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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YnDSHyNtCWCNyGbYm9qcq5v</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000500467</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005003105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180039</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Safety and Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise Training Associated to Non-Invasive Ventilation in Patients with Acute Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mayron F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rita C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Artz</surname>
            <given-names>Suellen A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendez</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa M. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lobo</surname>
            <given-names>Denise M. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Edileide B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Almir S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Umeda</surname>
            <given-names>Iracema I. K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sperandio</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Fortaleza</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Fortaleza</city>
          <state>CE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR) - Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Fortaleza</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Metropolitana da Grande Fortaleza</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Fortaleza</city>
          <state>CE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Metropolitana da Grande Fortaleza (FAMETRO), Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Faculdade Metropolitana da Grande Fortaleza</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mayron Faria Oliveira</bold>, Avenida Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-180, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mayronfaria@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira MF, Ferreira VM, Umeda IIK, Sperandio PA; Acquisition of data: Oliveira MF, Santos RC, Artz SA, Correia EB, Ferraz AS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira MF, Santos RC, Artz SA, Ferreira VM, Lobo DML, Correia EB, Ferraz AS, Umeda IIK, Sperandio PA; Statistical analysis: Oliveira MF, Lobo DML; Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira MF, Santos RC, Artz SA, Ferreira VM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lobo DML, Correia EB, Ferraz AS, Umeda IIK, Sperandio PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>467</fpage>
      <lpage>475</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Exercise training (ET) improves functional capacity in chronic heart failure (HF). However, ET effects in acute HF are unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the effects of ET alone or combined with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) compared with standard medical treatment during hospitalization in acute HF patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Twenty-nine patients (systolic HF) were randomized into three groups: control (Control - only standard medical treatment); ET with placebo NIV (ET+Sham) and ET+NIV (NIV with 14 and 8 cmH<sub>2</sub>O of inspiratory and expiratory pressure, respectively). The 6MWT was performed on day 1 and day 10 of hospitalization and the ET was performed on an unloaded cycle ergometer until patients' tolerance limit (20 min or less) for eight consecutive days. For all analyses, statistical significance was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>None of the patients in either exercise groups had adverse events or required exercise interruption. The 6MWT distance was greater in ET+NIV (&#916;120 &#177; 72 m) than in ET+Sham (&#916;73 &#177; 26 m) and Control (&#916;45 &#177; 32 m; p &lt; 0.05). Total exercise time was greater (128 &#177; 10 vs. 92 &#177; 8 min; p &lt; 0.05) and dyspnea was lower (3 &#177; 1 vs. 4 &#177; 1; p &lt; 0.05) in ET+NIV than ET+Sham. The ET+NIV group had a shorter hospital stay (17 &#177; 10 days) than ET+Sham (23 &#177; 8 days) and Control (39 &#177; 15 days) groups (p &lt; 0.05). Total exercise time in ET+Sham and ET+NIV had significant correlation with length of hospital stay (r = -0.75; p = 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Exercise training in acute HF was safe, had no adverse events and, when combined with NIV, improved 6MWT and reduce dyspnea and length of stay.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Non-Invasive Ventilation</kwd>
        <kwd>Physiotherapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome characterized by reduced left ventricular function, skeletal myopathy and exercise intolerance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Previous studies have shown evidences that exercise training (ET) can be an effective non-pharmacological intervention for patients with chronic HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, periods of acute/decompensated HF may occur, which represent the most frequent cause of hospitalization,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> leading to long periods of bed rest and sarcopenia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and, consequently, complications during hospitalization.</p>
      <p>Acute HF patients show worsening pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, increased respiratory effort, exercise intolerance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and frequently, decreased alveolar ventilation, which results in blood shunting and hypoxemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In this context, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been widely used in acute HF cases to reduce dyspnea and improve oxygenation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, patients with chronic HF have displayed a progressive reduction in functional capacity and decreased exercise tolerance compared to healthy individuals, due to both cardiac disease and peripheral factors (endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and increased neurohormonal activation).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Moreover, it has been already demonstrated that exercise with NIV in chronic HF increases exercise tolerance and reduces dyspnea and leg effort.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that early exercise after admission can benefit critical patients in the intensive care unit<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> These studies showed a reduction in length of stay and rehospitalization, as well as improved quality of life. However, ET in acute HF patients has been contraindicated and there have been no studies to evaluate the effects of cardiac rehabilitation on acute/decompensated HF. Thus, despite extensively documented evidence regarding the benefits of exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and NIV combined with exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> in chronic HF patients, the safety and effectiveness of aerobic ET in acute HF patients remains unknown.</p>
      <p>Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate in acute/decompensated HF patients, (i) the safety of in-hospital aerobic ET; and (ii) the effectiveness of aerobic ET combined with NIV during hospitalization in patients with acute HF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a controlled, prospective and randomized study. A convenience sample of 29 patients was recruited from the acute HF ward of a cardiology hospital. These patients had an established diagnosis of acute HF and a previous Doppler echocardiography with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 30%. All of them were in NYHA class IV.</p>
      <p>Patients were excluded from the study if they had unstable angina, complex cardiac arrhythmias, pacemaker, cardiac resynchronization therapy or left ventricular assist device, myocardial infarction within the previous 12 months, oxyhemoglobin saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO<sub>2</sub>) at rest &lt;88% without oxygen supplementation, or acute pulmonary edema with clinical indications for mechanical ventilation. In addition, patients with clinical indication of NIV besides the proposed by this protocol were excluded.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study protocol</title>
        <p>All of the subjects underwent an individualized clinical evaluation after hospital admission on day 1 (D1) by the cardiologist and physiotherapist involved in the study. Pulmonary function tests (spirometry), blood sample (brain natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP] and high sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]), six-minute walk test (6MWT), and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) test were performed. </p>
        <p>All patients received standard medical treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and after clinical and laboratorial tests they were randomized into three groups: ET+NIV, ET+Sham and Control. We decided to include a placebo NIV group to test the hypothesis that exercise alone (ET+Sham) or exercise associated to NIV (ET+NIV) were better than conventional treatment (Control group) in acute heart failure patients.</p>
        <p>The ET+NIV group performed aerobic ET associated with NIV once a day, for 8 consecutive days; and the ET+Sham group performed aerobic exercise with placebo NIV once a day, also for 8 consecutive days. The control group (Control) received only medical treatment and did not perform aerobic exercise training.</p>
        <p>At D10 all patients underwent the same clinical evaluation as D1. After the protocol, all patients continued receiving only medical treatment, and were followed-up until hospital discharge or transfer to the intensive care unit. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise protocol</title>
        <p>The ET+NIV and ET+Sham groups performed aerobic exercise on an unloaded in-bed cycle ergometer (Cajumoro, Brazil) for 20 minutes or less, until limit of tolerance. The exercise groups were blinded to pressure applied to NIV or Sham. SpO<sub>2</sub> (Nonin<sup>&#174;</sup> Medical, USA) and heart rate (HR) were continuously measured with a heart rate monitor (Polar<sup>&#174;</sup> RS800, Finland). Systolic and diastolic arterial pressures (SAP and DAP) were obtained by the auscultatory method (Unilec<sup>TM</sup> sphygmomanometer and Littmann Quality stethoscope; USA). Blood lactate (Accutrend Plus<sup>&#174;</sup>, Germany) was collected during the exercise protocol, at rest, every two minutes, and at the end of exercise. The patients were asked to rate their "shortness of breath" at exercise cessation by the 0-10 Borg's category ratio scale.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation</title>
        <p>Noninvasive ventilation was delivered using the bi-level ventilator (BiPAP Vision<sup>&#174;</sup>; Respironics, USA), applied via oronasal mask in two conditions: bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation - inspiratory positive airway pressure: 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, and expiratory positive airway pressure: 8 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, without supplementary oxygen (FiO<sub>2</sub> 0.21) and sham ventilation - inspiratory positive airway pressure: 4 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, and expiratory positive airway pressure: 4 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, without supplementary oxygen (FiO<sub>2</sub> 0.21).</p>
        <p>The pressure values were selected based on previous evidence that an inspiratory positive pressure range of 8-20 cmH<sub>2</sub>O and a positive end-expiratory pressure range of 4-10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O were associated with positive clinical effects in a population with similar levels of acute HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The inspiratory positive pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure values in the sham NIV were set to minimum value (4 cmH<sub>2</sub>O), since the BiPAP Vision cannot be reduced below 4 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. Those values in sham NIV were able to overcome the resistance imposed by the ventilator circuit (as directed by the manufacturer) and to ensure that patients remained blinded to the intervention being applied.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pulmonary function test and maximal inspiratory pressure</title>
        <p>Spirometric tests were performed, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV<sub>1</sub>), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC ratio were measured (EasyOne<sup>&#174;</sup> Plus Diagnostic spirometer, Switzerland). </p>
        <p>MIP was measured with a digital manometer (MVD-300<sup>&#174;</sup> V.1.1 Microhard System; Globalmed, Brazil). Patients were instructed to perform a maximum inspiration from residual volume; each patient performed five maximum inspirations with differences smaller than 10% between them, and the highest result was used for the analysis. Therefore, all results were compared to predicted values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Six-minute walk test</title>
        <p>The 6MWT was performed on a 30-m flat corridor, according to the American Thoracic Society.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Blood pressure, HR, and SpO<sub>2</sub> were measured, and the modified dyspnea Borg scale was applied. All measurements were performed before and immediately after completion of the tests, and after a two-minute recovery period. HR and SpO<sub>2</sub> were monitored throughout the test (Nonin<sup>TM</sup> portable oximeter - USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was carried out with the SPSS software (version 20.0, SPSS Inc., USA). Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or as median and interquartile range, as appropriate, and categorical data are expressed as frequency (n and %). The normality of data distribution was determined by Shapiro-Wilk test. The chi-square test was used to assess differences between categorical data, and repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni corrections were used for multiple comparisons. Pearson's correlation was used for parametric correlations. For all analyses, statistical significance was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline measures</title>
        <p>Twenty-nine patients who fulfilled all the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study and randomized into three groups: Control (n = 9, 58 &#177; 7 years of age), ET+Sham (n = 9, 57 &#177; 5 years) and ET+NIV (n = 11, 56 &#177; 8 years). All patients had diagnosis of acute HF. There were no differences in anthropometric and demographic variables, cause of HF, LVEF, main comorbidities, medications, and NT-proBNP or hs-CRP plasma levels among groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The functional class, exercise tolerance and pulmonary function were not different among groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of hospitalized acute heart failure patients allocated into one of the three groups - exercise training + non&#8209;invasive ventilation (ET+NIV), ET + Sham or Control group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Control (n = 9)</th>
                <th align="center">ET+Sham (n = 9)</th>
                <th align="center">ET+NIV (n = 11)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Anthropometrics/Demographics</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (78%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (89%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (64%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight, kg</td>
                <td align="center">65.3 &#177; 14.8</td>
                <td align="center">74.0 &#177; 13.5</td>
                <td align="center">66.4 &#177; 10.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height, m</td>
                <td align="center">1.60 &#177; 0.71</td>
                <td align="center">1.68 &#177; 0.10</td>
                <td align="center">1.64 &#177; 0.40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">24.2 &#177; 5.0</td>
                <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">24.8 &#177; 4.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">23.8 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">25.4 &#177; 6.7</td>
                <td align="center">26.0 &#177; 4.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NTpro-BNP, &#961;g/mL</td>
                <td align="center">2467 &#177; 547</td>
                <td align="center">2331 &#177; 429</td>
                <td align="center">2594 &#177; 633</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">hs-CRP, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">9 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">9 &#177; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Length of stay, days</td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">23 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Main comorbidities</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (54%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiology</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (67%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (44%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Main medications</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#946;-blocker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (78%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (67%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (73%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE inhibitors or ARBs, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (43%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (63%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (64%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretics, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Definition of abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NTpro-BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; hs-CPR: high sensitive C-reactive protein; ACE: angiotensin conversor enzyme; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers. Values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or frequency (n and %). Repeated-measures ANOVA with appropriate Bonferroni corrections was applied to variables described as mean &#177; standard deviation and the chi-square test was used to assess differences in categorical data.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. Control;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. ET+Sham</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the "exercise training + non-invasive ventilation (ET + NIV)", "ET + Sham" and Control groups at hospital admission and after study protocol</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Day 1</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Day 10</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Control</th>
                <th align="center">ET+Sham</th>
                <th align="center">ET+NIV</th>
                <th align="center">Control</th>
                <th align="center">ET+Sham</th>
                <th align="center">ET+NIV</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>NYHA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (55%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8 (72%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dobutamine, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (54%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2 (18%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Exercise tolerance</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total exercise time, min</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">92 (60 - 120)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (90 - 160)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6MWT, m</td>
                <td align="center">221 &#177; 58</td>
                <td align="center">238 &#177; 51</td>
                <td align="center">224 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">266 &#177; 83</td>
                <td align="center">311 &#177; 67<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">345 &#177; 61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8710;6MWT, m</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 26<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">120 &#177; 72<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Pulmonary function</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MIP, cmH<sub>2</sub>O</td>
                <td align="center">-65 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">-53 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">-60 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">-64 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">-61 &#177; 36</td>
                <td align="center">-63 &#177; 15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MIP, % predicted</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 33</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 42</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEV<sub>1</sub>, % predicted</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC</td>
                <td align="center">0.72 &#177; 0.18</td>
                <td align="center">0.79 &#177; 0.10</td>
                <td align="center">0.75 &#177; 0.12</td>
                <td align="center">0.74 &#177; 0.17</td>
                <td align="center">0.78 &#177; 0.18</td>
                <td align="center">0.76 &#177; 0.10</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Definition of abbreviations: NYHA: New York Heart Association; 6MWT: six minute walk test; MIP: maximal inspiratory pressure; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC: forced vital capacity. Values are expressed in mean &#177; standard deviation; median (interquartile range) and frequency (n and %). Repeated-measures ANOVA with the appropriate Bonferroni corrections was applied to variables described as mean &#177; standard deviation and the chi-square test was used to assess categorical data differences in frequency variables;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. Control;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. ET+Sham;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. Day 1</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of exercise training associated with NIV and sham ventilation</title>
        <p>None of the patients of group ET+NIV or ET+Sham had any criteria for exercise interruption. Total exercise time was shorter in the ET+Sham group (~30% lower compared to ET+NIV) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>On D10, the ET+NIV and ET+Sham groups had a greater walking distance compared to the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). In addition, &#916;6MWT distance on D10 was greater in the ET+NIV group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, Panel C) than in the ET+Sham group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, Panel B) and the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, Panel A). There were no differences in blood pressure, HR and SpO<sub>2</sub> during 6MWT between the groups (data not shown).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Six minute walk test distance achieved at D1 and D10 in Control, ET+Sham and ET+NIV groups. Notes: Open circles: individual distance achieved at D1 and D10. Dark square: mean and standard deviation of distance at D1 and D10. * p &lt; 0.05 vs. Control; &#8224; p &lt; 0.05 vs. ET+Sham; &#8225; p &lt; 0.05 vs. D1.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0467-80039-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dyspnea score at rest was higher at baseline (D1) and decreased over time in all three groups. Moreover, ET+NIV group had the lowest dyspnea value on D10 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The number of patients receiving dobutamine infusion at D1 was similar among groups; however, on D10 the exercise groups (ET+Sham and ET+NIV) had a lower number of patients receiving dobutamine infusion compared to the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dyspnea Borg scale at first day of hospitalization (D1) and at last day of protocol (D10) in Control, Exercise Training (ET) + Sham and ET+non-invasive ventilation (NIV) groups. Notes: * p &lt; 0.05 vs. Control; &#8224; p &lt; 0.05 vs. ET+Sham; &#8225; p &lt; 0.05 vs. D1.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0467-80039-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>From D1 to D10, there was a significant reduction in NT-proBNP (&#916;NT-proBNP: -892 &#177; 112 rg/mL [Control]; -1184 &#177; 299 rg/mL [ET+Sham]; -1002 &#177; 356 rg/mL [ET+NIV]) and hs-CRP levels (&#916;hs-CRP: -4 &#177; 2 mg/L [Control]; -4 &#177; 3 mg/L [ET+Sham]; -5&#177;3 mg/L [ET+NIV]), but without differences among groups. In addition, there was a similar reduction in body weight from D1 to D10 between the three groups studied (&#916;weight: -3.3 &#177; 2.2 kg [Control]; -5.3 &#177; 3.9 kg [ET+Sham]; -5.0 &#177; 2.0 kg [ET+NIV]). No differences in small airway obstruction, MIP and blood lactate were found between the groups at D1 and at D10 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up</title>
        <p>None of the patients of the exercise groups needed to be transferred to the intensive care unit. In addition, more patients in the ET+NIV and ET+Sham groups had an early hospital discharge compared to the control group. Of note, the control group had a significantly greater length of stay compared to the exercise groups. In addition, the ET+NIV group had a shorter length of stay compared to the ET+Sham group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Interestingly, total exercise time performed in both groups (ET+Sham and ET+NIV) was inversely related to length of stay (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between total exercise time and length of hospital stay (days) in exercise groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0467-80039-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the role of aerobic exercise training in acute/decompensated HF (NYHA class IV). The main and new findings of this study are that exercise in acute/decompensated HF (i) is safe, since neither ET+Sham nor ET+NIV groups showed worse symptoms during exercise or signs of requiring exercise interruption and (ii) reduces the length of hospital stay. In addition, the exercise increases the 6MWT distance.</p>
      <p>Studies have demonstrated that early mobilization therapy in intensive care unit patients can significantly reduce the length of stay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> It has also been demonstrated that rehabilitation immediately following an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with a reduced frequency of re-exacerbation and with an increase in quadriceps muscle strength.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In the same line, a recently study demonstrated that functional electrical stimulation improved exercise tolerance and muscle strength in acute HF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Our study extends the knowledge about approaches to be used during hospitalization to treat decompensated HF patients. It suggests that aerobic exercise training <italic>per se</italic> is a safe and effective tool to reduce length of hospital stay in acute HF patients. It should be emphasized that none of the patients who performed exercise had worsening of symptoms during exercise or exhibited any signs of exercise intolerance.</p>
      <p>Another important finding in our study was the increase in exercise tolerance in patients who underwent aerobic exercise. Actually, this finding has clinical implications. The 6MWT distance is associated with clinical outcome and quality of life in patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Furthermore, it is possible that the aerobic exercise training improves exercise tolerance even in hospitalized HF patients.</p>
      <p>In order to investigate if the use of NIV could have additional effects on aerobic exercise training, we found that ET+NIV group had improved exercise performance and decreased dyspnea during the exercise. In fact, NIV might reduce venous return and cardiac preload,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> which could explain our findings. Another finding of great interest and clinical relevance was that the ET+NIV had a shorter hospital stay, enhanced 6MWT distance and exercise time compared to ET+Sham group, suggesting that the NIV can enhance the effectiveness of aerobic exercise in acute HF patients. The rationale for this theory is that NIV combined to exercise has some influence on redistribution of muscle blood flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Dempsey et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> suggested that respiratory muscles influence vascular diameter and peripheral vasoconstriction. Respiratory muscles might compete for the reduced blood flow during exercise with the peripheral muscles, thereby promoting an inadequate oxygen transport and exercise fatigue. In addition, fatiguing contractions could stimulate IV phrenic afferents by muscle metabolic production, increasing sympathetic vasoconstriction with consequent reduction in oxygen delivery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It was recently demonstrated that patients with chronic HF has slower oxygen kinetics with increased deoxyhemoglobin kinetics during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> On the other hand, Borghi-Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> demonstrated that NIV was able to improve exercise tolerance and reduce the deoxyhemoglobin kinetics in peripheral muscle during exercise in patients with chronic HF. In our study, the ET+NIV group showed better response to aerobic exercise. The mechanism for this response is beyond the scope of our study, however it is likely that NIV influenced muscle blood flow redistribution, from the respiratory muscles to the peripheral muscles, improving oxygen delivery and utilization.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The present study has some limitations that should be addressed. First, we had a small number of patients. In addition, our patients performed an aerobic exercise without workload (unloaded exercise). We chose this type of exercise because this is the first protocol of this type in acute HF patients, and the repercussions of the exercise were unknown.</p>
        <p>Also, we acknowledge that exercise groups performed the protocol during 8 days only, but such period was established based on the mean length of stay in our institution. Further studies on exercise and its main outcomes should be performed including the whole hospitalization period. In fact, this was the first study to perform aerobic exercise training in acute HF, so a reduced exercise protocol duration was necessary to check the viability and safety of aerobic exercise in this patient population.</p>
        <p>Our study raises new questions regarding exercise in acute HF. Further study protocols must be performed to confirm our data, including clinical outcomes as death and worsening HF, other exercise modalities (inspiratory muscle training, resistive, etc.) and how to perform the aerobic exercise prescription in acute HF, as recently demonstrated in chronic HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical implications</title>
        <p>Our study provides evidences of the importance of aerobic exercise during hospitalization in acute HF patients. The findings of safety, reduced length of stay and increased exercise tolerance suggest aerobic exercise training as a new tool for the management of acute HF in combination with standard clinical therapy. Moreover, the enhance of the positive effects of aerobic exercise when combined to NIV, reinforce the relevance of our study, and opens new challenges to investigate the mechanisms of this strategy that contributes to better clinical outcomes in patients with decompensated HF.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Aerobic exercise is safe, improves the exercise tolerance and reduces hospital stay for decompensated HF patients. Moreover, NIV can enhance the effectiveness of aerobic exercise in these patients. These findings suggest that this simple tool associated with standard clinical therapy may be useful during hospitalization for the management of acute HF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia under the protocol number #3911. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
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          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Seguran&#231;a e Efic&#225;cia do Treinamento Aer&#243;bio Combinado &#224; Ventila&#231;&#227;o N&#227;o-Invasiva em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda</article-title>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Fortaleza</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Fortaleza</city>
          <state>CE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR) - Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Fortaleza</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Metropolitana da Grande Fortaleza</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Fortaleza</city>
          <state>CE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Metropolitana da Grande Fortaleza (FAMETRO), Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Faculdade Metropolitana da Grande Fortaleza</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mayron Faria Oliveira</bold>, Avenida Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-180, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mayronfaria@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira MF, Ferreira VM, Umeda IIK, Sperandio PA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira MF, Santos RC, Artz SA, Correia EB, Ferraz AS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira MF, Santos RC, Artz SA, Ferreira VM, Lobo DML, Correia EB, Ferraz AS, Umeda IIK, Sperandio PA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira MF, Lobo DML; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira MF, Santos RC, Artz SA, Ferreira VM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lobo DML, Correia EB, Ferraz AS, Umeda IIK, Sperandio PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico melhora a capacidade funcional em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) cr&#244;nica. Entretanto, os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio na IC aguda s&#227;o desconhecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico isolado ou associado &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva (VNI) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento convencional em pacientes com IC durante interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Vinte e nove pacientes (IC sist&#243;lica) foram randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos: Controle (tratamento cl&#237;nico convencional); exerc&#237;cio com ventila&#231;&#227;o placebo (EX+Sham) e EX+VNI (VNI com 14 e 8 cmH<sub>2</sub>O de press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria e expirat&#243;ria, respectivamente).O TC6M foi realizado no primeiro e no d&#233;cimo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o e o exerc&#237;cio realizado em cicloerg&#244;metro at&#233; o limite de toler&#226;ncia (20 minutos ou menos) por oito dias consecutivos. Para todas as an&#225;lises, foi considerado p &lt; 0,05 estatisticamente significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Nenhum paciente dos grupos EX+Sham e EX+VNI apresentou complica&#231;&#245;es ou necessitou interromper o exerc&#237;cio. O grupo EX+VNI apresentou melhor desempenho no TC6M (&#916;120 &#177; 72 m) que os grupos EX+Sham (&#916;73 &#177; 26 m) e Controle (&#916;45 &#177; 32 m; p &lt; 0,05). O tempo total de exerc&#237;cio foi maior (128 &#177; 10 vs. 92 &#177; 8 min; p &lt; 0,05) e a dispneia menor (3 &#177; 1 <italic>vs.</italic> 4 &#177; 1; p &lt; 0,05) no EX+VNI em rela&#231;&#227;o ao EX+Sham. O grupo EX+VNI apresentou menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (17 &#177; 10 dias) comparado ao EX+Sham (23 &#177; 8 dias) e Controle (39 &#177; 15 dias; p &lt; 0,05). O tempo total de exerc&#237;cio nos grupos EX+Sham e EX+VNI correlacionou-se com o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (r = -0,75; p = 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico foi seguro em pacientes com IC aguda, n&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e, quando associada &#224; VNI, melhorou o desempenho no TC6M, dispneia e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventila&#231;&#227;o N&#227;o Invasiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Fisioterapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome complexa caracterizada por fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda diminu&#237;da, miopatia esquel&#233;tica e intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram evid&#234;ncias de que o exerc&#237;cio pode ser uma interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica efetiva para pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Contudo, per&#237;odos de IC aguda ou descompensada podem ocorrer, os quais representam a causa mais frequente de interna&#231;&#245;es,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> com longos per&#237;odos de repouso, sarcopenia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e, consequentemente, complica&#231;&#245;es durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com IC aguda apresentam piora na congest&#227;o pulmonar, dispneia, esfor&#231;o respirat&#243;rio aumentado, intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e frequentemente, ventila&#231;&#227;o alveolar diminu&#237;da, que resulta em desvio de sangue e hipoxemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Nesse contexto, a ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva (VNI) tem sido amplamente utilizada em casos de IC aguda para reduzir dispneia e melhorar a oxigena&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica apresentam uma redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva na capacidade funcional e menor toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, tanto devido &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca como a fatores perif&#233;ricos (disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o, e ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal aumentada).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Al&#233;m disso, j&#225; foi demonstrado que o exerc&#237;cio combinado com VNI na IC cr&#244;nica aumenta a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e reduz dispneia e fadiga nos membros inferiores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que o exerc&#237;cio precoce ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o pode beneficiar pacientes cr&#237;ticos na unidade de tratamento intensivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e em pacientes com exacerba&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Esses estudos mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, e na taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o, bem como melhora na qualidade de vida. Contudo, o exerc&#237;cio tem sido contraindicado aos pacientes com IC, por&#233;m n&#227;o h&#225; estudos que avaliaram os efeitos da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sobre a IC aguda ou descompensada. Nesse contexto, apesar das evid&#234;ncias amplamente documentadas a respeito dos benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e da VNI combinada com exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica, a seguran&#231;a e a efetividade do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em pacientes com IC aguda ainda s&#227;o desconhecidas.</p>
        <p>Portanto, no presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi investigar em pacientes com IC aguda ou descompensada: (i) a seguran&#231;a do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico realizado durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar; (ii) a efic&#225;cia do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico associado &#224; VNI durante a interna&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IC aguda.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo controlado, prospectivo e randomizado. Uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 29 pacientes foi recrutada da enfermaria de miocardiopatias de um hospital de cardiologia. Esses pacientes apresentavam diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico estabelecido de IC aguda e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) menor que 30%, de acordo com o exame de ecocardiografia com Doppler. Todos os pacientes foram classificados em classe funcional IV segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA).</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel, arritmias complexas, marcapasso, terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ou dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxihemoglobina por oximetria de pulso (SpO<sub>2</sub>) de repouso inferior a 88% sem suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, ou edema agudo de pulm&#227;o com indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de VNI al&#233;m da proposta nesse protocolo foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica individualizada no dia 1 (D1) de interna&#231;&#227;o pelo cardiologista e pelo fisioterapeuta envolvidos no estudo. Foram realizados testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (espirometria), coleta de sangue para medida de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (NT-pr&#243;-BNP) e prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR), teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M), e medida da press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (PImax).</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes receberam tratamento m&#233;dico padr&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e, ap&#243;s testes cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, foram randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos: exerc&#237;cio combinado com a VNI (EX+VNI), exerc&#237;cio com ventila&#231;&#227;o sham (EX+Sham) e Controle. Optamos por incluir um grupo com ventila&#231;&#227;o placebo (sham) para testar a hip&#243;tese de que somente o exerc&#237;cio EX+Sham ou o exerc&#237;cio combinado com VNI EX+VNI tiveram melhor desempenho que o tratamento convencional (grupo Controle) em pacientes com IC aguda.</p>
          <p>O grupo EX+VNI realizou treinamento aer&#243;bico combinado com VNI uma vez ao dia por 8 dias consecutivos, e o grupo EX+Sham realizou exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico com ventila&#231;&#227;o placebo (sham) uma vez ao dia, tamb&#233;m por 8 dias consecutivos. O grupo Controle recebeu somente tratamento cl&#237;nico e n&#227;o foi submetido a treinamento aer&#243;bico.</p>
          <p>No dia 10 (D10), todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; mesma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que no D1. Ap&#243;s o protocolo, todos os pacientes continuaram a receber somente tratamento cl&#237;nico, e foram acompanhados at&#233; a alta hospitalar ou transfer&#234;ncia para a unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>Os grupos EX+VNI e EX+Sham realizaram exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em cicloerg&#244;metro sem carga para pacientes acamados (Cajumoro, Brasil) por 20 minutos ou menos, at&#233; o limite de toler&#226;ncia. Os grupos de exerc&#237;cio foram cegos quanto &#224; press&#227;o aplicada na VNI ou sham. A SpO<sub>2</sub> (Nonin<sup>&#174;</sup> Medical, USA) e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foram medidas continuamente com um monitor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Polar<sup>&#174;</sup> RS800, Finl&#226;ndia). A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram medidas pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio (esfigmoman&#244;metro UnilecTM, estetosc&#243;pio Littmann Quality, EUA) durante o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio, em repouso, a cada dois minutos, e ao final do exerc&#237;cio. Os pacientes foram solicitados a pontuar o grau de dispneia ao final do exerc&#237;cio pela escala categ&#243;rica de Borg (0-10).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva com press&#227;o positiva</title>
          <p>A ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva foi realizada por meio de m&#225;scara oronasal, utilizando-se ventilador com dois n&#237;veis de press&#227;o (BiPAP Vision&#174;, Respironics, EUA), em duas condi&#231;&#245;es: ventila&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o positiva em dois n&#237;veis - press&#227;o positiva inspirat&#243;ria: 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, e press&#227;o positiva expirat&#243;ria: 8 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, sem oxig&#234;nio suplementar (FiO<sub>2</sub> 0,21)] e ventila&#231;&#227;o placebo (sham) - press&#227;o positiva inspirat&#243;ria: 4 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, e press&#227;o positiva expirat&#243;ria: 4 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, sem oxig&#234;nio suplementar (FiO<sub>2</sub> 0,21)].</p>
          <p>Essas medidas de press&#227;o foram escolhidas com base em evid&#234;ncias anteriores de que uma press&#227;o positiva inspirat&#243;ria entre 8 e 20 cmH<sub>2</sub>O e uma press&#227;o positiva expirat&#243;ria final entre 4 e 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O estavam associadas com efeitos cl&#237;nicos positivos em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis similares de IC aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Os valores de press&#227;o positiva inspirat&#243;ria e de press&#227;o positiva expirat&#243;ria final na VNI sham estabelecidos (4 cmH<sub>2</sub>O) corresponderam ao valor m&#237;nimo aplic&#225;vel pelo aparelho BiPAP Vision&#174;. Esses valores foram capazes de vencer a resist&#234;ncia imposta pelo circuito ventilat&#243;rio (conforme instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante) e de assegurar que os pacientes permanecessem sem conhecimento quanto &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o aplicada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima</title>
          <p>Foram realizados testes de espirometria, com medida do volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 1 segundo (VEF<sub>1</sub>), capacidade vital for&#231;ada (CVF), e VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF (espir&#244;metro EasyOne<sup>&#174;</sup> Plus Diagnostic, Su&#237;&#231;a). </p>
          <p>A PImax foi medida utilizando-se um man&#244;metro digital (MVD-300<sup>&#174;</sup> V.1.1 Microhard System; Globalmed, Brasil). Os pacientes foram instru&#237;dos a realizar uma inspira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima a partir do volume residual. Cada paciente executou cinco esfor&#231;os de inspira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima, com valores pr&#243;ximos entre si (&lt; 10%), sendo considerada para o estudo a medida de maior valor. Todos os valores obtidos foram adequados para os valores de refer&#234;ncia para popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M)</title>
          <p>O TC6M foi realizado em um corredor plano de 30 m de comprimento, de acordo com a <italic>American Thoracic Society</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Foram medidas press&#227;o arterial, FC e SpO<sub>2</sub>, e aplicada a escala de dispneia de Borg modificada. Todas as medidas foram realizadas antes e imediatamente ap&#243;s os testes, e ap&#243;s dois minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o. A FC e a SpO<sub>2</sub> foram monitoradas durante todo o teste (ox&#237;metro port&#225;til Nonin<sup>TM</sup>, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o programa SPSS (vers&#227;o 20.0, SPSS Inc. EUA). Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou em mediana e intervalo interquartil, conforme apropriado. Dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos em valores absolutos e porcentagem (n e %). A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi testada pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar diferen&#231;as entre os dados categ&#243;ricos, e o teste ANOVA com medidas repetidas com corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni foi usado para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi usada para correla&#231;&#245;es param&#233;tricas. Para todas as an&#225;lises, a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas basais</title>
          <p>Vinte e nove pacientes que preencheram todos os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo e randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos - Controle (n = 9, idade 58 &#177; 7 anos), EX+Sham (n = 9, 57 &#177; 5 anos) e EX+VNI (n = 11, 56 &#177; 8 anos). Todos os pacientes apresentaram diagn&#243;stico de IC aguda. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas ou demogr&#225;ficas, etiologia da IC, FEVE, principais comorbidades, medicamentos, n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT pr&#243;-BNP ou PCR-us entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). A classe funcional, a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais de pacientes internados, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, alocados em um dos tr&#234;s grupos - exerc&#237;cio + ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva EX+VNI, exerc&#237;cio + ventila&#231;&#227;o placebo (EX+Sham) e grupo Controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Controle (n = 9)</th>
                  <th align="center">EX+Sham (n = 9)</th>
                  <th align="center">EX+VNI (n = 11)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dados antropom&#233;tricos/demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Homens, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (78%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (89%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (64%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">57 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                  <td align="center">65,3 &#177; 14,8</td>
                  <td align="center">74,0 &#177; 13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">66,4 &#177; 10,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura, m</td>
                  <td align="center">1,60 &#177; 0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">1,68 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64 &#177; 0,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">24,2 &#177; 5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">24,8 &#177; 4,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">23,8 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">25,4 &#177; 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">26,0 &#177; 4,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NT pr&#243;-BNP, &#961;g/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">2467 &#177; 547</td>
                  <td align="center">2331 &#177; 429</td>
                  <td align="center">2594 &#177; 633</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCR-us, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">8 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">9 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">9 &#177; 5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, dias</td>
                  <td align="center">39 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">23 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Principais comorbidades</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (54%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Etiologia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (44%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Principais medicamentos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#946;-bloqueador, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (78%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (73%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidores de ECA ou BRAs, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (63%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (64%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NT pr&#243;-BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; ECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRAs: Bloqueadores do Receptor da Angiotensina II. Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou frequ&#234;ncia (n e %). ANOVA com medidas repetidas com corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni foi aplicado para as vari&#225;veis descritas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e o teste qui-quadrado usado para avaliar diferen&#231;as de dados categ&#243;ricos.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Controle;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. EX+Sham</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos exerc&#237;cio + ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva (EX+VNI), exerc&#237;cio + ventila&#231;&#227;o placebo (EX+Sham) e Controle na interna&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s o protocolo do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Dia 1</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Dia 10</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Controle</th>
                  <th align="center">EX+Sham</th>
                  <th align="center">EX+VNI</th>
                  <th align="center">Controle</th>
                  <th align="center">EX+Sham</th>
                  <th align="center">EX+VNI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>NYHA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">II, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (55%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (72%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">III, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IV, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dobutamina, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (54%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo total de exerc&#237;cio, min</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (60 - 120)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (90 - 160)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TC6M, m</td>
                  <td align="center">221 &#177; 58</td>
                  <td align="center">238 &#177; 51</td>
                  <td align="center">224 &#177; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">266 &#177; 83</td>
                  <td align="center">311 &#177; 67<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">345 &#177; 61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8710;TC6M, m</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 32</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 26<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">120 &#177; 72<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PIm&#225;x, cmH<sub>2</sub>O</td>
                  <td align="center">-65 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">-53 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">-60 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">-64 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">-61 &#177; 36</td>
                  <td align="center">-63 &#177; 15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PIm&#225;x, % predito</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 33</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 32</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#177; 42</td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VEF<sub>1</sub>, % predito</td>
                  <td align="center">57 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74 &#177; 0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76 &#177; 0,10</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>NYHA: New York Heart Association; TC6M: teste de caminhada de seis minutos; PIm&#225;x: press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima; VEF1: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 1 segundo, CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada. Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; mediana (intervalo interquartil) e frequ&#234;ncia (n e %). ANOVA com medidas repetidas com corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni foi aplicado para as vari&#225;veis descritas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e o teste qui-quadrado usado para avaliar diferen&#231;as de dados categ&#243;ricos;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Controle;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. EX+Sham;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Dia 1</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos do exerc&#237;cio combinado com VNI e ventila&#231;&#227;o sham</title>
          <p>Nenhum dos pacientes do grupo EX+VNI ou EX+Sham apresentou algum crit&#233;rio para interromper o exerc&#237;cio. O tempo total de exerc&#237;cio foi mais curto no grupo EX+Sham (~30% menor em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo EX+VNI) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>No D10, os grupos EX+VNI e EX+Sham apresentaram uma dist&#226;ncia maior percorrida em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a dist&#226;ncia no TC6M no D10 foi maior no grupo EX+VNI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1C</xref>) que no grupo EX+Sham (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1B</xref>) ou Controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1A</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na press&#227;o arterial, FC ou SpO<sub>2</sub> entre os grupos durante o TC6M (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos no Dia 1 (D1) e no Dia 10 (D10) nos grupos que realizaram exerc&#237;cio combinado com ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva (EX+VNI) e exerc&#237;cio com ventila&#231;&#227;o placebo (EX+Sham) e que n&#227;o realizaram exerc&#237;cio (Controle). C&#237;rculos abertos: dist&#226;ncia individual alcan&#231;ada no D1 e no D10. Quadrado fechado: m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia em D1 e D10; * p &lt; 0,05 vs. Controle; &#8224; p &lt; 0,05 vs. EX+Sham; &#8225; p &lt; 0,05 vs. D1.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0467-80039-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O escore de dispneia de repouso foi mais alto no D1 (basal) e diminuiu ao longo do tempo nos tr&#234;s grupos. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo EX+VNI apresentou menor valor de dispneia no D10 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). O n&#250;mero de pacientes que receberam dobutamina no D1 foi similar entre os grupos; no entanto, no D10, os grupos que se exercitaram (EX+Sham e EX+VNI) apresentaram um menor n&#250;mero de pacientes que receberam dobutamina em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Escala de dispneia de Borg no primeiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o (D1) e no &#250;ltimo dia do protocolo (D10) nos grupos que realizaram exerc&#237;cio combinado com ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva (EX+VNI) e exerc&#237;cio com ventila&#231;&#227;o placebo (EX+Sham) e que n&#227;o realizaram exerc&#237;cio (Controle). * p &lt; 0,05 vs. Controle; &#8224; p &lt; 0,05 vs. EX+Sham; &#8225; p &lt; 0,05 vs. D1.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0467-80039-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Do D1 ao D10, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis de NT pr&#243;-BNP (&#916;NT pr&#243;-BNP: -892 &#177; 112 rg/mL no grupo Controle, -1184 &#177; 299 rg/mL no grupo EX+Sham, e -1002 &#177; 356 rg/mL no grupo EX+VNI) e de PCR-us (&#916;PCR-us -4 &#177; 2 mg/L no grupo Controle, -4 &#177; 3 mg/L no grupo EX+Sham, e -5 &#177; 3 mg/L no grupo EX+VNI, mas sem diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, ocorreu uma diminui&#231;&#227;o similar no peso corporal entre os grupos (&#916;peso: -3,3 &#177; 2,2 kg no grupo Controle, -5,3 &#177; 3,9 kg no grupo EX+Sham, -5,0 &#177; 2,0 kg no grupo EX+VNI). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, PIm&#225;x e lactato sangu&#237;neo entre os grupos no D1 e no D10 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acompanhamento</title>
          <p>Nenhum dos pacientes dos grupos que se exercitaram necessitou ser transferido para a unidade de terapia intensiva. Al&#233;m disso, um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes desses grupos teve uma alta hospitalar precoce em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Controle. Interessante mencionar que o grupo Controle apresentou uma maior perman&#234;ncia no hospital em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos EX+Sham e EX+VNI, e que o grupo EX+VNI teve um per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o mais curto que o grupo EX+Sham (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Ainda, o tempo total de exerc&#237;cio em ambos os grupos que se exercitaram foi inversamente correlacionado com o tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre tempo total de exerc&#237;cio e tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o nos grupos "exerc&#237;cio + ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva (VNI)", "exerc&#237;cio + sham (ventila&#231;&#227;o placebo)".</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0467-80039-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a avaliar o papel do treinamento aer&#243;bico em IC aguda ou descompensada (NYHA classe IV). Os principais achados deste estudo foram: o exerc&#237;cio na IC aguda/descompensada (i) &#233; segura, uma vez que os grupos EX+VNI e EX+Sham n&#227;o apresentaram piora de sintomas durante o exerc&#237;cio ou sinais de que necessitavam interromper o exerc&#237;cio; e (ii) reduz o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Al&#233;m disso, o exerc&#237;cio aumenta a dist&#226;ncia do TC6M.</p>
        <p>Estudos demonstraram que a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce em pacientes cr&#237;ticos pode reduzir significativamente o tempo de perman&#234;ncia na unidade de terapia intensiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que a reabilita&#231;&#227;o imediatamente ap&#243;s exacerba&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica est&#225; associada com uma menor frequ&#234;ncia de reexacerba&#231;&#227;o e com um aumento da for&#231;a do quadr&#237;ceps.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Concordante com esses dados, um estudo recente demonstrou que a estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica funcional melhorou a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e a for&#231;a muscular em pacientes com IC aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Nosso estudo amplia o conhecimento sobre abordagens a serem usadas durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o no tratamento de pacientes com IC descompensada. O estudo sugere que o treinamento aer&#243;bico <italic>per se</italic> &#233; uma ferramenta segura e eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC aguda. Deve-se ressaltar que nenhum dos pacientes que realizaram exerc&#237;cio apresentou piora dos sintomas durante o exerc&#237;cio ou mostrou algum sinal de intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o realizado.</p>
        <p>Outro achado importante em nosso estudo foi o aumento na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes que se submeteram ao exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico. Na verdade, esse achado possui importantes implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, uma vez que a dist&#226;ncia no TC6M est&#225; associada com desfecho cl&#237;nico e qualidade de vida em pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o treinamento aer&#243;bico melhore a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio mesmo em pacientes com IC hospitalizados.</p>
        <p>A fim de investigar se o uso de VNI poderia ter efeitos adicionais sobre o treinamento aer&#243;bico, encontramos que o grupo EX+VNI apresentou melhora na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e redu&#231;&#227;o na dispneia. De fato, a VNI pode reduzir o retorno venoso e a pr&#233;-carga,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> o que poderia explicar nossos achados. Outro resultado de grande interesse e de grande relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica foi o fato de que o grupo EX+VNI apresentou menor per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, maior dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M e maior tempo de exerc&#237;cio comparado ao grupo EX+Sham, sugerindo que a VNI pode melhorar a efetividade do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em pacientes com IC aguda. A explica&#231;&#227;o para essa teoria &#233; o fato de que a VNI combinada ao exerc&#237;cio tem influ&#234;ncia sobre a redistribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Dempsey et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> sugeriram que a musculatura respirat&#243;ria influenciam o di&#226;metro vascular e a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica. Os m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios podem competir com a musculatura perif&#233;rica pelo fluxo sangu&#237;neo reduzido durante o exerc&#237;cio, promovendo, assim, um transporte de oxig&#234;nio inadequado e fadiga ao exerc&#237;cio. Al&#233;m disso, contra&#231;&#245;es que levam &#224; fadiga podem estimular os nervos fr&#234;nicos (aferentes IV) por meio da produ&#231;&#227;o de metab&#243;litos, aumentando a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e, consequentemente, reduzindo o fornecimento de oxig&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo recente demonstrou que pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica apresentam cin&#233;tica do consumo de oxig&#234;nio mais lenta, com aumento na cin&#233;tica da desoxihemoglobina durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Por outro lado, Borghi-Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> demonstraram que a VNI foi capaz de melhorar a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e reduzir a cin&#233;tica da desoxihemoglobina no m&#250;sculo perif&#233;rico durante o exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica. Em nosso estudo, o grupo EX+VNI apresentou melhor resposta ao exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico. Apesar de que do mecanismo para essa resposta estar al&#233;m do escopo de nosso estudo, &#233; prov&#225;vel que a VNI tenha influenciado a redistribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo da musculatura respirat&#243;ria para a musculatura perif&#233;rica, melhorando a oferta e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O presente estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser consideradas, como o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, optamos por realizar o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio sem carga, pelo fato de esse ser o primeiro protocolo desse tipo em pacientes com IC e, assim, as respostas frente ao exerc&#237;cio serem desconhecidas.</p>
          <p>Ainda, reconhecemos que os grupos submetidos ao exerc&#237;cio realizaram o protocolo somente por oito dias, entretanto, esse per&#237;odo foi estabelecido com base na m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Outros estudos com exerc&#237;cio e seus principais efeitos devem ser realizados incluindo todo o per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. De fato, este foi o primeiro estudo a realizar treinamento aer&#243;bico na IC aguda, de forma que foi necess&#225;rio um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio com dura&#231;&#227;o reduzida para checar a viabilidade e a seguran&#231;a do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
          <p>Nosso estudo levanta novas quest&#245;es sobre o exerc&#237;cio na IC aguda. Outros protocolos de estudo devem ser realizados para confirmar nossos dados, incluindo desfechos cl&#237;nicos tais como morte e piora da IC, outras modalidades de exerc&#237;cio (treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio, treinamento resistido, etc.), e como realizar a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico na IC aguda, conforme demonstrado na IC cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Nosso estudo fornece evid&#234;ncias da import&#226;ncia do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IC aguda. Os achados sobre seguran&#231;a, tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o reduzido e maior toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio sugerem o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico como uma nova ferramenta no tratamento de IC aguda, combinada com terapia cl&#237;nica padr&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a melhora observada do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico quando associado a VNI, refor&#231;a a relev&#226;ncia de nosso estudo, e abre novos desafios para investigar os mecanismos dessa estrat&#233;gia que contribui para melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com IC descompensada.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico &#233; seguro, melhora a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e reduz o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de pacientes com IC descompensada. Ainda, a VNI pode melhorar a efic&#225;cia do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico nesses pacientes. Esses achados sugerem que essa simples ferramenta associada &#224; terapia cl&#237;nica padr&#227;o pode ser &#250;til durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar para o tratamento da IC aguda.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo #3911. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
