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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tGnBNxhYhKZSRPXYbTwhggF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000500449</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005006102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180069</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Females: Understanding gender diferences</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Odozynski</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forno</surname>
            <given-names>Alexander Romeno Janner Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lewandowski</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>d'Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOS Cardio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia e Marcapasso - Hospital SOS Cardio - Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gabriel Odozynski,</bold> Rodovia SC 401 - Hospital SOS Cardio. Postal Code 88030-000, Itacorubi, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cardio.gabriel@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Odozynski G, Dal Forno ARJ, Lewandowski A, d'Avila A; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Odozynski G, Dal Forno ARJ, Lewandowski A, Nascimento HG, d'Avila A; Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Odozynski G, d'Avila A; Writing of the manuscript: Odozynski G, Lewandowski A, Nascimento HG, d'Avila A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>449</fpage>
      <lpage>454</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is performed less frequently in women. In addition, there is divergent information in the literature regarding the effectiveness and safety for the ablative procedure to females.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The objective of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes in men and women undergoing paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) ablation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cohort study of patients undergoing first-ever PAF catheter ablation procedure refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs. The information was taken from patients&#8217; records by means of a digital collection instrument and indexed to an online database (Syscardio&#174;). Clinical characteristics and procedures were compared between each gender (M x F), adopting a level of statistical significance of 5%. The primary endpoint associated with efficacy was freedom from atrial arrhythmia over the follow-up time.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>225 patients were included in the study, 64 (29%) women and 161 (71%) men. Women presented more symptoms due to AF according to the CCS-SAF score (1.8 &#177; 0.8M x 2.3 &#177; 0.8F p = 0.02) and higher CHADS2 score compared to men (0.9 &#177; 0.8M x 1.2 &#177; 1F). Post-ablation recurrence occurred in 20% of the patients, with no difference based on gender (21% M x 20% F p = 0.52). The rate of complications was less than 3% for both groups (p = 0.98).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Women undergoing the first-ever PAF catheter ablation procedure present similar complication rate and clinical outcome compared to men. These findings suggest that the current underutilization of AF catheter ablation in women may represent a discrepancy in care.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias,Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Electrophysiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Gender</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Although age-adjusted prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is relatively higher in men than in women, the absolute number of arrhythmia patients between genders is similar, with most cases occurring in patients between 65 and 85 years of age, a period in which, proportionately, more women are alive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Population studies show lower indication and execution rates of ablative treatment for AF in women with atrial fibrillation compared to men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, it is not clear whether this represents a discrepancy in assistance or a real difference. Based on the assumption that higher rates of complications and recurrence occur in women compared to men, the underutilization of AF ablation in women in this case, could be understood as an appropriate difference and not a direct lack of assistance.</p>
      <p>Previous studies evaluating differences between genders regarding safety and efficacy AF catheter ablation have conflicting results, and Brazilian literature on the topic is scarce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In this study, we evaluated clinical characteristics and outcomes of a current Brazilian women cohort undergoing ablation of AF per catheter compared to results obtained in men.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and participants</title>
        <p>Cohort study of patients undergoing the first catheter ablation procedure for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (FAP) refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs with minimum follow-up time per patient of 12 months. The study was conducted between 2013 and 2015 in a single center. Information was collected from patients' records by means of a digital collect instrument and indexed to an online database (Syscardio&#174;). Clinical characteristics and procedures were compared between genders (M x W). Primary endpoint associated with efficacy was atrial arrhythmia absence lasting &gt; 30 seconds during the follow-up period after first and only ablation procedure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedures</title>
        <p>All patients underwent circumferential isolation of pulmonary veins (PVs) through irrigated catheter ablation with a 3.5 mm tip without contact force measurement, using radiofrequency energy applications up to 35 Watts and 43&#186;C per 10-45 seconds and demonstration of entrance and exit electrical blockade of PVs in relation to left atrium at the insulation end. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia, orotracheal intubation and invasive blood pressure monitoring by radial or left femoral puncture by the anesthesiologist. Transseptal punctures were performed with the help of intracardiac Eco, which was maintained throughout the procedure. Applications to left atrium posterior wall were monitored by an oesophageal thermometer with multiple covered sensors (Circa) and stopped whenever there was a change in esophageal temperature above 38&#186;C. During all procedures, performed with an electro-anatomical mapping system based on thoracic impedance (EnSite Navx - Abbott), IV heparin bolus of 100mg / kg was performed followed by continuous infusion to maintain coagulation time activated between 350 and 450 sec.</p>
        <p>After the procedure, patients remained on antiarrhythmic drugs (propafenone, sotalol or amiodarone depending on preference of attending physician) for 1 month and anticoagulant for a 3 months minimum period regardless CHA2DS2-VASc. It was done clinical follow-up 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after the procedure, performing ECG and at least two Holters throughout all the clinical follow-up. At the 10th week after ablation, patients were encouraged to perform continuous electrocardiographic monitoring (Holter) for 5 days. Any atrial arrhythmia greater than 30 seconds documented duration after 1 month of blanking period indicated arrhythmia recurrence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Symptoms severity before ablation and during eventual recurrences was characterized by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Severity of Atrial Fibrillation score (CCS-SAF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Clinical characteristics and procedures were compared between genders (M x W). Recurrence rates after a single procedure, as well as complications were also compared between groups. A convenience sample (non-probabilistic) was adopted during the study time, respecting the inclusion/exclusion criteria and follow-up time.</p>
        <p>Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation and compared using unpaired Student's t-test (two-tailed), respecting the criteria of normality by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were described by absolute number and percentages in relation to total sample, and were compared using the c&#178; test or Fisher's exact test. Level of statistical significance adopted was 5%. Kaplan-Meier curve was used to evidence recurrence rates on the follow-up time and the Log-Rank test to evaluate difference between groups (M x W). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Editor software, version 22.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>225 patients undergoing AF ablation were included in the study: 161 (71%) men and 64 (29%) women. Regarding follow-up time, there was no difference between men and women. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes clinical characteristics of men and women who underwent paroxysmal AF ablation during the study period. Regarding the mean age, women undergoing catheter ablation were older than men (57 &#177; 11 M x 62 &#177; 9 W p &lt; 0.01) but there was no difference between groups in relation to body mass index (BMI) and left atrium anteroposterior diameter, although a smaller LV ejection fraction, possibly without clinical relevance, was observed among males (63 &#177; 10% M x 66 &#177; 6% W p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics of patients undergoing AF ablation, categorization by gender</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Men (n = 161)</th>
                <th align="center">Women (n = 64)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection Fraction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA Diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHADS2</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHF</td>
                <td align="center">12 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAH</td>
                <td align="center">85 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (67%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">17 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coronary Artery Disease</td>
                <td align="center">25 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prior Stroke/TIA</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4% )</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CCS SAF score</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">2.3 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statin Use</td>
                <td align="center">44 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE/ARA-2 Inhib</td>
                <td align="center">66 (41%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous / current use of AA</td>
                <td align="center">134 (83%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (90%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diagnostic time (months)</td>
                <td align="center">11 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Follow-up time (months)</td>
                <td align="center">34 &#177; 17 (12 - 66)</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 14 (13 - 64)</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Values with &#177; indicate mean and standard deviation; CCS SAF: Canadian Cardiovascular Society Severity of Atrial Fibrillation scale; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; ARA-2: Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonist; Student t test and &#967;<sup>2</sup> for independent samples.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p-value indicates a statistically significant difference at the level of 5%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>There was also no difference between genders regarding comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, coronary disease and previous history of stroke/TIA. However, women presented a higher CHADS2 score (0.9 &#177; 0.8 M x 1.2 &#177; 1 W, p = 0.04) and were more symptomatic than men according to the CCS-SAF score (1.8 &#177; 0.8 M x 2.3 &#177; 0.8 W p = 0.02). Between genders, there was no difference in the proportion of the use of ACE/ARA-2 inhibitors and antiarrhythmic drugs; however, women showed greater use of statins compared to men (27% M x 40% W p = 0.03 - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efficacy and safety of procedures</title>
        <p>Recurrence rates after single ablation procedure were similar between groups (21% M x 20% W p = 0.52). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> summarizes procedures results as well as complications by gender. There were 3 inguinal pseudoaneurysms, 1 inguinal hematoma and 1 urethral trauma during bladder catheterization in men; among women, 1 inguinal hematoma and 1 retroperitoneal hematoma (5 (3%) M x 2 (3%) W p = 0.98) were observed. Despite prolonging hospitalization time, none of the complications required surgical intervention to be controlled. Throughout the study, atrium-esophageal fistulas, pericardial effusions, TIA/stroke after ablation or death were not reported.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Results of the procedures: Efficacy and safety</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Men (n = 161)</th>
                <th align="center">Women (n = 64)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#176;. of procedures</td>
                <td align="center">195</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complications <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Length of stay</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 0.7 days</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 0.8 days</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Recurrence</td>
                <td align="center">34/161 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">13/64 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Values with &#177; indicate mean and standard deviation;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Men: 3 inguinal pseudo-aneurysms, 1 inguinal hematoma and 1 urethral trauma (bladder catheter). Women: 1 inguinal hematoma and 1 retroperitoneal hematoma; there were no deaths. Student's t-test and &#967;<sup>2</sup>. P-value indicates a statistically significant difference at the level of 5%</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The Kaplan-Meier curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) shows, throughout the study, gender equity in relation to recurrence rates, which occurred more frequently in first 12 months of follow-up, regardless of patient's gender. There was no difference in patients hospitalization time (days) categorized by gender (2.5 &#177; 0.7 M x 2.1 &#177; 0.8 W p = 0.76).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan Meier curves for clinical recurrence post ablation by catheter categorized by gender; Log Rank test for trend comparison between groups (MxW) p-value = 0.89</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0449-80069-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Gender-specific differences may influence clinical and therapeutic behaviors in women with AF assistance. In a Canadian study, Singh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> characterized safety and efficacy equivalence and homogeneity of ablative procedure between men and women with persistent AF (post-hoc MAGIC-AF Trial),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> guaranteeing its safety. In present study, in a current patients cohort with paroxysmal AF undergoing the first catheter ablation procedure, it is suggested that recurrence rates and complications are independent of patient's gender. These findings indicate that possible clinical considerations about safety and efficacy of ablative procedures in women with AF may be the main cause of ablation underutilization in female patients.</p>
      <p>Gender-related differences in cardiac rhythm pharmacological control are well described in literature. Women are more symptomatic by the CCS-SAF score and report a lower improvement in quality of life when submitted to drug treatment, compared to men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In addition, female patients have a higher toxicity and intolerability rate to antiarrhythmic drugs than men, being more prone to <italic>Torsade de Pointes</italic> and need for pacemaker implants due to drug induced bradycardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Therefore, catheter ablation can be considered as an early alternative for treatment of women with AF; it is a therapeutic method superior to drug therapy in maintenance of sinus rhythm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> with low complications rates in same proportion than men.</p>
      <p>It is speculated that there are biological differences in the mechanism of AF between men and women, that, in theory, could justify different results when they undergo ablation, but such hypothesis seems unlikely. In previous studies, Walters et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstrated left atrium and pulmonary veins electrophysiological characteristics similarity in men and women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Similarly; Pfannmuller et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> verified that there were no specific differences between genders due to atrial remodeling in AF through the expression of amyloid, collagen or bound junctions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, the hypothesis that women in advanced age with AF present greater atrium electrical and structural remodeling and, consequently, worse post-ablation outcome, was not validated. The group of women was older than men and yet the time of diagnosis of arrhythmia is similar in both genders. In addition, left atrial diameter, a marker for post-ablation clinical recurrence, stroke, and death,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> was similar in both groups. The fact that same clinical outcomes were observed in the long term between the groups also suggests that, in our study, there were no significant biological differences between men and women undergoing AF ablation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>In addition of being retrospective, the sample size may not have been sufficient to show differences between groups (M x W). The existence of selection bias in our cohort should also be considered, since only female candidates submitted to ablation procedure were included in the analysis. Finally, a detailed analysis was not performed in the evaluation of symptoms resulting from AF; instead, the CCS-SAF score was used comprehensively.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, in this population, women undergoing first AF catheter ablation procedure present clinical results regarding procedure safety and efficacy similar to men.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina under the protocol number 45509015600000121. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica em Mulheres: Compreendendo a Diferen&#231;a entre os G&#234;neros</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Odozynski</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forno</surname>
            <given-names>Alexander Romeno Janner Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lewandowski</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>d'Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia e Marcapasso - Hospital SOS Cardio - Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriel Odozynski,</bold> Rodovia SC 401 - Hospital SOS Cardio. CEP 88030-000, Itacorubi, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cardio.gabriel@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Odozynski G, Dal Forno ARJ, Lewandowski A, d'Avila A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Odozynski G, Dal Forno ARJ, Lewandowski A, Nascimento HG, d'Avila A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Odozynski G, d'Avila A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Odozynski G, Lewandowski A, Nascimento HG, d'Avila A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; realizada com menor frequ&#234;ncia em mulheres. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es divergentes na literatura em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do procedimento ablativo no sexo feminino.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; comparar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e desfechos em homens e mulheres submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (FAP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo do tipo coorte de pacientes submetidos ao primeiro procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FAP refrat&#225;ria a drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. As informa&#231;&#245;es foram retiradas dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes por meio de instrumento digital de coleta e indexadas a uma base de dados online (Syscardio&#174;). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e procedimentos foram comparados entre g&#234;neros (H x M), sendo adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%. O desfecho prim&#225;rio associado &#224; efic&#225;cia foi aus&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial ao longo do seguimento com &#250;nico procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>225 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 64 (29%) mulheres e 161 (71%) homens. Mulheres apresentaram mais sintomas devido &#224; FA segundo o escore CCS-SAF (1,8 &#177; 0,8H x 2,3 &#177; 0,8M p = 0,02) e maior escore CHADS2 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens (0,9 &#177; 0,8H x 1,2 &#177; 1M). A recorr&#234;ncia p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em 20% dos pacientes, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a associada ao g&#234;nero (21%H x 20%M p = 0,2). A taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es foi inferior a 3%, tanto para homens como mulheres (p = 0,8).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Mulheres submetidas ao primeiro procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FAP apresentam taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o e desfecho cl&#237;nico semelhante comparado aos homens. Estes achados sugerem que a atual subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA por cateter em mulheres possa representar uma discrep&#226;ncia no cuidado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrofisiologia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>G&#234;nero</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar da preval&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) ajustada por idade ser relativamente maior em homens que mulheres, o n&#250;mero absoluto de portadores da arritmia entre os g&#234;neros &#233; semelhante, com a maioria dos casos ocorrendo em pacientes entre 65 e 85 anos, per&#237;odo este em que, proporcionalmente, mais mulheres est&#227;o vivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos populacionais demonstram menores taxas de indica&#231;&#227;o e realiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento ablativo da FA em mulheres com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial quando comparadas aos homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o &#233; claro se isto representa uma discrep&#226;ncia assistencial ou uma diferen&#231;a real. Partindo-se do pressuposto de que maiores taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es e recorr&#234;ncia ocorrem em mulheres comparativamente aos homens, a subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA em mulheres, neste caso, poderia ser entendida como uma diferen&#231;a apropriada e n&#227;o car&#234;ncia direta na assist&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios avaliando diferen&#231;as entre os g&#234;neros quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA por cateter apresentam resultados contradit&#243;rios, sendo escassa a literatura nacional quanto ao tema.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Neste estudo, avaliamos as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e desfechos de uma coorte brasileira atual de mulheres submetidas &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FA por cateter comparativamente aos resultados obtidos em homens.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo e participantes</title>
          <p>Estudo do tipo coorte de pacientes submetidos ao primeiro procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (FAP) refrat&#225;ria a drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas com tempo de acompanhamento m&#237;nimo por paciente igual a 12 meses. O estudo foi realizado entre 2013 e 2015 em um &#250;nico centro. As informa&#231;&#245;es foram retiradas dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes por meio de instrumento digital de coleta e indexadas a uma base de dados online (Syscardio&#174;). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e procedimentos foram comparados entre cada g&#234;nero (H x M). O desfecho prim&#225;rio associado &#224; efic&#225;cia foi a aus&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 30 segundos durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento ap&#243;s o primeiro e &#250;nico procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao isolamento circunferencial das veias pulmonares (VPs) por meio de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter irrigado com ponta de 3,5 mm sem aferi&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a de contato, utilizando energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia com aplica&#231;&#245;es de at&#233; 35 Watts e 43&#186;C por 10-45 segundos e demonstra&#231;&#227;o de bloqueio el&#233;trico de entrada e sa&#237;da das VPs em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio esquerdo ao final do isolamento. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral, intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal e monitoramento invasivo da press&#227;o arterial por pun&#231;&#227;o radial ou femoral esquerda aos cuidados de anestesiologista. As pun&#231;&#245;es transeptais foram realizadas com aux&#237;lio de Eco intracard&#237;aco, que foi mantido durante todo o procedimento. Aplica&#231;&#245;es na parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo foram monitoradas por meio de term&#244;metro esof&#225;gico com sensores m&#250;ltiplos recobertos (Circa) e interrompidas sempre que houvesse altera&#231;&#227;o na temperatura esof&#225;gica acima de 38&#186;C. Durante todos os procedimentos, realizados com sistema de mapeamento eletro-anat&#244;mico baseado em imped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica (EnSite Navx - Abbott), foi realizado <italic>bolus</italic> de heparina IV de 100 mg/kg seguida de infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua para manter um tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado entre 350 e 450 seg.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento os pacientes permaneceram em uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas (propafenona, sotalol ou amiodarona dependendo da prefer&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico assistente) por 1 m&#234;s e de anticoagulante por um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 3 meses independentemente do CHA2DS2-VASc. Realizado acompanhamento cl&#237;nico 1, 3, 6 e 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento com realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG e no m&#237;nimo dois <italic>Holters</italic> ao longo de todo o seguimento cl&#237;nico. Na 10&#170; semana ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram encorajados a realizar monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica continua <italic>(Holter)</italic> de 5 dias. Qualquer arritmia atrial maior que 30 segundos de dura&#231;&#227;o documentada ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s de <italic>blanking period</italic> indicou recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A severidade dos sintomas antes da abla&#231;&#227;o e durante as eventuais recorr&#234;ncias foi caracterizada pelo escore CCS-SAF (<italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society Severity of Atrial Fibrillation</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e procedimentos foram comparados entre cada g&#234;nero (H x M). As taxas de recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento, assim como as complica&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m foram comparadas entre os grupos. Adotou-se uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia (n&#227;o-probabil&#237;stica) durante o tempo de estudo, respeitando-se os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o e tempo de seguimento.</p>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas utilizando teste-T de Student n&#227;o-pareado (bicaudal), respeitando-se os crit&#233;rios de normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; amostra total, sendo comparadas utilizando-se o teste de c&#178; ou Exato de Fischer. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%. Foi utilizado curva de Kaplan-Meier para evidenciar as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia ao longo do tempo de seguimento e o teste de Log-Rank para avaliar diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (H x M). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se IBM SPSS Statistics Editor software, vers&#227;o 22.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise do estudo 225 pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FA: 161 (71%) homens e 64 (29%) mulheres. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de acompanhamento, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre homens e mulheres. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos homens e mulheres submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FA parox&#237;stica durante o per&#237;odo estudado. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia de idades, mulheres submetidas &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter eram mais velhas que os homens (57 &#177; 11 H x 62 &#177; 9 M p &lt; 0,1) por&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e o di&#226;metro anteroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, apesar de uma menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, possivelmente sem relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, ter sido observada entre os homens (63 &#177; 10% H x 66 &#177; 6% M p &lt; 0,5).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, categoriza&#231;&#227;o por g&#234;nero</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Homens (n = 161)</th>
                  <th align="center">Mulheres (n = 64)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">66 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do AE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">38 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CHADS2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICC</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a Art. Coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC/AIT pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4% )</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CCS SAF escore</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Uso Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inib ECA/ARA-2</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (41%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Uso pr&#233;vio/atual de AA</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (83%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (90%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo diagn&#243;stico (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">14 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de seguimento (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 17 (12 - 66)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 &#177; 14 (13 - 64)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Valores com &#177; indicam a m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o; CCS SAF: Canadian Cardiovascular Society Severity of Atrial Fibrillation scale; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; ARA-2: antagonista do receptor de angiotensina 2; Teste t de Student e &#967;<sup>2</sup> para amostras independentes.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p-valor indica diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao n&#237;vel de 5%</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os g&#234;neros no tocante as comorbidades como hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a coronariana e hist&#243;ria pregressa de AVC/AIT. No entanto, mulheres apresentaram maior escore CHADS2 (0,9 &#177; 0,8 H x 1,2 &#177; 1 M; p = 0,04) e foram mais sintom&#225;ticas do que os homens segundo o escore CCS-SAF (1,8 &#177; 0,8 H x 2,3 &#177; 0,8 M p = 0,02). Entre os g&#234;neros, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na propor&#231;&#227;o do uso de Inibidores ECA/ARA-2 e drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, por&#233;m, mulheres mostraram maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estatinas em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens (27% H x 40% M p = 0,03 - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a dos procedimentos</title>
          <p>As taxas de recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s &#250;nico procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o foram semelhantes entre os grupos (21% H x 20% M p = 0,52). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref> resume os resultados dos procedimentos assim como as complica&#231;&#245;es por g&#234;nero. Houve 3 pseudoaneurismas inguinais, 1 hematoma inguinal e 1 trauma uretral durante sondagem vesical no grupo dos homens; entre as mulheres observou-se 1 hematoma inguinal e 1 hematoma retroperitoneal (5 (3%) H x 2 (3%) M p = 0,98). Apesar de terem prolongado o tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, nenhuma das complica&#231;&#245;es necessitou de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para ser controlada. Ao longo do estudo, n&#227;o foram relatadas f&#237;stulas &#225;trio-esof&#225;gicas, derrames peric&#225;rdicos, AIT/AVC p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o ou &#243;bito.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultado dos procedimentos: Efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Homens (n = 161)</th>
                  <th align="center">Mulheres (n = 64)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#186; de procedimentos</td>
                  <td align="center">195</td>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 0,7 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 0,8 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Recorr&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">34/161 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13/64 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>Valores com &#177; indicam a m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Homens: 3 pseudoaneurismas inguinais, 1 hematoma inguinal e 1 trauma uretral (sondagem vesical), Mulheres: 1 hematoma inguinal e 1 hematoma retroperitoneal; N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos. Teste t de Student e &#967;<sup>2</sup>. p-valor indica diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao n&#237;vel de 5%</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A curva de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>) mostra, ao longo do estudo, equidade entre os g&#234;neros em rela&#231;&#227;o as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia, que ocorreram com maior frequ&#234;ncia nos 12 primeiros meses de seguimento, independentemente do g&#234;nero do paciente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias) dos pacientes categorizados por g&#234;nero (2,5 &#177; 0,7 H x 2,1 &#177; 0,8 M p = 0,76).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para recorr&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter categorizada por g&#234;nero; Teste de Log-Rank para compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas de recorr&#234;ncia entre os grupos (HxM). p-valor = 0,89</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0449-80069-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Diferen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas associadas ao g&#234;nero podem influenciar as condutas cl&#237;nicas e terap&#234;uticas na assist&#234;ncia de mulheres portadoras de FA. Em estudo canadense, Singh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> caracterizaram a equival&#234;ncia e homogeneidade da seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do procedimento ablativo entre homens e mulheres com FA Persistente (<italic>post-hoc</italic> MAGIC-AF Trial),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> garantindo a seguran&#231;a do mesmo. No presente estudo, em uma coorte atual de pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica submetidos ao primeiro procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, sugere-se que as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia e complica&#231;&#245;es independem do g&#234;nero do paciente. Tais achados indicam que eventuais considera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas acerca da seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do procedimento ablativo em mulheres com FA possam ser a principal causa da subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o em pacientes do sexo feminino.</p>
        <p>Diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao g&#234;nero no controle farmacol&#243;gico do ritmo card&#237;aco s&#227;o bem descritas na literatura. As mulheres mostram-se mais sintom&#225;ticas pelo escore CCS-SAF e referem uma menor melhora na qualidade de vida quando submetidas a tratamento medicamentoso, comparado aos homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Al&#233;m disso, pacientes do sexo feminino apresentam uma maior taxa de toxicidade e intolerabilidade a drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas maior que os homens, estando mais propensas a <italic>Torsade de Pointes</italic> e necessidade de implantes de marcapasso por bradicardia induzida por drogas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Portanto, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter pode ser cogitada como uma alternativa precoce para o tratamento de mulheres com FA: trata-se de um m&#233;todo terap&#234;utico superior &#224; terapia medicamentosa na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> com baixas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es, na mesma propor&#231;&#227;o que os homens.</p>
        <p>Especula-se que haja diferen&#231;as biol&#243;gicas no mecanismo da FA entre homens e mulheres que, em tese, poderiam justificar resultados distintos quando estes s&#227;o submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m tal hip&#243;tese parece improv&#225;vel. Em estudos pr&#233;vios, Walters et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstraram similaridade quanto caracter&#237;sticas eletrofisiol&#243;gicas do &#225;trio esquerdo e veias pulmonares de homens e mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Da mesma forma, Pfannmuller et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> constataram n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas entre os g&#234;neros decorrente do remodelamento atrial na FA por meio da express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas amiloides, col&#225;genas ou vinculadas as jun&#231;&#245;es <italic>intercelulares (gap junctions).</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, a hip&#243;tese de que mulheres com FA em idades avan&#231;adas apresentam maior remodelamento el&#233;trico e estrutural do &#225;trio e, consequentemente, pior desfecho p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foi validada. O grupo das mulheres foi mais velho do que o dos homens e, no entanto, o tempo de diagn&#243;stico da arritmia &#233; semelhante em ambos os g&#234;neros. Somado a isso, o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, marcador para recorr&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e morte,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. O fato dos mesmos desfechos cl&#237;nicos terem sido observados a longo prazo entre os grupos tamb&#233;m sugere que, em nosso estudo, n&#227;o haja diferen&#231;as biol&#243;gicas significativas entre homens e mulheres submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Al&#233;m de retrospectivo, o tamanho da amostra pode n&#227;o ter sido suficiente para evidenciar diferen&#231;as entre os grupos (H x M). A exist&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o em nossa coorte tamb&#233;m deve ser considerado, j&#225; que somente mulheres candidatas e submetidas ao procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise. Por &#250;ltimo, n&#227;o foi realizada uma an&#225;lise detalhada na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas decorrentes da FA; em vez disso, utilizou-se o escore CCS-SAF de maneira abrangente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, mulheres submetidas ao primeiro procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA apresentam resultados cl&#237;nicos relativos &#224; seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do procedimento semelhantes aos homens.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 45509015600000121. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
