com risco cardiovascular. N&#227;o foram encontrados estudos com outras popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas que avaliaram esse indicador.</p>
        <p>Um outro indicador avaliado foi a PCR, uma prote&#237;na de fase aguda que aparece na circula&#231;&#227;o em resposta &#224;s citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, e serve como um biomarcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Estudos mostram associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de PCR e doen&#231;a coronariana e acidente vascular cerebral, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de dislipidemias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A proximadamente metade dos Xavante apresentou valores de PCR condizentes com alto risco cardiovascular. No entanto, &#233; preciso cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses dados, porque outras doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias podem tamb&#233;m aumentar a PCR. Em popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas, dentre elas os Xavante, doen&#231;as infecciosas e parasit&#225;rias s&#227;o bastante comuns, o que pode influenciar os resultados.</p>
        <p>O escore de Fra mingham &#233; um dos algoritmos existentes para a identifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de desenvolvimento de DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No presente estudo, 15,2% dos homens e 5,7% das mulheres apresentaram alto risco de desenvolver DCVs nos pr&#243;ximos 10 anos, segundo esse escore. E mbora o escore tenha sido desenvolvido para indiv&#237;duos com idade igual ou superior a 30 anos, no presente estudo optou-se por n&#227;o excluir os ind&#237;genas de 20 a 29 anos, que representavam 28,0% da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo. No componente "idade", eles receberam a pontua&#231;&#227;o indicada para indiv&#237;duos de 30 a 34 anos (zero). Nenhum Xavante na faixa et&#225;ria de 20 a 39 anos apresentou elevado risco cardiovascular. Mesmo com elevada capacidade preditiva, o escore de Framingham apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es por n&#227;o contemplar excesso de peso e sedentarismo, importantes fatores de risco o cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pesquisas t&#234;m evidenciado um aumento consider&#225;vel da preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade em popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Estudos em comunidades espec&#237;ficas mostram que a propor&#231;&#227;o de adultos com sobrepeso e obesidade &#233; bastante elevada, superando 50% em determinadas faixas et&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A obesidade &#233; um importante fator de risco para DCV s. Por um lado, est&#225; associada de forma independente com o risco para doen&#231;a coronariana, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Por outro, a obesidade, especialmente do tipo abdominal ou visceral, associa-se com outros fatores que contribuem para um maior risco cardiovascular, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes mellitus, hipertrigliceridemia e baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Mais recentemente, a CH tamb&#233;m tem sido utilizada como indicador de risco cardiometab&#243;lico. A CH, definida como a presen&#231;a simult&#226;nea de CC aumentada e elevadas concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG , pode ser utilizada para triagem de pessoas com probabilidade de serem portadoras da tr&#237;ade metab&#243;lica aterog&#234;nica - hiperinsulinemia de jejum, hiperapolipoprote&#237;na B e alta propor&#231;&#227;o de pequenas part&#237;culas de LDL-c. Por esse motivo, a CH tem sido utilizada como uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica, vi&#225;vel e de baixo custo para identificar indiv&#237;duos com maior risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A preval&#234;ncia de CH na popula&#231;&#227;o Xavante (50,6% em mulheres e 38,0% em homens) foram superiores &#224;s encontradas em outros estudos brasileiros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos apresentam risco aumentado de duas a tr&#234;s vezes de sofrer um evento cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Al&#233;m disso, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares s&#227;o importantes causas de &#243;bito em portadores de diabetes mellitus, sendo respons&#225;veis por at&#233; 80% das mortes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A glicemia alterada &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de de grande magnitude na popula&#231;&#227;o Xavante. No presente estudo, 70,2% das mulheres e 46,8% dos homens apresentaram diabetes ou toler&#226;ncia diminu&#237;da &#224; glicose, o que evidencia que este &#233; um grupo particularmente vulner&#225;vel. Trata-se de uma preval&#234;ncia bastante superior &#224; verificada na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A HAS &#233; tamb&#233;m um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de DCVs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A preval&#234;ncia de HAS nos Xavante (14,7% em mulheres e 18,0% em homens) foi inferior aos valores m&#233;dios observados na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira adulta, na qual a preval&#234;ncia encontra-se entre 20,0%<sup>(35 )</sup>e 24,1%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Comparando os resultados de estudos realizados entre os Xavante de Pimentel Barbosa, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar uma tend&#234;ncia de aumento da preval&#234;ncia de HAS. Em 1962, n&#227;o foram encontrados casos de HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> J&#225; em 2009, as preval&#234;ncias chegaram a 8,1% entre os homens e 5,8% entre as mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
        <p>S ugere-se que o perfil encontrado seja resultado de modifica&#231;&#245;es sociais, culturais, econ&#244;micas e ambientais entre os Xavante, que culminaram na redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica e mudan&#231;as nos h&#225;bitos alimentares, com aumento do consumo de alimentos industrializados, ricos em a&#231;&#250;car, gordura e s&#243;dio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Apesar do elevado n&#250;mero de Xavante participantes da pesquisa, a popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo equivale a aproximadamente 60% do total estimado de indiv&#237;duos com 20 ou mais anos de idade nessas reservas, existindo a chance de um poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, pelo fato de os indiv&#237;duos mais saud&#225;veis terem poss&#237;vel menor interesse em participar do estudo. Tamb&#233;m deve ser considerado o fato de que algumas aldeias menores e de acesso mais dif&#237;cil n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das no estudo, influenciando a taxa de participa&#231;&#227;o no inqu&#233;rito. Quanto &#224; dificuldade de comunica&#231;&#227;o entre ind&#237;genas e pesquisadores, que poderia ocasionar um vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o, ela foi atenuada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de agentes ind&#237;genas de sa&#250;de, da pr&#243;pria comunidade, que acompanharam a coleta de dados. Um outro aspecto relevante &#233; que, apesar dos ind&#237;genas terem sido orientados a estar em jejum para a coleta de sangue, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel garantir que todos o fizeram da maneira correta, devido a barreiras culturais para entender a necessidade do jejum para realizar exames laboratoriais, como n&#227;o terem uma programa&#231;&#227;o regular de refei&#231;&#245;es. Dessa forma, &#233; preciso cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de TG e raz&#227;o TG/HDL-c e CH. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o refere-se &#224; n&#227;o coleta de informa&#231;&#227;o sobre o h&#225;bito de tabagismo, fator essencial de risco cardiovascular, tanto de forma isolada, quanto como componente do Escore de Risco de Framingham. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao escore, todos os indiv&#237;duos receberam a pontua&#231;&#227;o referente a n&#227;o tabagistas, havendo, portanto, uma poss&#237;vel subestima&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular segundo esse indicador.</p>
        <p>Os resultados s&#227;o bastante expressivos para essa popula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram encontrados estudos com uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular que contemplasse essa variedade de indicadores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os Xavante apresentam elevado risco cardiovascular segundo v&#225;rios indicadores avaliados, como HDL-c, triglic&#233;rides, raz&#227;o TG/HDL-c, PCR, IMC, CC, CH e glicemia.</p>
        <p>Considerando que as DCVs s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticas no in&#237;cio e respons&#225;veis por significativa morbimortalidade, o presente levantamento de fatores de risco fornece subs&#237;dios para a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento precoce, a fim de minimizar os danos causados por ess as doen&#231;as entre os Xavante.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq (Proc. 476347/2007-6) e pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - FAPESP (Proc. 2010/05634-0).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Luana Padua Soares pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) sob o n&#250;mero de Parecer 598/2008 (Registro CONEP 14914 / Processo no 25000.103891/2008-41). Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
