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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Zd5jtmnZJBW4ZnYGvcR9pvH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000600524</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180099</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Cardiomyopathy</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: What has Changed in The Guidelines?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Liliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Madeira</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botelho</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pais</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Coimbra</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Liliana Reis.</bold> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra - Hospital Geral Quinta do Vales, S&#227;o Martinho do Bispo. 3041-801, Coimbra - Portugal. E-mail: <email>liliana.teles@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript: Reis L; Acquisition of data: Reis L, Silva J; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Reis L, Teixeira R, Fernandes A, Almeida I, Madeira M, Silva J, Botelho A; Statistical analysis: Reis L, Teixeira R, Fernandes A, Almeida I, Madeira M, Silva J; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Reis L, Teixeira R, Fernandes A, Almeida I, Madeira M, Silva J, Botelho A, Pais J, Nascimento J, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>524</fpage>
      <lpage>531</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The new European Society of Cardiology guidelines for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) define the estimation of sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk as an integral part of clinical management. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is recommended (class IIa) when the risk is &#8805; 6%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare the SCD risk stratification according to the 2011 and 2014 recommendations for ICD implantation in patients with HCM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective study including 105 patients diagnosed with HCM. The indication for ICD was assessed using the 2011 and 2014 guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 19.0.0.2&#174;. The tests performed were bilateral, considering the significance level of 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Regarding primary prevention, according to the 2011 ACCF/AHA recommendations, 39.0% of the patients had indication for ICD implantation (level of evidence IIa). Using the 2014 guidelines, only 12.4% of the patients had an indication for ICD implantation. Comparing the two risk stratification models for patients with HCM, we detected a significant reduction in the number of indications for ICD implantation (p &lt; 0.001). Of the 41 patients classified as IIa according to the 2011 recommendations, 68.3% received a different classification according to the 2014 guidelines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Significant differences were found when comparing the SCD risk stratification for ICD implantation in the two guidelines. The current SCD risk score seems to identify many low-risk patients who are not candidates for ICD implantation. The use of this new score results in a significant reduction in the number of ICD implanted.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden Cardiac / prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators, Implantable / trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) not explained only by ventricular overload conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is the most common cardiovascular genetic pathology, with an estimated prevalence in the general population of 1:500 individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a complex disease, regarding genetic diversity (for which, more than 1400 mutations have been identified in 11 different genes), phenotypic expression, histological characteristics and manifested symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the most unpredictable and devastating consequence of HCM, occurring mainly in young or asymptomatic individuals or those with frustrated symptomatology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Recent data have pointed to a 0.7%/year incidence of SCD, the total incidence of cardiovascular death being 1.4%/year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The exclusive efficacy of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in the prevention of SCD is well known.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> When approaching patients with HCM and their families, the correct assessment of the SCD risk and potential benefit of implanting that device for primary prevention is fundamental.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association (ACCF/AHA) recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of HCM published in 2011, the presence of at least one risk factor for SCD [maximal left ventricular (LV) wall thickness &#8805; 30 mm, unexplained syncope, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), family history of sudden death and abnormal blood pressure response during exercise] is a class IIa recommendation for the implantation of ICD in primary prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, a recent study by O'Mahony et al. has suggested that the use of those criteria overestimates the risk for SCD, resulting in the excessive and unnecessary implantation of ICD in a substantial percentage of patients, exposing them to unnecessary iatrogenic complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In addition, those authors have concluded that the limited power in risk stratification results from the fact that the algorithm is based on a dichotomous classification of the risk variables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Thus, the risk factors are recognized to be non-static and to have a cumulative evolutionary potential, with corresponding increase in the likelihood of SCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 2013, a new mathematical model was proposed to estimate the individual risk of SCD at 5 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> That model, based on a retrospective study of a population of 3675 patients from six centers, comprises some classical risk factors combined with LV outflow tract gradient, left atrial diameter, and age, which are considered continuous variables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The following formula is used:</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="100%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><bold>Probability of SCD at 5 years = 1 &#8211; 0.998 exp(prognostic index)</bold><break/>Prognostic index = [0.15939858 x maximal wall thickness (mm)] - 0.00294271 x maximal wall thickness<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> (mm<sup>2</sup>)] + [0.0259082 x left atrial diameter (mm)] + [0.00446131 x maximal LV outflow tract gradient (rest/Valsalva - mm Hg)] + [0.4583082 x family history of SCD] + [0.82639195 x NSVT] + [0.71650361 x unexplained syncope] - [0.01799934 x age on clinical assessment (years)].</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>According to the literature, that score is more accurate to differentiate patients at low risk from those at high risk,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and was incorporated into the most recent European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recommendations published in 2014 as a valid and independent method for risk stratification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The direct comparison of the discriminative value of the two risk score systems to identify patients requiring an ICD in a non-selected population with HCM has not been performed in Portugal.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at comparing the risk stratification of SCD in a population of patients with HCM, according to the 2011 and 2014 recommendations, and at characterizing the clinical performance of the risk model of SCD due to HCM individually in a Portuguese population with HCM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>Retrospective single-center analysis of patients diagnosed with HCM and regularly followed up at a cardiology outpatient clinic of one single tertiary center for 6 years. The definition of HCM was based on a wall thickness &#8805; 15 mm in one or more LV myocardial segments, which was not explained only by LV overload, and measured by use of any imaging technique [echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) or computerized tomography (CT)]. The clinical diagnosis of HCM in a first-degree relative of a patient with unequivocal disease (LVH &#8805; 15 mm) is based on the presence of unexplained LV wall thickening &#8805; 13 mm in one or more myocardial segments, measured by use of cardiac imaging techniques.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>This study included 109 patients with LVH. Those whose complementary study revealed hereditary metabolic and neuromuscular causes (2 patients with cardiac amyloidosis, 1 patient with Noonan syndrome and 1 patient with Anderson-Fabry disease) were excluded. The total sample of this study comprised 105 index patients diagnosed with HCM.</p>
        <p>The indication for an ICD implantation was based on the 2011 ACCF/AHA recommendations, and the patients received an ICD when they had at least one risk factor for SCD, according to the 2011 guidelines.</p>
        <p>Later, a new analysis was performed based on the current recommendations (2014 ESC), using the data of the patients at the time of the diagnosis. The current model of risk for SCD due to HCM is part of a predefined set of 7 potentially prognostic variables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> By using an online calculator, a predictive risk score of SCD due to HCM at 5 years was generated. According to that value, patients were stratified into three risk categories for ICD implantation: &lt; 4%/5 years (ICD usually not considered); 4% to 6%/5 years (ICD can be considered); &gt; 6%/5 years (ICD should be considered).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the population base and complementary study</title>
        <p>The following baseline characteristics were collected at the time of diagnosis: age, sex, arterial hypertension, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, atrial fibrillation, unexplained syncope, history of SCD in a first-degree relative (&lt; 40 years), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class.</p>
        <p>All patients underwent initial 12-lead electrocardiography, with assessment of LVH voltage criteria, Q waves, left axis deviation and atrioventricular conduction disorders.</p>
        <p>All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography. The following parameters were recorded: LV diastolic diameter, LV wall thickness from base to apex, presence of LV outflow tract gradient at rest and after the Valsalva maneuver, left atrial diameter, classification of LV systolic (LV ejection fraction) and diastolic function. The LV outflow tract obstruction caused by the systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve leaflets was defined as a peak pressure gradient at the LV outflow tract &#8805; 30 mm Hg at rest or during physiological challenge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Twenty-five patients (23.8%) with no gradient at rest underwent exercise echocardiography to assess the presence of gradient during exercise.</p>
        <p>All patients underwent 24-hour Holter at the initial assessment or during clinical follow-up, allowing the identification of ventricular extrasystoles and/or NSVT episodes, defined as the presence of at least three consecutive ventricular complexes, lasting less than 30 seconds and without hemodynamic impairment.</p>
        <p>All patients underwent exercise test according to the Bruce protocol to assess blood pressure response during exercise. Anomalous response was defined as the lack of blood pressure increase by 20 mmHg or a decrease of at least 20 mmHg during exertion.</p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 85 (80.2%) patients who had access to a magnetic resonance scanner 1.5 Tesla (Phillips&#174;). The following parameters were recorded for analysis: left atrial area, greater LV wall thickness, LV ejection fraction and presence of late enhancement after intravenous gadolinium administration.</p>
        <p>Screening for sarcomere protein gene mutation (<italic>MYL2</italic> and <italic>MYL3</italic> = myosin light chain 2 and 3; <italic>MYBPC3</italic> = myosin-binding protein C; <italic>MYH7</italic> = myosin heavy chain 7; <italic>TNNI3</italic> = cardiac troponin I; <italic>TNNT2</italic> = cardiac troponin T; <italic>TPM1</italic> = tropomyosin alpha-1 chain) was conducted in 83 patients (79.0%), and screening for Anderson-Fabry disease, in 76 patients (72.4%). The screening for Anderson-Fabry disease in men was based on dried blood spot (DBS) testing to assess galactosidase A (GLA) activity. When GLA activity was reduced (&lt; 5%), a 10-mL blood sample was collected in an EDTA tube for further GLA gene sequencing at a medical genetic center. In women, GLA gene sequencing analysis was performed in an external laboratory to identify mutations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> One patient was diagnosed with that disease, being excluded from the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The numeric variables were expressed as means and standard deviations, and the categorical variables, as absolute and relative frequencies. Regarding the recommendations for ICD implantation in primary prevention, the comparison between the two guidelines was performed by use of the McNemar test. On the first analysis, we assumed that the 2014 ESC classification IIb does not usually recommend ICD implantation, therefore, that classification was grouped together with the recommendation level III. The potency of that test is 99.9%, considering: the significance level of 5%; sample size of 105; the 0.001 proportion of patients classified as III according to the 2011 guideline and as IIa according to the 2014 guideline; and the 0.28 proportion of patients classified as IIa according to the 2011 guideline and as IIb/III according to the 2014 guideline.</p>
        <p>Later, four groups of patients were defined as follows: patients classified as III according to both 2011 and 2014 guidelines; patients classified as IIa according to the 2011 guideline and as III according to the 2014 guideline; patients classified as IIa according to the 2011 guideline and as IIb according to the 2014 guideline; and patients classified as IIa according to both 2011 and 2014 guidelines. Because one of the assumptions to apply the chi-square test with asymptotic distribution was not met, those groups were compared regarding the percentage of ICD implantation by use of the exact chi-square test.</p>
        <p>It is worth noting that, given the size of the sample, its power was calculated, ensuring that the number of patients was sufficient to draw conclusions.</p>
        <p>The statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS software, version 19.0.0.2&#174;. The tests performed were bilateral, and the significance level of 5% (p &lt; 0.05) was adopted.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The study sample comprised 105 patients, 53% of whom were of the female sex, the mean age at the time of diagnosis being 58 &#177; 18 years. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the major characteristics of the population. The functional capacity on the initial assessment was as follows: 45 (42.8%) patients were asymptomatic (NYHA class I), 40 (38.1%) had mild symptoms (NYHA class II), and 9 (8.6%) had severe symptoms (NYHA classes III and IV).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Major characteristics of the population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="80%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Personal antecedents</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">74 (70.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">34 (32.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of sudden cardiac death</td>
              <td align="center">18 (17.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Type 2 diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
              <td align="center">16 (15.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous syncope</td>
              <td align="center">14 (13.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous coronary artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">10 (9.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>12-lead electrocardiogram</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Criteria of LVH</td>
              <td align="center">69 (65.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left anterior hemiblock</td>
              <td align="center">25 (23.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">First-degree AVB</td>
              <td align="center">16 (15.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete right bundle-branch block</td>
              <td align="center">7 (6.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete left bundle-branch block</td>
              <td align="center">5 (4.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Transthoracic echocardiogram</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Septal HCM</td>
              <td align="center">72 (68.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Concentric HCM</td>
              <td align="center">17 (16.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Apical HCM</td>
              <td align="center">15 (14.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obstructive HCM</td>
              <td align="center">43 (40.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF &#8804; 40%</td>
              <td align="center">4 (3.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral regurgitation</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Mild</td>
              <td align="center">55 (52.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Moderate</td>
              <td align="center">16 (15.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Severe</td>
              <td align="center">8 (7.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Exercise test</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypotensive response to exertion</td>
              <td align="center">4 (3.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cardiac magnetic resonance</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA area, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">43.6 &#177; 69.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV mass, g</td>
              <td align="center">168.2 &#177; 58.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximal thickness measured, mm</td>
              <td align="center">18.2 &#177; 5.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
              <td align="center">64.8 &#177; 11.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Late enhancement</td>
              <td align="center">34 (32.1%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; AVB: atrioventricular block; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LA: left atrial; LV: left ventricular.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Obstruction of the LV outflow tract was present in approximately 40.9% of the patients, resulting in a gradient of 36 &#177; 36 mmHg. The echocardiographic measures were as follows: interventricular septum thickness, 17 &#177; 5 mm; posterior wall thickness, 11 &#177; 3 mm; left atrial diameter, 43 &#177; 7 mm. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the results of the exercise test and major continuous variables assessed on CMRI.</p>
      <p>The screening for mutations for HCM was performed in 83 (79.0%) patients, 28 of whom (26.7%) had one mutation as follows: the <italic>MYBPC3</italic> gene mutation in 20 patients (71.4%); the <italic>TNNT2</italic> gene mutation in 3 (10.7%); the <italic>MYH7</italic> gene mutation in 3 (10.7%); and the <italic>TPM1</italic> gene mutation in 2 (7.1%) patients.</p>
      <p>Complex ventricular dysrhythmia episodes were identified in 25 (23.8%) patients on 24-hour Holter.</p>
      <p>Regarding primary prevention, according to the 2011 ACCF/AHA recommendations, 38.1% of the patients had indication for ICD implantation (level of evidence class IIa). The device was implanted in 24 (22.9%) patients. It is worth noting that 6 patients refused the device implantation, and 10 patients did not undergo implantation because of their comorbidities.</p>
      <p>During the 6-year clinical follow-up, 1 patient received appropriate shock due to ventricular fibrillation (risk score for SCD due to HCM 1.71% - ICD usually not considered). In 25 (23.8%) patients, the ICD recorded ventricular tachycardia (VT) episodes and 3 inappropriate shocks. Ten (9.5%) patients died (6 patients due to heart failure, 1 patient due to ventricular fibrillation, and 3 patients due to neoplasm).</p>
      <p>According to the 2011 ACCF/AHA recommendations, 38.1% of the patients had indication for ICD implantation (level of evidence class IIa), while 61.9% did not (level of evidence class III) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of risk stratification of SCD due to HCM according to the 2011 versus 2014 recommendations.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0524-80099-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>According to the 2014 recommendations, the mean risk score for SCD due to HCM in the study population was 3.1&#177;2.7%. Based on that value, the patients were stratified into three risk categories for ICD implantation: 81 (77.1%) patients had a score &lt; 4% (ICD usually not considered - recommendation level III); 11 (10.5%) had a score between 4% and 6% (ICD can be considered - recommendation level IIb); and 13 (12.4%) had a score &gt;6% (ICD should be considered - recommendation level IIa) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Grouping together the patients classified as 2014 ESC classes IIb and III, 13 (12.4%) patients had recommendation for ICD implantation for primary prevention, while 64 (61.0%) patients did not have that recommendation according to the 2011 and 2014 guidelines. According to the 2011, but not the 2014, guideline, 28 (26.7%) patients had recommendation for ICD implantation. Thus, in 77 (73.3%) patients, the classifications were concordant, but not in 26.7%. The discordant patients were in the same circumstance, that is, according to the 2011 guideline they had indication for ICD implantation for primary prevention, while, according to the 2014 guidelines, ICD implantation would not usually be considered. This is not random, because, of the 28 discordant patients, there were significantly more patients for implantation in 2011 and not in 2014, than vice-versa (p &lt; 0.001 McNemar test).</p>
      <p>After that analysis, four groups of patients were defined, and, by using the exact chi-square test, the occurrence of dysrhythmic events during clinical follow-up was compared between groups - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the occurrence of dysrhythmic events during clinical follow-up.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0524-80099-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the patients classified as recommendation level III according to both guidelines, that is, no indication for ICD implantation, the device was implanted in 3 out of 64 patients. We observed that of the 61 patients who did not undergo ICD implantation, 3 (4.9%) had VT during follow-up. The 3 patients who underwent ICD implantation for primary prevention had no dysrhythmic event. The groups with and without ICD were compared regarding the percentages of events, but no statistical difference was found between them (p = 1.00) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of dysrhythmic events in the different groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="2">Groups</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Dysrhythmic events</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Total</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">No</th>
              <th align="center">Yes</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">III in 2011 and 2014</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">ICD</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">58 / 95.1</td>
              <td align="center">3 / 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">61 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">3 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">0 / 0</td>
              <td align="center">3 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Total</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">61 / 95.3</td>
              <td align="center">3 / 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">64 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">IIa in 2011 and III in 2014</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">ICD</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">8 / 80.0</td>
              <td align="center">2 / 20.0</td>
              <td align="center">10 / 100</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">4 / 57.1</td>
              <td align="center">3 / 42.9</td>
              <td align="center">7 / 100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Total</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">12 / 70.5</td>
              <td align="center">5 / 29.4</td>
              <td align="center">17 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">IIa in 2011 and IIb in 2014</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">ICD</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">7 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">7 / 100</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">4 / 100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Total</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">11 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">11 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">IIa in 2011 and 2014</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">ICD</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">2 / 66.7</td>
              <td align="center">1 / 33.3</td>
              <td align="center">3 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">5 / 50.0</td>
              <td align="center">5 / 50.0</td>
              <td align="center">10 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Total</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">7 / 53.8</td>
              <td align="center">6 / 46.2</td>
              <td align="center">13 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">TOTAL</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">ICD</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">68 / 84.0</td>
              <td align="center">13 / 46.2</td>
              <td align="center">81 / 100</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">12 / 50.0</td>
              <td align="center">12 / 50.0</td>
              <td align="center">24 / 100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Total</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">N %</td>
              <td align="center">80 / 76.2</td>
              <td align="center">25 / 23.8</td>
              <td align="center">105 / 100</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the group classified as level IIa in 2011 but level III in 2014, of 17 patients, 10 did not undergo ICD implantation, while 7 underwent ICD implantation for primary prevention. Of the 10 who did not undergo ICD implantation, 2 (20.0%) had VT. Of those who had an ICD implanted, 3 (42.9%) had ventricular dysrhythmia during follow-up. The groups with and without ICD were compared regarding the percentages of events, but no significant statistical difference was found between them (p = 0.59) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the group classified as level IIa in 2011 and IIb in 2014, despite the need for ICD implantation for primary prevention, the device was implanted in 4, but not in 7 patients. In both groups, all patients had dysrhythmic events (p = 1.00). The ICD implantation seems beneficial, but the sample is small - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the patients classified as recommendation level IIa according to both guidelines, that is, indication for ICD implantation for primary prevention, of the total of 13 patients, 3 did not undergo the procedure, while 10 did. Of the 3 patients not undergoing ICD implantation, 1 (33.3%) had VT during follow-up. Of the 10 receiving an ICD, 5 (50,0%) had dysrhythmic events. The groups with and without ICD were compared regarding the percentages of events, but no statistical difference was found between them (p = 1.00) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Of the total population of 105 patients, those who underwent and those who did not undergo ICD implantation for primary prevention were compared regarding the percentages of events. Of the 81 patients who did not receive an ICD, 13 (16.0%) had dysrhythmic events. Of the 24 patients with an ICD, 12 (50.0%) had VT/ventricular fibrillation. Comparing the percentages of events in the two groups, there was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our sample of 'real world' patients with HCM had a 22.6% prevalence of ICD implantation. The proportion of patients with HCM and indication for ICD for primary prevention significantly decreased when comparing the 2011 and 2014 guidelines. During clinical follow-up, we detected the presence of complex ventricular dysrhythmia on Holter and/or ICD in some patients, of whom only a minority had a risk score of SCD due to HCM &gt; 6%. In our population, 1 patient with a score &lt; 4%/5 years died due to ventricular fibrillation. According to the literature, in Portugal, no other center has published a study with which we could compare our data and experience.</p>
      <p>The gold-standard treatment for primary and secondary prevention of SCD in patients with HCM is ICD implantation, which proved effective in interrupting potentially lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmias, altering the disease's natural history.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The efficacy of that therapy has been consolidated since 2000, and has been recently reinforced in a meta-analysis examining the results of 16 studies published between 1998 and 2012, regarding ICD interventions and complications in primary and secondary preventions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The risk stratification of SCD in patients with HCM according to the 2011 ACCF/AHA recommendations was effective in identifying many patients who could benefit from ICD implantation. However, the method proved to be incomplete and some patients without the conventional risk factors were excluded and remained at risk for SCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Thus, the development of new SCD markers for risk stratification is required.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In 2013, a group of English researchers suggested a new risk score of SCD due to HCM at 5 years. It is a mathematical and statistically complex model.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> That score has been rapidly incorporated into the 2014 ESC recommendations as the valid and independent method to select/exclude patients for ICD implantation in primary prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The major objective of any stratification method is its reliability to identify patients at major risk for events, being thus candidates for ICD implantation in primary prevention of SCD. It is worth noting that the new SCD risk model has incorporated arbitrarily two new risk markers (LV outflow tract gradient and left atrial diameter), which had not previously shown to be independent predictors of SCD due to HCM and are not included as risk markers for patients' assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study was not aimed at validating (or invalidating) the risk score of SCD due to HCM, but at characterizing the clinical performance of that model individually in a population of Portuguese patients with HCM.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that this analysis showed that the risk model seems to have little sensitivity to identify patients at elevated risk for arrhythmic events and SCD, who, according to the conventional criteria, would be candidates for prophylactic ICD implantation. For example, in the sample of 28 patients with complex dysrhythmic events during the 6-year clinical follow-up, only 4.7% had a risk score &gt; 6%/5 years, which would have justified ICD implantation in primary prevention. In addition, most patients had a score &lt;4%/5 years, that is, no indication for treatment with ICD.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that HCM is a complex pathology, with a spectrum of histological findings and varied and unpredictable clinical manifestations, and a relatively low percentage of SCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Thus, intuitively it would not be expected that the clinical decision individualized for each patient could be based only on a complex mathematical formula, minimizing the fundamental clinical reasoning when facing a patient with HCM.</p>
      <p>Being a genetic pathology, some specific mutations might pose a higher risk for SCD. However, it is difficult to determine the existence of a consistent genotype/phenotype correlation, explaining the inability to establish an accurate prognosis based on specific mutations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Thus, given the inconsistency, they were not included as markers in the current risk model.</p>
      <p>However, an important omission in this model is that of quantified late enhancement on CMRI, which several studies have shown to be an independent marker of adverse arrhythmic events (NSVT, VT, ventricular fibrillation) and SCD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> even in patients without the conventional risk factors.</p>
      <p>Some individuals with HCM can develop LV apical aneurysms, associated with local healing and greater propensity to potentially lethal arrhythmias and SCD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> in addition to heart failure with systolic dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> and coronary atherosclerotic disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> which are not contemplated in the risk score of SCD. Some prediction inconsistency of the new risk model might be related to the inclusion of some variables, such as syncope, NSVT, left atrial diameter and LV outflow tract obstruction gradient (non-static variables).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The strategy of conventional risk stratification prioritizes SCD prevention in patients with HCM <italic>versus</italic> excessive ICD implantation. On the contrary, the new risk score seems to identify many patients at low risk, who are not candidates for ICD implantation. There is, thus, a significant reduction in the number of devices implanted, but it seems at the cost of misclassifying some patients at high risk for arrhythmic events and SCD.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Our study has some limitations, because it is based on a single center, with a reduced number of patients and events. However, calculating the sample power ensured that the number of patients was sufficient to draw conclusions. As in any retrospective study, we were limited by the information available in the patients' medical records.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a complex pathology, with a wide and unpredictable clinical spectrum.</p>
      <p>According to our data, the current risk stratification model seems to reduce the proportion of patients with indication for ICD implantation. It is worth noting that the decision based on a mathematical model that minimizes the individual clinical reasoning seems a little reliable strategy to identify patients at risk for events due to HCM.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Prote&#231;&#227;o de Dados (CNPD) under the protocol number 6416/ 2018. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            <surname>Madeira</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botelho</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pais</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Liliana Reis.</bold> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra - Hospital Geral Quinta do Vales, S&#227;o Martinho do Bispo. 3041-801, Coimbra - Portugal. E-mail: <email>liliana.teles@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Reis L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Reis L, Silva J; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Reis L, Teixeira R, Fernandes A, Almeida I, Madeira M, Silva J, Botelho A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Reis L, Teixeira R, Fernandes A, Almeida I, Madeira M, Silva J; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Reis L, Teixeira R, Fernandes A, Almeida I, Madeira M, Silva J, Botelho A, Pais J, Nascimento J, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> As recomenda&#231;&#245;es de miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (MCH) da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia aconselham a estimativa do risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) como parte da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e decis&#227;o de implanta&#231;&#227;o de cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de MSC de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2011 e 2014.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo de 105 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de MCH. Avaliou-se a recomenda&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2011 e 2014. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o software SPSS vers&#227;o 19.0.0.2&#174;. Os testes realizados foram bilaterais, sendo considerado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p&lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es ACCF/AHA 2011, 39,0% dos pacientes tinham indica&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia classe IIa). Conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2014, apenas 12,4% dos pacientes apresentam indica&#231;&#227;o classe IIa para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI. Comparando os dois modelos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de MSC em MCH, verificou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI (p &lt; 0,001). Do total de 41 pacientes classificados como IIa segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2011, 68,3% deles recebeu uma classifica&#231;&#227;o diferente em 2014.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>No estudo foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas quando comparados os m&#233;todos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de MSC para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI. O escore de risco atual parece identificar muitos pacientes de baixo risco, que n&#227;o s&#227;o candidatos &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse novo escore resulta numa redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de CDI implantados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca / preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (MCH) &#233; caracterizada por hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HVE) n&#227;o explicada somente por condi&#231;&#245;es de sobrecarga ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Trata-se da patologia gen&#233;tica cardiovascular mais comum, com uma preval&#234;ncia estimada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral de 1:500 indiv&#237;duos.<sup>(2,3 )</sup>A MCH &#233; uma doen&#231;a complexa, desde a diversidade gen&#233;tica (para a qual j&#225; foram identificadas mais de 1400 muta&#231;&#245;es, em 11 genes diferentes), &#224; express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica, &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas e &#224; sintomatologia manifestada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) &#233; a consequ&#234;ncia mais imprevis&#237;vel e devastadora da MCH, pois ocorre predominantemente em jovens, indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos ou com sintomatologia frustra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Dados recentes apontam para uma incid&#234;ncia de 0,7%/ano de MSC, sendo a incid&#234;ncia total por morte cardiovascular de 1,4%/ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &#201; reconhecida a efic&#225;cia exclusiva do cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) na preven&#231;&#227;o de MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Na abordagem aos pacientes com MCH e respectivas fam&#237;lias, torna-se assim fundamental a correta avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de MSC e do potencial benef&#237;cio da implanta&#231;&#227;o desse dispositivo em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association</italic> (ACCF/AHA) para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da MCH publicadas em 2011, a presen&#231;a de pelo menos um fator de risco para MSC [espessura m&#225;xima da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) &#8805; 30 mm, s&#237;ncope inexplicada, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS), hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita e resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial durante o exerc&#237;cio] constitui uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o classe IIa para a implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Contudo, um estudo recente de O'Mahony et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> sugeriu que os crit&#233;rios utilizados sobrestimavam o risco de MSC, resultando na implanta&#231;&#227;o excessiva e desnecess&#225;ria de CDI numa porcentagem substancial de pacientes, expondo-os a complica&#231;&#245;es iatrog&#234;nicas desnecess&#225;rias. Concluiu-se ainda que o poder limitado na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco resulta do fato de o algoritmo basear-se numa classifica&#231;&#227;o dicot&#244;mica das vari&#225;veis de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Assim, reconhece-se que os fatores de risco n&#227;o s&#227;o est&#225;ticos e que apresentam potencial evolutivo cumulativo, com o correspondente aumento de probabilidade de MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Perante as quest&#245;es levantadas, em 2013 foi proposto um novo modelo matem&#225;tico que estima o risco individual de MSC em 5 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esse modelo baseado num estudo retrospectivo de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 3675 pacientes de seis centros distintos engloba alguns fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, combinados com o gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do VE, com o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e com a idade, consideradas essas &#250;ltimas como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A f&#243;rmula utilizada &#233; a seguinte:</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"><bold>Probabilidade de MSC em 5 anos = 1 &#8211; 0,998 exp (&#237;ndice de progn&#243;stico)</bold><break/>&#205;ndice de Progn&#243;stico = [0,15939858 x espessura m&#225;xima da parede (mm)] -0,00294271 x espessura m&#225;xima da parede<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> (mm<sup>2</sup>)] + [0,0259082 x di&#226;metro &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)] + [0,00446131 x gradiente m&#225;ximo (repouso/Valsalva) na via de sa&#237;da do VE (mmHg)] + [0,4583082 x hist&#243;ria familiar de MSC] + [0,82639195 x TVNS] + [0,71650361 x s&#237;ncope inexplicada] - [0,01799934 x idade no momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (anos)].</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>De acordo com a literatura, esse escore apresenta maior acur&#225;cia na distin&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de baixo e alto risco,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> tendo sido incorporado nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es mais recentes da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC) publicadas em 2014 como m&#233;todo v&#225;lido e independente para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o direta do valor discriminativo dos dois sistemas de escore de risco na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com necessidade de um CDI numa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o selecionada de doentes com MCH n&#227;o foi ainda realizada em Portugal.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em comparar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de MSC numa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com MCH, segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2011 e 2014 e caracterizar o desempenho cl&#237;nico do modelo de risco de MSC por MCH de forma individual numa popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa de pacientes com MCH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>An&#225;lise retrospectiva, unic&#234;ntrica de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de MCH seguidos regularmente em consulta externa de cardiologia num &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio, ao longo de 6 anos. A defini&#231;&#227;o de MCH baseou-se na presen&#231;a de espessura da parede &#8805; 15mm em um ou mais segmentos do mioc&#225;rdio do VE avaliado por qualquer t&#233;cnica de imagem [ecocardiografia, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) ou tomografia computorizada (TC)] que n&#227;o fosse explicada apenas por altera&#231;&#245;es de carga ventricular esquerda. O diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico da MCH num familiar de primeiro grau de um paciente com doen&#231;a inequ&#237;voca (HVE &#8805; 15 mm) baseia-se na presen&#231;a do aumento inexplicado da parede do VE &#8805; 13 mm em um ou mais segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos, medido atrav&#233;s de t&#233;cnicas de imagem card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos um total de 109 casos com HVE para an&#225;lise. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes cujo estudo complementar revelou causas metab&#243;licas e neuromusculares heredit&#225;rias (2 pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca, 1 paciente com s&#237;ndrome de Noonan e 1 paciente com doen&#231;a de Anderson-Fabry). A amostra total do estudo foi de 105 pacientes-&#237;ndex com diagn&#243;stico de MCH.</p>
          <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI foi avaliada com recurso &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es ACCF/AHA de 2011. Na popula&#231;&#227;o em an&#225;lise, os pacientes foram submetidos a implanta&#231;&#227;o de dispositivo quando apresentavam pelo menos um fator de risco para MSC, segundo as <italic>guidelines</italic> de 2011.</p>
          <p>Posteriormente, foi feita an&#225;lise baseada nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais (ESC 2014), utilizando os dados dos pacientes na altura do diagn&#243;stico. O atual modelo de risco de MSC por MCH integra um conjunto pr&#233;-definido de 7 vari&#225;veis potencialmente progn&#243;sticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Com recurso a uma calculadora dispon&#237;vel online foi gerado um escore de risco preditivo de MSC por MCH em 5 anos. Os pacientes de acordo com esse valor foram estratificados em tr&#234;s categorias de risco para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI: &lt; 4%/5 anos (CDI geralmente n&#227;o considerado); 4% a 6%/5 anos (CDI pode ser considerado); &gt; 6%/5 anos (CDI deve ser considerado).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da base populacional e estudo complementar</title>
          <p>Foram coletadas as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas de base na altura do diagn&#243;stico: idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular, s&#237;ncope de causa inexplicada, antecedentes de MSC num familiar de primeiro grau (&lt; 40 anos), classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA).</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, tendo sido avaliados crit&#233;rios de voltagem de HVE, ondas Q, desvio esquerdo do eixo e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o auriculoventricular.</p>
          <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi realizado em todos os pacientes. Foram registrados os seguintes par&#226;metros: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE, espessura da parede do VE desde a base at&#233; ao &#225;pex, presen&#231;a de gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do VE em repouso e ap&#243;s manobra de Valsalva, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, classifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE) e diast&#243;lica do VE. A obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE causada pelo movimento sist&#243;lico anterior (<italic>systolic anterior motion</italic> - SAM) dos folhetos da v&#225;lvula mitral foi definida como o gradiente de press&#227;o de pico na c&#226;mara de sa&#237;da do VE &#8805; 30 mmHg em repouso ou durante a provoca&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Vinte e cinco pacientes (23,8%) sem gradiente em repouso realizaram ecocardiograma de esfor&#231;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de gradiente com exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram Holter 24 horas na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial ou durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico, permitindo a identifica&#231;&#227;o de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares e/ou epis&#243;dios de TVNS, definida como a presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais complexos ventriculares consecutivos, com menos de 30 segundos de dura&#231;&#227;o e sem compromisso hemodin&#226;mico.</p>
          <p>Foi realizada prova de esfor&#231;o segundo o protocolo de Bruce em todos os pacientes para avalia&#231;&#227;o de resposta tensional durante o exerc&#237;cio. Definiu-se resposta an&#244;mala como a aus&#234;ncia de aumento da press&#227;o arterial em 20 mmHg ou uma descida de pelo menos 20 mmHg durante o esfor&#231;o.</p>
          <p>A RMC foi realizada em 85 (80,2%) pacientes com recurso a um <italic>scanner</italic> de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica 1,5 Tesla (<italic>Phillips</italic>&#174;). Foram registrados para an&#225;lise os seguintes par&#226;metros: &#225;rea do &#225;trio esquerdo, maior espessura da parede do VE, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e presen&#231;a de realce tardio ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de gadol&#237;nio endovenoso.</p>
          <p>A pesquisa de muta&#231;&#227;o do gene das prote&#237;nas sarcom&#233;ricas (<italic>MYL2</italic> e <italic>MYL3</italic> = cadeia leve 2 e 3 de miosina; <italic>MYBPC3</italic> = prote&#237;na C ligante a miosina; <italic>MYH7</italic> = cadeia pesada 7 de miosina; <italic>TNNI3</italic> = troponina card&#237;aca I; <italic>TNNT2</italic> = troponina card&#237;aca T; <italic>TPM1</italic> = cadeia alfa-1 da tropomiosina) foi realizada em 83 doentes (79,0%) e o rastreio da doen&#231;a de <italic>Anderson-Fabry</italic> em 76 pacientes (72,4%). O rastreio da doen&#231;a de <italic>Anderson-Fabry</italic> nos homens baseou-se no teste da 'gota seca' (<italic>dried blood spot</italic> - DBS) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade enzim&#225;tica Galactosidase A. Quando a atividade enzim&#225;tica Galactosidase A estava reduzida (&lt; 5%), procedia-se ao estudo por colheita de 10 mL de sangue para tubo de EDTA com posterior sequencia&#231;&#227;o do gene GLA num Centro de Gen&#233;tica M&#233;dica. Nas mulheres realizou-se a sequencia&#231;&#227;o do gene GLA para despiste de muta&#231;&#245;es, realizado em laborat&#243;rio externo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Foi diagnosticado em um paciente essa patologia, motivo pelo qual foi exclu&#237;do do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram caracterizadas recorrendo a m&#233;dias amostrais e desvios-padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram caracterizadas usando frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Quanto &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois documentos orientadores foi realizada recorrendo ao teste de <italic>McNemar</italic>. Numa primeira an&#225;lise, assumiu-se que a classifica&#231;&#227;o IIb da ESC 2014 n&#227;o recomenda geralmente a implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI, tendo essa sido agrupada com o n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o III. A pot&#234;ncia desse teste &#233; de 99,9%, considerando: n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%; dimens&#227;o da amostra de 105; propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com classifica&#231;&#227;o III em 2011 e IIa em 2014 igual a 0,001; e propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com classifica&#231;&#227;o IIa em 2011 e IIb/III em 2014 igual a 0,28.</p>
          <p>Posteriormente, foram definidos quatro grupos de pacientes: os que t&#234;m classifica&#231;&#227;o III em 2011 e 2014; os que t&#234;m IIa em 2011 e III em 2014; os que t&#234;m IIa em 2011 e IIb em 2014; e os que t&#234;m IIa em 2011 e 2014. Como um dos pressupostos para a aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste qui-quadrado com distribui&#231;&#227;o assint&#243;tica n&#227;o estava satisfeito, esses grupos foram comparados quanto &#224; porcentagem de implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI usando o teste qui-quadrado exato.</p>
          <p>Salientamos que, dada a dimens&#227;o da amostra, foi efetuado o c&#225;lculo do poder da mesma que nos assegurou que o n&#250;mero de pacientes da popula&#231;&#227;o era suficiente para se poder tirar conclus&#245;es.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o software SPSS vers&#227;o 19.0.0.2&#174;. Os testes realizados s&#227;o bilaterais, sendo considerado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra do estudo foi constitu&#237;da por 105 pacientes: 53% do sexo feminino, com uma idade m&#233;dia na altura do diagn&#243;stico de 58 &#177; 18 anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as principais caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o. Relativamente &#224; capacidade funcional, na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial: 45 (42,8%) pacientes estavam assintom&#225;ticos (classe I de NYHA), 40 (38,1%) apresentavam sintomatologia ligeira (classe II de NYHA) e 9 (8,6%) sintomas graves (classes III/IV de NYHA).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Antecedentes pessoais</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">74 (70,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular</td>
                <td align="center">34 (32,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">18 (17,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> tipo 2</td>
                <td align="center">16 (15,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antecedentes de s&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">14 (13,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antecedentes de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">10 (9,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Eletrocardiograma 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Crit&#233;rios de HVE</td>
                <td align="center">69 (65,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemibloqueio anterior esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">25 (23,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BAV 1&#186; grau</td>
                <td align="center">16 (15,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueio completo de ramo direito</td>
                <td align="center">7 (6,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MCH septal</td>
                <td align="center">72 (68,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MCH conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">17 (16,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MCH apical</td>
                <td align="center">15 (14,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MCH obstrutiva</td>
                <td align="center">43 (40,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE &#8804; 40%</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Ligeira</td>
                <td align="center">55 (52,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">16 (15,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Severa</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Prova de esfor&#231;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resposta hipotensiva ao esfor&#231;o</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea AE, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">43,6 &#177; 69,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa do VE, g</td>
                <td align="center">168,2 &#177; 58,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura m&#225;xima medida, mm</td>
                <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 5,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">64,8 &#177; 11,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Realce tardio</td>
                <td align="center">34 (32,1%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>HVE: hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, AE: &#225;trio esquerdo, MCH: miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, BAV: bloqueio auriculoventricular, VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Cerca de 40,9% dos pacientes tinham obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE condicionando gradiente de 36 &#177; 36 mmHg. Relativamente &#224;s medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas: espessura do septo interventricular 17 &#177; 5 mm; parede posterior 11 &#177; 3 mm; di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo 43 &#177; 7 mm. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> mostra o resultado da prova de esfor&#231;o e principais vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas avaliadas na RMC.</p>
        <p>A pesquisa de muta&#231;&#227;o para MCH foi realizada em 83 (79,0%) pacientes tendo sido identificada uma muta&#231;&#227;o em 28 (26,7%). Em 20 pacientes (71,4%) foi identificada muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>MYBPC3</italic>; em 3 (10,7%) no gene <italic>TNNT2</italic>; 3 (10,7%) pacientes no gene <italic>MYH7</italic>; e em 2 (7,1%) no gene <italic>TPM1</italic>.</p>
        <p>Foram identificados em 25 (23,8%) pacientes epis&#243;dios de disritmia ventricular complexa no Holter de 24 horas.</p>
        <p>Relativamente &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es ACCF/AHA de 2011, 38,1% dos pacientes tinham indica&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia classe IIa). Esse dispositivo foi implantado em 24 (22,9%) pacientes. De salientar, que 6 pacientes recusaram a implanta&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo e em 10 pacientes foi decidido a n&#227;o implanta&#231;&#227;o do mesmo dadas as suas comorbidades.</p>
        <p>Durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico de 6 anos, um paciente teve um choque apropriado por fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (escore de risco de MSC por MCH 1,71% - CDI geralmente n&#227;o considerado). Foram registrados em 25 (23,8%) pacientes epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular (TV) no CDI e 3 choques inapropriados. Verificou-se o falecimento de 10 (9,5%) pacientes (6 pacientes por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 1 paciente por fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e 3 pacientes de etiologia neopl&#225;sica).</p>
        <p>Como j&#225; referido, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es ACCF/AHA de 2011, 38,1% dos pacientes tinham indica&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia classe IIa) e 61,9% dos pacientes n&#227;o tinham essa indica&#231;&#227;o (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia classe III) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de MSC por MCH pelas recomenda&#231;&#245;es 2011 versus 2014.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0524-80099-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Com recurso &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2014, observamos que a m&#233;dia do escore de risco de MSC por MCH na popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo foi 3,1 &#177; 2,7%. De acordo com esse valor, os pacientes foram estratificados em tr&#234;s categorias de risco para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI: 81 (77,1%) pacientes apresentavam escore &lt; 4% (CDI geralmente n&#227;o considerado - n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o III); 11 (10,5%) tinham escore entre 4% e 6% (CDI pode ser considerado - n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb); 13 (12,4%) pacientes tinham &gt; 6% (CDI deve ser considerado - n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Agrupando os pacientes das classes IIb e III da ESC 2014, verificamos que 13 (12,4%) pacientes tinham recomenda&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e 64 (61,0%) pacientes n&#227;o tinham essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o segundo as <italic>guidelines</italic> de 2011 e 2014. Verificamos que 28 (26,7%) pacientes tinham recomenda&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI de acordo com o documento de 2011, mas n&#227;o em 2014. Desse modo, conclu&#237;mos que temos 77 (73,3%) pacientes em que as classifica&#231;&#245;es foram concordantes e 26,7% em que n&#227;o foram. Quanto aos pacientes discordantes, observa-se que todos est&#227;o na mesma circunst&#226;ncia, ou seja, de acordo com as <italic>guidelines</italic> de 2011 teriam indica&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e segundo o documento de 2014 o CDI geralmente n&#227;o seria considerado. Esse fato n&#227;o &#233; aleat&#243;rio, pois, dos 28 discordantes, temos significativamente mais pacientes a implantar em 2011 e n&#227;o em 2014, do que o contr&#225;rio (p &lt; 0,001 pelo teste <italic>McNemar</italic>).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s essa an&#225;lise, foram definidos quatro grupos de pacientes e com recurso ao teste qui-quadrado exato foi comparada entre grupos a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos disr&#237;tmicos durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos disr&#237;tmicos durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-06-0524-80099-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Relativamente aos pacientes classificados com o n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o III segundo os dois documentos orientadores, ou seja, sem indica&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI, esse foi implantado em 3 num total de 64 pacientes. Verificamos que dos 61 pacientes que n&#227;o implantaram CDI, 3 (4,9%) tiveram TV no seguimento. Nos 3 que implantaram CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria n&#227;o se registrou nenhum evento disr&#237;tmico. Comparou-se a porcentagem de eventos nos dois grupos, sem e com CDI, e concluiu-se que n&#227;o diferem estatisticamente (p = 1,00) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de eventos disr&#237;tmicos nos diferentes grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="2">Grupos</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Eventos disr&#237;tmicos</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Total</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Sim</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">III em 2011 e 2014</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">CDI</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">58 / 95,1</td>
                <td align="center">3 / 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">61 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">3 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">0 / 0</td>
                <td align="center">3 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">61 / 95,3</td>
                <td align="center">3 / 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">64 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">IIa em 2011 e III em 2014</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">CDI</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">8 / 80,0</td>
                <td align="center">2 / 20,0</td>
                <td align="center">10 / 100</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">4 / 57,1</td>
                <td align="center">3 / 42,9</td>
                <td align="center">7 / 100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">12 / 70,5</td>
                <td align="center">5 / 29,4</td>
                <td align="center">17 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">IIa em 2011 e IIb em 2014</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">CDI</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">7 / 100</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">4 / 100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">11 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">11 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">IIa em 2011 e 2014</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">CDI</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">2 / 66,7</td>
                <td align="center">1 / 33,3</td>
                <td align="center">3 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">5 / 50,0</td>
                <td align="center">5 / 50,0</td>
                <td align="center">10 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">7 / 53,8</td>
                <td align="center">6 / 46,2</td>
                <td align="center">13 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">TOTAL</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">CDI</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">68 / 84,0</td>
                <td align="center">13 / 46,2</td>
                <td align="center">81 / 100</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">12 / 50,0</td>
                <td align="center">12 / 50,0</td>
                <td align="center">24 / 100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Total</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">N %</td>
                <td align="center">80 / 76,2</td>
                <td align="center">25 / 23,8</td>
                <td align="center">105 / 100</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto ao grupo classificado com o n&#237;vel IIa em 2011 e n&#237;vel III em 2014, de um total de 17 pacientes, 10 n&#227;o implantaram e 7 implantaram CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Dos 10 que n&#227;o colocaram CDI, 2 (20,0%) tiveram TV. Dos que implantaram, 3 (42,9%) tiveram disritmia ventricular no seguimento. Comparou-se a porcentagem de eventos nos dois grupos, sem e com CDI, e verificou-se que n&#227;o diferem de forma significativa (p = 0,59) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>No grupo classificado com o n&#237;vel IIa em 2011 e IIb em 2014, apesar de existir a indica&#231;&#227;o para a necessidade de implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, esse n&#227;o foi colocado em 7 pacientes, tendo sido implantado em 4. Tanto num grupo como no outro, todos os pacientes tiveram eventos disr&#237;tmicos (p = 1,00). Parece existir benef&#237;cio na implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI, mas a amostra &#233; pequena - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Relativamente aos pacientes classificados com o n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa segundo os dois documentos orientadores, ou seja, indica&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, do total de 13 pacientes, 3 n&#227;o implantaram e 10 receberam CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Dos 3 que n&#227;o colocaram CDI, 1 (33,3%) paciente teve TV durante o seguimento. Dos 10 que implantaram, em metade (50,0%) dos pacientes verificou-se a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos disr&#237;tmicos. Comparou-se a porcentagem de eventos nos dois grupos, sem e com CDI, e concluiu-se que n&#227;o diferem (p = 1,00) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>No total da popula&#231;&#227;o de 105 pacientes, tamb&#233;m se comparou a porcentagem de eventos entre os que implantaram e os que n&#227;o implantaram CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Desse modo, dos 81 pacientes que n&#227;o implantaram CDI verificamos a ocorr&#234;ncia de 13 (16,0%) eventos disr&#237;tmicos. No total de 24 pacientes que implantaram CDI, 12 (50,0%) apresentaram TV/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Comparou-se a porcentagem de eventos nos dois grupos, sem e com CDI, e concluiu-se que diferem de forma estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,001) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A nossa amostra do 'mundo real' de pacientes com MCH apresentou uma preval&#234;ncia de implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI de 22,6%. A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com MCH com indica&#231;&#227;o para CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria diminuiu de forma significativa ao comparar o documento orientador de 2011 e de 2014. Durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico, verificamos a presen&#231;a de disritmia ventricular complexa detectada em Holter e/ou CDI em alguns pacientes, sendo que desses apenas uma minoria tinha um escore de risco de MSC por MCH &gt; 6%. Na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, 1 paciente com escore &lt; 4%/5 anos faleceu devido a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Na literatura, em Portugal, ainda n&#227;o existem estudos publicados de outros centros com os quais possamos comparar os nossos dados e experi&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>O tratamento <italic>gold standard</italic> para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria de MSC em pacientes com MCH &#233; a implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI, que mostrou ser eficaz na interrup&#231;&#227;o de taquiarritmias ventriculares potencialmente letais, alterando a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A efic&#225;cia da terapia com esse tipo de dispositivo est&#225; consolidada desde 2000 e foi recentemente refor&#231;ada atrav&#233;s de uma meta-an&#225;lise, que examinou os resultados de 16 estudos publicados entre 1998 e 2012, relativamente &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es e complica&#231;&#245;es dos CDIs (em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de MSC em pacientes com MCH de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es ACCF/AHA 2011 foi eficaz na identifica&#231;&#227;o de muitos pacientes que poderiam vir a se beneficiar da terap&#234;utica com CDI. No entanto, &#233; evidente que esse m&#233;todo era incompleto e alguns pacientes sem os fatores de risco convencionais eram exclu&#237;dos e permaneciam em risco de MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Assim, surgiu a necessidade de se desenvolver novos marcadores de MSC para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Em 2013, um grupo de investigadores ingleses prop&#244;s um novo escore de risco de MSC por MCH em 5 anos. &#201; um modelo matem&#225;tico e complexo estatisticamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Este escore foi incorporado de forma c&#233;lere nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ESC publicadas em 2014 como m&#233;todo v&#225;lido e independente para sele&#231;&#227;o/exclus&#227;o de doentes para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo primordial de qualquer m&#233;todo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; a confian&#231;a na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que podem estar em maior risco de eventos e, por isso, s&#227;o candidatos &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de MSC. Importa desde j&#225; salientar que o novo modelo de risco de MSC incorporou arbitrariamente dois novos marcadores de risco (gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do VE e di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo) que previamente n&#227;o demonstraram ser preditores independentes de MSC por MCH e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o est&#227;o inclu&#237;dos como marcadores de risco para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos doentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste trabalho n&#227;o &#233; validar (ou invalidar) o escore de risco de MSC por MCH, mas caracterizar o desempenho cl&#237;nico desse modelo de forma individual numa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes portugueses com MCH.</p>
        <p>De notar que, com esta an&#225;lise verificamos que o modelo de risco parece ser pouco sens&#237;vel na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com elevado risco de eventos arr&#237;tmicos e MSC, que seriam candidatos pelos crit&#233;rios convencionais &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o profil&#225;tica de CDI. Por exemplo, na amostra apresentada, dos 28 pacientes com eventos disr&#237;tmicos complexos durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico de 6 anos, apenas 4,7% apresentavam um escore de risco &gt; 6%/5 anos, o que teria justificado a implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria desses pacientes apresentava escore &lt; 4%/5 anos, ou seja, sem indica&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento com CDI.</p>
        <p>Salienta-se que a MCH &#233; uma patologia complexa, com um espetro de achados histol&#243;gicos e manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas muito vari&#225;vel e imprevis&#237;vel, com uma porcentagem relativamente baixa de MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Portanto, intuitivamente n&#227;o seria expect&#225;vel que a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica individualizada para cada paciente pudesse ser apenas baseada numa f&#243;rmula matem&#225;tica complexa, que minimiza o julgamento cl&#237;nico fundamental perante um paciente com MCH.</p>
        <p>Sendo uma patologia de origem gen&#233;tica, &#233; poss&#237;vel que algumas muta&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas confiram maior risco de MSC. Contudo, h&#225; dificuldade em determinar uma correla&#231;&#227;o gen&#243;tipo/fen&#243;tipo consistente, o que explica a incapacidade de estabelecer um progn&#243;stico preciso com base em muta&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Desse modo, dada a inconsist&#234;ncia n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das como marcadores no atual modelo de risco.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, uma omiss&#227;o importante nesse modelo &#233; a presen&#231;a de realce tardio quantificado por RMC, que em v&#225;rios estudos tem demostrado ser um marcador independente de eventos arr&#237;tmicos adversos (TVNS, TV, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular) e MSC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> inclusive em pacientes sem os fatores de risco convencionais.</p>
        <p>Alguns indiv&#237;duos com MCH podem ainda desenvolver aneurismas apicais do VE, associados a cicatriza&#231;&#227;o local e maior propens&#227;o para arritmias potencialmente letais e MSC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> bem como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> e doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria ateroscler&#243;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> que n&#227;o s&#227;o contemplados no escore de risco de MSC. &#201; tamb&#233;m poss&#237;vel que alguma da inconsist&#234;ncia de previs&#227;o do novo modelo de risco esteja relacionada com a inclus&#227;o de vari&#225;veis como s&#237;ncope, TVNS, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e gradiente de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE (vari&#225;veis n&#227;o est&#225;ticas).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A estrat&#233;gia de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco convencional prioriza a preven&#231;&#227;o da MSC em pacientes com MCH <italic>versus</italic> implanta&#231;&#227;o excessiva de CDI. Pelo contr&#225;rio, o novo escore de risco parece identificar muitos pacientes de baixo risco, que n&#227;o s&#227;o candidatos &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI. H&#225; assim uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de dispositivos implantados, mas parece que &#224; custa de classificar erroneamente alguns pacientes de alto risco de eventos arr&#237;tmicos e MSC.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es pois &#233; baseado num &#250;nico centro, com um n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes e de eventos. No entanto, o c&#225;lculo do poder da amostra assegurou-nos que esse n&#250;mero de pacientes era suficiente para se poder tirar conclus&#245;es. Como em qualquer estudo retrospectivo fomos limitados pela informa&#231;&#227;o que se encontrava dispon&#237;vel nos prontu&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A MCH &#233; uma patologia complexa, com um espetro cl&#237;nico amplo e imprevis&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>De acordo com os nossos dados, o modelo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco atual parece diminuir a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o para CDI. Real&#231;a-se que a decis&#227;o baseada num modelo matem&#225;tico que minimiza o julgamento cl&#237;nico individual parece ser uma estrat&#233;gia pouco confi&#225;vel para identificar pacientes em risco de eventos por MCH.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Prote&#231;&#227;o de Dados (CNPD) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 6416/ 2018. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
