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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zf43nPqcSNchkvsrrzzs8Vb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000600512</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Diseases in Portuguese: The Importance of Preventive Medicine</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Lisboa</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">CCUL</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">CAML</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Lisboa</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, CAML, CCUL, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Lisboa</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Addres: Fausto J. Pinto.</bold> Cl&#237;nica Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, CAML, CCUL, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon - Portugal. email: <email>faustopinto@medicina.ulisboa.pt</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>512</fpage>
      <lpage>513</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapeutics / trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Community of Portuguese- Speaking Countries</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Because several CVD have sequelae that significantly impact the life of affected individuals, knowing the importance of those diseases, as well as their associated factors, is essential to develop preventive measures to reduce that impact.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The study published in this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> conducts an epidemiological assessment of CVD in Portuguese-speaking countries (PSC) from 1996 to 2016, being, in that context, unprecedented and relevant. Despite some limitations, always present in that type of study, the analysis has considerable merit and allows us to draw very important conclusions. That study assesses, from an innovative perspective, CVD in a set of countries scattered around the world, which share a common language and cultural base, but have totally distinct geographic locations. In that type of analysis, the impact of local aspects, such as sanitation structures, health policies, economic and political conditions, on the parameters assessed must be properly considered, and that study does it in a very elegant way. The authors clearly indicate that the relative importance of the burden of CVD differs in the different PSC, and they directly relate those differences to the socioeconomic conditions of the countries. Of the CVD, ischemic heart disease is the major cause of death in all PSC, except for Mozambique and Sao Tome and Principe. In addition, the authors report that the most relevant risk factors for CVD, arterial hypertension and dietary factors, are common in the PSC. Furthermore, they conclude that "Genetic factors, implicit in the cultural identity, the factors inherent in the host, as well as the huge social inequality might have contributed to explain the mortality rates observed." It is worth noting that the authors report the general reduction in mortality from CVD as a common denominator among all the PSC, although the intensity of that reduction differs in the countries.</p>
    <p>The introduction of several therapeutic strategies, such as drugs and medical devices, has determined a substantial reduction in mortality from CVD in general. In fact, the therapeutic and diagnostic advances in the cardiovascular field have contributed to an 80% increase in the life expectancy of the world population. That is an exceptional accomplishment. However, it is currently known that concomitantly with the decrease in mortality, several risk factors account for the increase in the prevalence of CVD. Arterial hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity and smoking habit have contributed to a general increase in the prevalence of CVD. It is worth noting that, despite the significant therapeutic advances, preventive measures, mainly the control of risk factors and promotion of healthy lifestyles, must be taken. Currently there is scientific evidence of the relationship between the implementation of preventive strategies and the corresponding reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> An example is the immediate impact of the enforcement of the smoke-free environment legislation on the incidence of acute myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The reduction in hospitalization rates has been accompanied by a significant reduction in mortality rates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> in the acute phase and during follow-up, reflecting the disseminated use of evidence-based treatments, such as reperfusion therapies and drugs to prevent the progression of ischemic heart disease. Some of those interventions protect against other manifestations of CVD, such as stroke.</p>
    <p>The study this editorial refers to confirms those aspects and emphasizes the need to develop preventive medicine policies, which have clearly shown great efficacy when properly implemented. In addition, it portrays, for the first time, a vast and robust set of data from countries that share several similarities, despite their specific features. The study should be properly disclosed to the sanitary authorities of the PSC to reinforce the need for measures to reduce the impact of CVD on those countries. Above all, it is an excellent example of cooperation that should be duly emphasized and replicated. I congratulate the authors and the Portuguese-speaking cardiology community.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article: Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology in Portuguese-Speaking Countries: data from the Global Burden of Disease, 1990 to 2016</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares em Portugu&#234;s: A Import&#226;ncia da Medicina Preventiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, CAML, CCUL, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fausto J. Pinto.</bold> Cl&#237;nica Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, CAML, CCUL, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa - Portugal. email: <email>faustopinto@medicina.ulisboa.pt</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Terap&#234;utica / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunidades dos Pa&#237;ses de L&#237;ngua Portuguesa</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) representam a principal causa de mortalidade e morbidade em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Muitas dessas patologias cardiovasculares deixam sequelas significativas com repercuss&#227;o maior na vida das pessoas afetadas, da&#237; a relev&#226;ncia de se conhecer bem a sua import&#226;ncia, bem como os fatores associados, de forma a desenvolver as medidas preventivas que permitam reduzir o seu impacto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O trabalho apresentado neste n&#250;mero dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> faz uma avalia&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica das DCV nos pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua oficial portuguesa (PLP) no per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2016, sendo, nesse sentido, absolutamente in&#233;dito e, como tal, muito relevante. Apesar de algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, sempre presentes em trabalhos desse g&#234;nero, &#233; um documento de grande m&#233;rito e que permite tirar conclus&#245;es muito interessantes. Desde logo, o fato de fazer uma an&#225;lise numa perspectiva diferente da habitual, incidindo num conjunto de pa&#237;ses dispersos pelo mundo, tendo a l&#237;ngua e uma base cultural comum, mas inseridos em pontos geogr&#225;ficos totalmente distintos. Naturalmente que, num estudo desse g&#234;nero, o impacto dos aspectos locais, como estruturas sanit&#225;rias, pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de, condi&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;mico-pol&#237;ticas, entre outras, nos resultados observados tem de ser devidamente enquadrado, o que &#233; feito com bastante eleg&#226;ncia nesse trabalho. Os autores concluem, de forma clara, que existem grandes diferen&#231;as na import&#226;ncia relativa da carga de DCV nos diferentes PLP e indicam que essas diferen&#231;as est&#227;o diretamente relacionadas com as condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas de determinado pa&#237;s. Entre as DCV, a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica coronariana &#233; a principal causa de morte em todos os PLP, com exce&#231;&#227;o de Mo&#231;ambique e S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe. Tamb&#233;m se conclui que os fatores de risco atribu&#237;veis mais relevantes para as DCV s&#227;o comuns entre os PLP, sendo eles a hipertens&#227;o arterial e os fatores diet&#233;ticos. Os autores tamb&#233;m concluem que "Possivelmente os fatores gen&#233;ticos, impl&#237;citos na identidade cultural, os fatores inerentes ao hospedeiro, bem como as enormes desigualdades sociais tenham contribu&#237;do para a explica&#231;&#227;o das mortalidades observadas". Um outro ponto a se real&#231;ar consiste na observa&#231;&#227;o de uma redu&#231;&#227;o generalizada de mortalidade por DCV, que, embora n&#227;o tendo a mesma intensidade em todos os pa&#237;ses, foi um denominador comum.</p>
      <p>A introdu&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas, quer com f&#225;rmacos, quer com dispositivos m&#233;dicos, tem permitido reduzir substancialmente a mortalidade das DCV, em geral. De fato, os avan&#231;os diagn&#243;sticos terap&#234;uticos na &#225;rea cardiovascular traduzem-se, hoje, numa contribui&#231;&#227;o de cerca de 80% no aumento de esperan&#231;a de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial. Trata-se, pois, de um feito excepcional. Contudo, sabe-se hoje em dia que, ao mesmo tempo que a mortalidade tem baixado, h&#225; v&#225;rios fatores de risco que s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo aumento da preval&#234;ncia das DCV. Hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes, dislipidemia, obesidade, tabagismo s&#227;o algumas das situa&#231;&#245;es que t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para um aumento generalizado da preval&#234;ncia das DCV. &#201;, pois, importante real&#231;ar que, apesar dos avan&#231;os terap&#234;uticos significativos, medidas preventivas devem ser urgentemente tomadas, nomeadamente no controle dos fatores de risco e na promo&#231;&#227;o de estilos de vida saud&#225;veis. Existe hoje em dia evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o e a correspondente redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Um exemplo disto &#233; o impacto imediato que a introdu&#231;&#227;o de legisla&#231;&#227;o de ambientes sem tabaco tem na incid&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A redu&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o tem sido acompanhada de redu&#231;&#245;es significativas nas taxas de mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> quer na fase aguda quer no <italic>follow-up</italic>, refletindo o uso disseminado de tratamentos baseados na evid&#234;ncia, como sejam terap&#234;uticas de reperfus&#227;o e f&#225;rmacos para prevenirem progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria. Muitas dessas interven&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m s&#227;o protetores contra outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es de DCV, tal como o acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
      <p>O trabalho mencionado vem, de certa forma, confirmar esses aspectos e refor&#231;ar a necessidade de pol&#237;ticas de medicina preventiva, que t&#234;m claramente demonstrado serem de grande efic&#225;cia quando implementadas de forma adequada. Vem tamb&#233;m trazer, pela primeira vez, um conjunto vasto e robusto de dados sobre um grupo de pa&#237;ses, que, embora com situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, tamb&#233;m partilham v&#225;rias similaridades. Esse documento deve ser devidamente divulgado junto das respectivas autoridades sanit&#225;rias, a fim de poder refor&#231;ar a implementa&#231;&#227;o das medidas necess&#225;rias para ajudar a reduzir o impacto das DCV nos respectivos pa&#237;ses. &#201;, acima de tudo, um excelente exemplo de coopera&#231;&#227;o que deve ser devidamente real&#231;ado e replicado. Parab&#233;ns aos seus autores, em particular, e &#224; comunidade cardiol&#243;gica de l&#237;ngua portuguesa, em geral.</p>
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      <fn-group>
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          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Epidemiologia das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares em Pa&#237;ses de L&#237;ngua Portuguesa: Dados do "Global Burden of Disease", 1990 a 2016</p>
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