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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vdPRshKbphYwcVDq6wqyvhR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000500490</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180070</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Surgical Epicardial CRT-D Implantation in a Patient with Complete Obstruction of the Superior Vena Cava</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Lima da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cortez-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Maria</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Lisboa</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gustavo Lima Sousa da Silva</bold>, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte. Av. Prof. Egas Moniz. 1649-035, Lisboa - Portugal. E-mail<email>: gustavolssilva@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva GL, Cortez-Dias N, Sousa J, Nobre A, Pinto FJ; Acquisition of data: Silva GL; Writing of the manuscript: Silva GL, Pinto FJ; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cortez-Dias N, Sousa J, Nobre A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>490</fpage>
      <lpage>492</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia, Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Vena Cava, Superior / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Current guidelines clearly define the subset of heart failure patients who benefit from device implantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Although first-time trans-venous device implantation has a high success rate, some patients present complex and challenging technical problems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>We present a case of a 73-year-old male patient admitted to our cardiology department for acute heart failure and two episodes of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic collapse. Eight years previously the patient was diagnosed with class NYHA II heart failure, non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy with 32% left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction and complete left bundle branch block. After optimized medical therapy, he underwent conventional CRT-D implantation through the left subclavian (SC) vein in another institution. Two years later defibrillator lead fracture was diagnosed. The lead was abandoned and another defibrillator lead was implanted through the right SC vein and further tunneled subcutaneously to reach the left-sided prepectoral pocket. The procedure was complicated with superior vena cava thrombosis and device infection and the patient underwent right defibrillator lead and generator extraction. The previously implanted right atrial lead, fractured defibrillator lead and LV pacing lead were abandoned. One year later the patient was diagnosed with complete heart block and was submitted to epicardial mono-chamber pacemaker (VVI-R) implantation with supra-peritoneal epigastrium pouch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) 12-lead ECG before epicardial CRT-D implantation: sinus P waves with dissociated right ventricular epicardial pacing; B) 12-lead ECG after epicardial CRT-D implantation: sequential atrial pacing and biventricular pacing. C) Chest x ray before epicardial CRT-D implantation: 1 Abandoned endocavitary right atrial lead; 2- Abandoned endocavitary right ventricular pacing/defibrillator lead; 3- Abandoned endocavitary left ventricular lead; 4 - Epicardial mono-chamber pacemaker generator; 5 - Epicardial mono-chamber pacemaker lead. D) Intra operatory situs after lead implantation: 1 - Epicardial right atrial lead; 2 - Epicardial right ventricular outflow tract lead; 3- Left ventricular lateral lead; 4- Epicardial anterior defibrillator patch; 5- Epicardial posterior defibrillator patch. E) Intra operatory situs showing lead tunneling to left sided pre pectoral pocket. F) Chest x ray after epicardial CRT-D implantation: 1 Abandoned endocavitary right atrial lead; 2 - Abandoned endocavitary right ventricular pacing/defibrillator lead; 3 - Abandoned endocavitary left ventricular lead; 4 - Epicardial right atrial lead; 5 - Epicardial right ventricular outflow tract lead; 6- Left ventricular lateral lead; 7 - Epicardial anterior defibrillator patch; 8 - Epicardial posterior defibrillator patch; 9 - Epicardial CRT-D generator. CRT-D: cardiac resynchronization and defibrillation; ECG: eletrocardiogram.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0490-80070-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>On admission at our department, 12 lead electrocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>) showed sinus P waves with dissociated right ventricular epicardial pacing (Vp). Device interrogation revealed 99% Vp. Echocardiographic evaluation showed a dilated LV with severely depressed ejection fraction (20%) due to diffuse hipokinesia. Coronary angiogram confirmed the absence of coronary disease. Venous angio computed tomography demonstrated complete obstruction of the superior vena cava drainage system and severe fibrosis around the abandoned leads.</p>
      <p>A surgical off-pump complete epicardial CRT-D implantation was decided. A median sternotomy was performed and complete epicardial CRT-D implantation was accomplished with a Starfish<sup>&#174;</sup> 2 heart positioner aid. The previously implanted epicardial mono-chamber pacemaker was extracted. A sutured bipolar lead [Capsure&#174; Epi 4968 (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA)] was placed in the lateral wall of the right atrium (RA) and two sutureless screw-in bipolar leads (MyoDex&#174; 1084T [St. Jude Medical Inc., Little Canada, Minnesota, USA]) were placed in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and lateral LV wall. Two defibrillator epicardial sutured patches were implanted in the anterior and posterior surface of the heart (Figure 1D). All these leads were then tunnelled to a left sided pre pectoral pocket and connected to the generator [Brava&#174; CRT-D (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA)] - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1E</xref>. Acute pacing parameters were excellent (RA - 1 mv/0,4 ms; RVOT - 2,5 mV/0,5 ms; LV - 2,5 mV/1,5 ms). Defibrillation testing was performed was performed at the time of implantation. Induced ventricular fibrillation was appropriately detected with successful defibrillation at 25J (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1F</xref>). The patient remained for 24 hours in the intensive care unit and was thereafter transferred to the cardiology ward where he remained for 7 days before discharge under optimized medical therapy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>There were three alternative percutaneous approaches to complete CRT-D implantation in the presented patient: 1) lead extraction and left sided implantation; 2) implantation through the inferior vena cava system;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> 3) sub-xiphoid epicardial implantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The Heart Team considered lead extraction unfeasible due to complete obstruction of the superior venous system and severe fibrosis around the abandoned leads. Implantation through the ileo-femoral vein and inferior vena cava system was considered high risk as it was the only venous draining site to the heart. Also, defibrillating vectors would be inadequate and the risk of lead dislodgement and infection high. Percutaneous sub-xiphoid epicardial access was considered unfeasible due to the presence of the previous epicardial pacemaker. In addition, supra-peritoneal generator placement would also produce inadequate defibrillating vectors.</p>
      <p>Epicardial pacing and defibrillator systems have long existed and defibrillator coils are though to offer better long-term outcomes than defibrillator patches due to the high rate of patch crinkling (36-54%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> This is associated with lead malfunction and chronic chest pain. However, access to epicardial defibrillator material is particularly difficult and in some countries only defibrillator patches are approved for epicardial usage.</p>
      <p>Complete epicardial CRT-D implantation has been described in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery for other reasons.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Minimally invasive surgery using a small thoracotomy or using video-assisted thoracoscopy with or without robotic assistance is well described for LV lead implantation when a percutaneous procedure fails.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A complete CRT-D has also been implanted using robotic assistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Since there is no surgical access to the RV and RA, the RV lead was placed on the anterior wall of the LV and the RA lead in the left atrial appendage. Also, it is not possible to implant a defibrillator patch using this technique, and its availability is scarce. Although there is no cost-effective data regarding minimally invasive LV lead surgical implantation, it is well known that robotic assisted mitral valve repair is associated with greater costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first report of a complete off-pump epicardial sequential atrial-biventricular resynchronization and patch defibrillation device implantation requiring a median sternotomy. To clarify the effectiveness and safety of this procedure, more cases and longer-term observation are mandatory.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Sharma</surname>
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              <surname>Zenati</surname>
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          <article-title>Robotic implantation of a multichamber cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
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              <surname>Colafranceschi</surname>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implanta&#231;&#227;o Cir&#250;rgica Epic&#225;rdica de TRC-D em um Paciente com Obstru&#231;&#227;o Completa da Veia Cava Superior</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Lima da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cortez-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo Lima Sousa da Silva</bold>, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte. Av. Prof. Egas Moniz. 1649-035, Lisboa - Portugal. E-mail: <email>gustavolssilva@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva GL, Cortez-Dias N, Sousa J, Nobre A, Pinto FJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva GL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:Silva GL, Pinto FJ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cortez-Dias N, Sousa J, Nobre A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Veia Cava Superior / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispositivos de Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As diretrizes atuais definem claramente o subconjunto de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que se beneficiam da implanta&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Embora a primeira implanta&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo transvenoso produza uma alta taxa de sucesso, alguns pacientes representam problemas t&#233;cnicos complexos e desafiadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Apresentamos um caso de paciente do sexo masculino de 73 anos admitido em nosso departamento de cardiologia por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda e dois epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica com colapso hemodin&#226;mico. Oito anos antes, o paciente foi diagnosticado com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de classe NYHA II, cardiomiopatia dilatada n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica com 32% de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo. Ap&#243;s terapia m&#233;dica otimizada, se submeteu a implanta&#231;&#227;o convencional de TRC-D atrav&#233;s da veia subcl&#225;via esquerda (SC) em outra institui&#231;&#227;o. Dois anos depois, foi diagnosticada falha do eletrodo do desfibrilador. O eletrodo foi abandonado e outro eletrodo desfibrilador foi implantado atrav&#233;s da veia SC direita e canalizado subcutaneamente para alcan&#231;ar o espa&#231;o retromamario do lado esquerdo. O procedimento foi complicado por trombose superior da veia cava e infec&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo e o paciente foi submetido &#224; extra&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo desfibrilador direito e do gerador. O eletrodo atrial direito previamente implantado, o eletrodo desfibrilador falhado e o estimulador do VE foram abandonados. Um ano depois, o paciente foi diagnosticado com bloqueio card&#237;aco completo e foi submetido a implanta&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo monoc&#226;mara epic&#225;rdico (VVI-R) com saco epig&#225;strico supra-peritoneal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1C</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o do TRC-D epic&#225;rdico: ondas P sinusais com estimula&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica ventricular direita dissociada; (B) ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s implanta&#231;&#227;o epitelial de TRC-D: estimula&#231;&#227;o auricular sequencial e estimula&#231;&#227;o bi-ventricular. (C) Raio X do t&#243;rax antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o do TRC-D epic&#225;rdico: 1 eletrodo auricular direito endocavit&#225;rio abandonado; 2- Estimulador ventricular direito endocavit&#225;rio/patch desfibrilador abandonados; 3- Eletrodo ventricular esquerdo endocavit&#225;rio abandonado; 4 - Gerador do marca-passo mono-c&#226;mara epic&#225;rdico; 5 - Eletrodo do marca-passo epic&#225;rdico mono-c&#226;mara. (D) Situa&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria ap&#243;s implante de eletrodo: 1- Eletrodo epic&#225;rdico auricular direito; 2 - Eletrodo epic&#225;rdico do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito; 3- Eletrodo lateral ventricular esquerdo; 4- Patch epic&#225;rdico desfibrilador anterior; 5- Patch epic&#225;rdico desfibrilador posterior (E) Situa&#231;&#227;o intra-operat&#243;ria que mostra a canaliza&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo no espa&#231;o retromamario do lado esquerdo. (F) Raio X do t&#243;rax ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o do TRC-D epic&#225;rdico: 1 Eletrodo endocavitario auricular direito abandonado; 2- Estimulador ventricular direito endocavit&#225;rio/patch desfibrilador abandonados; 3- Eletrodo ventricular esquerdo endocavit&#225;rio abandonado; 4- Eletrodo auricular direito epic&#225;rdico; 5 - Eletrodo epic&#225;rdico do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito; 6- Eletrodo lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; 7- Patch epic&#225;rdico desfibrilador anterior; 8- Patch epic&#225;rdico desfibrilador posterior; 9 - Gerador Epic&#225;rdico do TRC-D. TRC-D: ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0490-80070-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na admiss&#227;o no nosso departamento, o eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>) mostrou ondas sinusais P com estimula&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica ventricular direita dissociada (Vp). A an&#225;lise do dispositivo revelou 99% de Vp. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica mostrou VE dilatado com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o severamente deprimida (20%) devido &#224; hipocinesia difusa. O angiograma coron&#225;rio confirmou a aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana. A angiotomografia computadorizada demonstrou obstru&#231;&#227;o completa do sistema de drenagem superior da veia cava e fibrose grave ao redor dos eletrodos abandonados. Foi decidida a implanta&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de TRC-D epic&#225;rdico completo com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Foi feita uma esternotomia mediana e a implanta&#231;&#227;o de TRC-D epic&#225;rdico completo foi realizada com aux&#237;lio de posicionador card&#237;aco Starfish&#174; 2. O marca-passo epic&#225;rdico de monoc&#226;mara previamente implantado foi extra&#237;do. Um eletrodo bipolar suturado [Capsure&#174; Epi 4968 (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, EUA)] foi colocado na parede lateral do &#225;trio direito (AD) e dos eletrodos bipolares de rosca sem sutura (MyoDex&#174; 1084T [St. Jude Medical Inc., Little Canada, Minnesota, EUA]) foram colocados no trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (TSVD) e na parede lateral do VE. Implantaram-se dois patches desfibriladores epic&#225;rdicos suturados na cara anterior e posterior do cora&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1D</xref>). Todos estes eletrodos foram ent&#227;o canalizados para o espa&#231;o retromamario do lado esquerdo e conectados ao gerador [Brava&#174; TRC-D (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, EUA)] - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1E</xref>. Os par&#226;metros de estimula&#231;&#227;o aguda foram excelentes (RA - 1 mv/0,4 ms; RVOT - 2,5 mV/0,5 ms; LV -2,5 mV/1,5 ms). Foi realizado teste de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o no momento da implanta&#231;&#227;o. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular induzida foi apropriadamente detectada com desfibrila&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida em 25J (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">1F</xref>). O paciente permaneceu durante 24 horas na unidade de terapia intensiva e posteriormente foi transferido para a enfermaria de cardiologia, onde permaneceu por 7 dias antes da alta com terapia m&#233;dica otimizada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Houve tr&#234;s abordagens percut&#226;neas alternativas para a implanta&#231;&#227;o completa de TRC-D no paciente apresentado: 1) extra&#231;&#227;o de eletrodo e implanta&#231;&#227;o do lado esquerdo; 2) implanta&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do sistema de veia cava inferior;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> 3) implanta&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica sub-xifoide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A equipe m&#233;dica considerou invi&#225;vel a extra&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo devido &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o completa do sistema venoso superior e &#224; fibrose severa ao redor dos eletrodos abandonados. A implanta&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da veia &#237;leo-femoral e o sistema da veia cava inferior foi considerada de alto risco, pois era o &#250;nico local de drenagem venosa para o cora&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os vetores de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o seriam inadequados e o risco de deslocamento do eletrodo e de infec&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m seriam altos. O acesso epic&#225;rdico sub-xifoide percut&#226;neo foi considerado invi&#225;vel devido &#224; presen&#231;a do marca-passo epic&#225;rdico anterior. Al&#233;m disso, a coloca&#231;&#227;o do gerador supraperitoneal tamb&#233;m produziria vetores de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o inadequados. Os sistemas de marca-passos e desfibriladores epic&#225;rdicos tem existido por muito tempo e as bobinas desfibriladoras oferecem melhores resultados ao longo prazo que os patches desfibriladores devido &#224; alta taxa de arrugamento do patch (36-54%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Isso est&#225; associado ao mau funcionamento do eletrodo e dor tor&#225;cica cr&#244;nica. No entanto, o acesso ao material do desfibrilador epic&#225;rdico &#233; particularmente dif&#237;cil e, em alguns pa&#237;ses, apenas os patches de desfibriladores s&#227;o aprovados para uso epic&#225;rdico.</p>
        <p>A implanta&#231;&#227;o de TRC-D epic&#225;rdico completo foi descrita em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca extracorp&#243;rea por outras raz&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A cirurgia minimamente invasiva com uma toracotomia pequena ou a toracoscopia assistida por v&#237;deo com ou sem assist&#234;ncia rob&#243;tica est&#225; bem descrita para a implanta&#231;&#227;o de eletrodo de VE quando o procedimento percut&#226;neo falha.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Um TRC-D completo tamb&#233;m foi implantado usando assist&#234;ncia rob&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; acesso cir&#250;rgico ao VD e ao AD, o eletrodo do VD foi colocado na parede anterior do VE e o eletrodo do AD no ap&#234;ndice do &#225;trio esquerdo. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel implantar um patch desfibrilador usando esta t&#233;cnica, e sua disponibilidade &#233; escassa. Embora n&#227;o haja dados sobre custo-benef&#237;cio com rela&#231;&#227;o ao implante cir&#250;rgico de eletrodo minimamente invasivo de VE, &#233; sabido que o reparo da v&#225;lvula mitral assistido por rob&#244; est&#225; associado a custos maiores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>No nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro relat&#243;rio de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o auricular-bi-ventricular epic&#225;rdica sequencial completa com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e implanta&#231;&#227;o completa de patch desfibrilador epic&#225;rdico com esternotomia mediana. Para esclarecer a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a deste procedimento, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais casos e observa&#231;&#245;es a longo prazo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
