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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bjqvxx4Nmch6YPXqXVHczhj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000500438</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180083</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Framingham Risk Score in Vegetarian and Omnivorous Apparently Healthy Men</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca</bold>, Setor de L&#237;pides, Aterosclerose, Biologia Vascular e Hipertens&#227;o Arterial. Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP). Rua Loefgren, 1350. Postal Code 04040-001, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>438</fpage>
      <lpage>439</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet, Vegetarian</kwd>
        <kwd>Healthy Lifestyle</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention and Control</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The Life Style Heart Trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> was a milestone; published in 1990, the study showed that a healthy lifestyle associated with a vegetarian diet can promote the regression of coronary lesions, even in patients not using lipid-lowering drugs.</p>
    <p>There is a large epidemic of cardiovascular disease today. Sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia are triggers of mechanisms related to cardiovascular diseases, such as changes in the gut microbiota, increase in inflammatory markers and prothrombotic factors, and impaired immune response.</p>
    <p>Traditional guidelines provide information on the identification of patients at high risk, and establishment of therapy targets of cardiovascular disease in advanced stage when only lifestyle changes seem insufficient for an effective, early reduction in cardiovascular events.</p>
    <p>In 1988, Gerald Reaven delivered a historical Banting Lecture,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> presenting a link between insulin resistance and obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia (notably hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-c levels). Reaven was the pioneer in describing the Metabolic Syndrome, initially named X Syndrome, which constituted a high-risk situation for coronary disease. The author showed that high cholesterol levels are not the only mechanism for this condition, but rather, other components of the syndrome could be deeply modified by lifestyle changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In the present issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> the authors show that vegetarian diet is strongly associated with a lower prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and a lower cardiovascular risk predicted by the Framingham score as compared with an omnivorous diet, defined by individuals who consumed at least four portions of meat a week.</p>
    <p>The study included a relatively small, but homogeneous sample of apparently healthy adults. In addition, the total number of male subjects was higher than that in the classical study by Ornish (The Lifestyle Heart Trial). Its cross-sectional design limits the ability to make any inferences, which should be confirmed by prospective studies. However, the strict inclusion criteria (minimum of four years following a vegetarian or omnivorous diet) and the quality of the results obtained from the subjects demonstrate the importance of nutrition and how different metabolic, clinical and laboratory aspects are between these groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Recently, during the annual American College of Cardiology&#8217;s meeting (ACC.18), professor Valentin Fuster suggested different strategies for primoradial (first 25 years of age), primary (25-50 years) and secondary (after 50 years of age) prevention, aiming at reducing the incidence and complications of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
    <p>Results of this study on vegetarian diet highlight not only its effects on individual markers of cardiovascular risk, but also substantial changes in the global risk score and Metabolic Syndrome components.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>We have witnessed a phase of epidemiological transition, where the greatest challenges are not to achieve cholesterol, glycemic and blood pressure control, but to primarily reduce obesity and metabolic disorders associated with hyperglycemia. Much attention has been paid to patients with coronary, cerebrovascular or renal events or to advanced peripheral vascular disease. However, a greater impact on the health of a larger number of people would be achieved if we focused on simpler, lifestyle changing measures, towards primordial and primary prevention.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Framingham Risk Score in Apparently Healthy Vegetarian and Omnivorous Men</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, Armstrong WT, Ports TA, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet. 1990;336(8708):129-33.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Ornish</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scherwitz</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Billings</surname>
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              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
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            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>336</volume>
          <issue>8708</issue>
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        <mixed-citation>2 Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988;37(12):1595-607.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease</article-title>
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        <mixed-citation>3 Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease (syndrome X): an expanded definition. Annu Rev Med. 1993;44:121-31.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Role of insulin resistance in human disease (syndrome X): an expanded definition</article-title>
          <source>Annu Rev Med</source>
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        <mixed-citation>4 DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care. 1991;14(3):173-94.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Ferrannini</surname>
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          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
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        <mixed-citation>5 Reaven GM. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002; 106(3):286-8.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Reaven</surname>
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          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
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        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Navarro JCA, Antoniazzi L, Oki AM, Bonfim MC, Hong V, Bortolotto LA, et al. Preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e escore de Framingham em homens vegetarianos e on&#237;varos aparentemente saud&#225;veis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; 110(5):430-437</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Navarro</surname>
              <given-names>JCA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antoniazzi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oki</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonfim</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hong</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e escore de Framingham em homens vegetarianos e on&#237;varos aparentemente saud&#225;veis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>430</fpage>
          <lpage>437</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica e Escore de Risco de Framingham em Homens Vegetarianos e On&#237;voros Aparentemente Saud&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca</bold>, Setor de L&#237;pides, Aterosclerose, Biologia Vascular e Hipertens&#227;o Arterial. Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP). Rua Loefgren, 1350. CEP 04040-001, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta Vegetariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida Saud&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o e Controle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><italic>The Life Style Heart Trial</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> foi um marco no conhecimento. Publicado em 1990, o estudo mostrou que estilo de vida saud&#225;vel associado &#224; dieta vegetariana pode regredir les&#245;es coronarianas, mesmo em pacientes que n&#227;o fa&#231;am uso de f&#225;rmacos hipolipemiantes.</p>
      <p>Vivemos hoje grande epidemia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sendo sedentarismo, obesidade, diabetes e dislipidemias, condi&#231;&#245;es frequentes que deflagram mecanismos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como altera&#231;&#245;es da microbiota intestinal, aumento de biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios, redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta imune fisiol&#243;gica e maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es de fatores pr&#243;-tromb&#243;ticos.</p>
      <p>Habitualmente, nossas diretrizes identificam pacientes de alto risco e estabelecem metas de tratamento em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, momento em que a simples mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida parece insuficiente para uma efetiva e precoce redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Em 1988, Gerald Reaven realizou hist&#243;rica <italic>Banting Lecture,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> mostrando elo entre resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, obesidade, hiperglicemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia (notadamente hipertrigliceridemia e baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-C). Reaven foi, de fato, pioneiro na descri&#231;&#227;o da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica, inicialmente descrita como S&#237;ndrome X e que constituiria situa&#231;&#227;o de risco para a doen&#231;a coronariana, mostrando que n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol n&#227;o s&#227;o o &#250;nico mecanismo para esta enfermidade e que componentes da s&#237;ndrome poderiam ser profundamente modificados por mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> os autores mostram como a dieta vegetariana se associa de maneira marcante &#224; menor preval&#234;ncia da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica e menor risco cardiovascular pelo escore de Framingham em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; dieta de on&#237;voros, definida por indiv&#237;duos que consumissem pelo menos quatro por&#231;&#245;es de carnes por semana.</p>
      <p>O estudo incluiu amostra relativamente restrita, mas muito homog&#234;nea de adultos aparentemente saud&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, o total de homens estudados foi superior ao cl&#225;ssico estudo de Ornish (The Lifestyle Heart Trial). O estudo foi transversal, o que limita seus achados ao estabelecimento de hip&#243;teses a serem confirmadas em estudos prospectivos. Entretanto, os crit&#233;rios rigorosos de inclus&#227;o ao estudo (m&#237;nimo de quatro anos sob a dieta vegetariana ou on&#237;vora) e a qualidade dos dados obtidos destas popula&#231;&#245;es bastante compar&#225;veis, mostram qu&#227;o importante &#233; a nutri&#231;&#227;o e como s&#227;o diferentes os aspectos metab&#243;licos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais entre as duas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recentemente, durante o congresso do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> (ACC18) em Orlando, o professor Valentin Fuster sugeriu para a preven&#231;&#227;o primordial (primeiros 25 anos), prim&#225;ria (25-50 anos) ou secund&#225;ria (ap&#243;s os 50 anos), diferentes estrat&#233;gias para a redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia e complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a cardiovascular adequadas a cada n&#237;vel de preven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os resultados do presente estudo sobre a dieta vegetariana nos mostram diferen&#231;as n&#227;o apenas em marcadores individuais de risco cardiovascular, mas substanciais mudan&#231;as no escore global de risco e componentes da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica, em particular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Vivenciamos um per&#237;odo de transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica, onde os maiores desafios n&#227;o s&#227;o redu&#231;&#245;es expressivas do colesterol, controle glic&#234;mico ou press&#243;rico, mas reduzirmos primordialmente a obesidade e os defeitos metab&#243;licos progressivamente associados &#224; hiperglicemia. Damos especial aten&#231;&#227;o ao paciente com desfechos coronarianos, cerebrovasculares, renais ou com doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica avan&#231;ada, mas s&#227;o com medidas mais simples sobre estilo de vida, na preven&#231;&#227;o primordial e prim&#225;ria, que atingir&#237;amos maior parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o e obter&#237;amos maior impacto em sua sa&#250;de.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo Preval&#234;ncia de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica e Escore de Risco de Framingham em Homens Vegetarianos e On&#237;voros Aparentemente Saud&#225;veis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
