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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4bY94yHncB5qschxRPGCh3J</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000600534</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180079</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Electrophysiology/Arrhythmias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is There any Relationship Between Myocardial Repolarization Parameters and the Frequency of Ventricular Premature Contractions?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karaman</surname>
            <given-names>Kayihan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karayakali</surname>
            <given-names>Metin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arisoy</surname>
            <given-names>Arif</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akar</surname>
            <given-names>Ilker</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozturk</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yanik</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Samet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Celik</surname>
            <given-names>Atac</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gaziosmanpasa University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Tokat</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tokat - Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Gaziosmanpasa University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gaziosmanpasa University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Tokat</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokat - Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Gaziosmanpasa University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erzurum Territorial Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Clinic</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Erzurum</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Erzurum Territorial Training and Research Hospital, Cardiology Clinic, Erzurum - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Samsun Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Clinic</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Samsun</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Cardiology Clinic, Samsun - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Kayihan Karaman.</bold> Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine Training and Research Hospital, 60100, Tokat - Turkey. E-mail: <email>drkkaraman55@gmail.com</email>, <email>kay55han@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Karaman K, Karayakali M, Arisoy A; Acquisition of data: Karaman K, Akar O, Ozturk M, Yanik A, Yilmaz S; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Karaman K, Karayakali M, Arisoy A, Yilmaz S, Celik A; Statistical analysis: Karaman K, Karayakali M, Arisoy A, Akar O, Celik A; Obtaining financing: Karaman K, Arisoy A, Akar O; Writing of the manuscript: Karaman K, Arisoy A, Yanik A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Karaman K, Karayakali M, Ozturk M, Yanik A, Celik A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>534</fpage>
      <lpage>541</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) may trigger lethal ventricular arrhythmias in patients with structural heart disease. However, this role of VPCs in healthy people remains controversial once that not enough clinical trials are available. Recently, some myocardial repolarization markers, such as Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc ratios, have been reported to be useful for predicting lethal ventricular arrhythmias in various clinical disorders without structural heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>In this study, we aimed to investigate the relation between VPC frequent and myocardial repolarization markers in individuals without structural heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study included 100 patients who had complaints of dizziness and palpitations. Twelve-lead electrocardiography and 24-hour ambulatory Holter recordings were obtained from all patients. VPC burden was calculated as the total number of VPCs divided by the number of all QRS complexes in the total recording time. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio were significantly higher in patients with higher VPC burden than in patients with lower VPC burden, and a positive correlation was found between these markers and VPC burden. Tp-e (&#946; = 1.318, p = 0.043) and Tp-e/QTc (&#946; = -405.136, p = 0.024) in the lead V5 were identified as independent predictors of increased VPC burden.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio increased in patients with high VPC number. Our study showed that VPCs may have a negative effect on myocardial repolarization. This interaction may lead to an increased risk of malignant arrhythmias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Ventricular Premature Complexes</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) are commonly seen in the electrocardiography (ECG) of patients with hypertension, obesity, and structural heart disease. Some studies reported VPCs to occur in about 4% of the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As some patients may be asymptomatic, many patients suffer from VPC-related symptoms, such as palpitation, dizziness, dyspnea, and chest pain. In addition to these symptoms, frequent VPCs may cause more serious disorders. Recent studies on adults with frequent VPCs (&gt; 20,000/24 h) have reported left ventricular dilation and/or dysfunction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> diastolic dysfunction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with structural heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, whether frequent VPCs are associated with malignant arrhythmias in individuals without structural heart disease remains uncertain.</p>
      <p>T wave is commonly used in assessing myocardial repolarization. Increased transmural dispersion of myocardial repolarization in a normal heart is associated with their tendency toward cardiac arrhythmias. Recently, some myocardial repolarization markers, such as QT interval (QT), corrected QT (QTc), QT dispersion (QTd), Tp-e interval (Tp-e), and Tp-e/QT ratio have been found to be useful in predicting life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias in several clinical disorders without structural heart disease. Some studies showed that increased Tp-e, Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc were related to the elevated risk of occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In this study, we investigated the relation between VPC burden and myocardial repolarization by using some ECG markers in individuals without structural heart disease.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>One hundred patients with at least 1 VPC in the 12-lead ECG with diagnosis of dizziness, syncope, and palpitation without structural heart disease admitted to the Cardiology Department of our university hospital, between July 2016 and March 2017, were enrolled for this cross-sectional study. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory Holter recordings were obtained from all patients. VPC burden was calculated as the total number of VPCs divided by the number of all QRS complexes in the total recording time. A frequency of &lt; 1% VPCs/24 h was denoted as "rare-group 1 (n = 32)", 1-5% VPCs/24 h was denoted as "occasional-group 2 (n = 36)", and &gt; 5% VPCs/24 h was denoted as "frequent-group 3 (n = 32)". The exclusion criteria for all groups were non-reliable T waves on the ECG, atrial fibrillation, bundle branch block, moderate or severe valvular heart diseases, thyroid disorders, cardiomyopathies, congenital heart diseases, malignancy, pulmonary hypertension, electrolyte disturbances, acute coronary syndromes, heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, history of coronary artery bypass grafting, implanted permanent pacemaker, and LV segmental motion defect in the echocardiographic exam. The local ethics committee approval and informed consent from all patients were obtained.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiography and Holter Recordings</title>
        <p>Twelve-lead ECGs were obtained at rest at 10 mm/mV amplitude and 25 mm/sec (Cardiofax V; Nihon Kohden Corp., Tokyo, Japan) rate, with the patient in the supine position. All ECGs were transferred to a computer through a scanner and then used for &#215; 300% magnification using the Paint software. Holter recordings were performed by using Lifecard CF recorders (Del-Mar Reynolds). Patients were warned not to smoke and not to consume coffee and/or alcohol during the Holter recording. Measurements were performed on the computer by two cardiologists who were blinded to the clinical data of each patient. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) was defined as the line-up of at least three or more consecutive VPCs. The ventricular couplet (Vc) was defined as a sequential ordering of two VPCs.</p>
        <p>RR interval, QRS duration, QT, and QTd were measured in all derivations. QT was defined as the time from the start of the QRS to the point at which the T wave returns to the isoelectric line. The average value of at least two readings was calculated for each lead. QTc was calculated by using Bazett's formula:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> QTc = QT/&#8730;R - R interval. QTd was defined as the difference between the longest and the shortest QT interval of the 12leads. Subjects with U waves in their ECGs were excluded from the study. In the measurement of Tp-e interval, the tail and tangent methods can be used, but the former is a better predictor of mortality than the latter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Thus, the tail method was used in this study. The tail method was defined as the interval from the peak to the end of the T wave to the point where the wave reached the isoelectric line.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Measurement of the Tp-e interval was obtained from leads V2 and V5, which were corrected for heart rate (cTp-e).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were calculated from these measurements.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic examination</title>
        <p>All echocardiography examinations (General Electric Vivid S5, Milwaukee, WI, USA) were performed by an experienced cardiologist in all subjects using a 2.5-3.5 MHz transducer in the left decubitus position. Two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler measurements were obtained using the criteria of the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was assessed using Simpson's method.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All tests were performed by using PASW Statistics (SPSS 18.0 for Windows, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test for normal distribution. Continuous variables were described as the mean (&#177; standard deviation), and categorical variables were described as frequency (percentage). All continuous parameters were compared among groups by using one-way ANOVA. The post hoc Tukey's test was used for significant intergroup differences. Categorical factors were compared among groups using the &#967;<sup>2</sup> test for independence. Correlations between two variables were performed by Pearson's correlation. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between an increased VPC burden and independent variables that differed significantly in Pearson's correlation analyses (p &lt; 0.1). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to demonstrate the effect of presence of CAD on ECG parameters. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The baseline demographics and laboratory characteristics of the three groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. No significant difference was found among the three groups in terms of any baseline demographic or laboratory characteristic. Some baseline and ambulatory ECG parameters among the groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics, laboratory and echocardiographic parameters of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="39%"/>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Group 1 (n = 32)</th>
              <th align="center">Group 2 (n = 36)</th>
              <th align="center">Group 3 (n = 32)</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">49.60 &#177; 16.50</td>
              <td align="center">51.40 &#177; 17.00</td>
              <td align="center">52.10 &#177; 12.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.805</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female sex, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16.00 (50.00)</td>
              <td align="center">19.00 (52.80)</td>
              <td align="center">14.00 (43.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.752</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">24.10 &#177; 2.50</td>
              <td align="center">23.60 &#177; 3.60</td>
              <td align="center">23.40 &#177; 4.40</td>
              <td align="center">0.657</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8.00 (25.00)</td>
              <td align="center">12.00 (33.30)</td>
              <td align="center">10.00 (31.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.743</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (3.10)</td>
              <td align="center">4.00 (11.10)</td>
              <td align="center">5.00 (15.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.240</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary Artery Disease, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7.00 (21.90)</td>
              <td align="center">10.00 (27.80)</td>
              <td align="center">11.00 (34.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.538</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6.00 (18.80)</td>
              <td align="center">5.00 (13.90)</td>
              <td align="center">7.00 (21.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.687</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">125.40 &#177; 15.40</td>
              <td align="center">125.10 &#177;14.30</td>
              <td align="center">122.80 &#177;14.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.737</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">78.70 &#177; 7.50</td>
              <td align="center">77.50 &#177; 8.10</td>
              <td align="center">76.70 &#177; 8.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.638</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction, (%)</td>
              <td align="center">62.80 &#177; 3.70</td>
              <td align="center">61.30 &#177; 4.20</td>
              <td align="center">60.90 &#177; 4.70</td>
              <td align="center">0.167</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Interventricular Septum, (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">9.80 &#177; 0.70</td>
              <td align="center">10.20 &#177; 0.80</td>
              <td align="center">10.00 &#177; 0.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.460</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.83 &#177; 0.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.816</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio</td>
              <td align="center">1.90 &#177; 0.57</td>
              <td align="center">2.36 &#177; 1.05</td>
              <td align="center">2.26 &#177; 1.67</td>
              <td align="center">0.267</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin, gr/dl</td>
              <td align="center">14.60 &#177; 1.60</td>
              <td align="center">14.00 &#177; 1.40</td>
              <td align="center">14.20 &#177; 1.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.345</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#946;-blockers, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15.00 (46.90)</td>
              <td align="center">16.00 (44.40)</td>
              <td align="center">11.00 (34.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.559</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8.00 (25.00)</td>
              <td align="center">9.00 (25.00)</td>
              <td align="center">6.00 (18.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.787</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4.00 (12.50)</td>
              <td align="center">5.00 (13.90)</td>
              <td align="center">4.00 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.981</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of patients with Vc, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9.00 (28.10)</td>
              <td align="center">21.00 (58.30)</td>
              <td align="center">21.00 (65.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of patients with VT, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3.00 (9.40)</td>
              <td align="center">11.00 (30.60)</td>
              <td align="center">12.00 (37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.028</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Vc: ventricular couplet; VT: ventricular tachycardia. Data are presented as mean &#177; SD, or n (%). Statistically significant p values shown in bold.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>ANOVA and &#967;<sup>2</sup> tests were performed to study differences among the three groups.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline and ambulatory Holter electrocardiography parameters of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="31%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Group 1 (n = 32)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Group 2 (n = 36)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Group 3 (n = 32)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">p values (groups)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">1 vs 2</th>
              <th align="center">1 vs 3</th>
              <th align="center">2 vs 3</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum Heart Rate (beats/min)</td>
              <td align="center">123.60 &#177; 17.10</td>
              <td align="center">120.40 &#177; 20.10</td>
              <td align="center">116.80 &#177; 13.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.720</td>
              <td align="center">0.259</td>
              <td align="center">0.671</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minimum Heart Rate (beats/min)</td>
              <td align="center">58.90 &#177; 7.40</td>
              <td align="center">54.90 &#177; 8.60</td>
              <td align="center">57.10 &#177; 7.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.097</td>
              <td align="center">0.638</td>
              <td align="center">0.481</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Average Heart Rate (beats/min)</td>
              <td align="center">73.40 &#177; 13.40</td>
              <td align="center">72.40 &#177; 14.60</td>
              <td align="center">73.90 &#177; 12.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.940</td>
              <td align="center">0.980</td>
              <td align="center">0.855</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of VPCs (median/24 h)</td>
              <td align="center">543.00 &#177; 288.00</td>
              <td align="center">2779 &#177; 1041</td>
              <td align="center">8358 &#177; 2911</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of VPCs (median/h)</td>
              <td align="center">22.80 &#177; 12.40</td>
              <td align="center">117.50 &#177; 46.30</td>
              <td align="center">358.00 &#177; 125.20</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Percent of VPC number (24 h)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50 &#177; 0.23</td>
              <td align="center">2.76 &#177; 1.03</td>
              <td align="center">7.90 &#177; 2.72</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Lead V2</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">358.00 &#177; 22.80</td>
              <td align="center">378.10 &#177; 35.50</td>
              <td align="center">387.00 &#177; 25.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.419</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTc (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">414.30 &#177; 32.20</td>
              <td align="center">410.50 &#177; 27.00</td>
              <td align="center">427.30 &#177; 33.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.867</td>
              <td align="center">0.222</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">94.30 &#177; 9.40</td>
              <td align="center">100.50 &#177; 9.70</td>
              <td align="center">106.50 &#177; 7.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">cTp-e (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">108.60 &#177; 14.80</td>
              <td align="center">110.00 &#177; 16.30</td>
              <td align="center">117.70 &#177; 11.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.923</td>
              <td align="center">0.038</td>
              <td align="center">0.079</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e/QT</td>
              <td align="center">0.26 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.27 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.28 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.854</td>
              <td align="center">0.239</td>
              <td align="center">0.493</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e/QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.23 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.24 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.25 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.689</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Lead V5</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">363.70 &#177; 26.20</td>
              <td align="center">380.50 &#177; 41.50</td>
              <td align="center">389.30 &#177; 20.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.075</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">0.485</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTc (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">421.00 &#177; 37.00</td>
              <td align="center">413.00 &#177; 29.30</td>
              <td align="center">429.70 &#177; 29.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.554</td>
              <td align="center">0.524</td>
              <td align="center">0.084</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">91.30 &#177; 9.20</td>
              <td align="center">94.00 &#177; 12.20</td>
              <td align="center">101.10 &#177; 8.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.519</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">cTp-e (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">106.50 &#177; 15.10</td>
              <td align="center">102.3 &#177; 13.9</td>
              <td align="center">112.0 &#177; 14.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.453</td>
              <td align="center">0.280</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e/QT</td>
              <td align="center">0.25 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.25 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.26 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.895</td>
              <td align="center">0.372</td>
              <td align="center">0.163</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e/QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.22 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.23 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.24 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.244</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
              <td align="center">0.465</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTd (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">23.30 &#177; 6.40</td>
              <td align="center">26.3 &#177; 13.1</td>
              <td align="center">34.3 &#177; 13.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.537</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>QTc: corrected QT; QTd: QT dispersion; Tp-e: T wave peak-to-end interval; cTp-e: corrected Tp-e; ms: millisecond; VPC: ventricular premature contraction; Data are presented as mean &#177; SD. Statistically significant p values shown in bold;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>ANOVA test was performed to study differences among the three groups. The post hoc Tukey&#8217;s test was performed after ANOVA to study between groups differences for group 1 vs. group 2, group 1 vs. group 3 and group 2 vc. group 3.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>According to the comparison of the ECG parameters among the three groups in lead V2, QT interval was significantly longer in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1. Tp-e interval in group 3 was significantly longer than those in groups 1 and 2. The Tp-e/QTc ratio significantly increased in groups 2 and 3 in comparison with group 1. When the groups were compared, no significant difference was found in QTc interval and Tp-e/QT ratio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>In the comparison of ECG parameters among the three groups in lead V5, QT interval was significantly longer in group 3 than in group 1. Tp-e interval was significantly longer in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2. Tp-e/QTc ratio was significantly increased in the group 3 when compared to the group1. When the groups were compared, no significant difference was found in QTc interval and Tp-e/QT ratio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>A total of 28 patients had coronary artery disease (CAD) (7, 10, and 11 patients in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Non-critical lesions that did not cause significant narrowing were evident in the angiographic reports. The presence of CAD was greater in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2, but statistical significance was not observed (p = 0.538). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, CAD had no effect on ECG parameters. Vc was observed in 51 patients (9, 21, and 21 patients in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and VT in 26 patients (3, 11, and 12 patients in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The QTd duration of group 3 was significantly longer than those in groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.001, p = 0.015, respectively).</p>
      <p>According to Pearson's correlation test, positive correlations were observed between VPC burden and Tp-e (in leads V2 and V5) and Tp-e/QTc (in leads V2 and V5) (r = 0.476, p &lt; 0.001; r = 0.395, p = &lt; 0.001and r = 0.296, p = 0.003; r = 0.256, p = 0.010, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the results of the multiple linear regression analyses performed to identify the ECG parameters affecting VPC burden. Thus, Tp-e interval (&#946; = 1.318, p = 0.043) and Tp-e/QTc ratio (&#946; = -405.136, p = 0.024) in lead V5 were independent predictors of VPC burden.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Relationship between ventricular premature contractions (VPC) burden and clinical and electrocardiographic parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="31%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="29%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">VPC burden</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Pearson correlation coefficient</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">Beta regression coefficient</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">-0.026</td>
              <td align="center">0.797</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female sex</td>
              <td align="center">0.089</td>
              <td align="center">0.380</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
              <td align="center">0.520</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTd</td>
              <td align="center">0.256</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
              <td align="center">0.035</td>
              <td align="center">0.190</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Lead V2</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QT</td>
              <td align="center">0.362</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.067</td>
              <td align="center">0.749</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.243</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
              <td align="center">0.148</td>
              <td align="center">0.382</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e</td>
              <td align="center">0.476</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">-0.665</td>
              <td align="center">0.260</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e/QT</td>
              <td align="center">0.171</td>
              <td align="center">0.088</td>
              <td align="center">-48.643</td>
              <td align="center">0.734</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e/QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.296</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">-366.464</td>
              <td align="center">0.059</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Lead V5</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QT</td>
              <td align="center">0.292</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">-0.151</td>
              <td align="center">0.449</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.173</td>
              <td align="center">0.085</td>
              <td align="center">-0.154</td>
              <td align="center">0,309</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e</td>
              <td align="center">0.395</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.318</td>
              <td align="center">0.043</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e/QT</td>
              <td align="center">0.185</td>
              <td align="center">0.066</td>
              <td align="center">-100.943</td>
              <td align="center">0.585</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e/QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.256</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
              <td align="center">-405.136</td>
              <td align="center">0.024</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>QTc: corrected QT; QTd: QT dispersion; Tp-e: T wave peak-to-end interval; VPC: ventricular premature contraction. Pearson&#8217;s correlation and linear regression analyses.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scatter analysis of the correlation between the Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio (in the leads V2 and V5) and the VPC burden. ms: millisecond; QTc: corrected QT; Tp-e: T wave peak-to-end interval; VPC: ventricular premature contraction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0534-80079-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we demonstrated that Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratios were significantly higher in patients with higher VPC burden than in those with lesser VPC burden and that a positive correlation was observed between these markers and VPC frequency. However, we did not find a relationship between Tp-e/QT ratio and VPC burden. Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio in lead V5 were identified as independent predictors of increased VPC burden. The prolongation of the duration of myocardial repolarization in patients with increased VPC burden is important because this condition may be related to the increased risk of life-threatening arrhythmia. According to our results, myocardial repolarization parameters deteriorated with increasing VPC frequency. Therefore, we concluded that both VPC frequency and stage of myocardial repolarization were affected by similar causes.</p>
      <p>Idiopathic VPCs, generally regarded as a benign condition in healthy individuals without structural heart disease, are formed by the spread of an early stimulus originating from an ectopic focus. VPCs may cause serious complications, such as angina, syncope, or heart failure, when the ectopic beat number increases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Although VPCs are known to be benign in individuals with a structurally normal heart, they have been shown to cause malignant arrhythmias in some cases. However, the clinical significance of VPC frequency in these individuals remains unclear once adequate human studies have not been performed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Tilz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> found that ventricular fibrillation (VF) was triggered by VPCs after an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was used on a 29-year-old patient, who was resuscitated following sudden cardiac death. All examinations, including echocardiography, angiography, ajmaline test, and myocardial biopsy, were normal. At the same time, some cases demonstrated that polymorphic VT and idiopathic VF were induced because specific VPCs with short coupling intervals could promote intracellular calcium overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In a study examining the records of 21 patients who experienced cardiac arrest during ambulatory ECG recording, heart rate and VPC frequency increased before the onset of VF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Savelieva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> found significant QT turbulence after VPC in individuals with a structurally healthy heart. Although these data provide information on the cause of malignant arrhythmias for VPC, they do not provide enough information about the importance of VPC frequency.</p>
      <p>Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between VPC and life-threatening arrhythmias. VPC may play a key role in the initiation of malignant cardiac arrhythmias. Various factors such as increased sympathetic tonus, altered hemodynamic status, or electrolyte imbalances (e.g., the hypokalemia and hypercalcemia), which all disrupt the stability of the myocardium, may cause a transition from VPC to malignant arrhythmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Increased sympathetic tonus due to anxiety or physiological stress may cause the release of catecholamines such as adrenaline. This condition causes the flow of calcium from an extracellular space into the myocyte cells by increasing the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). The contraction force of the myocytes increases, and the myocyte is depolarized rapidly. For this reason, myocytes become more sensitive than normal and may depolarize spontaneously without sino-atrial node depolarization. Therefore, VPC formation and frequency may increase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Armaganijan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> reported the relationship of sympathetic activation with patients with ventricular arrhythmias and suggested the effectiveness of renal sympathetic denervation by catheter to reduce arrhythmic burden.</p>
      <p>Another factor that increases the frequency of VPC is excessive caffeine consumption. Caffeine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is also a central stimulant that can enhance sympathetic activity. It can increase intracellular calcium concentration by inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of cAMP. Animal studies showed that caffeine administration at high doses could induce and increase the frequency of VPCs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Prolongation in the dispersion of myocardial repolarization predisposes the malignant ventricular arrhythmia and has prognostic importance in terms of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Prolongation of QT and QTd durations may be associated with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Torsades de pointes, and SCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Recently, some myocardial repolarization markers, such as Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc ratios, have been reported to be useful in predicting lethal ventricular arrhythmias in various clinical disorders without structural heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Tp-e interval is considered a new marker of increased risk of SCD. Yamaguchi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> showed that Tp-e interval is more significant than QTd or QTc in predicting Torsade de Pointes in patients with acquired long QT syndrome. At the same time, an increase in Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratios was shown to be associated with Brugada syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were found to be relatively more constant than other markers because they were not affected by changes in heart rate and body weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although we found an increase in Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratios as VPC frequency increased, the slight increase observed in Tp-e/QT ratio was not statistically significant. Yayla et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> assessed the myocardial repolarization parameters before and after RFA in patients with a VPC burden of more than 5% on a 24 h Holter recording. After the successful procedure, Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio, and Tp-e/QTc ratio significantly decreased more than before RFA (all p &lt; 0.001). In accordance with this data, the higher detection of Tp-e interval in patients with increased VPC frequency suggests that the risk of malignant arrhythmias might be higher in these patients. In our study, malignant arrhythmias, such as Vc and VT, were seen more in group 3 patients, thus supporting our predictions. This important link can be used to closely follow up on and manage their treatment of patients with increased VPC frequency.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Our study has several major limitations. First, our study was single centered and included a small number of patients. Therefore, statistical power was limited. The results should be verified in a larger prospective cohort study. Second, because we did not have other ambulatory Holter measures, such as heart rate variability and heart rate turbulence, we could not exclude the effect of these measurements on the VPC frequency. Third, we did not have data on cardiac event rates for this study because we could not follow up on the patients prospectively for future arrhythmic events. Fourth, we aimed to record a relatively young patient profile to exclude occult CAD in our study. However, we abandoned this goal because of the limited number of patients. Further comprehensive studies should be conducted with a larger number of patients and a longer follow-up time to increase the consistency of our results.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In conclusion, Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratios increased in patients with high VPC number. Our study showed that VPCs could have a negative effect on myocardial repolarization. This interaction could lead to an increased risk of malignant arrhythmias.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine under the protocol number 83116987-252. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Eletrofisiologia/Arritmias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>H&#225; Alguma Rela&#231;&#227;o entre os Par&#226;metros de Repolariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio e a Frequ&#234;ncia de Contra&#231;&#245;es Ventriculares Prematuras?</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karaman</surname>
            <given-names>Kayihan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karayakali</surname>
            <given-names>Metin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Arisoy</surname>
            <given-names>Arif</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Akar</surname>
            <given-names>Ilker</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Ozturk</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yanik</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
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            <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Samet</given-names>
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            <given-names>Atac</given-names>
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        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tokat - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokat - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Erzurum Territorial Training and Research Hospital, Cardiology Clinic, Erzurum - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Cardiology Clinic, Samsun - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Kayihan Karaman.</bold> Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine Training and Research Hospital, 60100, Tokat - Turquia. E-mail: <email>drkkaraman55@gmail.com</email>, <email>kay55han@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Karaman K, Karayakali M, Arisoy A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Karaman K, Akar O, Ozturk M, Yanik A, Yilmaz S; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Karaman K, Karayakali M, Arisoy A, Yilmaz S, Celik A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Karaman K, Karayakali M, Arisoy A, Akar O, Celik A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Karaman K, Arisoy A, Akar O; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Karaman K, Arisoy A, Yanik A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Karaman K, Karayakali M, Ozturk M, Yanik A, Celik A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares prematuras (CVPs) podem provocar arritmias ventriculares letais em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, no entanto o papel das CVPs em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis permanece controverso, j&#225; que n&#227;o h&#225; muitos estudos cl&#237;nicos dispon&#237;veis. Recentemente, alguns marcadores de repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, tais como o intervalo Tp-e e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc, foram relatados como &#250;teis para prognosticar arritmias ventriculares letais em diversos transtornos cl&#237;nicos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, o objetivo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os marcadores de repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e as CVPs frequentes em indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu 100 pacientes com queixas de tonturas e palpita&#231;&#245;es. Eletrocardiografia de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e registros de Holter ambulatorial de 24 horas foram obtidos de todos os pacientes. A carga de CVP foi calculada como o n&#250;mero total de CVPs dividido pelo n&#250;mero de todos os complexos de QRS no tempo de registro total. Foram considerados significativos valores p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O intervalo Tp-e e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QTc foram significativamente mais altos em pacientes com carga de CVP mais alta do que nos pacientes com carga de CVP inferior, e encontrou-se correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre esses marcadores e a carga de CVP. Tp-e (&#946; = 1,318, p = 0,043) e Tp-e/QTc (&#946; = -405,136, p = 0,024) na deriva&#231;&#227;o V5 foram identificados como preditores independentes da carga de CVP aumentada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> O intervalo Tp-e e a raz&#227;o Tp-e/QTc foram mais altos em pacientes com um valor mais alto de CVP. Nosso estudo mostrou que CVPs podem ter um efeito negativo na repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Essa intera&#231;&#227;o pode resultar em risco aumentado de arritmias malignas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Complexos Ventriculares Prematuros</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares prematuras (CVPs) costumam ser observadas na eletrocardiografia (ECG) de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, obesidade e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural. Alguns estudos relataram que as CVPs ocorrem em aproximadamente 4% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Enquanto alguns pacientes podem ser assintom&#225;ticos, muitos sofrem de sintomas relacionados &#224;s CVPs, tais como palpita&#231;&#227;o, tontura, dispneia e dor tor&#225;cica. Al&#233;m desses sintomas, CVPs frequentes podem causar dist&#250;rbios mais graves. Estudos recentes sobre adultos com CVPs frequentes (&gt; 20.000/24 h) relataram dilata&#231;&#227;o e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e arritmias ventriculares malignas em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> no entanto n&#227;o h&#225; certeza se as CVPs frequentes est&#227;o associadas com arritmias malignas em indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural.</p>
        <p>A onda T costuma ser utilizada para avaliar a repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. A dispers&#227;o transmural aumentada da repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em um cora&#231;&#227;o regular associa-se com uma tend&#234;ncia para arritmias card&#237;acas. Recentemente, alguns marcadores de repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, tais como intervalo QT (QT), QT corrigido (QTc), dispers&#227;o de QT (QTd), intervalo Tp-e (Tp-e) e rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT, foram considerados &#250;teis para predizer arritmias card&#237;acas potencialmente fatais em diversos dist&#250;rbios cl&#237;nicos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural. Certos estudos mostraram que Tp-e, Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc aumentados foram relacionados ao risco elevado da ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares malignas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Neste estudo, investigou-se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a carga de CVP e a repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, utilizando alguns marcadores de ECG em indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Cem pacientes com no m&#237;nimo uma CVP na ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, diagnosticados com tontura, s&#237;ncope e palpita&#231;&#227;o sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, hospitalizados no setor de cardiologia de nosso hospital universit&#225;rio, entre julho de 2016 e mar&#231;o de 2017, foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo transversal. Obtiveram-se registros de Holter ambulatorial durante 24 horas de todos os pacientes. A carga de CVP foi calculada como o n&#250;mero total de CVPs dividido pelo n&#250;mero de todos os complexos de QRS no tempo de registro total. A frequ&#234;ncia de &lt; 1% de CVPs/24 horas foi indicada como "grupo raro 1 (n = 32)", 1-5% de CVPs/24 horas foi indicada como "grupo ocasional 2 (n = 36)" e &gt; 5% de CVPs/24 horas foi indicada como "grupo frequente 3" (n = 32)".</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o para todos os grupos foram: ondas T n&#227;o confi&#225;veis na ECG, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas valvulares graves ou moderadas, dist&#250;rbios tireoidianos, cardiomiopatias, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas, malignidade, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos, s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, hist&#243;rico de ponte aorto-coron&#225;ria, marca-passo permanente implantado e defeito de movimento segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na ecocardiogr&#225;fico. A aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica local e o termo de consentimento foram obtidos de todos os pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletrocardiografia e registros do Holter</title>
          <p>ECGs de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas em repouso numa taxa de amplitude de 10 mm/mV e 25 mm/seg (Cardiofax V; Nihon Kohden Corporation, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o), com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o dec&#250;bito dorsal. Todas as ECGs foram transferidas para um computador por meio de um esc&#226;ner e, em seguida, utilizadas para a amplifica&#231;&#227;o &#215; 300%, utilizando-se o <italic>software</italic> Paint. Os registros de Holter foram realizados com gravadores Lifecard CF (Del Mar Reynolds Medical, Irvine, Estados Unidos). Os pacientes foram advertidos para n&#227;o fumarem nem consumirem caf&#233; e/ou &#225;lcool durante o registro do Holter. Mensuraram-se as medidas no computador por dois cardiologistas que estavam cegos com rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados cl&#237;nicos de cada paciente. A taquicardia ventricular (TV) foi definida como a escala&#231;&#227;o de, no m&#237;nimo, tr&#234;s ou mais CVPs consecutivas. O <italic>couplet</italic> ventricular (Cv) foi definido como a ordena&#231;&#227;o sequencial de duas CVPs.</p>
          <p>O intervalo RR e a dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS, QT e QTd foram medidos em todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es. O QT foi definido como o per&#237;odo desde o in&#237;cio do QRS at&#233; o ponto em que a onda T retorna &#224; linha isoel&#233;trica. O valor m&#233;dio de, no m&#237;nimo, duas leituras foi calculado para cada deriva&#231;&#227;o. O QTc foi calculado utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula de Bazett:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> QTc = QT/&#8730;R - intervalo R. O QTd foi definido como a diferen&#231;a entre o intervalo de QT mais longo e o mais curto das 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Indiv&#237;duos com ondas U em suas ECGs foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
          <p>Na medida do intervalo Tp-e, os m&#233;todos de cauda e tangente podem ser utilizados, mas o primeiro &#233; um preditor melhor de mortalidade do que o &#250;ltimo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Desse modo, o m&#233;todo de cauda foi utilizado neste estudo. O m&#233;todo de cauda foi definido como o intervalo entre o pico at&#233; o fim da onda T ao ponto onde a onda alcan&#231;ou a linha isoel&#233;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A medida do intervalo Tp-e foi obtida das deriva&#231;&#245;es V2 e V5, que foram corrigidas para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (cTp-e).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> As rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT foram calculadas com base nas medidas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
          <p>Todos os exames de ecocardiografia (General Electric Vivid S5, Milwaukee, Estados Unidos) foram realizados em todos os indiv&#237;duos, por um cardiologista experiente, utilizando-se um transdutor de 2.5-3.5 MHz na posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito ventral esquerda. Duas medi&#231;&#245;es dimensionais e de Doppler pulsado foram obtidas utilizando-se os crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia e da Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Imagens Cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (LVEF) foi avaliada por interm&#233;dio do m&#233;todo de Simpson.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os testes foram realizados utilizando-se o PASW Statistics (SPSS 18.0 para Windows, Inc., Chicago, Estados Unidos). O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como a m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o), e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, como a frequ&#234;ncia (porcentagem). Compararam-se todos os par&#226;metros cont&#237;nuos entre grupos por meio da ANOVA <italic>one-way</italic>. O teste de Tukey <italic>post hoc</italic> foi empregado para verificar as diferen&#231;as significativas intergrupos. Os fatores categ&#243;ricos foram comparados entre grupos por meio do teste de &#967;<sup>2</sup> para independ&#234;ncia. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as duas vari&#225;veis foram realizadas por meio da correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foi utilizada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a carga de CVP aumentada e vari&#225;veis independentes que se diferiam significativamente nas an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (p &lt; 0,1). Fez-se uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para demonstrar o efeito da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) nos par&#226;metros de ECG. Foram considerados significativos valores p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais e demogr&#225;ficas da linha basal dos tr&#234;s grupos est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa entre os tr&#234;s grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais ou demogr&#225;ficas da linha basal. Alguns par&#226;metros da ECG ambulatorial e da linha basal entre os grupos s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da linha basal e par&#226;metros laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="39%"/>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 1 (n = 32)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 2 (n = 36)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 3 (n = 32)</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">49,60 &#177; 16,50</td>
                <td align="center">51,40 &#177; 17,00</td>
                <td align="center">52,10 &#177; 12,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,805</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16,00 (50,00)</td>
                <td align="center">19,00 (52,80)</td>
                <td align="center">14,00 (43,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,752</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">24,10 &#177; 2,50</td>
                <td align="center">23,60 &#177; 3,60</td>
                <td align="center">23,40 &#177; 4,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,657</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,00 (25,00)</td>
                <td align="center">12,00 (33,30)</td>
                <td align="center">10,00 (31,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,743</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (3,10)</td>
                <td align="center">4,00 (11,10)</td>
                <td align="center">5,00 (15,60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,240</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 (21,90)</td>
                <td align="center">10,00 (27,80)</td>
                <td align="center">11,00 (34,40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,538</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6,00 (18,80)</td>
                <td align="center">5,00 (13,90)</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 (21,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,687</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">125,40 &#177; 15,40</td>
                <td align="center">125,10 &#177;14,30</td>
                <td align="center">122,80 &#177;14,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,737</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">78,70 &#177; 7,50</td>
                <td align="center">77,50 &#177; 8,10</td>
                <td align="center">76,70 &#177; 8,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,638</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62,80 &#177; 3,70</td>
                <td align="center">61,30 &#177; 4,20</td>
                <td align="center">60,90 &#177; 4,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,167</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Septo interventricular (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">9,80 &#177; 0,70</td>
                <td align="center">10,20 &#177; 0,80</td>
                <td align="center">10,00 &#177; 0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,460</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,816</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito</td>
                <td align="center">1,90 &#177; 0,57</td>
                <td align="center">2,36 &#177; 1,05</td>
                <td align="center">2,26 &#177; 1,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,267</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina, gr/dL</td>
                <td align="center">14,60 &#177; 1,60</td>
                <td align="center">14,00 &#177; 1,40</td>
                <td align="center">14,20 &#177; 1,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,345</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#946;-bloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15,00 (46,90)</td>
                <td align="center">16,00 (44,40)</td>
                <td align="center">11,00 (34,40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,559</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,00 (25,00)</td>
                <td align="center">9,00 (25,00)</td>
                <td align="center">6,00 (18,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,787</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueadores de receptores de angiotensina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4,00 (12,50)</td>
                <td align="center">5,00 (13,90)</td>
                <td align="center">4,00 (12,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,981</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de pacientes com Cv, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9,00 (28,10)</td>
                <td align="center">21,00 (58,30)</td>
                <td align="center">21,00 (65,60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de pacientes com TV, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,00 (9,40)</td>
                <td align="center">11,00 (30,60)</td>
                <td align="center">12,00 (37,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>Cv: couplet ventricular; TV: taquicardia ventricular. Os dados est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n (%). Os valores p estatisticamente significativos est&#227;o mostrados em negrito.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Os testes de ANOVA e &#967;<sup>2</sup> foram realizados para estudar as diferen&#231;as entre os tr&#234;s grupos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de Holter ambulatorial e da linha basal da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="31%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Grupo 1 (n = 32)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Grupo 2 (n = 36)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Grupo 3 (n = 32)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Valores p (grupos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">1 <italic>vs.</italic> 2</th>
                <th align="center">1 <italic>vs.</italic> 3</th>
                <th align="center">2 <italic>vs.</italic> 3</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (batimentos/minuto)</td>
                <td align="center">123,60 &#177; 17,10</td>
                <td align="center">120,40 &#177; 20,10</td>
                <td align="center">116,80 &#177; 13,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,720</td>
                <td align="center">0,259</td>
                <td align="center">0,671</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#237;nima (batimentos/minuto)</td>
                <td align="center">58,90 &#177; 7,40</td>
                <td align="center">54,90 &#177; 8,60</td>
                <td align="center">57,10 &#177; 7,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,097</td>
                <td align="center">0,638</td>
                <td align="center">0,481</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia (batimentos/minuto)</td>
                <td align="center">73,40 &#177; 13,40</td>
                <td align="center">72,40 &#177; 14,60</td>
                <td align="center">73,90 &#177; 12,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,940</td>
                <td align="center">0,980</td>
                <td align="center">0,855</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de CVPs (mediana/24 horas)</td>
                <td align="center">543,00 &#177; 288,00</td>
                <td align="center">2.779 &#177; 1.041</td>
                <td align="center">8.358 &#177; 2.911</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de CVPs (mediana/hora)</td>
                <td align="center">22,80 &#177; 12,40</td>
                <td align="center">117,50 &#177; 46,30</td>
                <td align="center">358,00 &#177; 125,20</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percentual do n&#250;mero de CVP (24 h)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50 &#177; 0,23</td>
                <td align="center">2,76 &#177; 1,03</td>
                <td align="center">7,90 &#177; 2,72</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Deriva&#231;&#227;o V2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">358,00 &#177; 22,80</td>
                <td align="center">378,10 &#177; 35,50</td>
                <td align="center">387,00 &#177; 25,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,419</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">414,30 &#177; 32,20</td>
                <td align="center">410,50 &#177; 27,00</td>
                <td align="center">427,30 &#177; 33,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,867</td>
                <td align="center">0,222</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">94,30 &#177; 9,40</td>
                <td align="center">100,50 &#177; 9,70</td>
                <td align="center">106,50 &#177; 7,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">cTp-e (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">108,60 &#177; 14,80</td>
                <td align="center">110,00 &#177; 16,30</td>
                <td align="center">117,70 &#177; 11,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,923</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
                <td align="center">0,079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e/QT</td>
                <td align="center">0,26 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,27 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,28 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,854</td>
                <td align="center">0,239</td>
                <td align="center">0,493</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e/QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,23 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,24 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,25 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Deriva&#231;&#227;o V5</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">363,70 &#177; 26,20</td>
                <td align="center">380,50 &#177; 41,50</td>
                <td align="center">389,30 &#177; 20,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,485</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">421,00 &#177; 37,00</td>
                <td align="center">413,00 &#177; 29,30</td>
                <td align="center">429,70 &#177; 29,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,554</td>
                <td align="center">0,524</td>
                <td align="center">0,084</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">91,30 &#177; 9,20</td>
                <td align="center">94,00 &#177; 12,20</td>
                <td align="center">101,10 &#177; 8,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,519</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">cTp-e (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">106,50 &#177; 15,10</td>
                <td align="center">102,3 &#177; 13,9</td>
                <td align="center">112,0 &#177; 14,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,453</td>
                <td align="center">0,280</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e/QT</td>
                <td align="center">0,25 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,25 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,26 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,895</td>
                <td align="center">0,372</td>
                <td align="center">0,163</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e/QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,22 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,23 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,24 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,244</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">0,465</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTd (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">23,30 &#177; 6,40</td>
                <td align="center">26,3 &#177; 13,1</td>
                <td align="center">34,3 &#177; 13,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,537</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>QTc: QT corrigido; QTd: dispers&#227;o de QT; Tp-e: intervalo do pico-ao-final da onda T; cTp-e: Tp-e corrigido; ms: milissegundo; CVP: contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular prematura; os dados est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Valores p estatisticamente significativos est&#227;o em negrito;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>o teste de ANOVA foi realizado para estudar as diferen&#231;as entre os tr&#234;s grupos. O teste de Tukey post hoc foi realizado ap&#243;s a ANOVA para estudar as diferen&#231;as entre grupos para o grupo 1 vs. grupo 2, grupo 1 vs. grupo 3 e grupo 2 vs. grupo 3.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>De acordo com a compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de ECG entre os tr&#234;s grupos na deriva&#231;&#227;o V2, o intervalo QT foi significativamente mais longo nos grupos 2 e 3 do que no grupo 1. O intervalo Tp-e no grupo 3 foi significativamente mais longo do que nos grupos 1 e 2. A rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QTc aumentou significativamente nos grupos 2 e 3 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo 1. Quando os grupos foram comparados, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no intervalo QTc nem na rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Segundo a compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de ECG entre os tr&#234;s grupos na deriva&#231;&#227;o V5, o intervalo QT foi significativamente mais longo no grupo 3 do que no grupo 1. O intervalo Tp-e foi significativamente mais longo no grupo 3 do que nos grupos 1 e 2. A rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QTc estava significativamente aumentada no grupo 3 quando comparada ao grupo 1. Quando os grupos foram comparados, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa no intervalo QTc nem na rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>No total, 28 pacientes tinham DAC (7, 10 e 11 pacientes nos grupos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente). Les&#245;es n&#227;o graves que n&#227;o causaram estreitamento significativo estavam evidentes nos relat&#243;rios angiogr&#225;ficos. A presen&#231;a de DAC foi maior no grupo 3 do que nos grupos 1 e 2, mas n&#227;o foi observada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,538). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, a DAC n&#227;o teve efeito nos par&#226;metros da ECG. Observou-se Cv em 51 pacientes (9, 21 e 21 pacientes nos grupos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente) e TV em 26 pacientes (3, 11 e 12 pacientes nos grupos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente). A dura&#231;&#227;o QTd do grupo 3 foi significativamente mais longa do que aquelas nos grupos 1 e 2 (p = 0,001, p = 0,015, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>De acordo com o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, foram observadas correla&#231;&#245;es positivas entre a carga CVP e Tp-e (nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V2 e V5) e Tp-e/QTc (nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V2 e V5) (r = 0,476, p &lt; 0,001; r = 0,395, p = &lt; 0,001; r = 0,296, p = 0,003; e r = 0,256, p = 0,010, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref> mostra os resultados das an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla realizadas para identificar os par&#226;metros da ECG que afetam a carga da CVP. Desse modo, o intervalo Tp-e (&#946; = 1,318, p = 0,043) e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QTc (&#946; = -405,136, p = 0,024) na deriva&#231;&#227;o V5 foram preditores independentes da carga de CVP.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de dispers&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o entre o intervalo Tp-e e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QTc (nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V2 e V5) e a carga de CVP. Ms: milissegundos; QTc: QT corrigido; Tp-e: intervalo do pico ao fim da onda T; CVP: contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular prematura.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0534-80079-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a carga das contra&#231;&#245;es prematuras ventriculares (CVPs) e os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="31%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="29%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Carga de CVP</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson</th>
                <th align="center">Valor p*</th>
                <th align="center">Coeficiente de regress&#227;o Beta</th>
                <th align="center">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">-0,026</td>
                <td align="center">0,797</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">0,089</td>
                <td align="center">0,380</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
                <td align="center">0,520</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTd</td>
                <td align="center">0,256</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Deriva&#231;&#227;o V2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QT</td>
                <td align="center">0,362</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,067</td>
                <td align="center">0,749</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,243</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,148</td>
                <td align="center">0,382</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e</td>
                <td align="center">0,476</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-0,665</td>
                <td align="center">0,260</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e/QT</td>
                <td align="center">0,171</td>
                <td align="center">0,088</td>
                <td align="center">-48,643</td>
                <td align="center">0,734</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e/QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,296</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">-366,464</td>
                <td align="center">0,059</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Deriva&#231;&#227;o V5</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QT</td>
                <td align="center">0,292</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">-0,151</td>
                <td align="center">0,449</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,173</td>
                <td align="center">0,085</td>
                <td align="center">-0,154</td>
                <td align="center">0,309</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e</td>
                <td align="center">0,395</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,318</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e/QT</td>
                <td align="center">0,185</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
                <td align="center">-100,943</td>
                <td align="center">0,585</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e/QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,256</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">-405,136</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>QTc: QT corrigido; QTd: dispers&#227;o de QT; Tp-e: intervalo do pico ao fim da onda T; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear e correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, demonstramos que o intervalo Tp-e e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QTc foram significativamente mais altos em pacientes com carga de CVP mais alta do que naqueles pacientes com carga de CVP inferior. Al&#233;m disso, encontrou-se correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre esses marcadores e a frequ&#234;ncia de CVP, no entanto n&#227;o se viu associa&#231;&#227;o entre a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT e a carga de CVP. O intervalo Tp-e e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QTc na deriva&#231;&#227;o V5 foram identificados como preditores independentes da carga de CVP aumentada. O prolongamento da dura&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes com carga de CVP aumentada &#233; importante, porque essa condi&#231;&#227;o pode estar relacionada a um risco aumentado de arritmia potencialmente fatal. Segundo nossos resultados, os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio deterioraram-se com a frequ&#234;ncia de CVP crescente. Portanto, conclu&#237;mos que tanto a frequ&#234;ncia de CVP quanto o est&#225;gio da repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foram afetados por causas semelhantes.</p>
        <p>CVPs idiop&#225;ticas, que s&#227;o normalmente consideradas uma condi&#231;&#227;o benigna em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, s&#227;o formadas pela propaga&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo precoce, origin&#225;rio de um foco ect&#243;pico. As CVPs podem causar complica&#231;&#245;es s&#233;rias, tais como angina, s&#237;ncope ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, quando o n&#250;mero de batimentos ect&#243;picos aumenta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Embora as CVPs sejam conhecidas por serem benignas em indiv&#237;duos com um cora&#231;&#227;o normal estruturalmente, elas t&#234;m sido conhecidas por causarem arritmias malignas em alguns casos, no entanto a signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da frequ&#234;ncia de CVP nesses indiv&#237;duos permanece incerta, j&#225; que n&#227;o foram realizados estudos apropriados em seres humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Tilz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> chegaram &#224; conclus&#227;o de que a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) foi estimulada pelas CVPs ap&#243;s um desfibrilador cardioversor implant&#225;vel ser utilizado em um paciente de 29 anos que foi ressuscitado ap&#243;s uma parada card&#237;aca. Todos os exames, inclusive ecocardiografia, angiografia, teste de ajmalina e bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica, estavam normais. Ao mesmo tempo, alguns casos demonstraram que a TV polim&#243;rfica e a FV idiop&#225;tica foram induzidas, pois CVPs espec&#237;ficas sem intervalos de acoplamentos curtos poderiam promover sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio intracelular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Em um estudo que avaliou os registros de 21 pacientes que passaram por parada card&#237;aca durante o registro da ECG ambulatorial, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a frequ&#234;ncia de CVP aumentaram antes do in&#237;cio da FV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Savelieva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> encontraram turbul&#234;ncia de QT significativa ap&#243;s a CVP em indiv&#237;duos com um cora&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel estruturalmente. Embora esses dados forne&#231;am informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a causa das arritmias malignas de CVP, eles n&#227;o apontam informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes sobre a import&#226;ncia da frequ&#234;ncia de CVP.</p>
        <p>Diversos mecanismos foram propostos para explicar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre CVP e arritmias potencialmente fatais. A CVP pode ter papel importante no in&#237;cio das arritmias card&#237;acas malignas. Diversos fatores, como t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico aumentado, estado hemodin&#226;mico alterado ou desequil&#237;brios dos eletr&#243;litos (por exemplo, hipocalemia e hipercalcemia), que interrompem a estabilidade do mioc&#225;rdio, podem causar transi&#231;&#227;o de CVP para arritmia maligna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico aumentado por conta da ansiedade ou do estresse fisiol&#243;gico pode causar a libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas, tais como a adrenalina. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o causa o fluxo de c&#225;lcio de um espa&#231;o extracelular para dentro das c&#233;lulas de mi&#243;citos, aumentando a produ&#231;&#227;o de adenosina monofosfato (AMP) c&#237;clica (AMPc). A for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos aumenta, e o mi&#243;cito &#233; rapidamente depolarizado. Por isso, os mi&#243;citos tornam-se mais sensitivos do que o normal e podem se depolarizar espontaneamente sem a depolariza&#231;&#227;o do n&#243;dulo sinoauricular. Desse modo, a forma&#231;&#227;o e a frequ&#234;ncia de CVP podem aumentar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Armaganijan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> relataram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e pacientes com arritmias ventriculares e sugeriram a efetividade da denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica renal pelo cateter para reduzir a carga arr&#237;tmica.</p>
        <p>Outro fator que aumenta a frequ&#234;ncia de CVP &#233; o consumo de cafe&#237;na em excesso. A cafe&#237;na, um inibidor de fosfodiesterase, &#233; tamb&#233;m um estimulador central que pode aumentar a atividade simp&#225;tica e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio intracelular, inibindo a enzima que catalisa a decomposi&#231;&#227;o de AMPc. Estudos em animais mostraram que a administra&#231;&#227;o de cafe&#237;na em altas doses pode induzir e aumentar a frequ&#234;ncia de CVPs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O prolongamento na dispers&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio predisp&#245;e &#224; arritmia ventricular maligna e tem import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica em termos de parada card&#237;aca (SCD). O prolongamento das dura&#231;&#245;es QT e QTd pode estar associado com taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica, <italic>torsades de pointes</italic> e SCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Recentemente, alguns marcadores de repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, tais como intervalo Tp-e e rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc, foram relatados como &#250;teis para prognosticar arritmias ventriculares letais em diversos transtornos cl&#237;nicos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> O intervalo Tp-e &#233; considerado um novo marcador de risco aumentado de SCD. Yamaguchi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> mostraram que o intervalo Tp-e &#233; mais significativo do que QTd ou QTc em predizer <italic>torsades de pointes</italic> em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de QT longa adquirida. Ao mesmo tempo, constatou-se que o aumento no intervalo Tp-e e nas rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT estava associado com a s&#237;ndrome de Brugada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> As rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc foram consideradas como relativamente mais constantes do que outros marcadores, pois n&#227;o foram afetadas por mudan&#231;as na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nem no peso corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora tenhamos observado aumento no intervalo Tp-e e nas rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QTc conforme a frequ&#234;ncia de CVP se elevava, o aumento discreto na rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo. Yayla et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> avaliaram os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio antes e ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RFA) em pacientes com carga de CVP superior a 5% em um registro do Holter de 24 horas. Ap&#243;s o procedimento bem-sucedido, o intervalo Tp-e, a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QTc diminu&#237;ram significativamente mais do que antes do RFA (todos com p &lt; 0,001). De acordo com esses dados, a alta detec&#231;&#227;o do intervalo Tp-e em pacientes com frequ&#234;ncia de CVP aumentada sugere que o risco de arritmias malignas pode ser mais alto nesses pacientes. Em nosso estudo, arritmias malignas, tais como Cv e TV, foram observadas mais nos pacientes do grupo 3, o que est&#225; de acordo com as nossas predi&#231;&#245;es. Essa importante rela&#231;&#227;o pode ser usada para seguir de perto e administrar o modo de tratamento dos pacientes com frequ&#234;ncia de CVP aumentada.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Nosso estudo tem diversas limita&#231;&#245;es importantes. Primeiramente, ele foi unic&#234;ntrico e incluiu um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes. Portanto, o poder estat&#237;stico foi limitado. Os resultados devem ser verificados em um estudo de coorte prospectiva maior. Em segundo lugar, por n&#227;o termos outras medidas de Holter ambulatoriais, tais como variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e turbul&#234;ncia da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel excluir os efeitos dessas medidas na frequ&#234;ncia de CVP. Em terceiro lugar, n&#227;o t&#237;nhamos dados sobre as taxas de eventos card&#237;acos para este estudo, porque n&#227;o conseguimos seguir os pacientes de modo prospectivo para futuros eventos arr&#237;tmicos. Em quarto lugar, nosso objetivo foi registrar um perfil de pacientes relativamente jovens para excluir DAC oculta, no entanto abandonamos essa meta em fun&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes. Outros estudos compreensivos devem ser conduzidos com n&#250;mero maior de pacientes e per&#237;odo de seguimento mais longo para aumentar a consist&#234;ncia de nossos resultados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O intervalo Tp-e e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QTc foram mais altos em pacientes com valor de CVP mais alto. Nosso estudo mostrou que &#233; poss&#237;vel que CVPs tenham efeito negativo na repolariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Essa intera&#231;&#227;o pode resultar em um risco aumentado de arritmias malignas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 83116987-252. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos noestudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
