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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JWZtkCGfnVySkTzxkZLgpGg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000500484</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180075</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Paradoxical Aortic Stenosis: Simplifying the Diagnostic Process</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emer Egypto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Sergio de Santis Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vitor Emer Egypto Rosa</bold>, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira Cesar - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>vitoremer@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rosa VEE, Fernandes JRC, Lopes ASSA, Sampaio RO, Tarasoutchi F</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>484</fpage>
      <lpage>486</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Severe aortic stenosis (AS) is defined as a significant reduction of the aortic valve area (aortic valve area [AVA] &#8804; 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup>) associated with evidence of left ventricular hypertrophic response (aortic jet velocity &gt; 4 m/s or mean gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta &gt; 40 mmHg).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup>3 However, as Minners et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> have demonstrated, inconsistencies in echocardiographic measurements are extremely frequent in daily clinical practice. In about 30% of the cases evaluated by AS, we found AVA &#8804; 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup>, indicative of severe AS, with a mean gradient &lt; 40 mmHg, suggestive of moderate AS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> This dissociation makes it difficult to establish an adequate and definitive diagnosis to the patient with AS, fundamental point in the therapeutic decision making. If, on the one hand, patients with moderate AS do not benefit from valve intervention, those with severe AS require surgical aortic valve replacement or a transcatheter aortic bioprosthesis implant, especially if they are symptomatic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In 2007, Hachicha et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> in a pioneering work, defined such patients as having "paradoxical AS" (or low-flow, low-gradient AS with preserved ejection fraction). These patients present a pathophysiology similar to that of diastolic heart failure, with hypertrophy and left ventricular compliance reduction, leading to a "low-flow" state, defined by an ejected volume (stroke volume) of &lt; 35 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (stroke volume = Diastolic Volume - Systolic Volume / Body Surface).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Another important contribution of Hachicha et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>, corroborated by some subsequent studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> was the demonstration of a better survival of symptomatic patients with paradoxical AS after valve intervention when compared to clinical treatment. However, patients with paradoxical AS, despite being benefited by valve intervention, present higher surgical mortality when compared with patients with classic AS (mean gradient &gt; 40mmHg).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this paper, we propose an algorithm to facilitate the diagnostic confirmation of paradoxical AS. In three steps, we perform the Recognition of Paradoxical AS, Measurement Error Evaluation and Pathophysiological Confirmation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>):</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Algorithm proposed for the diagnosis of paradoxical aortic stenosis. * In patients with BMI above 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, we must use 0.5 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> value as reference for iAVA. AS: aortic stenosis; AVA: aortic valve area; Vel: jet velocity; Grad: gradient; EF: ejection fraction; iAVA: indexed aortic valve area; sBP: systolic blood pressure; CT: computed tomography.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0484-80075-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>1. Recognition of Paradoxical AS: this step is the first and most important. The delay in the diagnosis of paradoxical AS causes delayed intervention, leading to an increase in mortality. The classification of "moderate to severe" or even "moderately-severe" valvulopathy is not described in any of the current guidelines and impairs clinical reasoning.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> For this reason, patients with AVA &#8804; 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup>, jet velocity &lt; 4 m/s or mean gradient &lt; 40 mmHg and ejection fraction &gt; 50% should be classified as having paradoxical AS or low-flow, low-gradient AS with preserved ejection fraction.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>2. Evaluation of Measurement Errors: In this stage, we must identify eventual measurement errors that justify an underestimated gradient or AVA. The echocardiographer should be aware of the correct alignment of the Doppler continuous wave for velocity and gradient measurement, avoiding underestimating these measurements. Another orientation is to avoid AVA measurement by continuity equation and using whenever possible measurement by planimetry. AVA measurement by continuity equation may underestimate AVA, since such measurement takes into account left ventricular outflow tract area calculation (VSVE) (AVA = area of VSVE x VTI of VSVE/VTI of aortic valve; where VTI is time-velocity integral). The VSVE dimension is usually measured with a 2D echocardiogram, assuming that the VSVE is circular. However, such a structure can often be elliptical, causing measurement errors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> 3D echocardiogram is a promising test for more accurate evaluation of VSVE and AVA by planimetry, however, specific studies for the population with paradoxical AS are necessary for its routine indication. Two points are extremely important for the clinical cardiologist. First, in patients with small corporeal surface, a reduced AVA may correspond to moderate AS. In this way we must always index AVA by the corporeal surface (iAVA), being that an iAVA &#8804; 0.6 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> suggests important AS. In obese patients (BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) we must assume a lower cut-off value (&lt; 0.5 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>) so as not to overestimate the anatomical severity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The second data that should be evaluated is systolic blood pressure in gradient measurement moment, which should be less than 140 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Higher pressures contribute to underestimating the mean gradient and generate an increase in the valvulo-arterial impedance, a measure that estimates the ventricular afterload added to arterial and valvular overload ventricle, and it is also associated with mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In summary, the clinical cardiologist should remember to index the AVA and make sure that the systolic blood pressure was &lt; 140 mmHg at the time of gradient measurement, while the echocardiographer should be attentive to errors in gradient measurement and measure the AVA by the planimetry.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>3. Pathophysiology Confirmation: Finally, we must confirm the pathophysiology of AS and low-flow, low-gradient. In developed countries, the main etiology of AS is degenerative, also known as calcific. Valvular calcification correlates with anatomic severity and values greater than 1650 AU, verified by computed tomography, suggest anatomically severe AS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, females may present the same anatomic severity as men, but with lower values of calcification, being advised to apply differentiated cutoff values for female patients (&gt; 1200 AU).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Pathophysiology of low flow should be confirmed by stroke volume calculation, as previously described. In order to justify low gradient in a patient with severe AS, he must necessarily present a small cavity with stroke volume &lt; 35 ml/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </p>
    <p>Thus, through this 3 steps algorithm, we help in the recognition of paradoxical AS anatomical severity, facilitating the clinician to identify the ideal moment for intervention in this difficult diagnosis entity.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estenose A&#243;rtica Paradoxal: Simplificando o Processo Diagn&#243;stico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emer Egypto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Sergio de Santis Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vitor Emer Egypto Rosa</bold>, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira Cesar - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>vitoremer@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rosa VEE, Fernandes JRC, Lopes ASSA, Sampaio RO, Tarasoutchi F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Define-se estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo) importante como uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da &#225;rea valvar (&#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica [AVA] &#8804; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup>) associada &#224; evid&#234;ncia de resposta hipertr&#243;fica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (velocidade de jato a&#243;rtico &gt; 4 m/s ou gradiente m&#233;dio entre ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e aorta &gt; 40 mmHg).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entretanto, como demonstrado por Minners et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> &#233; extremamente frequente encontrarmos, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, inconsist&#234;ncias nas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Em cerca de 30% dos casos avaliados por EAo, encontramos AVA &#8804; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup>, indicativa de EAo importante, com gradiente m&#233;dio &lt; 40 mmHg, sugestivo de EAo moderada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Esta dissocia&#231;&#227;o dificulta o estabelecimento do diagn&#243;stico adequado e definitivo do paciente com EAo, ponto fundamental na tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Se, por um lado, pacientes com EAo moderada n&#227;o se beneficiam com interven&#231;&#227;o valvar, aqueles com EAo importante necessitam de troca valvar a&#243;rtica cir&#250;rgica ou implante transcateter de biopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica, especialmente se sintom&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em 2007, Hachicha et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> em um trabalho pioneiro, definiram tais pacientes como portadores de &#8220;EAo paradoxal&#8221; (ou EAo baixo-fluxo baixo-gradiente com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada). Estes pacientes apresentam uma fisiopatologia semelhante a da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica, com hipertrofia e redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, levando a um estado de &#8220;baixo-fluxo&#8221;, definido por um volume ejetado (<italic>stroke volume</italic>) &lt; 35 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (Volume Ejetado = Volume Diast&#243;lico - Volume Sist&#243;lico / Superf&#237;cie Corp&#243;rea).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Outra importante contribui&#231;&#227;o de Hachicha e cols<sup>5</sup>, corroborada por alguns estudos subsequentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> foi a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de uma melhor sobrevida dos pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com EAo paradoxal ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o valvar, quando comparado com tratamento cl&#237;nico. Todavia, pacientes com EAo paradoxal, apesar de serem beneficiados pela interven&#231;&#227;o valvar, apresentam maior mortalidade cir&#250;rgica quando comparados com pacientes portadores de EAo cl&#225;ssica (gradiente m&#233;dio &gt; 40 mmHg).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Neste documento, propomos um algoritmo para facilitar a confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da EAo paradoxal. Em tr&#234;s passos, fazemos o Reconhecimento da EAo Paradoxal, a Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Erros de Medida e a Confirma&#231;&#227;o Fisiopatol&#243;gica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>):</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Algoritmo proposto para diagn&#243;stico da estenose a&#243;rtica paradoxal. * Em paciente com IMC acima de 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, devemos utilizar o valor de 0,5 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> como refer&#234;ncia para AVAi. EAo: estenose a&#243;rtica; AVA: &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica; Vel: velocidade de jato; Grad: gradiente; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; AVAi: &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica indexada; PAs: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; TC: tomografia computadorizada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0484-80075-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>1. Reconhecimento da EAo Paradoxal: este passo &#233; o primeiro e mais importante. O atraso no diagn&#243;stico da EAo paradoxal provoca retardo na interven&#231;&#227;o, acarretando um aumento na mortalidade. A classifica&#231;&#227;o de valvopatia &#8220;moderada &#224; importante&#8221; ou at&#233; mesmo &#8220;moderadamente-importante&#8221; n&#227;o &#233; descrita em nenhuma das diretrizes atuais e atrapalha o racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Por esse motivo, pacientes com AVA &#8804; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup>, velocidade de jato &lt; 4 m/s ou gradiente m&#233;dio &lt; 40 mmHg e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50% devem ser classificados como portadores de EAo paradoxal ou EAo baixo-fluxo baixo-gradiente com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>2. Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Erros de Medida: Nesta etapa devemos identificar eventuais erros de medida que justificariam um gradiente ou uma AVA subestimados. O ecocardiografista deve atentar-se para o correto alinhamento da onda cont&#237;nua do Doppler para a aferi&#231;&#227;o da velocidade e gradiente, evitando subestimar essas medidas. Outra orienta&#231;&#227;o &#233; evitar a medida da AVA pela equa&#231;&#227;o de continuidade e utilizar uando poss&#237;vel a medida pela planimetria. A aferi&#231;&#227;o da AVA pela equa&#231;&#227;o de continuidade pode subestimar a AVA, pois tal medida leva em conta o c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) (AVA = &#225;rea da VSVE x VTI da VSVE / VTI da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; onde VTI &#233; a integral tempo-velocidade). A dimens&#227;o da VSVE &#233; usualmente medida com ecocardiograma 2D, assumindo-se que a VSVE &#233; circular. Entretanto, tal estrutura em muitas ocasi&#245;es pode ser el&#237;ptica, causando erros de medida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O ecocardiograma 3D &#233; exame promissor para avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da VSVE e AVA pela planimetria, entretanto estudos espec&#237;ficos para a popula&#231;&#227;o com EAo paradoxal s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para sua indica&#231;&#227;o rotineira. Para o cardiologista cl&#237;nico, dois pontos t&#234;m extrema relev&#226;ncia. Em primeiro lugar, em pacientes com superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea pequena, uma AVA reduzida pode corresponder a EAo moderada. Dessa maneira devemos sempre indexar a AVA pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (AVAi), sendo que uma AVAi &#8804; 0,6 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> sugere EAo importante. J&#225; em pacientes obesos (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) devemos assumir um valor de corte menor (&lt; 0,5 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>) para n&#227;o hiperestimar a gravidade anat&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O segundo dado que deve ser avaliado &#233; a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no momento da medida do gradiente, a qual deve ser menor que 140 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Press&#245;es mais elevadas contribuem para subestimar o gradiente m&#233;dio e geram um incremento na imped&#226;ncia v&#225;lvulo-arterial, medida que estima a p&#243;s-carga ventricular somada a sobrecarga arterial e valvar ao ventr&#237;culo, e tamb&#233;m &#233; associada a mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em suma, o cardiologista cl&#237;nico deve lembrar-se de indexar a AVA e certificar-se que a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica estava &lt; 140 mmHg no momento da medida do gradiente, enquanto o ecocardiografista deve atentar-se aos erros na medida do gradiente e aferir a AVA pela planimetria.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>3. Confirma&#231;&#227;o da Fisiopatologia: Por fim, devemos confirmar a fisiopatologia da EAo e do baixo-fluxo/baixo-gradiente. Nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, a principal etiologia da EAo &#233; degenerativa, tamb&#233;m conhecida como calc&#237;fica. Assim como sugere o nome, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade anat&#244;mica e valores maiores que 1650 AU, verificados pela tomografia computadorizada, sugerem EAo anatomicamente importante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Contudo, mulheres podem apresentar a mesma gravidade anat&#244;mica do que homens, por&#233;m com menores valores de calcifica&#231;&#227;o, sendo aconselhado aplicar valores de corte diferenciados para pacientes do sexo feminino (&gt; 1200 AU).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> J&#225; a fisiopatologia do baixo-fluxo deve ser confirmada com o c&#225;lculo do volume ejetado, como descrito anteriormente. Para justificarmos o gradiente baixo em um paciente com EAo importante, este deve obrigatoriamente apresentar cavidade pequena com volume ejetado &lt; 35 ml/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>Deste modo, atrav&#233;s desse algoritmo com 3 passos, auxiliamos no reconhecimento da gravidade anat&#244;mica da EAo paradoxal, facilitando o cl&#237;nico identificar o momento ideal para interven&#231;&#227;o desta entidade de dif&#237;cil diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
