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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yzyRCDPjNfxYxjmJRSJBtvc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000500487</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180080</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Clinicoradiological Correlation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 3 / 2018 - Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries with Natural Progression to Severe Biventricular Dysfunction and No Associated Defects in a 51-Year Old Man</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Fidel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Ivanho&#233; S. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Edmar Atik</bold>, Private Office. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74, conj.73, Bela Vista. Postal Code 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>487</fpage>
      <lpage>489</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Congenitally Corrected Transposition of Great Arteries</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure, Cardiac Output, Low</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical data</title>
      <p>Dyspnea on exertion for two years, progressing to low cardiac output and syncope lately, treated with dobutamine and usual drugs for congestive heart disease (currently using furosemide 40 mg, spironolactone 25 mg and losartan 12.5 mg).</p>
      <p>Physical examination: Good general condition, eupneic, acyanotic, normal pulse rate in the four limbs. Weight: 70 Kg, Height: 160 cm, blood pressure (right arm): 90/60 mmHg, HR: 94 bpm.</p>
      <p>Precordium: Apex beat was not palpable, without systolic impulses. Low heart sounds, and low intensity heart murmur heard in the left lower sternal border. Liver was not palpable and lungs were clear.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Complementary tests</title>
      <p><bold>Electrocardiography</bold>: Sinus rhythm, conduction abnormality seen in the left branch with long QRS duration (169 ms; AQRS = 0&#186;), negative T-wave in I, aVL and V6 (AT = +155&#186;), biatrial overload, and enlarged, peaked p-wave (AP+77&#186;). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Electrocardiogram showing conduction abnormality in the left branch the, biatrial overload and T-wave orientation towards the left ventricle at right. Chest X-ray showing cardiomegaly with enlarged ventricle and left atrium. Four-chamber echocardiographic view showing enlarged right ventricle at left and deviation of the interventricular septum at right and enlarged left atrium.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0487-80080-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Chest radiography:</bold>Enlarged heart due to round-shaped left ventricular arch and double-density left atrium with elevation of left bronchus. Congestion of pulmonary vessels, enlarged descending aorta, dilation of mid-aortic arch. Cardiothoracic index 0.61 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p><bold>Echocardiography</bold>: Atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial discordance, intact atrioventricular conduction. Ventricular septum is bulging to the right. Marked tricuspid insufficiency to the left (tricuspid annulus = 36 mm) and dilated atriums. Systolic dysfunction and diffuse hypokinesis of hypokinesis of right ventricle, TAPSE = 0.7 CM. Significant left ventricular dysfunction (Figure 1).</p>
      <p><bold>Computed tomography coronary angiography</bold>: Left-dominant coronary circulation. The right ventricle was perfused by an arterial branch originating at the posterior sinus of Valsalva and bifurcating into posterior circumflex artery, ventricular artery and marginal artery. It was also perfused by the anterior ventricular artery, a coronary artery branch that arises from the anterior Valsalva sinus. Left ventricle was perfused at right by the artery that arises from anterior Valsalva sinus as a thin branch and travels towards the anterior surface (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Computed tomography angiography of coronary arteries showing the right and left anterior ventricular branch originating from the anterior sinus of Valsalva (B). Larger arteries, composed by the circumflex, posterior ventricular and marginal arteries, arise from the posterior sinus of Valsalva that perfuses the entire right ventricle at left (A and C).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0487-80080-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Holter</bold>: Sinus rhythm, with no arrhythmias.</p>
      <p><bold>Myocardial magnetic resonance imaging</bold>: Significant right and left ventricular dysfunction (EF = 29%; right ventricular end-systolic volume, RVESV = 154 mL/m<sup>2</sup> and EF = 36%; RVESV = 73 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively). Preserved right atrial function and enlarged left atrium. Delayed-enhancement in anterior and lower junction and in both ventricular outflow tracts. Significant tricuspid regurgitation.</p>
      <p><bold>Ergospirometry</bold>: Peak oxygen consumption of 16.4 ml/kg/min, 76% of peak VO2 (56% of peak VO2 predicted for age); respiratory compensation point was not reached. Slope VE/VCO2 of 31.</p>
      <p><bold>Clinical diagnosis:</bold> Corrected transposition of the great arteries with severe biventricular dysfunction and no associated defects.</p>
      <p><bold>Clinical reasoning:</bold> There were clinical evidence of corrected transposition of the great arteries, particularly a late ventricular dysfunction detected few years ago due to tiredness. This is corroborated by electrocardiographic signs, especially the orientation of ventricular repolarization characterized by orientation of the T-wave to the right. The diagnosis was well established by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. The late ventricular dysfunction was probably caused by relative coronary insufficiency caused by systemic right ventricular hypertrophy, despite good irrigation seen in computed tomography coronary angiography.</p>
      <p><bold>Differential diagnosis</bold>: In adult patients, all other causes of ventricular dysfunction may be considered, including ischemic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy of other causes.</p>
      <p><bold>Management</bold>: Heart transplantation was indicated due to significant biventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p><bold>Comments</bold>: Corrected transposition of the great arteries with no associated defects has an incidence of 10-15%. Both patients with natural progression of the disease and those who undergo surgical techniques for functional correction progress to different degrees of systemic right ventricular dysfunction in adult age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> It becomes even worse with advanced age and occurs in 50-80% of these cases. From eight more advanced age cases reported in the literature, five of them had congestive heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The congestive syndrome may be explained by relative coronary insufficiency related to the hypertrophied systemic right ventricle. In this regard, the decreased coronary flow has been well documented in the literature and recognized as a consequence of right ventricular dysfunction, and the main long-term sequela of this condition. Decreased coronary flow after vasodilation with adenosine, resulting in altered vasoreactivity and possible microcirculation was previously reported,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> which may explain the ventricular dysfunction. Therefore, the best option for these patients may be atrial and arterial anatomic repair by double switch operation in some stage of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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          <article-title>Comparison of systemic right ventricular function in transposition of the great arteries after atrial switch and congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries</article-title>
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        <mixed-citation>3 Placci A, Lovato L, Bonvicini M. Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in an 83-year-old asymptomatic patient: description and literature review. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Oct 21;2014. pii: bcr2014204228.</mixed-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>4 Hauser M, Meierhofer C, Schwaiger M, Vogt M, Kaemmerer H, Kuehn A. Myocardial blood flow in patients with transposition of the great arteries - risk factor for dysfunction of the morphologic systemic right ventricle late after atrial repair. Circ J. 2015;79(2):425-31.</mixed-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nico-radiogr&#225;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 3 / 2018 - Transposi&#231;&#227;o Corrigida das Grandes Art&#233;rias, sem Defeitos Associados, em Evolu&#231;&#227;o Natural com Disfun&#231;&#227;o Bi-Ventricular, em Homem de 51 Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Fidel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Ivanho&#233; S. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Edmar Atik</bold>, Consult&#243;rio privado. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74, conj.73, Bela Vista. CEP 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Transposi&#231;&#227;o Corrigida das Grandes Art&#233;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Baixo D&#233;bito Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Paciente evolui com dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os habituais h&#225; dois anos, com progress&#227;o a baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e s&#237;ncope recentes, tratado na ocasi&#227;o com dobutamina e drogas anticongestivas habituais. Em uso atual de furosemida 40 mg, espironolactona 25 mg e losartana 12,5 mg.</p>
        <p>Exame f&#237;sico: Bom estado geral, eupneico, acian&#243;tico, pulsos normais nos 4 membros. Peso: 70 Kgs, Alt.: 160 cm, PAMSD: 90 x 60 mm Hg, FC: 94 bpm.</p>
        <p>Prec&#243;rdio: <italic>Ictus cordis</italic> n&#227;o palpado, sem impuls&#245;es sist&#243;licas. Bulhas card&#237;acas hipofon&#233;ticas, sopro sist&#243;lico discreto em borda esternal esquerda. F&#237;gado n&#227;o palpado e pulm&#245;es limpos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames Complementares</title>
        <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma:</bold> Ritmo sinusal, dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo esquerdo, com QRS largo de 169 ms (AQRS= 0&#176;), onda T negativa em I, aVL e V6 (AT = +155&#176;), sobrecarga bi-atrial, onda P apiculada e alargada (AP = +77&#176;) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Eletrocardiograma mostra o dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo esquerdo al&#233;m da sobrecarga bi-atrial e da orienta&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da onda T para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#224; direita. Radiografia de t&#243;rax com cardiomegalia &#224; custa do arco ventricular e do &#225;trio esquerdo. Ecocardiograma em proje&#231;&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras com aumento acentuado do ventr&#237;culo direito &#224; esquerda, desvio do septo interventricular para &#224; direita e aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0487-80080-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax:</bold> Aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca a custa do arco ventricular esquerdo arredondado e do &#225;trio esquerdo em duplo contorno, com eleva&#231;&#227;o do br&#244;nquio esquerdo. Trama vascular pulmonar congesta, aumento da aorta descendente, arco m&#233;dio dilatado. &#205;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico de 0,61. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
        <p><bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>: Conex&#245;es &#225;trio ventricular e ventr&#237;culo arterial discordantes, septos atrioventriculares &#237;ntegros. O septo ventricular est&#225; abaulado para a direita. Insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide acentuada &#224; esquerda (anel tric&#250;spide = 36 mm). &#193;trios acentuadamente dilatados. Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica com hipocinesia difusa do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), TAPSE = 0,7 cm. Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com disfun&#231;&#227;o acentuada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p><bold>Angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias</bold>: Circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria com domin&#226;ncia &#224; esquerda. A irriga&#231;&#227;o do VD &#224; esquerda se origina do tronco arterial que nasce do seio de Valsalva posterior, do qual se bifurca nas art&#233;rias circunflexa, ventricular posterior e marginal. H&#225; ainda irriga&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito pela art&#233;ria ventricular anterior, ramo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria que nasce do seio de Valsalva anterior. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#224; direita &#233; irrigado pela art&#233;ria que nasce do seio de Valsalva anterior em ramo fino que se dirige para a sua face anterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Angiotomografia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias mostra os ramos ventricular anterior, direito e esquerdo, que nascem do seio de Valsalva anterior, em B. Do seio de Valsalva posterior nascem as art&#233;rias mais volumosas que irrigam plenamente o ventr&#237;culo direito &#224; esquerda (A e C), compostas pela art&#233;ria circunflexa e ventricular posterior, al&#233;m da marginal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0487-80080-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Holter:</bold> Ritmo sinusal, sem arritmias.</p>
        <p><bold>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Nuclear do mioc&#225;rdio:</bold> Disfun&#231;&#227;o importante do ventr&#237;culo direito (FE = 29%), VDFVD = 154 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, assim como do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FE = 36%), VDFVE = 73 ml/m<sup>2</sup>. &#193;trio direito preservado e &#225;trio esquerdo com aumento acentuado. Realce tardio juncional anterior e inferior e nas vias de sa&#237;da dos ventr&#237;culos. Regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide acentuada.</p>
        <p><bold>Ergoespirometria</bold>: Consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio de 16,4 ml/kg/min, 76% do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo atingido (56% do predito para idade), ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria n&#227;o foi atingida. <italic>Slope</italic> VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> de 31.</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico Cl&#237;nico:</bold> Transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida das grandes art&#233;rias, sem defeitos associados, em disfun&#231;&#227;o acentuada biventricular.</p>
        <p><bold>Racioc&#237;nio Cl&#237;nico:</bold> Havia elementos cl&#237;nicos de orienta&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida das grandes art&#233;rias, salientando-se a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular tardia, verificada h&#225; poucos anos por cansa&#231;o. Al&#233;m disso, foram identificados elementos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, principalmente a partir da orienta&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, com eixo el&#233;trico da onda T orientado para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#224; direita. O diagn&#243;stico foi bem estabelecido pela ecocardiografia e resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica. A prov&#225;vel causa da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular tardia &#233; a insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria relativa do ventr&#237;culo direito hipertr&#243;fico e sist&#234;mico, apesar da boa irriga&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria verificada pela angiotomografia.</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial:</bold> Em paciente adulto, evocam-se todas as outras causas de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, como miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e miocardiopatia dilatada de v&#225;rias outras origens.</p>
        <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> Em face da disfun&#231;&#227;o bi-ventricular acentuada, houve indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p><bold>Coment&#225;rios:</bold> A transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida das grandes art&#233;rias, sem defeitos associados, ocorre entre 10 a 15%. Pacientes em evolu&#231;&#227;o natural e aqueles operados sob as t&#233;cnicas funcionais evoluem na idade adulta para graus variados de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito sist&#234;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Ela &#233; progressiva com a idade mais avan&#231;ada e ocorre em cerca de 50 a 80% destes casos. Dos oito pacientes de maior idade publicados na literatura, cinco deles apresentavam-se com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A s&#237;ndrome congestiva pode ser explicada pela insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria relativa relacionada ao ventr&#237;culo direito sist&#234;mico e hipertr&#243;fico. Neste aspecto, o fluxo coron&#225;rio diminu&#237;do foi bem demonstrado na literatura e reconhecido como consequ&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, tornando-se a sequela principal da anomalia a longo prazo. A diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coron&#225;rio ap&#243;s vasodilata&#231;&#227;o com adenosina, resultando em vasoreatividade alterada e poss&#237;veis mudan&#231;as na microcircula&#231;&#227;o, pode explicar a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Assim, a melhor op&#231;&#227;o para esses pacientes tende ser a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica pelo duplo <italic>switch</italic>, atrial e arterial, em algum est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
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