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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZNrkLHkkRBhRctk9xJp5nHs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000500455</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180072</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Epidemiology</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Brazilian Adult Population: National Health Survey - 2013</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Elyssia Karine Nunes Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Risia Cristina Egito de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Longo-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Giovana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ta&#237;se Gama dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marinho</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia de Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jonas Augusto Cardoso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Macei&#243;</city>
            <state>AL</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Elyssia Karine Nunes Mendon&#231;a Ramires</bold>, Loteamento Vert Paradiso, Lote 01, Quadra B2. Postal Code 57048-375, Antares, Macei&#243;. AL - Brazil. E-mail: <email>elyssiakarine@hotmail.com</email>, <email>elyssiakarine@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ramires EKNM, Menezes RCE, Silveira JAC, Longo-Silva G, Santos TG; Acquisition of data: Marinho PM; Statistical analysis: Ramires EKNM, Menezes RCE, Silveira JAC, Marinho PM; Writing of the manuscript: Ramires EKNM, Menezes RCE, Silveira JAC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Menezes RCE, Silveira JAC, Santos TG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>455</fpage>
      <lpage>466</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>In Brazil, population-based researches analyzing prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), a recognized predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and an important cause of disability and death in the country are scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate prevalence of MS and its associated factors in Brazilian population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Secondary analysis of the 2013 National Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey with national representativeness of Brazilian adult population (n = 59,402). MS was the outcome variable, defined from harmonization of cardiology international consensus as load &#8805; 3 of the following components: self-reported diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure and high waist circumference. Analysis were stratified by sex and prevalence ratios, with their respective 99% confidence intervals (PR [CI 99%]) calculated by simple and multiple Poisson regression models.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>MS prevalence was 8.9%, being significantly higher among women compared to men; in general, this pattern was maintained in relation to exposure variables studied. Additionally, less than 25% of population did not present any MS component. In final multiple models, sociodemographic, behavioral and comorbidity variables were associated with MS, however, while low schooling (1.46 [1.23-1.74], cerebrovascular accident (1.36 [1], 00] (1.28 [1.03-1.62]) were associated among women, chronic renal failure (1.85 [2.23-2.76]) was associated exclusively among men.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We identified MS high prevalence in Brazilian population; on the other hand, factors associated with this condition were different depending on sex.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health Surveillance</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Surveys</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Changes that occurred in population socioeconomic and cultural patterns, as rapid urbanization and economic development consequence, resulted in significant changes in different population group life habits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This new society organization form, associated with alimentary transition and population aging, promoted transformations in the way that people get sick, increasing morbidity and mortality by Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Concerning specific cardiovascular diseases (CVD), risk factors concomitant presence such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, insulin resistance and central fat deposition is associated with an approximately 2.5-fold increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> This complex aggregate of CVD predisposing factors constitutes the condition defined as metabolic syndrome (MS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Worldwide MS recent estimate points to prevalence between 20-25% in adult population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In U.S. MS prevalence was 34.7% in 2011-2012. It was defined by harmonized criterion, which synthesizes other classification criteria developed by different organizations to define this condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In Latin America cities, MS prevalence found between 2003 and 2005 was 21%, defined by National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel (NCEP-ATPIII) American criterion, presenting variation of 14% to 27%, according to studied territories.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In Brazil, prevalence was even higher, varying around 30% among individuals aged 19 to 64 years in different country regions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this situation, Brazilian government launched the Strategic Action Plan to Tackle Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) in Brazil 2011-2022, which includes, among other actions, generating information and knowledge about health-disease process and its social determinants for health policies formulation in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In this sense, it was conceived the first National Health Survey (NHS) focused on risk factors surveillance and chronic diseases protection in Brazilian population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this perspective, based on 2013 NHS data, this study objective was to estimate MS prevalence and its components on Brazilian population aged &#8805; 18 years and its association with sociodemographic, behavioral and biological variables.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design and sample of the study</title>
        <p>NHS is a household-based cross-sectional survey with representativeness of Brazilian adult population conducted between August and December 2013. NHS was a population survey on health and its determinants, carried out in Brazil by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) allied to the Ministry of Health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The sampling process was organized by clusters in three stages, where the primary sampling unit (PSU) was composed by census sectors, secondary unit was households and tertiary unit, inhabitants 18 years old or older. Within each stage, participants were selected through simple random sampling. It was considered the corresponding households weight, the dweller selection probability, non-response adjustments by sex and calibration by population totals, by sex and estimated age classes, with all the dwellers weight. A detailed methodology applied description for NHS-2013 was previously published.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>To describe Brazilian population health conditions, NHS was constituted by thematic modules that addressed health and lifestyle individual perception, chronic diseases presence, as well as sociodemographic information. For the study purposes, individuals with data on the factors that make up MS were selected, that is, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia self-referred medical diagnosis, in addition to blood pressure (BP) values and waist circumference measurements (WC).</p>
        <p>Among the 69.954 domiciles occupied with resident selected for NHS-2013 interview, 60,202 individuals 18 years old or older were interviewed, representing response rate of selected residents of 86%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> We excluded 800 pregnant women from the total, generating a final sample composed of 59.402 individuals.</p>
        <p>The National Commission of Ethics in Research (CONEP) approved the NHS project in June 2013, under Opinion N&#176;. 328,159. All the interviewees who agreed to participate in the investigation signed the term of free and informed consent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcome variable</title>
        <p>In this study, MS outcome variable was defined according to the international cardiology consensus harmonization proposal (IDF / NHLBI / AHA / WHF / IAS / IASO), characterized by the presence of three out of five metabolic risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In our work, once NHS did not provide biochemical data, MS classification was made considering at least the presence of three of four situations available in database: 1) self-reported diabetes diagnosis; 2) BP values considered borderline for Systemic Hypertension diagnosis (HAS) (systolic &#8805;130 mmHg and/or diastolic &#8805; 85 mmHg); 3) WC values above the cut-off point established as abdominal obesity threshold for South America population (men &#8805; 90 cm and women &#8805; 80 cm); and, 4) self-reported hypercholesterolemia diagnosis.</p>
        <p>A trained team using a calibrated digital device evaluated BP. Individuals needed to be at rest and were oriented to empty their bladders, not smoke or drink during the 30-minute period prior to measurement and not perform any physical activity during the period of one hour before the measurement. BP measurements were made with individuals in sitting position, after having rested for at least five minutes. The individuals were instructed to stay relaxed and leaning against the back of the chair, not crossing their legs and leaving their left arm free of clothes and leaning on a table at the same level as their chest or heart. Three BP measurements were evaluated, with two minutes intervals between them. For the present study, the mean between the second and the third measures was used. In this technique, systolic and diastolic pressures were calculated by algorithms from the maximum oscillation point corresponding to average BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As for anthropometric measurements, weight (kg), height (m) and WC (cm) were measured - having as reference for the perimeter the midpoint between last rib and iliac crest, being used, respectively, portable electronic scale, portable stadiometer, flexible and inelastic measuring tape with 0.1 cm precision. The procedures for anthropometry realization followed the same protocol used in the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) 2008-2009 Family Budget Survey (FBS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Independent variables</title>
        <p>Independent variables selection was performed based on distal and proximal determinants conceptual model, developed to show sociodemographic, behavioral and comorbid multiple factors impact for MS on population health status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sociodemographic factors used included: sex, age (18-59 years and &#8805; 60 years), schooling (&#8804; 8 years and &gt; 8 years), skin color (white / non-white), marital status (living with partner or not), macro-region (South / Southeast /Center-West and North/Northeast). Macro regions were dichotomized in order to contrast Brazilian development poles, with the South, Southeast and Central West regions being the most developed. Behavioral variables were self-perceived health, considering the combination of "very good" and "good" responses, defining as reference "regular", "poor" and "very poor" responses.</p>
        <p>For variable physical activity construction (PA), the following information were considered regarding free time and volume, effort duration and intensity for physical activity, using three months preceding the day of the interview as reference period for PA questions in the questionnaire. Effort intensity was obtained by conversion of physical exercise type or sport reported in vigorous or moderate PA as determined by the Physical Activity Compendium (PAC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Effort duration in each session was expressed in minutes and divided into three groups: &lt; 19; 20 to 29; &gt; 30 minutes. Weekly frequency was determined by PA practice day number per week and, for analysis purpose, was divided into 0 to 2 days, 3 to 4 days and &gt; 5 days per week.</p>
        <p>Thus, PA variable was initially grouped into three categories, according to World Health Organization recommendation: active (individual that reaches or exceeds moderate physical activity for 150 minutes or vigorous physical activity for 75 minutes per week in at least 10 minutes sessions); inactive (which refuses to practice PA at leisure) and insufficient assets (when performing PA below recommendation).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Finally, it was decided to combine inactive and insufficient assets categories, transforming them into dichotomous variable (active/inactive).</p>
        <p>Variables corresponding to comorbidities analyzed here were previous self-reported cerebral vascular accident medical diagnoses (CVA), chronic renal failure (CRF), depression and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD). For the latter, previous CVD diagnoses reports were considered, such as: infarction, angina, heart failure, among others. Overweight was identified according to body mass index cut-off points (BMI). In individuals aged between 18 and 59 years, values &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were considered overweight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> For those aged 60 years or older, values &gt; 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were considered as overweight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis were processed with Stata software version 13.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, USA), using survey commands, whose analysis procedures take into account sampling design and weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The comparison between MS prevalence, for each comorbidity and for disease burden was based on their respective confidence intervals of 99% (CI 99%). Prevalence ratios (PR) with their respective CI 99%, were calculated by simple and multiple Poisson regression models.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Statistical modeling process was conducted using determinants conceptual model to MS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> applying hierarchical approach in analysis and using stepwise forward method for variables introduction, considering as eligible those with p &lt; 0.20 (univariate analysis); variables in which the CI 99% did not include "1" or contributed to model adjustment remained in the model.</p>
        <p>Associations between MS and potential associated factors were introduced according to sociodemographic, behavioral and comorbidity factors, analyzed by three multiple models. At distal level of analysis (Model 1), the sociodemographic variables age, schooling, skin color, conjugal situation and housing region were considered; for Model 2 composition we used, behavioral variables physical activity and health self-perception adjusted by Model 1; In model 3, variables referring to proximal determinants (comorbidities) were introduced and their effects being adjusted by model 2. It is emphasized that once variables set was defined in a hierarchically superior model, it did not suffer any alteration in others levels of analysis.</p>
        <p>Justification for preserving variables in each model was based on result importance for MS occurrence understanding and effect magnitude, as well as its variability, represented here by CI 99%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In addition, analysis were stratified by sex, considering that in descriptive analysis, MS showed to affect in different way male and female population, which may reflect different association factors between the groups.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Sociodemographic, behavioral and comorbidities characteristics of 59.402 individuals over 18 years are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> according to MS absence or presence. Physically inactive individual high frequency was identified (98.1%) and 53.8% who were overweight. Self-perception predominant report of very good or good health was observed (65.9%) and low schooling significant frequency (39.1%) among individuals.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sociodemographic, behavioral and comorbidity characteristics of adults and elderly - National Health Survey (NHS), Brazil, 2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="4">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">MS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Male</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N = 59.402<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N = 25.920<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N = 33.482<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
              <th align="center">%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
              <th align="center">%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">18-59 years</td>
              <td align="center">81,8</td>
              <td align="center">80,9 - 82,5</td>
              <td align="center">83,3</td>
              <td align="center">82,4 - 84,1</td>
              <td align="center">80,4</td>
              <td align="center">79,6 - 81,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 60 years</td>
              <td align="center">18,2</td>
              <td align="center">17,4 - 19,0</td>
              <td align="center">16,7</td>
              <td align="center">15,9 - 17,5</td>
              <td align="center">19,6</td>
              <td align="center">18,8 - 20,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Education</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">60,9</td>
              <td align="center">59,7 - 62,0</td>
              <td align="center">60,2</td>
              <td align="center">58,9 - 61,4</td>
              <td align="center">61,5</td>
              <td align="center">60,5 - 62,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">39,1</td>
              <td align="center">37,9 - 40,2</td>
              <td align="center">39,8</td>
              <td align="center">38,6 - 41,0</td>
              <td align="center">38,5</td>
              <td align="center">37,4 - 39,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Skin color</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">47,4</td>
              <td align="center">46,4 - 48,5</td>
              <td align="center">46,8</td>
              <td align="center">45,7 - 47,9</td>
              <td align="center">48,1</td>
              <td align="center">47,0 - 49,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-white <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">52,5</td>
              <td align="center">51,5 - 53,6</td>
              <td align="center">53,2</td>
              <td align="center">52,1 - 54,3</td>
              <td align="center">51,9</td>
              <td align="center">50,9 - 53,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Conjugal situation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Do not live with a partner</td>
              <td align="center">55,7</td>
              <td align="center">54,6 - 56,7</td>
              <td align="center">53,4</td>
              <td align="center">52,2 - 54,6</td>
              <td align="center">57,8</td>
              <td align="center">56,8 - 58,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Live with a partner</td>
              <td align="center">44,3</td>
              <td align="center">43,2 - 45,3</td>
              <td align="center">46,6</td>
              <td align="center">45,4 - 47,8</td>
              <td align="center">42,2</td>
              <td align="center">41,2 - 43,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Housing region</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NE/N</td>
              <td align="center">34,0</td>
              <td align="center">33,3 - 34,7</td>
              <td align="center">34,2</td>
              <td align="center">33,4 - 35,1</td>
              <td align="center">33,8</td>
              <td align="center">32,9 - 34,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SE/S/CW</td>
              <td align="center">66,0</td>
              <td align="center">65,3 - 66,7</td>
              <td align="center">65,8</td>
              <td align="center">64,9 - 66,6</td>
              <td align="center">66,2</td>
              <td align="center">65,4 - 67,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Physical activity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active</td>
              <td align="center">1,9</td>
              <td align="center">1,6 - 2,2</td>
              <td align="center">2,2</td>
              <td align="center">1,9 - 2,5</td>
              <td align="center">1,6</td>
              <td align="center">1,3 - 1,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inactive</td>
              <td align="center">98,1</td>
              <td align="center">97,8 - 98,4</td>
              <td align="center">97,8</td>
              <td align="center">97,5 - 98,1</td>
              <td align="center">98,4</td>
              <td align="center">98,0 - 98,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Health self-perception</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Very good/good</td>
              <td align="center">65,9</td>
              <td align="center">65,0 - 66,9</td>
              <td align="center">70,3</td>
              <td align="center">69,3 - 71,2</td>
              <td align="center">62,1</td>
              <td align="center">61,1 - 63,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Regular - Very bad</td>
              <td align="center">34,1</td>
              <td align="center">33,0 - 34,9</td>
              <td align="center">29,7</td>
              <td align="center">28,8 - 30,7</td>
              <td align="center">37,9</td>
              <td align="center">36,9 - 38,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Overweight</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">46,2</td>
              <td align="center">45,1 - 47,3</td>
              <td align="center">47,5</td>
              <td align="center">46,4 - 48,7</td>
              <td align="center">45,0</td>
              <td align="center">43,9 - 45,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">53,8</td>
              <td align="center">52,7 - 54,9</td>
              <td align="center">52,5</td>
              <td align="center">51,3 - 53,6</td>
              <td align="center">55,0</td>
              <td align="center">54,0 - 56,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Another CVD <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8225;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">95,8</td>
              <td align="center">95,3 - 96,2</td>
              <td align="center">96,1</td>
              <td align="center">95,6 - 96,5</td>
              <td align="center">95,5</td>
              <td align="center">95,1 - 95,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">4,2</td>
              <td align="center">3,8 - 4,7</td>
              <td align="center">3,9</td>
              <td align="center">3,5 - 4,4</td>
              <td align="center">4,5</td>
              <td align="center">4,1 - 4,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Chronic renal failure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">98,6</td>
              <td align="center">98,3 - 98,8</td>
              <td align="center">98,6</td>
              <td align="center">98,4 - 98,9</td>
              <td align="center">98,5</td>
              <td align="center">98,2 - 98,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1,4</td>
              <td align="center">1,2 - 1,7</td>
              <td align="center">1,4</td>
              <td align="center">1,1 - 1,6</td>
              <td align="center">1,5</td>
              <td align="center">1,3 - 1,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Stroke</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">98,5</td>
              <td align="center">98,2 - 98,7</td>
              <td align="center">98,4</td>
              <td align="center">98,1 - 98,6</td>
              <td align="center">98,5</td>
              <td align="center">98,3 - 98,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1,5</td>
              <td align="center">1,3 - 1,8</td>
              <td align="center">1,6</td>
              <td align="center">1,4 - 1,9</td>
              <td align="center">1,5</td>
              <td align="center">1,3 - 1,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Depression</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">92,3</td>
              <td align="center">91,7 - 92,9</td>
              <td align="center">96,1</td>
              <td align="center">95,6 - 96,5</td>
              <td align="center">88,9</td>
              <td align="center">88,3 - 89,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">7,7</td>
              <td align="center">7,1 - 8,2</td>
              <td align="center">3,9</td>
              <td align="center">3,5 - 4,4</td>
              <td align="center">11,1</td>
              <td align="center">10,4 - 11,7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>MS: metabolic syndrome; CI 99%: confidence interval 99%; N: norte; NE: northeast; SE: southeast; S: south; CW: central-west; CVD: cardiovascular disease;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Generated considering the sample weight;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>(&#8224;)</label>
            <p>Number of individuals in the database;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>(&#167;)</label>
            <p>Yellow, indigenous, brown, black</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>(&#8225;)</label>
            <p> infarction, angina, heart failure or other.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows MS prevalence, comorbidities and MS components burden in Brazilian population. Abdominal obesity was the factor with highest prevalence in this study (65.2%, CI 99% 64.4-65.9), followed by high BP (40.7%, CI 99% 39.6-41.7). It was observed that in all comorbidities, women presented the most expressive results, with high BP (46.9%, CI 99% 45.5-48.3) the only condition in which men showed a higher prevalence. In components sum, it is observed that only 1/4 of population did not present any of studied changes (23.8% [CI 99% 22.9-24.7]), while 38.1% (CI 99% 37.2-39.0) of participants already presented at least one MS component and 29.2% (CI 99% 28.3-30.1) coexisted with two considered factors. MS condition was estimated at 8.9% (CI 99% 8.4-9.5) of Brazilian population, with women proportion in this condition (10.3% [CI 99% 9.6-11.2]) statistically surpassing what was observed in the male population (7.5% [CI 99%, 6.7-8.3]).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence (%) of comorbidities and burden of diseases (risk factors for MS), by sex, of adults and elderly. National Health Survey (NHS), Brazil, 2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">Disease, burden and MS</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Sex</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total<break/>N = 59.402</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Male<break/>N = 25.920</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female<break/>N = 33.482</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
              <th align="center">% <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
              <th align="center">% <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">7,1</td>
              <td align="center">6,6 - 7,6</td>
              <td align="center">6,3</td>
              <td align="center">5,6 - 7,2</td>
              <td align="center">7,8</td>
              <td align="center">7,1 - 8,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High BP</td>
              <td align="center">40,7</td>
              <td align="center">39,6 - 41,7</td>
              <td align="center">46,9</td>
              <td align="center">45,5 - 48,3</td>
              <td align="center">34,9</td>
              <td align="center">33,7 - 36,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypercholesterolemia</td>
              <td align="center">14,7</td>
              <td align="center">14,0 - 15,5</td>
              <td align="center">11,9</td>
              <td align="center">10,9 - 13,1</td>
              <td align="center">16,9</td>
              <td align="center">16,0 - 17,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High WC</td>
              <td align="center">65,2</td>
              <td align="center">64,4 - 65,9</td>
              <td align="center">55,6</td>
              <td align="center">54,0 - 57,1</td>
              <td align="center">73,9</td>
              <td align="center">72,7 - 75,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Disease burden</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0</td>
              <td align="center">23,8</td>
              <td align="center">22,9 - 24,7</td>
              <td align="center">28,0</td>
              <td align="center">26,7 - 29,4</td>
              <td align="center">19,9</td>
              <td align="center">18,8 - 21,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">38,1</td>
              <td align="center">37,2 - 39,0</td>
              <td align="center">34,8</td>
              <td align="center">33,5 - 36,2</td>
              <td align="center">41,0</td>
              <td align="center">39,8 - 42,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">29,2</td>
              <td align="center">28,3 - 30,1</td>
              <td align="center">29,7</td>
              <td align="center">28,4 - 31,0</td>
              <td align="center">28,7</td>
              <td align="center">27,6 - 29,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">7,5</td>
              <td align="center">7,1 - 8,1</td>
              <td align="center">6,5</td>
              <td align="center">5,8 - 7,3</td>
              <td align="center">8,5</td>
              <td align="center">7,8 - 9,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4</td>
              <td align="center">1,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,9 - 1,2</td>
              <td align="center">1,0</td>
              <td align="center">0,7 - 1,3</td>
              <td align="center">1,8</td>
              <td align="center">1,5 - 2,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MS Condition <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">8,9</td>
              <td align="center">8,4 - 9,5</td>
              <td align="center">7,5</td>
              <td align="center">6,7 - 8,3</td>
              <td align="center">10,3</td>
              <td align="center">9,6 - 11,2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>MS: metabolic syndrome; N: number of individuals in the database; CI 99%: confidence interval 99%; BP: blood pressure; WC: waist circumference;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Generated considering the sample weight;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>(&#8224;)</label>
            <p>MS Condition, sum of disease burden &#8805; 3 factors.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> presents MS prevalence according to studied exposure variables. There are greater aggravation prevalence among older individuals (&#8805; 60 years), lower schooling time (&#8804; 8 years) and living with a partner. MS was greater among individuals residing in SE/S/CW regions, physically inactive, with overweight and who considered their health precarious. Regarding comorbidities, in general, MS higher prevalence were found among individuals who reported prior CKD diagnosis, stroke and other cardiovascular diseases, in relation to those who said they did not have the disease. In addition, we identified that, regardless of characteristic or condition considered as risk, MS prevalence was always higher among women.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>MS Prevalence according to exposure variables studied - National Health Survey (NHS), Brazil, 2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="4">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">MS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Male</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N = 59.402</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N = 25.920</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N = 33.482</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">p (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
              <th align="center">p (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
              <th align="center">p (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">18-59 years</td>
              <td align="center">5,8</td>
              <td align="center">5,3 - 6,3</td>
              <td align="center">5,4</td>
              <td align="center">4,7 - 6,3</td>
              <td align="center">6,1</td>
              <td align="center">5,5 - 6,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 60 years</td>
              <td align="center">23,2</td>
              <td align="center">21,4 - 25,1</td>
              <td align="center">17,5</td>
              <td align="center">14,7 - 20,8</td>
              <td align="center">27,6</td>
              <td align="center">25,0 - 30,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Education</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">6,3</td>
              <td align="center">5,7 - 6,9</td>
              <td align="center">6,8</td>
              <td align="center">5,8 - 7,8</td>
              <td align="center">5,8</td>
              <td align="center">5,1 - 6,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">13,1</td>
              <td align="center">12,1 - 14,2</td>
              <td align="center">8,4</td>
              <td align="center">7,1 - 9,9</td>
              <td align="center">17,6</td>
              <td align="center">15,9 - 19,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Skin color</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">9,7</td>
              <td align="center">8,9 - 10,6</td>
              <td align="center">8,9</td>
              <td align="center">7,7 - 10,5</td>
              <td align="center">10,4</td>
              <td align="center">9,3 - 11,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-white<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">8,3</td>
              <td align="center">7,5 - 9,0</td>
              <td align="center">6,1</td>
              <td align="center">5,2 - 7,1</td>
              <td align="center">10,3</td>
              <td align="center">9,2 - 11,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Conjugal situation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Do not live with a partner</td>
              <td align="center">6,9</td>
              <td align="center">6,4 - 7,6</td>
              <td align="center">4,6</td>
              <td align="center">3,8 - 5,6</td>
              <td align="center">8,9</td>
              <td align="center">8,1 - 9,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Live with a partner</td>
              <td align="center">11,5</td>
              <td align="center">10,5 - 12,5</td>
              <td align="center">10,7</td>
              <td align="center">9,3 - 12,2</td>
              <td align="center">12,3</td>
              <td align="center">10,9 - 13,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Housing region</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NE/N</td>
              <td align="center">7,3</td>
              <td align="center">6,6 - 8,0</td>
              <td align="center">5,3</td>
              <td align="center">4,4 - 6,2</td>
              <td align="center">9,1</td>
              <td align="center">8,0 - 10,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SE/S/CW</td>
              <td align="center">9,8</td>
              <td align="center">9,1 - 10,6</td>
              <td align="center">8,6</td>
              <td align="center">7,5 - 9,8</td>
              <td align="center">10,9</td>
              <td align="center">9,9 - 12,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Physical activity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active</td>
              <td align="center">1,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,7 - 4,9</td>
              <td align="center">2,5</td>
              <td align="center">0,7 - 8,6</td>
              <td align="center">1,0</td>
              <td align="center">0,3 - 3,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inactive</td>
              <td align="center">9,1</td>
              <td align="center">8,6 - 9,7</td>
              <td align="center">7,6</td>
              <td align="center">6,8 - 8,4</td>
              <td align="center">10,5</td>
              <td align="center">9,7 - 11,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Health self-perception</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Very good/good</td>
              <td align="center">4,8</td>
              <td align="center">4,3 - 5,3</td>
              <td align="center">4,5</td>
              <td align="center">3,8 - 5,4</td>
              <td align="center">5,0</td>
              <td align="center">4,4, 5,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Regular - Very bad</td>
              <td align="center">17,1</td>
              <td align="center">15,9 - 18,3</td>
              <td align="center">14,4</td>
              <td align="center">12,5 - 16,5</td>
              <td align="center">19,0</td>
              <td align="center">17,4 - 20,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Overweight</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">4,8</td>
              <td align="center">4,3 - 5,5</td>
              <td align="center">3,4</td>
              <td align="center">2,6 - 4,4</td>
              <td align="center">6,2</td>
              <td align="center">5,4 - 7,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">12,5</td>
              <td align="center">11,7 - 13,4</td>
              <td align="center">11,1</td>
              <td align="center">9,9 - 12,5</td>
              <td align="center">13,7</td>
              <td align="center">12,5 - 14,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Another CVD <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">8,3</td>
              <td align="center">7,7 - 8,8</td>
              <td align="center">6,9</td>
              <td align="center">6,1 - 7,7</td>
              <td align="center">9,5</td>
              <td align="center">8,8 - 10,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">24,9</td>
              <td align="center">20,9 - 29,4</td>
              <td align="center">21,8</td>
              <td align="center">15,9 - 29,2</td>
              <td align="center">27,3</td>
              <td align="center">22,2 - 33,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Chronic renal failure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">8,8</td>
              <td align="center">8,2 - 9,3</td>
              <td align="center">7,2</td>
              <td align="center">6,4 - 8,1</td>
              <td align="center">10,2</td>
              <td align="center">9,4 - 11,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">21,9</td>
              <td align="center">16,6 - 28,3</td>
              <td align="center">25,7</td>
              <td align="center">17,3 - 36,3</td>
              <td align="center">18,8</td>
              <td align="center">12,8 - 26,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Stroke</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">8,7</td>
              <td align="center">8,1 - 9,2</td>
              <td align="center">7,2</td>
              <td align="center">6,4 - 8,1</td>
              <td align="center">10,0</td>
              <td align="center">9,3 - 10,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">27,0</td>
              <td align="center">20,6 - 34,5</td>
              <td align="center">22,7</td>
              <td align="center">14,2 - 34,2</td>
              <td align="center">31,4</td>
              <td align="center">22,6 - 41,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Depression</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">8,3</td>
              <td align="center">7,7 - 8,8</td>
              <td align="center">7,1</td>
              <td align="center">6,3 - 7,8</td>
              <td align="center">9,4</td>
              <td align="center">8,6 - 10,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">17,1</td>
              <td align="center">14,6 - 19,9</td>
              <td align="center">15,6</td>
              <td align="center">10,7 - 22,3</td>
              <td align="center">17,6</td>
              <td align="center">14,7 - 20,9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>MS: metabolic syndrome; CI 99%: confidence interval 99%; N: norte; NE: northeast; SE: southeast; S: south; CW: central-west; CVD: cardiovascular disease;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Generated considering the sample weight;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>(&#8224;)</label>
            <p>Number of individuals in the database;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <p>(&#167;)Yellow, indigenous, brown, black</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <label>(&#8225;)</label>
            <p>infarction, angina, heart failure or other.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Results referring to factors associated with MS in hierarchical modeling process (hypothetical-causal model), different for men and women, are available in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref>. In female population final model, we identified that MS probability was higher among individuals in the following situations: age &#8805; 60 years (PR 3.20 [CI 99% 2.76-3.72]), education &#8804; 8 (PR 1.46 [CI 99% 1, 23-1,74]), living with partner (PR 1.27 [CI 99% 1,11-1,45]), residing in SE/S/CW regions (PR 1.18 [CI 99% 1, 02-1.38]), regular to very bad health self-perception (PR 2.35 [CI 99% 1.99-2.78]), stroke (PR 1, (CI 99% 1.00-1.86), other CSD (PR 1.29 [CI 99% 1.03-1.62]), overweight (PR 2.09 [CI 99% 1, 79-2.42]) and depression (PR 1, 31 [CI 99% 1.07-1.59]) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Bivariate analysis and multivariable models for factors associated with metabolic syndrome among Brazilian women according to hierarchical levels of exposure variables studied - National Health Survey (NHS), Brazil, 2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Bivariate analysis</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 1</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 2</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 3</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">PR</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
              <th align="center">PR</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
              <th align="center">PR</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
              <th align="center">PR</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">18-59 years</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805;60 years</td>
              <td align="center">4,49</td>
              <td align="center">3,90- 5,18</td>
              <td align="center">3,44</td>
              <td align="center">2,95- 4,01</td>
              <td align="center">2,99</td>
              <td align="center">2,56- 3,48</td>
              <td align="center">3,20</td>
              <td align="center">2,76- 3,72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Education</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt;8 years</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">3,01</td>
              <td align="center">2,55- 3,55</td>
              <td align="center">1,98</td>
              <td align="center">1,67- 2,34</td>
              <td align="center">1,54</td>
              <td align="center">1,29- 1,83</td>
              <td align="center">1,46</td>
              <td align="center">1,23- 1,74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conjugal situation</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Do not live with a partner</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Live with a partner</td>
              <td align="center">1,37</td>
              <td align="center">1,18- 1,58</td>
              <td align="center">1,38</td>
              <td align="center">1,21- 1,58</td>
              <td align="center">1,33</td>
              <td align="center">1,17- 1,52</td>
              <td align="center">1,27</td>
              <td align="center">1,11- 1,45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Housing region</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NE/N</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SE/S/CW</td>
              <td align="center">1,20</td>
              <td align="center">1,02- 1,41</td>
              <td align="center">1,18</td>
              <td align="center">1,01- 1,36</td>
              <td align="center">1,30</td>
              <td align="center">1,12- 1,52</td>
              <td align="center">1,18</td>
              <td align="center">1,02- 1,38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Skin color</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-white<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0,98</td>
              <td align="center">0,84- 1,15</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical activity</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inactive</td>
              <td align="center">10,06</td>
              <td align="center">3,08- 32,84</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Health self-perception</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Very good/good</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Regular - Very bad</td>
              <td align="center">3,76</td>
              <td align="center">3,23- 4,38</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2,65</td>
              <td align="center">2,24- 3,14</td>
              <td align="center">2,35</td>
              <td align="center">1,99- 2,78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">3,13</td>
              <td align="center">2,29- 4,27</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,36</td>
              <td align="center">1,00- 1,86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Another CVD&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">2,86</td>
              <td align="center">2,32- 3,51</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,29</td>
              <td align="center">1,03- 1,62</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">2,19</td>
              <td align="center">1,85- 5,59</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2,09</td>
              <td align="center">1,79- 2,42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Depression</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1,86</td>
              <td align="center">1,54- 2,26</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,31</td>
              <td align="center">1,07- 1,59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic renal failure</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1,84</td>
              <td align="center">1,26- 2,69</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <p>PR: prevalence ratio; CI 99%: confidence interval 99%; N: norte; NE: northeast; SE: southeast; S: south; CW: central-west; CVD: cardiovascular disease;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN15">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Yellow, indigenous, brown, black</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN16">
            <p>(&#8225;) infarction, angina, heart failure or other.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Bivariate analysis and multivariable models for factors associated with metabolic syndrome among Brazilian men according to hierarchical levels of exposure variables studied - National Health Survey (NHS), Brazil,2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Bivariate analysis</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 1</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 2</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 3</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">PR</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
              <th align="center">PR</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
              <th align="center">PR</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
              <th align="center">PR</th>
              <th align="center">CI 99%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">18-59 years</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 60 years</td>
              <td align="center">3,23</td>
              <td align="center">2,55- 4,08</td>
              <td align="center">2,74</td>
              <td align="center">2,17- 3,46</td>
              <td align="center">2,07</td>
              <td align="center">1,61- 2,67</td>
              <td align="center">2,60</td>
              <td align="center">2,04- 3,31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Education</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">1,24</td>
              <td align="center">0,99- 1,54</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Conjugal situation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Do not live with a partner</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Live with a partner</td>
              <td align="center">2,30</td>
              <td align="center">1,82- 2,92</td>
              <td align="center">1,81</td>
              <td align="center">1,43- 2,30</td>
              <td align="center">1,74</td>
              <td align="center">1,37- 2,20</td>
              <td align="center">1,48</td>
              <td align="center">1,17- 1,88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Housing region</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NE/N</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SE/S/CW</td>
              <td align="center">1,63</td>
              <td align="center">1,31- 2,02</td>
              <td align="center">1,49</td>
              <td align="center">1,20- 1,85</td>
              <td align="center">1,74</td>
              <td align="center">1,40- 2,14</td>
              <td align="center">1,57</td>
              <td align="center">1,28- 1,94</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Skin color</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-white&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0,67</td>
              <td align="center">0,54- 0,84</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Physical activity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inactive</td>
              <td align="center">3,02</td>
              <td align="center">0,84- 10,90</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Health self-perception</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Very good/good</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Regular - Very bad</td>
              <td align="center">3,17</td>
              <td align="center">2,51- 4-01</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2,72</td>
              <td align="center">2,12- 3,50</td>
              <td align="center">2,59</td>
              <td align="center">2,01- 3,33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Stroke</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">3,15</td>
              <td align="center">1,99- 4,98</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Another CVD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8225;</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">3,17</td>
              <td align="center">2,29- 4,39</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Overweight</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">3,27</td>
              <td align="center">2,45- 4,37</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">3,58</td>
              <td align="center">2,73- 4,70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Depression</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">2,19</td>
              <td align="center">1,49- 3,23</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,41</td>
              <td align="center">0,98- 2,02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Chronic renal failure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">3,57</td>
              <td align="center">2,41- 5,28</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,85</td>
              <td align="center">1,23- 2,76</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN17">
            <p>PR: prevalence ratio; CI 99%: confidence interval 99%; N: norte; NE: northeast; SE: southeast; S: south; CW: central-west; CVD: cardiovascular disease;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN18">
            <p>(*) Yellow, indigenous, brown, black</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN19">
            <label>(&#8225;)</label>
            <p>infarction, angina, heart failure or other.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding male population, final model did not include variables as schooling, skin color, other CVD and CVA, age remaining in &#8805;60 years (PR 2.60 [CI 99% 2.04-3.31]), living with partner (PR 1.48 [CI 99% 1.17-1.88]), residing in SE/S/CW regions (PR 1.57 [CI 99% 1.28-1.94]), have worse ("regular to very bad") self-referred health (RP 2.59 [IC99% 2.01-3.33]) and present IRC (RP 1.85 [IC99% 2.23-2, 76]), overweight (RR 3.58 [IC99% 2.73-4.70]) and depression (RP 1.41 [IC99% 0.98-2.02]) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>Regarding the physical activity variable, in order not to compromise analysis, we chose not to include it in the model, given the low prevalence of physically active individuals (1.8%), which would result in inaccurate estimates, due to large standard error (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref>). In addition, considering the referential adopted, such comparisons become unnecessary, since almost entire Brazilian population is characterized as physically inactive (98.1%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>MS is a multidimensional phenomenon determined by an interaction factor set that affects people quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Despite the existence of studies on chronic diseases and their risk factors in Brazilian population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> as the Adult Health Longitudinal Study, we do not yet have MS prevalence national representativeness in the country. Thus, the present study evaluated for the first time the factors associated with MS in a Brazilian population representative sample aged over 18 years, representing a milestone in the MS investigation in Brazil, collaborating in construction of evidence capable of directing resolute strategies for prevention and control of this problem.</p>
      <p>We identified that approximately 9% Brazilian population presented MS status, according to consensuses harmonization definition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Nevertheless, our study reveals worrying data, accounting that only 23.8% of population does not present any MS component, and that 67.3% have between one and two components to characterize this outcome, which demonstrates high number of individuals under developing MS risk.</p>
      <p>Considering sex, highest MS occurrence was found among female population (10.3%, CI 99% 9.6-11.2), fact that has been widely recorded in scientific literature, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> especially among those with age &gt; 59 years, which can be explained by hormonal changes that occurred after menopause.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> At this moment of life, there is tendency to accumulate abdominal fat and also to increase density of LDL particles circulating in bloodstream that become more atherogenic, known condition associated to increased risk of CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> It is also possible to highlight the high number of morbidity found among women in this study, who presented higher prevalence of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and abdominal obesity in relation to masculine sex.</p>
      <p>Considerable differentiation in MS abnormalities prevalence and combinations between the sexes suggests different physiopathology between men and women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> possibly explained by sex hormones different levels that influence metabolism regulatory mechanisms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The greater androgenic activity found among men as well as postmenopausal estrogen levels reduction among women are conditions that favor an increase in visceral abdominal fat and in bloodstream lipids concentration, which is correlated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and increased cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Among MS components, high WC results (65.2%, CI 99% 64.4-65.9) are highlighted in the study population. Abdominal obesity plays an important role in MS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> because it is associated with a metabolic disorder capable of damaging the artery wall, leading to vasoconstriction deregulation, inflammatory cascades activation, and adipokines effects elevation, considered to be factors that induce CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Cohort study conducted by Lee et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> showed that the additional 500 cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> volume increase of subcutaneous and visceral fat is associated with MS incidence and risk factors aggravation for CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A obese individuals cohort study conducted in Italy showed that abdominal obesity contributed to MS prevalence in obese women, but not in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, a possible explanation for elevated WC high prevalence can be derived from the lower cut-off points established by ethnicity standardization for abdominal obesity (&#8805; 90 cm for men and &#8805; 80 cm for women),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> when compared with limit values NCEP-ATPIII (102 cm for men and 88 cm for women).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Therefore, this high and worrisome abdominal obesity prevalence in Brazilian population reflects in the increased risk of developing some cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and consequent risk for increased morbidity and mortality and impact on the health system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Positive relationship between MS prevalence and increase in age, found here, has been widely disseminated, especially due to differences attributed to sex,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> not only due to cumulative effect, reflecting the exposure time to risk factors related to inappropriate eating behaviors and unhealthy lifestyles, as well as the biological factors contribution in both sexes, due to direct relationship with testosterone/estrogen levels balance, specifically among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> MS has been slightly more diagnosed among men with less than fifty years of age, fact that is reversed after fifty years, affecting female population with greater magnitude.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>From sociodemographic point of view, this study showed that living in SE/S/CW regions was presented as factor associated with MS, which can be explained, in part, by these regions concentrating the country main urban centers, contributing to lifestyles promotion characterized by unhealthy eating habits and physical exercises low frequency, which have as consequence, increased risk of obesity, type 2 DM, arterial hypertension, CVD and MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a systematic review carried out among South American countries, this hypothesis was confirmed by showing that western eating habits and lifestyle pattern were found in greater proportion in large urban areas where chronic no communicable diseases were related to these behaviors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In addition, through an investigation conducted in Brazil, it was evident that there was a high calories consumption in the capitals located in the South, Southeast and Center-West regions, while in the capitals in the North and the Northeast a consumption below average was observed among the population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is important to point out that in these large urban centers regions, society is increasingly induced by food offers messages, diets and western behaviors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In recent years, in Brazil, metropolitan regions have shown reduction in household consumption of polished rice, beans, cereals and legumes (down 60%, 49% and 25%, respectively), with a concomitant continuous consumption increase of foods such as: beverages and infusions (22% and 24%), prepared foods and industrial mixtures (67%), highlighting 490% increase in the amount of non-alcoholic beverage purchased between 1974 and 2009, evidencing a change in food behavior that is not always favoring healthy choices in developed regions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our results showed that education lowest level was associated with MS prevalence in women, but this association was not evident among male population. This finding is consistent with the international literature, as observed in a study conducted in China, where educational level was also inversely related to MS prevalence strictly among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In Korea, distinctly, it was identified that men with less schooling had lower odds ratios (OR) for both SM (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60-0.96), as well as for two of its isolated components: high WC (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0, 60-0.91) and low HDL cholesterol (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.59-0.91), compared to men with higher education.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In this study, a higher MS prevalence was observed among the socially disadvantaged women who had lower education level, unemployed, lower income level and who performed manual labor, as highlighted in our results in educational level terms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, an antagonistic result was observed in high educational level male population, where cardiovascular risk factors distribution was more observed in this population stratum. This may be a reflection of the socioeconomic environment, which increases MS risk in one of the genders more specifically.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In relation to conjugal situation variable, it is not clear how civil status contributes to MS. In the present study, the situation of living with a partner was associated to MS and to a greater extent in male population. This finding was also evident among Australians, where women who married gained more weight compared to unmarried women, after adjusting for potential confounding factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Similarly, in the study by Averett et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> marriage was associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity, both for men and women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ortega et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> identified that sex affects the relationship between obesity, cardiometabolic risk factors and marital status due to changes in behavioral factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Although most studies have reported that married people became more sedentary,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> with direct reflection in overweight and impact on MS comorbidities, collaborating with the results found in this work, other studies show different results, attributing to marital relationship type the MS outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> In this case, it is considered that positive conjugal relationships can protect from stressful situations, providing both material and support benefits, while negative relationships or lack of relationship can increase exposure to conflicts, with consequent stress level elevation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> factor recognized as associated to MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding behavioral aspects, we identified that "regular to very bad" health negative self-perception was important factor associated to MS. Health self-perception is global indicator in which the person considers, in addition to possible diseases, the impact they generate on physical, social and mental well-being.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> In Spain, by contrasting our results, in a multicenter study performed with DM and/or MS carriers recently diagnosed, 42.2% of the individuals believed to have good or excellent health, representing little awareness of the cardiovascular risk they presented.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> In this work, the association of negative self-perception "regular to very bad "with MS draws attention, because it may reflect that the studied population was aware of their health condition, but remains within the risk range for metabolic complications development, assuming that there may be other factors that prevent them from leaving this condition and deserve to be better investigated.</p>
      <p>Regarding MS prevalence and association with comorbidities (CVD, stroke and depression), all were more frequent among females compared to males, with CRF exception. Association between MS and CRF found exclusively among men can be partly justified by hypertension high prevalence installed in this group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In recent decades, it has become increasingly evident that hypertensive patients prognosis is strongly affected by renal impairment especially in terms of mortality and cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> In relation to the greater number of comorbidities associated to MS among women in the study, it can be explained in part by the low demand of men for health services, which generates an underdiagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>CVDs are the leading cause of death in Brazil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and should be a public health priority, through policies for their prevention and control. Association between DCV and MS was demonstrated in a Danish cohort, in which older women with MS presented risk of 1.7 (95% CI 1.44-2.05) for CVD development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Correlation can also be explained by Salas et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> who showed that obese adults, mainly women, are particularly at risk of developing MS, with significant implications for their health, especially CVD and diabetes. These results highlight the weight loss importance to reduce morbidities associated to MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another disease condition associated with MS was depression, with higher prevalence found among women. Similarly, study conducted in Korea with middle-aged individuals aged 40-64 years found high prevalence among women with 11.7%, compared to 4.1% in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> These findings may be similar to what was found in disease prospective cohort among the Dutch population, where depression was significantly associated with higher WC and triglyceride levels during a 6-year follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> In this context these results may imply that older age may be associated with an increased response to stress and cortisol levels, more frequently among women than men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Methodological pattern reinforced presented results robustness; however, some limitations must be addressed. Up to the time of submission of this study, IBGE had not published HDL laboratory data, which led us to characterize MS in the occurrence of three of the four - and not five - components available in the database.</p>
      <p>Another point refers to the use of self-reported medical diagnoses. The investigated population answered if "<italic>some doctor already gave him the diagnosis of diabetes</italic>?" Or "(...) <italic>hypercholesterolemia</italic>?", which reduces classification bias, because they were considered present when there was a positive response to the previous medical diagnosis of these diseases; On the other hand, given the issues of underdiagnoses, there is a real possibility of the presence of individuals who did not know their health condition at the time of the interview. In any case, even in these situations, we observed that MS high prevalence in our study is consistent with the literature,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> which warns of the possibility that this prevalence may be underestimated, implying a negative prognosis for Brazilian population aged &#8805;18 years.</p>
      <p>Another limitation of this study is its cross-sectional design, which is why socioeconomic, behavioral and comorbidities factors analyzed here can not be unequivocally considered causal for MS. Especially in reference to comorbidities, it is important to highlight reverse causality role in identified associations, since clinical course start for CVD, stroke, depression and CRI would be in MS, despite the fact that delineation does not allow to affirm that this fact occurred in the studied population. However, use of data with national representativeness and conceptual model to base not only variables selection, but also analytical strategy, allows relevant information production for Brazilian population health conditions diagnosis, in which refers to MS, aligned with national public health priorities.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We identified high prevalence of MS in adult and elderly population in Brazil, being associated with sociodemographic variables (age, schooling, conjugal status and housing region), behavioral (self-perception of health) and comorbidities (stroke, CVD, weight, depression and CRF) differently between the sexes.</p>
      <p>Finally, the relevance of the burden of each MS component, reiterates MS as a clinical and epidemiological tool in the identification of individuals and population groups with greater vulnerability to CVD occurrence and as a guideline to cost-effective interventions on factors presented. Thus, our results suggest the need to strengthen public policies for health promotion in order to encourage the adoption of healthy behaviors; otherwise, it will be unlikely to fulfill the goals set forth in the Strategic Action Plan to Tackle Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) in Brazil 2011-2022.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Elyssia Karine Nunes Mendon&#231;a Ramires, from Universidade Federal de Alagoas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Brazil Platform, directed to the Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) the protocol number 10853812.7.0000.0008. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Epidemiologia</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia e Fatores Associados com a S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica na Popula&#231;&#227;o Adulta Brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de - 2013</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Elyssia Karine Nunes Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Risia Cristina Egito de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Longo-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Giovana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ta&#237;se Gama dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marinho</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia de Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jonas Augusto Cardoso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Elyssia Karine Nunes Mendon&#231;a Ramires</bold>, Loteamento Vert Paradiso, Lote 01, Quadra B2. CEP 57048-375, Antares, Macei&#243;. AL - Brasil. E-mail: <email>elyssiakarine@hotmail.com</email>, <email>elyssiakarine@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ramires EKNM, Menezes RCE, Silveira JAC, Longo-Silva G, Santos TG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Marinho PM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ramires EKNM, Menezes RCE, Silveira JAC, Marinho PM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:Ramires EKNM, Menezes RCE, Silveira JAC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Menezes RCE, Silveira JAC, Santos TG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>No Brasil, s&#227;o escassas as investiga&#231;&#245;es de base populacional analisando a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores associados &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM), reconhecida preditora de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), importante causa de invalidez e morte no pa&#237;s.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da SM e seus fatores associados na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>An&#225;lise secund&#225;ria da Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de de 2013, inqu&#233;rito transversal com representatividade nacional da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta brasileira (n = 59.402). A vari&#225;vel de desfecho foi a SM, definida a partir da harmoniza&#231;&#227;o dos consensos internacionais de cardiologia como carga &#8805; 3 dos seguintes componentes: diabetes e hipercolesterolemia autorreferidas, press&#227;o arterial elevada e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura elevada. As an&#225;lises foram estratificadas por sexo e as raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia, com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 99% (RP[IC99%]), foram calculadas por meio de modelos regress&#227;o simples e m&#250;ltiplos de Poisson.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de SM foi 8,9%, sendo significativamente maior entre as mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens; de modo geral, tal padr&#227;o manteve-se em rela&#231;&#227;o as vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o estudadas. Adicionalmente, menos de 25% da popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentou qualquer componente de SM. Nos modelos m&#250;ltiplos finais, vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comportamentais e de comorbidades se associaram &#224; SM, por&#233;m, enquanto a baixa escolaridade (1,46[1,23-1,74]), acidente vascular cerebral (1,36[1,00-1,86]) e outras DCV (1,29[1,03-1,62]) se associaram entre as mulheres, a insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (1,85[2,23-2,76]) se associou exclusivamente entre os homens.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Identificamos elevada preval&#234;ncia de SM na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, sendo que os fatores associados a essa condi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o distintos em fun&#231;&#227;o do sexo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto</kwd>
        <kwd>Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
        <kwd>Inqu&#233;ritos Epidemiol&#243;gicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As modifica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas nos padr&#245;es socioecon&#244;micos e culturais das popula&#231;&#245;es, decorrentes da r&#225;pida urbaniza&#231;&#227;o e do desenvolvimento econ&#244;mico, resultaram em mudan&#231;as significativas nos h&#225;bitos de vida dos diferentes grupos populacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Essa nova forma de organiza&#231;&#227;o da sociedade, associada &#224; transi&#231;&#227;o alimentar e ao envelhecimento populacional, promoveu transforma&#231;&#245;es na maneira de adoecer das pessoas aumentando a morbimortalidade por doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No que concerne especificamente &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), a presen&#231;a concomitante de fatores de risco, como hipertens&#227;o arterial, hipercolesterolemia, diabetes, resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e deposi&#231;&#227;o central de gordura est&#225; associada ao aumento de aproximadamente 2,5 vezes no risco de morbimortalidade cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Esse complexo agregado de fatores predisponentes das DCV constitui a condi&#231;&#227;o definida como s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Recente estimativa de SM em n&#237;vel mundial aponta preval&#234;ncia entre 20-25% na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica a preval&#234;ncia de SM foi de 34,7% em 2011-2012, definida pelo crit&#233;rio harmonizado, o qual sintetiza outros crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o elaborado por diferentes organiza&#231;&#245;es para defini&#231;&#227;o desta condi&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Entre cidades da Am&#233;rica Latina a preval&#234;ncia da SM encontrada entre os anos de 2003 e 2005 foi de 21%, definida pelo crit&#233;rio americano do <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel</italic> (NCEP-ATPIII), apresentando uma varia&#231;&#227;o de 14% a 27%, segundo os territ&#243;rios estudados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> J&#225; no Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia foi ainda maior, variando em torno de 30% entre indiv&#237;duos com idade de 19 a 64 anos em diferentes regi&#245;es do pais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diante desta situa&#231;&#227;o, o governo brasileiro lan&#231;ou o Plano de A&#231;&#245;es Estrat&#233;gicas para Enfrentamento das DCNT (2011-2022), que contempla, dentre outras a&#231;&#245;es, gerar informa&#231;&#245;es e conhecimentos sobre o processo sa&#250;de-doen&#231;a e seus determinantes sociais para formula&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Neste sentido, foi concebida a primeira Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de (PNS) voltada &#224; vigil&#226;ncia de fatores de risco e prote&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesta perspectiva, a partir dos dados da PNS de 2013, o objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a preval&#234;ncia da SM e de seus componentes para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com idade &#8805; 18 anos e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comportamentais e biol&#243;gicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho e amostra do estudo</title>
          <p>A PNS &#233; um inqu&#233;rito transversal com representatividade nacional da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira residente em domic&#237;lios particulares realizada entre agosto e dezembro de 2013. A PNS compreendeu um levantamento populacional sobre sa&#250;de e seus determinantes realizado no Brasil pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE) em parceria com o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O processo de amostragem foi organizado por conglomerados em tr&#234;s est&#225;gios, onde a unidade prim&#225;ria de amostragem (UPA) foi composta por setores censit&#225;rios, a unidade secund&#225;ria foi o domic&#237;lio e a unidade terci&#225;ria, os moradores com 18 anos ou mais de idade. Dentro de cada est&#225;gio, os participantes foram selecionados por meio de amostragem aleat&#243;ria simples. Foi considerado o peso do domic&#237;lio correspondente, a probabilidade de sele&#231;&#227;o do morador, ajustes de n&#227;o resposta por sexo e calibra&#231;&#227;o pelos totais populacionais, por sexo e classes de idade estimadas, com o peso de todos os moradores. Uma descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada da metodologia aplicada para a PNS-2013 foi publicada anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para descrever as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, a PNS foi constitu&#237;da por m&#243;dulos tem&#225;ticos que abordaram a percep&#231;&#227;o individual da sa&#250;de e estilo de vida, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, bem como informa&#231;&#245;es sociodemogr&#225;ficas. Para fins deste estudo, foram selecionados os indiv&#237;duos que possu&#237;am dados sobre os fatores que comp&#245;e a SM, ou seja, diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico autorreferido de diabetes mellitus e hipercolesterolemia, al&#233;m dos valores das medidas de press&#227;o arterial (PA) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC).</p>
          <p>Entre os 69.954 domic&#237;lios ocupados com morador selecionado para a entrevista na PNS-2013, foram entrevistados 60.202 indiv&#237;duos com 18 anos ou mais de idade, representando uma taxa de resposta dos moradores selecionados de 86%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Desse total foram exclu&#237;das 800 gestantes gerando uma amostra final composta por 59.402 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
          <p>A Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) aprovou o projeto da PNS em junho de 2013, sob o parecer n.&#186; 328.159. Todos os entrevistados que concordaram em participar da pesquisa assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;vel de desfecho</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, a vari&#225;vel de desfecho SM foi definida de acordo com a proposta de harmoniza&#231;&#227;o dos consensos internacionais de cardiologia (IDF/NHLBI/AHA/WHF/IAS/IASO), caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s entre cinco fatores de risco metab&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em nosso trabalho, uma vez que a PNS n&#227;o disponibilizou dados bioqu&#237;micos, a classifica&#231;&#227;o da SM foi realizada considerando a presen&#231;a de pelo menos tr&#234;s das quatro situa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis no banco de dados: 1) diagn&#243;stico autorreferido de diabetes; 2) valores de PA considerados lim&#237;trofes para diagn&#243;stico de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS) (sist&#243;lica &#8805; 130 mm Hg e/ou diast&#243;lica &#8805; 85 mmHg); 3) valores de CC acima do ponto de corte estabelecido como limiar de obesidade abdominal para a popula&#231;&#227;o da Am&#233;rica do Sul (homens &#8805; 90 cm e mulheres &#8805; 80 cm); e, 4) diagn&#243;stico autorreferido de hipercolesterolemia.</p>
          <p>A PA foi aferida por uma equipe treinada usando aparelho digital calibrado. Os indiv&#237;duos precisavam estar em repouso e foram orientados a esvaziar suas bexigas, n&#227;o fumarem ou beberem durante o per&#237;odo de 30 minutos anterior &#224; medi&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o fazerem qualquer atividade f&#237;sica durante o per&#237;odo de uma hora anterior &#224; medi&#231;&#227;o. As medidas de PA foram feitas com os indiv&#237;duos na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, depois de terem descansado durante pelo menos cinco minutos. Os indiv&#237;duos foram instru&#237;dos a manterem-se relaxados e apoiados contra o encosto da cadeira, n&#227;o cruzarem as pernas e deixarem o seu bra&#231;o esquerdo livre de roupas e apoiado em uma mesa ao mesmo n&#237;vel que o seu peito ou cora&#231;&#227;o. Tr&#234;s medidas de PA foram aferidas, com intervalos de dois minutos entre elas. A m&#233;dia entre a segunda e a terceira medida foi utilizada para o presente estudo. Nessa t&#233;cnica, as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram calculadas por meio de algoritmos a partir do ponto de oscila&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima que corresponde &#224; PA m&#233;dia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224;s medidas antropom&#233;tricas, aferiu-se o peso (kg), a altura (m) e a CC (cm) - tendo-se como refer&#234;ncia para o per&#237;metro o ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca, sendo utilizados, respectivamente, balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica port&#225;til, estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til, fita m&#233;trica flex&#237;vel e inel&#225;stica com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm. Os procedimentos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da antropometria seguiram o mesmo protocolo utilizado na Pesquisa de Or&#231;amento Familiar (POF) 2008-2009 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis independentes</title>
          <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis independentes foi realizada com base no modelo conceitual dos determinantes distais e proximais, desenvolvido para mostrar o impacto de m&#250;ltiplos fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos, comportamentais e de comorbidades no estado de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o, para a SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos utilizados inclu&#237;ram: sexo, idade (18 - 59 anos e &#8805; 60 anos), escolaridade (&#8804; 8 anos e &gt; 8 anos), cor da pele (branca/n&#227;o branca), situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal (viver com companheiro ou n&#227;o), macrorregi&#227;o (Sul/Sudeste/Centro-Oeste e Norte/Nordeste). As macrorregi&#245;es foram dicotomizadas de modo de con&#173;trastar os polos brasileiros de desenvolvimento, sendo as regi&#245;es Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste as mais desenvolvidas. As vari&#225;veis comportamentais foram autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, considerando a jun&#231;&#227;o das respostas &#8220;muito boa&#8221; e &#8220;boa&#8221; definindo como refer&#234;ncia &#224;s respostas &#8220;regular&#8221;, &#8220;ruim&#8221; e &#8220;muito ruim&#8221;.</p>
          <p>Para constru&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel atividade f&#237;sica (AF), foram consideradas as seguintes informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o em tempo livre e o volume, a dura&#231;&#227;o e a intensidade do esfor&#231;o para a atividade f&#237;sica, sendo o per&#237;odo de refer&#234;ncia utilizado para as quest&#245;es de AF no question&#225;rio, os tr&#234;s meses anteriores ao dia da entrevista. A intensidade do esfor&#231;o foi obtida pela convers&#227;o do tipo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ou esporte relatados em AF vigorosa ou moderada conforme as determina&#231;&#245;es do Comp&#234;ndio de Atividade F&#237;sica (CAF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A dura&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o em cada sess&#227;o foi expressa em minutos e dividida em tr&#234;s agrupamentos: &lt; 19; 20 a 29; &gt;30 minutos. A frequ&#234;ncia semanal foi determinada pelo n&#250;mero de dias com pr&#225;tica de AF por semana e, para efeitos de an&#225;lise, foi dividida em: 0 a 2 dias, 3 a 4 dias e &gt; 5 dias semanais.</p>
          <p>Dessa forma, a vari&#225;vel AF foi, inicialmente, agrupada em tr&#234;s categorias, conforme recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de: ativo (indiv&#237;duo que alcance ou ultrapasse 150 minutos de atividade f&#237;sica moderada ou 75 minutos de atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa por semana em sess&#245;es de pelo menos 10 minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o); inativo (indiv&#237;duo que negue praticar AF no lazer) e ativo insuficiente (quando realiza AF abaixo da recomenda&#231;&#227;o).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Por fim, optou-se por unir as categorias de inativo e ativo insuficiente, transformando-as em uma vari&#225;vel dicot&#244;mica (ativo/inativo).</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis correspondentes &#224;s comorbidades aqui analisadas foram os diagn&#243;sticos m&#233;dicos pr&#233;vios autorreferidos de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (IRC), depress&#227;o e outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV). Para esta &#250;ltima consideraram-se os relatos de diagn&#243;sticos de DCV anteriores, como por exemplo: infarto, angina, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dentre outras. O excesso de peso foi identificado segundo pontos de corte do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). Nos indiv&#237;duos com faixa et&#225;ria entre 18 e 59 anos, foram considerados com excesso de peso, os valores &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Para aqueles com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos foram considerados valores &gt; 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> como excesso de peso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram processadas por meio do <italic>software</italic> Stata vers&#227;o 13.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, EUA), utilizando-se <italic>survey comands,</italic> cujos procedimentos de an&#225;lise levam em considera&#231;&#227;o os efeitos do plano e da pondera&#231;&#227;o amostral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre as preval&#234;ncias de SM, para cada comorbidade e para a carga de doen&#231;as foi baseada em seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 99% (IC99%). As raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia (RP), com seus respectivos IC99%, foram calculadas por meio de modelos de regress&#227;o simples e m&#250;ltiplos de Poisson.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O processo de modelagem estat&#237;stica foi conduzido mediante modelo conceitual dos fatores determinantes da SM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> aplicando-se abordagem hierarquizada nas an&#225;lises e utilizando o m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise forward</italic> para a introdu&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis, considerando como eleg&#237;veis aquelas com p &lt; 0,20 (an&#225;lise univariada); permaneceram no modelo aquelas vari&#225;veis em que o IC99% n&#227;o incluiu o &#8220;1&#8221; ou que contribu&#237;ram para o ajuste do modelo.</p>
          <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre a SM e os potenciais fatores associados foram inseridos de acordo com os fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos, comportamentais e de comorbidades, analisados por meio de tr&#234;s modelos m&#250;ltiplos. No n&#237;vel distal da an&#225;lise (Modelo 1) foram consideradas as vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas idade, escolaridade, cor da pele, situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal e regi&#227;o de moradia; para a composi&#231;&#227;o do Modelo 2, utilizaram-se as vari&#225;veis comportamentais atividade f&#237;sica e autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, ajustadas pelo Modelo 1; por fim, no Modelo 3, foram introduzidas as vari&#225;veis referentes aos determinantes proximais (comorbidades) sendo seus efeitos ajustados pelo Modelo 2. Destaca-se que uma vez definido o conjunto de vari&#225;veis em um Modelo hierarquicamente superior este n&#227;o sofria mais qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o nos outros n&#237;veis de an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>A justificativa para preservar as vari&#225;veis em cada um dos modelos foi alicer&#231;ada na import&#226;ncia do resultado para a compreens&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia da SM e na magnitude do efeito, bem como sua variabilidade, aqui representada pelo IC99%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, as an&#225;lises foram estratificadas por sexo, considerando que na an&#225;lise descritiva a SM mostrou acometer de modo diferencial &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o masculina e feminina, o que pode refletir fatores de associa&#231;&#227;o distintos entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comportamentais e de comorbidades de 59.402 indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 18 anos, de acordo com a aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a da SM est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>. Foi identificada elevada frequ&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos fisicamente inativos (98,1%) e 53,8% que apresentavam excesso de peso. Houve um relato predominante de autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de muito boa ou boa (65,9%) e uma frequ&#234;ncia expressiva de baixa escolaridade (39,1%) entre os indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comportamentais e de comorbidades dos adultos e idosos - Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de (PNS), Brasil, 2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="4">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">SM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Masculino</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N = 59.402<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N = 25.920<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N = 33.482<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
                <th align="center">%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
                <th align="center">%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18-59 anos</td>
                <td align="center">81,8</td>
                <td align="center">80,9 - 82,5</td>
                <td align="center">83,3</td>
                <td align="center">82,4 - 84,1</td>
                <td align="center">80,4</td>
                <td align="center">79,6 - 81,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 60 anos</td>
                <td align="center">18,2</td>
                <td align="center">17,4 - 19,0</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">15,9 - 17,5</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,8 - 20,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">60,9</td>
                <td align="center">59,7 - 62,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,2</td>
                <td align="center">58,9 - 61,4</td>
                <td align="center">61,5</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 - 62,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">39,1</td>
                <td align="center">37,9 - 40,2</td>
                <td align="center">39,8</td>
                <td align="center">38,6 - 41,0</td>
                <td align="center">38,5</td>
                <td align="center">37,4 - 39,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cor da Pele</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">47,4</td>
                <td align="center">46,4 - 48,5</td>
                <td align="center">46,8</td>
                <td align="center">45,7 - 47,9</td>
                <td align="center">48,1</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 - 49,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o branca <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">52,5</td>
                <td align="center">51,5 - 53,6</td>
                <td align="center">53,2</td>
                <td align="center">52,1 - 54,3</td>
                <td align="center">51,9</td>
                <td align="center">50,9 - 53,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o Conjugal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o vive com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">55,7</td>
                <td align="center">54,6 - 56,7</td>
                <td align="center">53,4</td>
                <td align="center">52,2 - 54,6</td>
                <td align="center">57,8</td>
                <td align="center">56,8 - 58,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vive com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">44,3</td>
                <td align="center">43,2 - 45,3</td>
                <td align="center">46,6</td>
                <td align="center">45,4 - 47,8</td>
                <td align="center">42,2</td>
                <td align="center">41,2 - 43,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Regi&#227;o de moradia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NE/N</td>
                <td align="center">34,0</td>
                <td align="center">33,3 - 34,7</td>
                <td align="center">34,2</td>
                <td align="center">33,4 - 35,1</td>
                <td align="center">33,8</td>
                <td align="center">32,9 - 34,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SE/S/CO</td>
                <td align="center">66,0</td>
                <td align="center">65,3 - 66,7</td>
                <td align="center">65,8</td>
                <td align="center">64,9 - 66,6</td>
                <td align="center">66,2</td>
                <td align="center">65,4 - 67,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atividade F&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 - 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 - 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 - 1,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inativo</td>
                <td align="center">98,1</td>
                <td align="center">97,8 - 98,4</td>
                <td align="center">97,8</td>
                <td align="center">97,5 - 98,1</td>
                <td align="center">98,4</td>
                <td align="center">98,0 - 98,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muito boa/ boa</td>
                <td align="center">65,9</td>
                <td align="center">65,0 - 66,9</td>
                <td align="center">70,3</td>
                <td align="center">69,3 - 71,2</td>
                <td align="center">62,1</td>
                <td align="center">61,1 - 63,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Regular - Muito ruim</td>
                <td align="center">34,1</td>
                <td align="center">33,0 - 34,9</td>
                <td align="center">29,7</td>
                <td align="center">28,8 - 30,7</td>
                <td align="center">37,9</td>
                <td align="center">36,9 - 38,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Excesso de peso</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">46,2</td>
                <td align="center">45,1 - 47,3</td>
                <td align="center">47,5</td>
                <td align="center">46,4 - 48,7</td>
                <td align="center">45,0</td>
                <td align="center">43,9 - 45,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">53,8</td>
                <td align="center">52,7 - 54,9</td>
                <td align="center">52,5</td>
                <td align="center">51,3 - 53,6</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,0 - 56,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Outras DCV <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8225;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">95,8</td>
                <td align="center">95,3 - 96,2</td>
                <td align="center">96,1</td>
                <td align="center">95,6 - 96,5</td>
                <td align="center">95,5</td>
                <td align="center">95,1 - 95,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 - 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 - 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 - 4,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">98,6</td>
                <td align="center">98,3 - 98,8</td>
                <td align="center">98,6</td>
                <td align="center">98,4 - 98,9</td>
                <td align="center">98,5</td>
                <td align="center">98,2 - 98,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 - 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 - 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 - 1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">98,5</td>
                <td align="center">98,2 - 98,7</td>
                <td align="center">98,4</td>
                <td align="center">98,1 - 98,6</td>
                <td align="center">98,5</td>
                <td align="center">98,3 - 98,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 - 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 - 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 - 1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Depress&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">92,3</td>
                <td align="center">91,7 - 92,9</td>
                <td align="center">96,1</td>
                <td align="center">95,6 - 96,5</td>
                <td align="center">88,9</td>
                <td align="center">88,3 - 89,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 - 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 - 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,4 - 11,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <p>SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; IC 99%: intervalo de 99% de confian&#231;a; N: norte; NE: nordeste; SE: sudeste; S: sul; CO: centro-oeste; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Gerada considerando o peso amostral;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>N&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos no banco de dados;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>(&#167;)</label>
              <p>Amarelo, ind&#237;gena, pardo, preto;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>(&#8225;)</label>
              <p> infarto, angina, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou outra.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref> s&#227;o apresentadas as preval&#234;ncias de SM, das comorbidades e a carga dos componentes da SM na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. A obesidade abdominal foi o fator com maior preval&#234;ncia neste estudo (65,2%, IC99% 64,4-65,9), seguindo-se da PA elevada (40,7%, IC99% 39,6-41,7). Observa-se que em todas as comorbidades, as mulheres apresentaram os resultados mais expressivos, sendo a PA elevada (46,9%, IC99% 45,5-48,3) a &#250;nica condi&#231;&#227;o em que os homens mostraram maior preval&#234;ncia. No somat&#243;rio dos componentes, verifica-se ainda que apenas ~1/4 da popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentou qualquer das altera&#231;&#245;es estudadas (23,8% [IC99% 22,9-24,7]), enquanto que 38,1% (IC99% 37,2-39,0) dos participantes j&#225; apresentavam pelo menos um dos componentes da SM e 29,2% (IC99% 28,3-30,1) conviviam com dois dos fatores considerados. A condi&#231;&#227;o de SM foi estimada em 8,9% (IC99% 8,4-9,5) da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, com a propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres nesta condi&#231;&#227;o (10,3% [IC99% 9,6-11,2]) superando estatisticamente o observado na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina (7,5% [IC99% 6,7-8,3]).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia (%) das comorbidades e carga de doen&#231;as (fatores de risco para SM), por sexo, dos adultos e idosos. Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de (PNS), Brasil, 2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Doen&#231;a, carga e SM</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Sexo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total<break/>N = 59.402</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Masculino<break/>N = 25.920</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Feminino<break/>N = 33.482</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
                <th align="center">%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
                <th align="center">%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 - 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,6 - 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 - 8,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA elevada</td>
                <td align="center">40,7</td>
                <td align="center">39,6 - 41,7</td>
                <td align="center">46,9</td>
                <td align="center">45,5 - 48,3</td>
                <td align="center">34,9</td>
                <td align="center">33,7 - 36,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipercolesterolemia</td>
                <td align="center">14,7</td>
                <td align="center">14,0 - 15,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 - 13,1</td>
                <td align="center">16,9</td>
                <td align="center">16,0 - 17,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CC elevada</td>
                <td align="center">65,2</td>
                <td align="center">64,4 - 65,9</td>
                <td align="center">55,6</td>
                <td align="center">54,0 - 57,1</td>
                <td align="center">73,9</td>
                <td align="center">72,7 - 75,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Carga de doen&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="center">23,8</td>
                <td align="center">22,9 - 24,7</td>
                <td align="center">28,0</td>
                <td align="center">26,7 - 29,4</td>
                <td align="center">19,9</td>
                <td align="center">18,8 - 21,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">38,1</td>
                <td align="center">37,2 - 39,0</td>
                <td align="center">34,8</td>
                <td align="center">33,5 - 36,2</td>
                <td align="center">41,0</td>
                <td align="center">39,8 - 42,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">29,2</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 - 30,1</td>
                <td align="center">29,7</td>
                <td align="center">28,4 - 31,0</td>
                <td align="center">28,7</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 - 29,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 - 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 - 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,8 - 9,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 - 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 - 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 - 2,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Condi&#231;&#227;o de SM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 - 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 - 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 - 11,2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <p>SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; N: n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos no banco de dados; IC 99%: intervalo de 99% de confian&#231;a; PA: press&#227;o arterial; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Gerada considerando o peso amostral;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>Condi&#231;&#227;o de SM, somat&#243;rio da carga de doen&#231;a &#8805; 3 fatores.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta a preval&#234;ncia da SM segundo as vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o estudadas. Destacam-se maiores preval&#234;ncias do agravo entre indiv&#237;duos com maior idade (&#8805; 60 anos), menor tempo de escolaridade (&#8804; 8 anos) e que vivem com companheiro. A SM foi maior entre os indiv&#237;duos que residem nas regi&#245;es SE/S/CO, fisicamente inativos, com excesso de peso e que consideravam sua sa&#250;de prec&#225;ria. Quanto &#224;s comorbidades, de forma geral, maiores preval&#234;ncias de SM foram encontradas entre os indiv&#237;duos que autorreferiram diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio de IRC, AVC e outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que afirmaram n&#227;o apresentar a doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, identificamos que, independentemente da caracter&#237;stica ou condi&#231;&#227;o considerada como risco, a preval&#234;ncia de SM foi sempre maior dentre as mulheres.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de SM, segundo vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o estudadas - Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de (PNS), Brasil, 2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="4">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">SM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Masculino</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N = 59.402</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N = 25.920</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N = 33.482</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">p (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
                <th align="center">p (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
                <th align="center">p (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18-59 anos</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,3 - 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,7 - 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,5 - 6,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 60 anos</td>
                <td align="center">23,2</td>
                <td align="center">21,4 - 25,1</td>
                <td align="center">17,5</td>
                <td align="center">14,7 - 20,8</td>
                <td align="center">27,6</td>
                <td align="center">25,0 - 30,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 - 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 - 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 - 6,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">13,1</td>
                <td align="center">12,1 - 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 - 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">17,6</td>
                <td align="center">15,9 - 19,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cor da Pele</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 - 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 - 10,5</td>
                <td align="center">10,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 - 11,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o branca<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 - 9,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 - 7,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">9,2 - 11,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o Conjugal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o vive com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 - 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 - 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">8,1 - 9,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vive com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 - 12,5</td>
                <td align="center">10,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 - 12,2</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 - 13,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Regi&#227;o de moradia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NE/N</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 - 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 - 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 - 10,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SE/S/CO</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 - 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 - 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">10,9</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 - 12,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atividade F&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 - 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 - 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 - 3,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inativo</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 - 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 - 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">10,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,7 - 11,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muito boa/ boa</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 - 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 - 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,4, 5,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Regular - Muito ruim</td>
                <td align="center">17,1</td>
                <td align="center">15,9 - 18,3</td>
                <td align="center">14,4</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 - 16,5</td>
                <td align="center">19,0</td>
                <td align="center">17,4 - 20,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Excesso de peso</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 - 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,6 - 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 - 7,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,7 - 13,4</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 - 12,5</td>
                <td align="center">13,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 - 14,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Outras DCV <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">&#8225;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 - 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 - 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 - 10,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">24,9</td>
                <td align="center">20,9 - 29,4</td>
                <td align="center">21,8</td>
                <td align="center">15,9 - 29,2</td>
                <td align="center">27,3</td>
                <td align="center">22,2 - 33,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 - 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 - 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,2</td>
                <td align="center">9,4 - 11,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">21,9</td>
                <td align="center">16,6 - 28,3</td>
                <td align="center">25,7</td>
                <td align="center">17,3 - 36,3</td>
                <td align="center">18,8</td>
                <td align="center">12,8 - 26,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
                <td align="center">8,1 - 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 - 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 - 10,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">27,0</td>
                <td align="center">20,6 - 34,5</td>
                <td align="center">22,7</td>
                <td align="center">14,2 - 34,2</td>
                <td align="center">31,4</td>
                <td align="center">22,6 - 41,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Depress&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 - 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 - 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 - 10,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">17,1</td>
                <td align="center">14,6 - 19,9</td>
                <td align="center">15,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,7 - 22,3</td>
                <td align="center">17,6</td>
                <td align="center">14,7 - 20,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <p>SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; P: preval&#234;ncia; IC 99%: intervalo de 99% de confian&#231;a; N: norte; NE: nordeste; SE: sudeste; S: sul; CO: centro-oeste; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Gerada considerando o peso amostral;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN30">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>Amarelo, ind&#237;gena, pardo, preto;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN31">
              <label>(&#8225;)</label>
              <p>infarto, angina, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou outra.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">5</xref> est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis os resultados referentes ao processo de modelagem hierarquizado (modelo hipot&#233;tico-causal), distintos para homens e mulheres, sobre os fatores associados &#224; SM. No modelo final para a popula&#231;&#227;o feminina, identificamos que a probabilidade de ter SM foi maior dentre os indiv&#237;duos nas seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es: idade &#8805; 60 anos (RP 3,20 [IC99% 2,76-3,72]), escolaridade &#8804; 8 anos (RP 1,46 [IC99% 1,23-1,74]), viver com companheiro (RP 1,27 [IC99% 1,11-1,45]), residir nas regi&#245;es SE/S/CO (RP 1,18 [IC99% 1,02-1,38]), autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de regular &#224; muito ruim (RP 2,35 [IC99% 1,99-2,78]), AVC (RP 1,36 [IC99% 1,00-1,86]), outras DCV (RP 1,29 [IC99% 1,03-1,62]), excesso de peso (RP 2,09 [IC99% 1,79-2,42]) e depress&#227;o (RP 1,31 [IC99% 1,07-1,59]) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise bivari&#225;vel e modelos multivari&#225;veis para os fatores associados com a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica entre mulheres brasileiras segundo n&#237;veis hier&#225;rquicos das vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o estudadas - Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de (PNS), Brasil, 2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">An&#225;lise bivari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 1</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 2</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 3</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">RP</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
                <th align="center">RP</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
                <th align="center">RP</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
                <th align="center">RP</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18-59 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 60 anos</td>
                <td align="center">4,49</td>
                <td align="center">3,90- 5,18</td>
                <td align="center">3,44</td>
                <td align="center">2,95- 4,01</td>
                <td align="center">2,99</td>
                <td align="center">2,56- 3,48</td>
                <td align="center">3,20</td>
                <td align="center">2,76- 3,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt;8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">3,01</td>
                <td align="center">2,55- 3,55</td>
                <td align="center">1,98</td>
                <td align="center">1,67- 2,34</td>
                <td align="center">1,54</td>
                <td align="center">1,29- 1,83</td>
                <td align="center">1,46</td>
                <td align="center">1,23- 1,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o Conjugal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o vive com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vive com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">1,37</td>
                <td align="center">1,18- 1,58</td>
                <td align="center">1,38</td>
                <td align="center">1,21- 1,58</td>
                <td align="center">1,33</td>
                <td align="center">1,17- 1,52</td>
                <td align="center">1,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,11- 1,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Regi&#227;o de moradia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NE/N</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SE/S/CO</td>
                <td align="center">1,20</td>
                <td align="center">1,02- 1,41</td>
                <td align="center">1,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,01- 1,36</td>
                <td align="center">1,30</td>
                <td align="center">1,12- 1,52</td>
                <td align="center">1,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,02- 1,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cor da Pele</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o branca<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,84- 1,15</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atividade F&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inativo</td>
                <td align="center">10,06</td>
                <td align="center">3,08- 32,84</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muito boa/ boa</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Regular - Muito ruim</td>
                <td align="center">3,76</td>
                <td align="center">3,23- 4,38</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,65</td>
                <td align="center">2,24- 3,14</td>
                <td align="center">2,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,99- 2,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3,13</td>
                <td align="center">2,29- 4,27</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,36</td>
                <td align="center">1,00- 1,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Outras DCV<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2,86</td>
                <td align="center">2,32- 3,51</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,29</td>
                <td align="center">1,03- 1,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Excesso de peso</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2,19</td>
                <td align="center">1,85- 5,59</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,79- 2,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Depress&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,86</td>
                <td align="center">1,54- 2,26</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,31</td>
                <td align="center">1,07- 1,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,84</td>
                <td align="center">1,26- 2,69</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN32">
              <p>RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia; IC 99%: intervalo de 99% de confian&#231;a; N: norte; NE: nordeste; SE: sudeste; S: sul; CO: centro-oeste; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN33">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Amarelo, ind&#237;gena, pardo, preto;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN34">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>infarto, angina, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou outra.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise bivari&#225;vel e modelos multivari&#225;veis para os fatores associados com a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica entre homens brasileiros segundo n&#237;veis hier&#225;rquicos das vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o estudadas - Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de (PNS), Brasil, 2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">An&#225;lise bivari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 1</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 2</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 3</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">RP</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
                <th align="center">RP</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
                <th align="center">RP</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
                <th align="center">RP</th>
                <th align="center">IC99%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18-59 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 60 anos</td>
                <td align="center">3,23</td>
                <td align="center">2,55- 4,08</td>
                <td align="center">2,74</td>
                <td align="center">2,17- 3,46</td>
                <td align="center">2,07</td>
                <td align="center">1,61- 2,67</td>
                <td align="center">2,60</td>
                <td align="center">2,04- 3,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,99- 1,54</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o Conjugal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o vive com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vive com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">2,30</td>
                <td align="center">1,82- 2,92</td>
                <td align="center">1,81</td>
                <td align="center">1,43- 2,30</td>
                <td align="center">1,74</td>
                <td align="center">1,37- 2,20</td>
                <td align="center">1,48</td>
                <td align="center">1,17- 1,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Regi&#227;o de moradia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NE/N</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SE/S/CO</td>
                <td align="center">1,63</td>
                <td align="center">1,31- 2,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,49</td>
                <td align="center">1,20- 1,85</td>
                <td align="center">1,74</td>
                <td align="center">1,40- 2,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,57</td>
                <td align="center">1,28- 1,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cor da Pele</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o branca<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,54- 0,84</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atividade F&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inativo</td>
                <td align="center">3,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,84- 10,90</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muito boa/ boa</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Regular - Muito ruim</td>
                <td align="center">3,17</td>
                <td align="center">2,51- 4-01</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,72</td>
                <td align="center">2,12- 3,50</td>
                <td align="center">2,59</td>
                <td align="center">2,01- 3,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,99- 4,98</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Outras DCV&#8225;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3,17</td>
                <td align="center">2,29- 4,39</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Excesso de peso</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3,27</td>
                <td align="center">2,45- 4,37</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,58</td>
                <td align="center">2,73- 4,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Depress&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2,19</td>
                <td align="center">1,49- 3,23</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,98- 2,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3,57</td>
                <td align="center">2,41- 5,28</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,85</td>
                <td align="center">1,23- 2,76</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN35">
              <p>RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia; IC 99%: intervalo de 99% de confian&#231;a; N: norte; NE: nordeste; SE: sudeste; S: sul; CO: centro-oeste; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN36">
              <p>(*) Amarelo, ind&#237;gena, pardo, preto;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN37">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>infarto, angina, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou outra.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o masculina, o modelo final n&#227;o incluiu as vari&#225;veis de escolaridade, cor da pele, outras DVC e AVC, permanecendo a idade &#8805; 60 anos (RP 2,60 [IC99% 2,04-3,31]), viver com companheiro (RP 1,48 [IC99% 1,17-1,88]), residir nas regi&#245;es SE/S/CO (RP 1,57 [IC99% 1,28-1,94]), ter pior (&#8220;regular &#224; muito ruim&#8221;) autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de (RP 2,59 [IC99% 2,01-3,33]) e apresentar IRC (RP 1,85 [IC99% 2,23-2,76]), excesso de peso (RP 3,58 [IC99% 2,73-4,70]) e depress&#227;o (RP 1,41 [IC99% 0,98-2,02]) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;vel atividade f&#237;sica, para n&#227;o comprometer a an&#225;lise, optamos por n&#227;o inclu&#237;-la no modelo, haja vista a baixa preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos fisicamente ativos (1,8%), o que resultaria em estimativas pouco precisas, decorrente de grande erro-padr&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">5</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, considerando o referencial adotado, tornam-se desnecess&#225;rias tais compara&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que quase a totalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira &#233; caracterizada como fisicamente inativa (98,1%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A SM &#233; um fen&#244;meno multidimensional determinado pela intera&#231;&#227;o de um conjunto de fatores que afeta a qualidade de vida das pessoas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Apesar da exist&#234;ncia de estudos sobre doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e seus fatores de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> como &#233; o caso do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto, n&#227;o se tem at&#233; o momento, dados com representatividade nacional da preval&#234;ncia de SM no pa&#237;s. Assim, o presente estudo avaliou pela primeira vez os fatores associados &#224; SM em uma amostra representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com idade superior a 18 anos, o que representa um marco na investiga&#231;&#227;o do agravo no Brasil, colaborando na constru&#231;&#227;o de evid&#234;ncias capazes de direcionar estrat&#233;gias resolutivas de preven&#231;&#227;o e controle deste agravo.</p>
        <p>N&#243;s identificamos que aproximadamente 9% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira apresentou a condi&#231;&#227;o de SM, de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o de harmoniza&#231;&#227;o dos consensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> N&#227;o obstante, nosso estudo revela dados preocupantes, ao contabilizar que somente 23,8% da popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresenta nenhum dos componentes da SM, e que 67,3% apresentam entre um e dois componentes para caracterizar este desfecho, o que demonstra elevado n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos sob o risco de desenvolver a SM propriamente dita.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de SM foi encontrada entre a popula&#231;&#227;o feminina (10,3%, IC99% 9,6-11,2), fato que vem sendo amplamente registrado na literatura cient&#237;fica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> especialmente dentre aquelas com idade &gt; 59 anos, o que pode ser explicado pelas modifica&#231;&#245;es hormonais ocorridas ap&#243;s a menopausa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Nesta fase do ciclo da vida h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia de ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal, bem como de aumento da densidade das part&#237;culas de LDL circulantes na corrente sangu&#237;nea, tornando-as mais aterog&#234;nicas, condi&#231;&#245;es conhecidamente associadas ao maior risco de DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Pode-se ainda destacar o elevado n&#250;mero de morbidades encontrado entre as mulheres deste estudo, que apresentaram maiores preval&#234;ncias de diabetes, hipercolesterolemia e obesidade abdominal, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo masculino.</p>
        <p>A diferencia&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel na preval&#234;ncia e combina&#231;&#245;es de anormalidades da SM entre os sexos sugere uma fisiopatologia distinta entre homens e mulheres,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> possivelmente explicada pelos diferentes n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nios sexuais que influenciam os mecanismos regulat&#243;rios do metabolismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A maior atividade andr&#243;gena encontrada entre os homens, assim como a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nios ocorrido ap&#243;s a menopausa entre as mulheres s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es que favorecem um aumento na gordura abdominal visceral e na concentra&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;deos na corrente sangu&#237;nea, o que est&#225; correlacionado com resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, hipertens&#227;o e aumento do risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entre os componentes da SM, destaca-se na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada os resultados de CC elevada (65,2%, IC99% 64,4-65,9). A obesidade abdominal desempenha papel importante na SM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> pois est&#225; associada a uma desordem metab&#243;lica capaz de influenciar, de forma prejudicial, a parede da art&#233;ria, acarretando em desregula&#231;&#227;o da vasoconstric&#231;&#227;o, ativa&#231;&#227;o de cascatas inflamat&#243;rias e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos das adipocinas, considerados fatores indutores de DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Estudo de coorte conduzido por Lee et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> mostrou que o aumento adicional de 500cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> no volume de gordura subcut&#226;nea e visceral est&#225; associado com a incid&#234;ncia de SM e agravamento dos fatores de risco para DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Uma coorte de indiv&#237;duos obesos conduzida na It&#225;lia mostrou que a obesidade abdominal contribuiu para preval&#234;ncia de SM em mulheres obesas, mas n&#227;o em homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso trabalho, uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a alta preval&#234;ncia de CC elevada pode decorrer dos menores pontos de corte estabelecidos pela padroniza&#231;&#227;o por etnia para a obesidade abdominal (&#8805; 90 cm para homens e &#8805; 80 cm para mulheres),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> se comparada com os valores lim&#237;trofes institu&#237;dos pelo NCEP-ATPIII (102 cm para homens e 88 cm para mulheres).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Conquanto, esta preval&#234;ncia elevada e preocupante de obesidade abdominal na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira se reflete na eleva&#231;&#227;o do risco de desenvolver algum agravo cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e os consequentes riscos de aumento da morbimortalidade e impacto sobre o sistema de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a preval&#234;ncia da SM e o aumento da idade, aqui encontrada, tem sido amplamente divulgada, especialmente pelas diferen&#231;as atribu&#237;das ao sexo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> n&#227;o somente pelo efeito cumulativo, reflexo do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco relacionados aos comportamentos alimentares inadequados e estilos de vida n&#227;o saud&#225;veis, como tamb&#233;m pela contribui&#231;&#227;o dos fatores biol&#243;gicos em ambos os sexos, devido a rela&#231;&#227;o direta com o equil&#237;brio nos n&#237;veis de testosterona/estrog&#234;nio, especificamente, entre as mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A SM tem sido ligeiramente mais diagnosticada entre os homens com menos de cinquenta anos de idade, fato que se inverte ap&#243;s cinquenta anos, ao afetar com maior magnitude a popula&#231;&#227;o feminina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Do ponto de vista sociodemogr&#225;fico, este estudo mostrou que viver nas regi&#245;es SE/S/CO se apresentou como fator associado a SM, o que pode ser explicado, em parte, por estas regi&#245;es concentrarem os principais centros urbanos do pa&#237;s, contribuindo na promo&#231;&#227;o de estilos de vida caracterizados por h&#225;bitos alimentares n&#227;o saud&#225;veis e baixa frequ&#234;ncia de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, que tem por consequ&#234;ncia o aumento do risco de obesidade, DM tipo 2, hipertens&#227;o arterial, DCV e SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica realizada entre pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica do Sul essa hip&#243;tese foi confirmada ao mostrar que um padr&#227;o de h&#225;bitos alimentares e estilo de vida ocidentais foram encontrados em maior propor&#231;&#227;o nas grandes &#225;reas urbanas, onde doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis foram relacionadas a estes comportamentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Al&#233;m disso, por meio de pesquisa conduzida no Brasil, foi evidenciado que houve consumo elevado de calorias nas capitais situadas nas regi&#245;es Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, enquanto nas capitais do Norte e Nordeste foi observado um consumo abaixo da m&#233;dia entre a popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; importante destacar que nessas regi&#245;es de grandes centros urbanos, a sociedade &#233; cada vez mais induzida por mensagens veiculadas de ofertas de alimentos, dietas e comportamentos ocidentais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, no Brasil, as regi&#245;es metropolitanas tem apresentado redu&#231;&#227;o no consumo domiciliar de arroz polido, feij&#227;o, cereais e leguminosas (queda de 60%, 49% e 25% respectivamente), com concomitante aumento cont&#237;nuo do consumo de alimentos como: bebidas e infus&#245;es (22% e 24%), alimentos preparados e misturas industriais (67%), destacando-se o crescimento em 490% da quantidade adquirida de refrigerante entre os anos de 1974 a 2009, evidenciando uma mudan&#231;a de comportamento alimentar que nem sempre favorece escolhas saud&#225;veis em regi&#245;es desenvolvidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostraram ainda que o n&#237;vel de escolaridade mais baixo foi associado &#224; preval&#234;ncia de SM nas mulheres, por&#233;m tal associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi evidenciada entre a popula&#231;&#227;o masculina. Esse achado &#233; consistente com a literatura internacional, como foi observado em um estudo conduzido na China, onde o n&#237;vel educacional tamb&#233;m apresentou rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com a preval&#234;ncia de SM estritamente entre as mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Na Cor&#233;ia, distintamente, foi identificado que homens com menor escolaridade apresentavam menores raz&#245;es de chances (OR) tanto para SM (OR 0,76, IC 95% 0,60-0,96), quanto para dois de seus componentes isolados: CC elevada (OR 0,73, IC 95% 0,60-0,91) e baixo colesterol HDL (OR 0,73, IC 95% 0,59-0,91), quando comparados aos homens de maior escolaridade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Ainda neste estudo, entre as mulheres socialmente desfavorecidas com menor n&#237;vel de educa&#231;&#227;o, desempregadas, menor n&#237;vel de renda e que realizavam trabalhos manuais foi observada uma maior preval&#234;ncia de SM, assim como destacado em nossos resultados quanto ao n&#237;vel de educa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Todavia, resultado antag&#244;nico foi notado em uma popula&#231;&#227;o masculina de alto n&#237;vel educacional, onde a distribui&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular foi mais observada neste estrato populacional. Isso pode ser reflexo do ambiente socioecon&#244;mico, que aumenta o risco de SM em um dos g&#234;neros, de maneira mais espec&#237;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;vel situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal, n&#227;o est&#225; claro como o estado civil contribui para a SM. No presente estudo, a situa&#231;&#227;o de viver com companheiro se mostrou associado a SM e em maior magnitude na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina. Tal constata&#231;&#227;o foi tamb&#233;m evidenciada entre australianos, onde as mulheres que se casaram ganharam mais peso em compara&#231;&#227;o com as n&#227;o casadas, ap&#243;s ajuste dos potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Do mesmo modo, no estudo de Averett et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> o casamento foi associado a um risco aumentado de sobrepeso/obesidade, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ortega et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> em 2011, identificaram que o sexo afeta a rela&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade, fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos e estado civil devido a mudan&#231;as em fatores comportamentais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Embora a maioria dos estudos tenha relatado que as pessoas casadas tornaram-se mais sedent&#225;rias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> com reflexo direto no excesso de peso e impacto nas comorbidades desencadeadoras da SM, colaborando com os resultados encontrados neste trabalho, outros estudos mostram resultados diferentes, atribuindo ao tipo de rela&#231;&#227;o conjugal o desfecho da SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Nesse caso, considera-se que rela&#231;&#245;es conjugais positivas podem proteger de situa&#231;&#245;es estressantes, fornecendo tanto benef&#237;cios materiais quanto de suporte, enquanto que rela&#231;&#245;es negativas ou a falta de um relacionamento podem aumentar a exposi&#231;&#227;o aos conflitos, com consequente eleva&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de estresse,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> fator reconhecidamente associado &#224; SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos aspectos comportamentais, identificamos que a autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de negativa &#8220;regular &#224; muito ruim&#8221; foi um importante fator associado &#224; SM. A autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de &#233; um indicador global no qual a pessoa considera, al&#233;m de poss&#237;veis doen&#231;as que a acometam, o impacto que as mesmas geram no bem-estar f&#237;sico, social e mental.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Na Espanha, contrapondo os nossos resultados, em estudo multic&#234;ntrico e observacional realizado com portadores de DM e/ou SM recentemente diagnosticada, 42,2% dos indiv&#237;duos acreditavam ter boa ou excelente sa&#250;de, representando pouca consci&#234;ncia acerca do risco cardiovascular que apresentavam.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Neste trabalho a associa&#231;&#227;o da autopercep&#231;&#227;o negativa &#8220;regular &#224; muito ruim&#8221; com a SM chama a aten&#231;&#227;o, porque pode refletir que a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentou consci&#234;ncia de sua condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, por&#233;m permanece situada dentro da faixa de risco para desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, supondo que possam existir outros fatores que a impe&#231;am de sair desta condi&#231;&#227;o e que mere&#231;am serem melhor investigados.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia e &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o da SM com as comorbidades (DCV, AVC e depress&#227;o), todas se mostraram em maior frequ&#234;ncia entre o sexo feminino comparativamente ao sexo masculino, com exce&#231;&#227;o da IRC. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre SM e IRC encontrada exclusivamente entre os homens, pode em parte ser justificada pela alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial instalada neste grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, tornou-se cada vez mais evidente que o progn&#243;stico de pacientes hipertensos &#233; fortemente afetado pelo comprometimento renal, especialmente em termos de mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades associadas &#224; SM entre as mulheres do estudo, pode ser explicado, parcialmente, pela baixa procura dos homens pelos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, o que gera um subdiagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As DCV constituem a primeira causa de morte no Brasil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> devendo ser prioridade de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, por meio de pol&#237;ticas para sua preven&#231;&#227;o e controle. A dire&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre DCV e SM foi demonstrada em uma coorte dinamarquesa, em que mulheres idosas com SM apresentaram um risco de 1,7 (IC95% 1,44-2,05) para o desenvolvimento de DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Esta correla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode ser explicada por Salas et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> que mostraram que adultos obesos, principalmente as mulheres, correm particularmente o risco de desenvolver SM, com implica&#231;&#245;es significativas para sua sa&#250;de, sobretudo DCV e diabetes. Estes resultados destacam a import&#226;ncia da perda de peso para reduzir as morbidades associadas &#224; SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra condi&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a associada &#224; SM foi a depress&#227;o, com maior preval&#234;ncia encontrada entre as mulheres. Do mesmo modo, estudo conduzido na Cor&#233;ia com indiv&#237;duos de meia idade entre 40-64 anos, encontrou elevada preval&#234;ncia entre as mulheres 11,7%, comparativamente aos homens 4,1%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Esses achados podem ser sugestivos do que foi encontrado em uma coorte prospectiva entre a popula&#231;&#227;o holandesa, onde a depress&#227;o foi consideravelmente associada &#224; maior CC e ao n&#237;vel de triglicer&#237;deos durante um seguimento de 6 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Nesse contexto esses resultados podem supor que a idade mais avan&#231;ada pode estar associada a um aumento da resposta ao estresse e do n&#237;vel de cortisol mais frequentemente entre as mulheres do que entre os homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O padr&#227;o metodol&#243;gico refor&#231;ou a robustez dos resultados apresentados, por&#233;m algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser abordadas. At&#233; o momento de submiss&#227;o deste estudo, o IBGE n&#227;o havia publicado os dados laboratoriais de HDL, o que nos levou caracterizar &#224; SM na ocorr&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s dentre os quatro - e n&#227;o cinco - componentes dispon&#237;veis no banco de dados.</p>
        <p>Outro ponto concerne &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;sticos m&#233;dicos autorreferidos. A popula&#231;&#227;o investigada respondeu se &#8220;<italic>algum m&#233;dico j&#225; lhe deu o diagn&#243;stico de diabetes?&#8221;</italic> ou <italic>&#8220;(...) hipercolesterolemia?</italic>&#8221;, o que reduz o vi&#233;s de classifica&#231;&#227;o, pois foram consideradas presentes quando havia resposta positiva ao diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico anterior destas doen&#231;as; por outro lado, dadas as quest&#245;es de subdiagn&#243;stico, h&#225; a possibilidade real da presen&#231;a de indiv&#237;duos que desconheciam sua condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de no momento da entrevista. De qualquer modo, mesmo diante dessas situa&#231;&#245;es, observamos que a elevada preval&#234;ncia da SM em nosso estudo &#233; consistente com a literatura,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> o que alerta para a possibilidade de que esta preval&#234;ncia possa estar subestimada, implicando em um progn&#243;stico negativo para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com idade &#8805; 18 anos.</p>
        <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; o delineamento transversal, raz&#227;o pela qual os fatores socioecon&#244;micos, comportamentais e as comorbidades aqui analisados n&#227;o podem, inequivocamente, serem considerados causais para a SM. Especialmente no que concerne &#224;s comorbidades, &#233; importante destacar o papel da causalidade reversa nas associa&#231;&#245;es identificadas, uma vez que o in&#237;cio do curso cl&#237;nico para as DCV, AVC, depress&#227;o e IRC seria a SM, apesar do delineamento n&#227;o permitir afirmar que este fato aconteceu na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Todavia, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dados com representatividade nacional e de um modelo conceitual para embasar n&#227;o apenas a sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis, mas tamb&#233;m a estrat&#233;gia anal&#237;tica, permite produzir informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes para o diagn&#243;stico das condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, no que se refere &#224; SM, alinhadas com as prioridades nacionais de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Identificamos elevada preval&#234;ncia de SM na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta e idosa no Brasil, sendo que esta esteve associada com vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas (idade, escolaridade, situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal e regi&#227;o de moradia), comportamentais (autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de) e de comorbidades (AVC, DVC, excesso de peso, depress&#227;o e IRC) de forma diferente entre os sexos.</p>
        <p>Por fim, a relev&#226;ncia da carga de cada componente da SM, reitera a SM como ferramenta cl&#237;nica e epidemiol&#243;gica na identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos e grupos populacionais com maior vulnerabilidade &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de DCV e como norteadora de interven&#231;&#245;es custo-efetivas sobre os fatores apresentados. Assim, nossos resultados sugerem a necessidade de fortalecimento de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de a fim de favorecer a ado&#231;&#227;o de comportamentos saud&#225;veis, de outro modo, ser&#225; pouco prov&#225;vel o cumprimento das metas previstas no Plano Nacional de Enfrentamento das DCNT no Brasil: 2011-2022.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Elyssia Karine Nunes Mendon&#231;a Ramires pela Universidade Federal de Alagoas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Plataforma Brasil, direcionado a Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 10853812.7.0000.0008. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
