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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZC63GxSrtTKRmqChgFGPqJK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000500430</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180073</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Metabolism/Nutrition</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Framingham Risk Score in Apparently Healthy Vegetarian and Omnivorous Men</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Navarro</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Cesar Acosta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antoniazzi</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oki</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Midori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonfim</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hong</surname>
            <given-names>Valeria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Acosta-Cardenas</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sandrim</surname>
            <given-names>Valeria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miname</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Hiroshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul Dias dos</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Regional de Ferraz de Vasconcelos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional de Ferraz de Vasconcelos - Osiris Florindo,S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farmacologia do Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Julio Cesar Acosta Navarro</bold>, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>jnavarro_2@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Navarro JCA; Acquisition of data: Navarro JCA, Antoniazzi L, Oki AM, Bonfim MC, Hong V, Acosta-Cardenas P; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Navarro JCA, Antoniazzi L, Oki AM, Bonfim MC, Hong V, Bortolotto LA; Statistical analysis: Navarro JCA, Antoniazzi L, Hong V; Writing of the manuscript: Acosta-Cardenas P; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Navarro JCA, Antoniazzi L, Oki AM, Hong V, Sandrim V, Miname MH, Santos Filho RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>430</fpage>
      <lpage>437</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Recent studies have shown a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MSyn) in vegetarians (VEG) despite the inconclusive evidence from others.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To verify the association between diet and other lifestyle characteristics and the prevalence of MSyn, cardiovascular risk factors (CRF), and Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in apparently healthy VEG and omnivorous (OMN) men.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In this cross-sectional study, 88 apparently healthy men &#8805; 35 years, 44 VEG and 44 OMN, were assessed for anthropometric data, blood pressure, blood lipids, glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP) and FRS. To test the association between lifestyle and MSyn, Student t test, chi-square test, and multiple logistic regression model were used. A significance level of 5% was considered in all statistical analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Several CRF were significantly lower in VEG than in OMN: body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein b, glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (all p &lt; 0.05). The FRS mean was lower in VEG than in OMN (2.98 &#177; 3.7 vs 4.82 &#177; 4.8, p = 0.029). The percentage of individuals with MSyn was higher among OMN than among VEG (52.3 vs.15.9%) (p &lt; 0.001). The OMN diet was associated with MSyn (OR: 6.28 95%CI 2.11-18.71) and alterations in most MSyn components in the multiple regression model independently of caloric intake, age and physical activity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The VEG diet was associated with lower CRF, FRS and percentage of individuals with MSyn.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Vegetarians</kwd>
        <kwd>Men</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet, Vegetarian</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The number of individuals consuming a vegetarian (VEG) or plant-based diet is increasing, and there is evidence that this habit is associated with a lower prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A few studies in the literature have evaluated the association between the VEG diet and the lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> according to the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), an algorithm for assessing risk for CHD in the short term (&lt; 10 years).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Furthermore, recent studies have shown a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MSyn) in VEG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> despite the inconclusive evidence from others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The only study found in the scientific literature that evaluated the relationship in a Latin American population has demonstrated no association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The importance of MSyn rests in the fact that approximately one in four adults in the United States has MSyn, which is considered a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In addition, 20-25% of adults worldwide have MSyn, which doubles the risk for having a heart attack and triples the risk for stroke,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> in addition to increasing the risk of death in the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The aim of this observational study was to investigate the association between the type of diet and the prevalence of MSyn assessed in apparently healthy VEG and omnivorous (OMN) men. Our hypothesis is that VEG men have better indicators of these conditions compared to OMN men.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>In the recently published cross-sectional <italic>Carotid Atherosclerosis and Arterial Stiffness in Vegetarians and Omnivorous Subjects</italic> (CARVOS) study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> 745 adult volunteers initially were recruited in S&#227;o Paulo through social activities and the Internet. The participants filled out questionnaires regarding past medical history, family history, dietary preferences, and personal data. Exclusion criteria were: 1) being female 2) history of diabetes; 3) history of dyslipidemia; 4) history of CVD or cerebrovascular diseases; 5) history of hypertension or intake of antihypertensive medication; and 6) smoking. All individuals who declared themselves to be &#8220;smokers&#8221; or &#8220;occasional smokers&#8221; at the interview or had quit smoking in the last month prior to the interview were considered smokers.</p>
      <p>Although the exclusion criteria of the research project were related to factors that are MSyn components, they were the reference of the individual on previous diagnosis, and it was verified that several individuals presented MSyn, enabling the development of the present study, which aims to compare the percentage of individuals with MSyn in the two groups according to the type of diet.</p>
      <p>Healthy participants &#8805; 35 years were divided into two groups - VEG and OMN - according to their dietary patterns. Vegetarian men were defined as exclusively consuming a vegetarian diet void of meat, fish, and poultry for at least four years; these men could be lacto-ovo-vegetarians (consuming eggs, milk, and dairy products), lacto-vegetarians (consuming milk and dairy products) or vegans (consuming no eggs or milk or dairy products). Matched OMN men were defined as consuming any type of meat at least four or more servings per week.</p>
      <p>From June 2013 to January 2014, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 88 apparently healthy men were enrolled in the study (44 VEG and 44 OMN).</p>
      <p>All 88 subjects were screened for health status with questionnaires regarding educational level, personal data, past medical history, smoking status and habitual alcohol consumption (yes or no).</p>
      <p>Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured twice in the right arm after a 10-minute rest in a supine position using a calibrated and averaged digital sphygmomanometer.</p>
      <p>Subjects were interviewed, and the average of two 24-hour dietary recalls (one on weekdays and one on weekends) was used to estimate daily consumption of different nutrients. A database for Brazilian food composition was used to calculate the daily energy and nutrient intake.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>For measuring weight, we used a 150-kg platform scale (Filizola<sup>&#174;</sup>) with 100-gram divisions. The patient was positioned in the center of the scale, standing barefoot, wearing as little clothing and as few accessories as possible. To measure height, a portable stadiometer was used, positioned in an appropriate place, with the barefoot volunteer with feet together, standing erect, with the back of the head, shoulders, buttocks, calves and heels touching the wall, and the head in the Frankfurt horizontal plane (imaginary line from the external auditory canal to the lower eye socket).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing body weight (kg) by the square of height (m).</p>
      <p>To measure waist circumference (WC), the individual remained upright with arms relaxed along the body, with the region for measurement unclothed. For WC, the measurement was made with a tape measure at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest, with the abdomen relaxed, at the end of expiration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>All measures were performed in triplicate, and the mean value was used for analysis.</p>
      <p>After fasting for 10-12 hours overnight, participants had blood samples drawn from the antecubital vein. Serum lipids, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), were assayed by using enzymatic methods with an automatic multichannel chemical analyzer (Siemens Healthcare, Newark, USA) in the central laboratory of the InCor. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) was calculated using the Friedewald formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was determined using the immunoturbidimetric method certified by the NGSP-National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program, using the Flex kit (Siemens Healthcare, Newark, USA). For apolipoprotein b (Apo b) and fasting glucose measurements, blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes within 60 minutes of collection and stored at &#8722;70&#186;C until analysis. Fasting serum glucose (FSG) was determined by the glucose oxidase method using a Dimension RXL (Siemens Healthcare, Newark, NJ, USA) through standard laboratory techniques. Quality control assessment was performed daily for all determinations.</p>
      <p>Subjects reported activity levels using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> which measures leisure time, domestic, work-related, and transport-related physical activities. Four domains were measured: sitting, walking, moderate-intensity activity, and vigorous-intensity activity during the previous seven days.</p>
      <p>For analysis, we considered the following categorization: physically active (&#8805; 20 minutes/vigorous activity sessions &#8805; 3 days/week; and/or &#8805; 30 minutes/moderate activity sessions or hiking &#8805; 5 days/week; and/or &#8805; 150 minutes/week of any added activities - vigorous or moderate or walking), and irregularly active (&lt;150 minutes/week of any added activities - vigorous or moderate or walking).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Metabolic syndrome (MSyn) was defined according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), that considers that an individual with MSyn must have central obesity (defined as WC with ethnicity specific values) plus any two of the following four factors: TG &#8805; 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality, HDL-c &lt; 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) in males or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality, SBP &#8805; 130 mm Hg or DBP &#8805; 85 mm Hg or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension, FSG &#8805; 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>For South and Central Americans, the IDF recommends the use of South Asian WC values until more specific data are available. Thus, this study considered the WC value to be &#8805; 90 cm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The BMI was categorized according to the values suggested by the World Health Organization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Framingham Heart Study provides an algorithm for assessing risk for CHD in the short term (&#8804; 10 years). The FRS classifies the individual CHD risk based on assigned points for age, TC, HDL-c, smoking status, SBP, and the use of medication to treat high blood pressure. The results of the FRS range are from 1% to 30% of CHD risk in 10 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The continuous variables were tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and presented Gaussian distribution, being demonstrated in means &#177; standard deviation (SD). Unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used for testing differences for numerical variables. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables between groups. Level of significance was set p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        <p>To test the association between the type of diet (OMN or VEG) and MSyn and its components, multiple logistic regression was used. The magnitude of effect was measured by using the OR (odds ratio) and respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Univariate analysis and variables with p &lt; 0.20 were included in the multiple regression, and adjusted for caloric intake, age, physical activity level, and alcohol consumption. All analyses were performed using Stata 10.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>No difference was found in age between the VEG and OMN groups. Vegetarians had significantly lower values for BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-c, Apo b, TG, TC/HDL-c ratio, FSG, and HbA1c. Most of the individuals had less than 10 points on the FRS, only three VEG and eight OMN had FRS 10 to 20 points. No statistical difference was found when this distribution was compared by categories, but the CHD risk evaluated by FRS was higher in OMN based on a comparison of the mean score between the two groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Anthropometric, clinical and biochemical characteristics of apparently healthy vegetarian and omnivorous men</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Vegetarian (n = 44)</th>
              <th align="center">Omnivorous (n = 44)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">45.5 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">46.8 &#177; 9.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">23.1 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">27.2 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">84.9 &#177; 7.71</td>
              <td align="center">95.7 &#177; 13.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">119.5 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">129.2 &#177; 15.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">75.2 &#177; 8.6</td>
              <td align="center">83.9 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">180.1 &#177; 40.5</td>
              <td align="center">202.7 &#177; 35.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">110 &#177; 33.2</td>
              <td align="center">128.5 &#177; 32.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Apo b (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 &#177; 0.28</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 &#177; 0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">112.2 &#177; 72.2</td>
              <td align="center">143.9 &#177; 64</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">47.6 &#177; 9.3</td>
              <td align="center">45.5 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC/HDL-c ratio</td>
              <td align="center">4.0 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.7 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FSG (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">94.8 &#177; 7.2</td>
              <td align="center">102.9 &#177; 13.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HbA1c (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5.3 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FRS</td>
              <td align="center">2.98 &#177; 3.70</td>
              <td align="center">4.82 &#177; 5.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data are means &#177; SD. Significant values for p &lt; 0.05. Unpaired Student's t-test. BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo b: apolipoprotein b; TG: triglycerides; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FSG: fasting serum glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; FRS: Framingham Risk Score.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Although there was no significant difference in caloric intake between the two groups, VEG consumed significantly more carbohydrates (63.2 vs. 51.9% of energy, p &gt; 0.001), dietary fiber (28.2 vs 17.9 g, p &lt; 0.001), and polyunsaturated fat (4.0 vs. 2.7% of energy, p = 0.004) than OMN did. Moreover, OMN ingested significantly greater amounts of protein (19.5 vs. 17.1% of energy, p = 0.04), total fat (29.1 vs. 24.8% of energy, p = 0.006), saturated fat (6.9 vs. 4.4% of energy, p &lt; 0.001), and monounsaturated fat (6.8 vs. 4.5% of energy, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pattern of energy and nutrient ingestion of apparently healthy vegetarian and omnivorous men.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Energy and nutrient ingestion</th>
              <th align="center">Vegetarian (n = 44)</th>
              <th align="center">Omnivorous (n = 44)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Energy (kcal)</td>
              <td align="center">2,177 &#177; 559</td>
              <td align="center">2,348 &#177; 736</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Protein (% of energy)</td>
              <td align="center">17.1 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">19.5 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Carbohydrates (% of energy)</td>
              <td align="center">63.2 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">51.9 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total Fat (% of energy)</td>
              <td align="center">24.8 &#177; 8.3</td>
              <td align="center">29.1 &#177; 7.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Saturated fat (% of energy)</td>
              <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mono-unsaturated fat (% of energy)</td>
              <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">6.8 &#177; 2.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Polyunsaturated fat (% of energy)</td>
              <td align="center">4.0 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cholesterol (mg)</td>
              <td align="center">69.3 &#177; 224</td>
              <td align="center">258.1 &#177; 169</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fiber (g)</td>
              <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 15.9</td>
              <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 13.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Data are means &#177; SD. Significant values for p &lt; 0.05. Unpaired Student's t-test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Most individuals had &#8805; 8 years of schooling (83.2%), but a higher percentage of OMN (30.8%) had less than 8 years of schooling compared to VEG (4.6%) (p = 0.001). Considering physical activity assessed by IPAQ, a significantly greater number of VEG was classified as physically active (n = 36, 81.8%) compared to OMN (n = 25, 56.8%; p = 0.011). Regarding alcohol consumption, 43.2% of VEG (n = 19) and 59.1% (n = 26) of OMN reported drinking alcohol, but without a statistical difference (p = 0.14).</p>
      <p>Considering the MSyn proposed by the IDF, there were more OMN (52.3%) than VEG (15.9%) with MSyn (p &lt; 0.001). OMN had a significantly higher occurrence of abnormal values for most of the MSyn components, WC, TG, FSG, SBP, and DBP, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of individuals with metabolic syndrome and inadequacy of its components in apparently healthy vegetarian and omnivorous men</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Vegetarian (n = 44) % (n)</th>
              <th align="center">Omnivorous (n = 44) % (n)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MSyn</td>
              <td align="center">15.9 (7)</td>
              <td align="center">52.3 (23)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC (&#8805; 90 cm)</td>
              <td align="center">20.5 (9)</td>
              <td align="center">63.6 (28)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (&#8805; 130 mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">22.7 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">45.5 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.025</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (&#8805; 85 mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">13.6 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">40.9 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG (&#8805; 150 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">25.0 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">45.5 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c (&lt; 40 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">22.7 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">36.4 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FSG (&#8805; 100 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">27.3 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">63.6 (28)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Data are means &#177; SD. Significant values for p &lt; 0.05. Chi-square test. MSyn: metabolic syndrome; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein; FSG: fasting serum glucose.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Being OMN increased the chance of having MSyn (OR: 5.79, 95%CI 2.13-15.76) and having altered different MSyn components: WC (OR: 6.80, 95%CI 2.62-17.70), SBP (OR: 2.83, 95% CI 1.13-7.12), DBP (OR: 4.38, 95%CI 1.53-12.53), TG (OR: 2.5, 95%CI 1.01-6.18), and FSG (OR: 4.67, 95%CI 1.89-11.52). Despite the higher risk of OMN developing CHD according to FSG, this difference was not shown in the logistic regression model (OR: 3.04, 95%CI 0.75-12.32).</p>
      <p>The OMN diet was associated with a prevalence of MSyn (OR: 6.28, 95%CI 2.11-18.71) and alterations in most MSyn components [WC (OR: 7.54, 95%CI 2.55-22.29), SBP (OR: 3.06, 95%CI 1.06-8.82), DBP (OR: 4.08, 95%CI 1.27-13.07), and FSG (OR: 5.38, 95%CI 1.95-14.88)] in the multiple regression, independently of caloric intake, age, level of physical activity, and alcohol consumption (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate regression models of the association between type of diet and metabolic syndrome and its components</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">p value of the model</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MSyn</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vegetarian</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Omnivorous</td>
              <td align="center">6.28</td>
              <td align="center">2.11-18.71</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caloric intake</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.99-1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.783</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.96-1.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.674</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physically active</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
              <td align="center">0.18-1.71</td>
              <td align="center">0.307</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
              <td align="center">1.74</td>
              <td align="center">0.64-4.69</td>
              <td align="center">0.275</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>WC (&#8805; 90 cm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vegetarian</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Omnivorous</td>
              <td align="center">7.54</td>
              <td align="center">2.55-22.29</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caloric intake</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.99-1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.700</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.96-1.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.636</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physically active</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
              <td align="center">0.21-2.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.470</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
              <td align="center">3.04</td>
              <td align="center">1.11-8.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>SBP (&#8805; 130 mm Hg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vegetarian</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Omnivorous</td>
              <td align="center">3.06</td>
              <td align="center">1.06-8.82</td>
              <td align="center">0.039</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caloric intake</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.99-1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.843</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.10</td>
              <td align="center">1.03-1.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physically active</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
              <td align="center">0.27-2.55</td>
              <td align="center">0.751</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
              <td align="center">0.29-2.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.628</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>DBP (&#8805; 85 mm Hg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vegetarian</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Omnivorous</td>
              <td align="center">4.08</td>
              <td align="center">1.27-13.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caloric intake</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.27-13.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.09</td>
              <td align="center">1.02-1.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physically active</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.31-3.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.986</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
              <td align="center">1.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.45-3.86</td>
              <td align="center">0.617</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>TG (&#8805; 150 mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vegetarian</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Omnivorous</td>
              <td align="center">3.46</td>
              <td align="center">1.25-9.64</td>
              <td align="center">0.017</td>
              <td align="center">0.079</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caloric intake</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.99-1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.293</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.93-1.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.611</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physically active</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.11-1.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.066</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
              <td align="center">1.68</td>
              <td align="center">0.66-4.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.280</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>FSG (&#8805; 100 mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vegetarian</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Omnivorous</td>
              <td align="center">5.38</td>
              <td align="center">1.95-14.88</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caloric intake</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.99-1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.974</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.99-1.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.084</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physically active</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
              <td align="center">0.27-2.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.666</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
              <td align="center">0.26-1.74</td>
              <td align="center">0.407</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. Multiple logistic regression adjusted for caloric intake, age, physical activity, and alcohol consumption. MSyn: metabolic syndrome; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; FSG: fasting serum glucose.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study brought the scientific evidence that in apparently healthy men a VEG diet was associated with a lower percentage of individuals with MSyn compared to an OMN diet. This difference remained after the adjustment of other lifestyle characteristics, such as smoking, alcohol intake, and physical activity. In addition, FRS and other cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) were also lower in VEG subjects.</p>
      <p>Our study is considered a pioneer for being the first to prove the association between the VEG diet and the development of MSyn in a population of Brazilian men, although an association has been reported between red meat consumption and an increase in the risk of developing MSyn after adjusting for confounders, in a cohort of Japanese-Brazilians.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, VEG had significantly lower values for BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-c, Apo b, TG, TC/HDL-c ratio, FSG, and HbA1c, which is in accordance with other studies around the world.</p>
      <p>The Lima Study, conducted in Peru, with 45 OMN, 105 VEG, and 34 semi-vegetarians, has reported lower TC and LDL-c values in VEG compared to OMN.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In a cross-sectional analysis of 773 subjects from the Adventist Health Study 2, in the United States, a VEG dietary pattern was associated with a more favorable profile for BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, TG, and FSG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Studies in the Brazilian population have found similar results to these of the present study. A study with OMN, VEG, and semi-vegetarians from the Adventist Church of S&#227;o Paulo has found lower values for SBP, DBP, TC, and LDL-c in the VEG group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In another study comparing 56 VEG and 40 OMN in S&#227;o Paulo, the VEG group had lower BMI and WC, but the levels of TG, TC, and LDL-c were equal between the groups, and VEG had higher HDL-c,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> in contrast to our study, in which HDL was similar between groups.</p>
      <p>In addition, a few studies in the literature have evaluated the association of the VEG diet with FRS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> which is an algorithm for assessing risk for CHD in the short term.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In a study conducted with 67 VEG and 134 OMN, the MONICA Project, in the state of Esp&#237;rito Santo, Brazil, blood pressure, FSG, TC, LDL-c, TG, and FRS were lower among VEG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a sample of 391 female VEG and 315 OMN from Taiwan, the VEG status was associated with lower BMI, smaller WC, lower TC, LDL-c, HDL-c, TC/HDL-c and LDL-c/HDL-c ratios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the differences in CRF between VEG and OMN, one seems more consistent in the literature, the difference in blood pressure. In an elderly Taiwanese population, SBP was independently associated with VEG status,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and a recent meta-analysis confirms that a VEG diet is associated with lower blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite scientific plausibility that can explain the impact of the higher fat content of the OMN diet on lipid metabolism, a large number of studies has found that glucose profile is improved by adopting a VEG diet. In a study conducted with a sample of 425 adults from the Isfahan Diabetes Prevention Study, a population-based prospective cohort in Iran, the VEG dietary pattern was inversely associated with the risk of abnormal FSG levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In Taiwan, OMN had a greater risk of developing high FSG (HR: 1.16, 95%CI 1.02-1.32).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In our study, similar differences were observed in indices evaluated in glucose metabolism.</p>
      <p>We found no difference between the levels of HDL-c, but other studies have found statistical differences in this lipoprotein. Gadgil et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> have observed a higher amount of HDL-c in VEG Asian Indians living in the San Francisco Bay area. In S&#227;o Paulo, VEG individuals have higher HDL-c too.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In Taiwan, OMN individuals had a smaller risk of having lower HDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A significantly greater number of VEG individuals was classified as physically active compared to OMN individuals. Data from the Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1999-2000) have shown that regular exercise was independently associated with VEG status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Pimentel has observed a higher tendency to be physically active among VEG individuals living in S&#227;o Paulo, compared to OMN individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In this study, VEG individuals were more physically active; however, the observed differences in CRF were due to neither physical activity nor caloric intake.</p>
      <p>In our study, the OMN diet was associated with the prevalence of MSyn and alterations in most of the MSyn components (WC, SBP, DBP, and FSG), independently of caloric intake, age, and level of physical activity. Some studies with different populations have shown this association, as discussed below.</p>
      <p>A study aiming to verify the association of MSyn risk factors with selected markers of oxidative status (advanced glycation end products, advanced oxidation protein products) and microinflammation (C-reactive protein and leukocytes) in healthy OMN and VEG individuals has found that OMN individuals consumed significantly more protein, total fat, saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acids, and dietary cholesterol, and less dietary fiber; in addition, the VEG diet seems to exert beneficial effects on MSyn and risk factors associated with microinflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Rizzo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> have observed in subjects from the Adventist Health Study 2 that a VEG dietary pattern was associated with a lower risk of MSyn, and this relationship persists after adjusting for lifestyle and demographic factors. For the female VEG individuals from a Buddhist hospital in Taiwan, the risks for MSyn were lower for ovo-lacto-vegetarians of 1-11 years and &gt; 11 years, respectively, 45% and 42%, compared to OMN individuals after adjusting for other covariates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It should be noted that although the sample from the CARVOS study includes only men who are self-assessed as "healthy", many individuals were found to have MSyn among those who consumed an OMN diet. MSyn is defined by a constellation of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors that directly increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all-cause mortality. Lifestyle is one of the major predisposing factors of MSyn.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, the multivariate regression models show that the VEG diet was independently the best indicator of MSyn, and was associated with its components WC, SBP, DBP, and FSG, suggesting that the prevalence of MSyn could be due to the influences on its components. We hypothesize that the mechanism responsible for these differences exists in the composition of one&#8217;s diet. VEG subjects consume smaller amounts of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, and larger amounts of unsaturated fat and fiber than OMN subjects do.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The absence of red and processed meat intake could have an additional role.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, VEG and OMN individuals did not have a significant difference in caloric intake. VEG consumed significantly more carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and polyunsaturated fat. Moreover, OMN significantly ingested larger amounts of protein, total fat, saturated fat, and monounsaturated fat.</p>
      <p>In addition, dietary patterns like VEG and the Mediterranean diet have a beneficial synergistic combination of antioxidants, fiber, potassium, magnesium, and phytochemicals,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> which may be responsible for the health benefits demonstrated in several scientific studies.</p>
      <p>There are some limitations to this study. It had a relatively small number of subjects, and the cross-sectional design did not allow us to draw conclusions in terms of causal relationships. Future research must be conducted, especially prospective cohort studies in different populations to prove the impact of the vegetarian diet on the outcomes evaluated in this study.</p>
      <p>The strength of our study is its highly homogenized sample, where all were nonsmokers, had no previous diagnosis of diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension or intake of antihypertensive medication, and had no difference in the frequency of alcohol beverage intake. The only difference between groups was our independent variable, diet, and physical activity, which was demonstrated but did not account for the differences found. In addition, we found in the same sampling a better profile of subclinical vascular disease evaluated by arterial stiffness, determined by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and carotid intima-media thickness, and distensibility in VEG compared to OMN subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our study is important because its sample included only apparently healthy men, which is a large segment of society and, therefore, of great interest in terms of primary prevention of CVD. The study findings therefore will have a great positive impact in terms of public health economics and quality of life.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study provides evidence that, in apparently healthy men, a VEG diet is associated with lower levels of some CRF, as well as lower FRS and percentage of individuals with MSyn, suggesting a VEG diet can be considered a protective factor against the development of CVD.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Post Doctoral submitted by Julio Cesar Acosta Navarro, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number CAAE: 03540812.2.0000.0068. File: 35704. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Metabolismo/Nutri&#231;&#227;o</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica e Escore de Risco de Framingham em Homens Vegetarianos e On&#237;voros Aparentemente Saud&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Navarro</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Cesar Acosta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antoniazzi</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oki</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Midori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonfim</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hong</surname>
            <given-names>Valeria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Acosta-Cardenas</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sandrim</surname>
            <given-names>Valeria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miname</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Hiroshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul Dias dos</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional de Ferraz de Vasconcelos - Osiris Florindo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farmacologia do Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Julio Cesar Acosta Navarro</bold>, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>jnavarro_2@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Navarro JCA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Navarro JCA, Antoniazzi L, Oki AM, Bonfim MC, Hong V, Acosta-Cardenas P; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:Navarro JCA, Antoniazzi L, Oki AM, Bonfim MC, Hong V, Bortolotto LA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Navarro JCA, Antoniazzi L, Hong V; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Acosta-Cardenas P; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Navarro JCA, Antoniazzi L, Oki AM, Hong V, Sandrim V, Miname MH, Santos Filho RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos recentes mostraram menor preval&#234;ncia de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SM) em vegetarianos (VEG), apesar de evid&#234;ncias inconclusivas de outros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Verificar associa&#231;&#227;o entre dieta e caracter&#237;sticas do estilo de vida e a preval&#234;ncia de SM, fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) e Escore de Framingham (EF) em homens VEG e on&#237;voros (ONI) aparentemente saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Neste estudo transversal, 88 homens aparentemente saud&#225;veis &#8805; 35 anos, VEG (n = 44) e ONI (n = 44), foram avaliados quanto a dados antropom&#233;tricos, press&#227;o arterial, l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos, glicemia, prote&#237;na C reativa e EF. Para testar associa&#231;&#227;o entre estilo de vida e SM, o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, o teste qui-quadrado e a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla foram utilizados. Foi considerado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% em todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis dos FRCV avaliados foram menores nos VEG do que nos ONI: &#237;ndice de massa corporal, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, apolipoprote&#237;na b, glicemia e hemoglobina glicada (p &lt; 0,05). O EF foi menor nos VEG do que nos ONI (2,98 &#177; 3,7 vs. 4,82 &#177; 4,8; p = 0,029). A porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos com SM foi maior entre ONI do que entre VEG (52,3 vs.15,9%) (p &lt; 0,001). A dieta ONI foi associada com a SM (OR: 6,28 IC95% 2,11-18,71) e altera&#231;&#245;es na maioria dos componentes da SM no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, independentemente de ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica, idade e atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A dieta VEG foi associada com menores taxas de FRC e menores EF e porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos com SM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Vegetarianos</kwd>
        <kwd>Homens</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta Vegetariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Cresce o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos que consome uma dieta vegetariana (VEG) ou &#224; base de vegetais, havendo evid&#234;ncia de que tal h&#225;bito acha-se associado a uma menor preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Poucos estudos na literatura avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre dieta VEG e menor risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> usando o Escore de Risco de Framingham (EF), um algoritmo para avaliar o risco de DAC em curto prazo (&lt; 10 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Estudos recentes mostraram uma menor preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) entre indiv&#237;duos VEG,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> a despeito das evid&#234;ncias inconclusivas de outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O &#250;nico estudo da literatura cient&#237;fica que avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o em uma popula&#231;&#227;o latino-americana n&#227;o demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A import&#226;ncia da SM est&#225; no fato de que cerca de um em quatro adultos nos Estados Unidos tem SM, considerada fator de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Ademais, 20-25% dos adultos no mundo t&#234;m SM, que dobra o risco de infarto e triplica o risco de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> al&#233;m de elevar o risco de morte na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> O objetivo deste estudo observacional foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de dieta e a preval&#234;ncia de SM avaliada em homens VEG e on&#237;voros (ONI) aparentemente saud&#225;veis. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que homens VEG t&#234;m melhores indicadores para essa condi&#231;&#227;o do que homens ONI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>No estudo transversal recentemente publicado <italic>Carotid Atherosclerosis and Arterial Stiffness in Vegetarian and Omnivorous Subjects</italic> (CARVOS),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> 745 adultos volunt&#225;rios foram inicialmente recrutados em S&#227;o Paulo atrav&#233;s de atividades sociais e da Internet. Os participantes completaram question&#225;rios sobre hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa, hist&#243;ria familiar, prefer&#234;ncias diet&#233;ticas e dados pessoais. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o consistiram em: 1) sexo feminino; 2) hist&#243;rico de diabetes; 3) hist&#243;rico de dislipidemia; 4) hist&#243;rico de DCV ou doen&#231;a cerebrovascular; 5) hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o ou uso de anti-hipertensivos; e 6) tabagismo. Todos que se autodeclararam &#8220;fumantes&#8221; ou &#8220;fumantes ocasionais&#8221; na entrevista ou que tinham parado de fumar no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s antes da entrevista foram considerados fumantes.</p>
        <p>Embora os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do projeto de pesquisa fossem relacionados aos componentes da SM, eram a refer&#234;ncia do diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio, observando-se que v&#225;rios indiv&#237;duos apresentaram SM, sendo poss&#237;vel desenvolver o presente estudo que visou comparar a porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos com SM nos dois grupos conforme o tipo de dieta.</p>
        <p>Participantes saud&#225;veis &#8805; 35 anos foram divididos em dois grupos - VEG e ONI - de acordo com seus padr&#245;es diet&#233;ticos. Homens VEG foram definidos como aqueles que consumissem exclusivamente uma dieta vegetariana sem carne, peixe e ave por pelo menos quatro anos. Esses homens podiam ser lacto-ovo-vegetarianos (consumo de ovos, leite e produtos l&#225;cteos), lacto-vegetarianos (consumo de leite e produtos l&#225;cteos) ou veganos (n&#227;o consumiam ovos, nem leite, nem produtos l&#225;cteos). Os homens ONI pareados foram definidos como aqueles que consumissem pelo menos quatro por&#231;&#245;es por semana de qualquer tipo de carne.</p>
        <p>De junho de 2013 a janeiro de 2014, ap&#243;s aplicar crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, 88 homens aparentemente saud&#225;veis foram arrolados no estudo (44 VEG e 44 ONI).</p>
        <p>Todos os 88 indiv&#237;duos foram investigados quanto ao seu estado de sa&#250;de com question&#225;rios sobre o n&#237;vel educacional, dados pessoais, hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa, tabagismo e consumo usual de &#225;lcool (sim ou n&#227;o).</p>
        <p>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram medidas duas vezes no bra&#231;o direito ap&#243;s repouso de 10 minutos na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, usando esfigmoman&#244;metro digital calibrado.</p>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram entrevistados, e usou-se a m&#233;dia de dois recordat&#243;rios alimentares de 24 horas (um de dia &#250;til e um de final de semana) para estimar o consumo di&#225;rio de diferentes nutrientes. A base de dados para a composi&#231;&#227;o de alimentos brasileiros foi usada para calcular a ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de energia e nutrientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os participantes foram pesados em uma balan&#231;a de plataforma de 150 kg (Filizola<sup>&#174;</sup>) com divis&#227;o de 100 gramas, posicionados no centro, em p&#233; e descal&#231;os, vestindo o m&#237;nimo de roupas e acess&#243;rios. Para medir a altura, usou-se um estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til posicionado em local apropriado, estando o participante em p&#233;, descal&#231;o e com os p&#233;s juntos, tendo a parte posterior da cabe&#231;a, ombros, n&#225;degas, panturrilhas e tornozelos encostados na parede, com a cabe&#231;a no plano horizontal de Frankfurt (linha imagin&#225;ria que vai do canal auditivo externo at&#233; o ponto mais baixo da margem orbit&#225;ria).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Calculou-se o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) dividindo-se o peso corporal (kg) pelo quadrado da altura (m).</p>
        <p>Para medir a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA), o indiv&#237;duo permaneceu em p&#233;, com os bra&#231;os relaxados ao lado do corpo, e a regi&#227;o a ser medida descoberta. Utilizou-se uma fita m&#233;trica no ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca, com o abdome relaxado, ao final de uma expira&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Todas as medidas foram tomadas tr&#234;s vezes, usando-se o valor m&#233;dio para an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s jejum noturno de 10-12 horas, amostras de sangue foram colhidas da veia antecubital. Os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos, incluindo triglic&#233;rides (TG), colesterol total (CT) e colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c), foram dosados pelos m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos com um analisador qu&#237;mico multicanal autom&#225;tico (Siemens Healthcare, Newark, EUA) no laborat&#243;rio central do InCor. O colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) foi calculado com a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Determinou-se a hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) pelo m&#233;todo imunoturbidim&#233;trico certificado pelo NGSP - <italic>National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program</italic>, usando-se o kit Flex (Siemens Healthcare, Newark, EUA). Para medir a apolipoprote&#237;na b (Apo b) e a glicemia de jejum (GJ), amostras de sangue foram centrifugadas a 3000 rpm por 15 minutos em at&#233; 60 minutos ap&#243;s a coleta, e armazenadas a &#8722;70&#186;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise. Determinou-se a GJ pelo m&#233;todo da glicose oxidase, usando o sistema <italic>Dimension RXL</italic> (Siemens Healthcare, Newark, NJ, EUA) com t&#233;cnicas laboratoriais padronizadas. Avaliou-se o controle de qualidade diariamente em todas as determina&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Os participantes informaram os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica usando a vers&#227;o curta do Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica (IPAQ),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> que mede a atividade f&#237;sica no per&#237;odo de lazer, nas tarefas dom&#233;sticas, no trabalho e como meio de transporte. Quatro dom&#237;nios foram avaliados: sedentarismo, caminhada, atividade f&#237;sica de intensidade moderada e atividade f&#237;sica de intensidade vigorosa nos sete dias precedentes.</p>
        <p>Foram consideradas as seguintes categorias para an&#225;lise: fisicamente ativo (&#8805; 20 minutos/sess&#227;o de atividade vigorosa &#8805; 3 dias/semana; e/ou &#8805; 30 minutos/sess&#227;o de atividade moderada ou caminhada &#8805; 5 dias/semana; e/ou &#8805; 150 minutos/semana de qualquer atividade - vigorosa ou moderada ou caminhada), e irregularmente ativo (&lt; 150 minutos/semana de qualquer atividade - vigorosa ou moderada ou caminhada).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) foi definida conforme os crit&#233;rios da Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes (IDF), que considera que um indiv&#237;duo com SM tem que ter obesidade central (definida pela CA com valores espec&#237;ficos para etnia) mais dois dos quatro fatores: TG &#8805; 150 mg/dl (1,7 mmol/l) ou tratamento espec&#237;fico para essa anormalidade lip&#237;dica; HDL-c &lt; 40 mg/dl (1,03 mmol/l) em homens ou tratamento espec&#237;fico para essa anormalidade lip&#237;dica; PAS &#8805; 130 mmHg ou PAD &#8805; 85 mmHg ou tratamento de hipertens&#227;o diagnosticada previamente; e GJ &#8805; 100 mg/dl (5,6 mmol/l) ou diabetes tipo 2 diagnosticada previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para os nativos da Am&#233;rica do Sul ou Central, a IDF recomenda o uso dos valores da CA do sul da &#193;sia at&#233; que dados mais espec&#237;ficos estejam dispon&#237;veis. Logo, este estudo considerou o valor da CA aumentado quando &#8805; 90 cm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Classificou-se o IMC conforme os valores sugeridos pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O Framingham Heart Study fornece um algoritmo para avaliar o risco de DAC em curto prazo (&#8804; 10 anos). O EF classifica o risco individual de DAC com base em pontos atribu&#237;dos para idade, CT, HDL-c, status de fumante, PAS e uso de medica&#231;&#227;o para tratar eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. O escopo do EF varia de 1% a 30% de risco para DAC em 10 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, tendo apresentado distribui&#231;&#227;o Gaussiana, sendo expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP). O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado foi usado para avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
          <p>Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de dieta (ONI ou VEG) e SM e seus componentes, usou-se regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. A magnitude do efeito foi medida usando-se OR (<italic>odds ratio</italic>) e respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a a 95% (IC95%). An&#225;lise univariada e as vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,20 foram inclu&#237;das na regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, realizando-se ajuste para ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica, idade, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e consumo de &#225;lcool. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando-se o programa Stata 10.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de idade entre os grupos VEG e ONI. O grupo VEG apresentou valores significativamente mais baixos para IMC, CA, PAS, PAD, CT, LDL-c, Apo b, TG, rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL-c, GJ e HbA1c. A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos teve menos de 10 pontos no EF, sendo que apenas tr&#234;s no grupo VEG e oito no grupo ONI pontuaram entre 10 e 20 no EF. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quando essa distribui&#231;&#227;o foi comparada por categorias, mas o risco de DAC avaliado pelo EF foi maior no grupo ONI com base em uma compara&#231;&#227;o do escore m&#233;dio entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas, cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas de homens aparentemente saud&#225;veis vegetarianos e on&#237;voros</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Vegetarianos (n = 44)</th>
                <th align="center">On&#237;voros (n = 44)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">45,5 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">46,8 &#177; 9,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">23,1 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,2 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CA (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">84,9 &#177; 7,71</td>
                <td align="center">95,7 &#177; 13,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mm Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">119,5 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">129,2 &#177; 15,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mm Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">75,2 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">83,9 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">180,1 &#177; 40,5</td>
                <td align="center">202,7 &#177; 35,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">110 &#177; 33,2</td>
                <td align="center">128,5 &#177; 32,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apo b (mg/l)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 &#177; 0,28</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">112,2 &#177; 72,2</td>
                <td align="center">143,9 &#177; 64</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">47,6 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">45,5 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,7 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GJ (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">94,8 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">102,9 &#177; 13,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,3 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EF</td>
                <td align="center">2,98 &#177; 3,70</td>
                <td align="center">4,82 &#177; 5,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Valores significativos para p &lt; 0,05. Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; CT: colesterol total; LDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; Apo b: apolipoprote&#237;na b; TG: triglic&#233;rides; HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; GJ: glicemia de jejum; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; EF: Escore de Risco de Framingham.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o tenha havido significativa diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica entre os dois grupos, o grupo VEG consumiu significativamente mais carboidratos (63,2 vs. 51,9% de energia, p &gt; 0,001), fibras diet&#233;ticas (28,2 vs 17,9 g, p &lt; 0,001) e gordura poli-insaturada (4,0 vs. 2,7% de energia, p = 0,004) do que o grupo ONI. Por outro lado, o grupo ONI ingeriu quantidades significativamente maiores de prote&#237;na (19,5 vs. 17,1% de energia, p = 0,04), gordura total (29,1 vs. 24,8% de energia, p = 0,006), gordura saturada (6,9 vs. 4,4% de energia, p &lt; 0,001) e gordura monoinsaturada (6,8 vs. 4,5% de energia, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Padr&#227;o de ingest&#227;o de energia e nutrientes de homens aparentemente saud&#225;veis vegetarianos e on&#237;voros</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Ingest&#227;o de energia e nutrientes</th>
                <th align="center">Vegetarianos (n = 44)</th>
                <th align="center">On&#237;voros (n = 44)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Energia (kcal)</td>
                <td align="center">2.177 &#177; 559</td>
                <td align="center">2.348 &#177; 736</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;na (% de energia)</td>
                <td align="center">17,1 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">19,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carboidratos (% de energia)</td>
                <td align="center">63,2 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">51,9 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gordura total (% de energia)</td>
                <td align="center">24,8 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">29,1 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gordura saturada (% de energia)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gordura monoinsaturada (% de energia)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gordura poli-insaturada (% de energia)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">69,3 &#177; 224</td>
                <td align="center">258,1 &#177; 169</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibra (g)</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 15,9</td>
                <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Valores significativos para p &lt; 0,05. Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos tinha escolaridade &#8805; 8 anos (83,2%), mas, no grupo ONI, mais indiv&#237;duos (30,8%) tinham escolaridade inferior a 8 anos quando comparado ao grupo VEG (4,6%) (p = 0,001). Quanto &#224; atividade f&#237;sica avaliada pelo IPAQ, um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de indiv&#237;duos VEG foi classificado como fisicamente ativo (n = 36, 81,8%) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo ONI (n = 25, 56,8%; p = 0,011). Quanto ao consumo de &#225;lcool, 43,2% do grupo VEG (n = 19) e 59,1% (n = 26) do grupo ONI relataram fazer uso da bebida, mas sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,14).</p>
        <p>Considerando a defini&#231;&#227;o de SM proposta pela IDF, houve mais indiv&#237;duos com SM no grupo ONI (52,3%) do que no VEG (15,9%; p &lt; 0,001). O grupo ONI apresentou ocorr&#234;ncia significativamente maior de valores anormais para a maioria dos componentes da SM: CA, TG, GJ, PAS e PAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e inadequa&#231;&#227;o de seus componentes em homens aparentemente saud&#225;veis vegetarianos e on&#237;voros</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Vegetarianos (n = 44) % (n)</th>
                <th align="center">On&#237;voros (n = 44) % (n)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SM</td>
                <td align="center">15,9 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">52,3 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CA (&#8805; 90 cm)</td>
                <td align="center">20,5 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">63,6 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (&#8805; 130 mm Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">22,7 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">45,5 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (&#8805; 85 mm Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">13,6 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">40,9 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG (&#8805; 150 mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">25,0 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">45,5 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c (&lt; 40 mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">22,7 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">36,4 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GJ (&#8805; 100 mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">27,3 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">63,6 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Valores significativos para p &lt; 0,05. Teste qui-quadrado. SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; TG: triglic&#233;rides; HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; GJ: glicemia de jejum.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ser ONI aumentou a chance de ter SM (OR: 5,79; IC95%: 2,13-15,76) e apresentar altera&#231;&#227;o nos diferentes componentes da SM: CA (OR: 6,80; IC95%: 2,62-17,70), PAS (OR: 2,83; IC95%: 1,13-7,12), PAD (OR: 4,38; IC95%: 1,53-12,53), TG (OR: 2,5; IC95%: 1,01-6,18) e GJ (OR: 4,67; IC95%: 1,89-11,52). A despeito do maior risco de um indiv&#237;duo ONI desenvolver DAC de acordo com a GJ, tal diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi mostrada no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (OR: 3,04; IC95%: 0,75-12,32).</p>
        <p>A dieta ONI foi associada com preval&#234;ncia de SM (OR: 6,28; IC95%: 2,11-18,71) e altera&#231;&#245;es na maioria dos componentes da SM [CA (OR: 7,54; IC95%: 2,55-22,29), PAS (OR: 3,06; IC95%: 1,06-8,82), PAD (OR: 4,08; IC95%: 1,27-13,07) e GJ (OR: 5,38; IC95%: 1,95-14,88)] na regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, independentemente de ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica, idade, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e consumo de &#225;lcool (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelos de regress&#227;o multivariada da associa&#231;&#227;o entre tipo de dieta e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e seus componentes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">OR</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">p valor</th>
                <th align="center">p valor do modelo</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SM</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vegetarianos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">On&#237;voros</td>
                <td align="center">6,28</td>
                <td align="center">2,11-18,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,99-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,783</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,96-1,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,674</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fisicamente ativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,18-1,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,307</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">1,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,64-4,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,275</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CA (&#8805; 90 cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vegetarianos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">On&#237;voros</td>
                <td align="center">7,54</td>
                <td align="center">2,55-22,29</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,99-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,700</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,96-1,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,636</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fisicamente ativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,21-2,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,470</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">3,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,11-8,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PAS (&#8805; 130 mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vegetarianos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">On&#237;voros</td>
                <td align="center">3,06</td>
                <td align="center">1,06-8,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,99-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,843</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,03-1,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fisicamente ativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,27-2,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,751</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,29-2,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,628</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PAD (&#8805; 85 mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vegetarianos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">On&#237;voros</td>
                <td align="center">4,08</td>
                <td align="center">1,27-13,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,27-13,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,02-1,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fisicamente ativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,31-3,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,986</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,45-3,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,617</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>TG (&#8805; 150 mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vegetarianos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">On&#237;voros</td>
                <td align="center">3,46</td>
                <td align="center">1,25-9,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
                <td align="center">0,079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,99-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,293</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,93-1,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,611</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fisicamente ativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,11-1,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">1,68</td>
                <td align="center">0,66-4,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,280</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>GJ (&#8805; 100 mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vegetarianos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">On&#237;voros</td>
                <td align="center">5,38</td>
                <td align="center">1,95-14,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,99-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,974</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,99-1,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,084</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fisicamente ativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,27-2,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,666</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,26-1,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,407</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a a 95%. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla ajustada para ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica, idade, atividade f&#237;sica e consumo de &#225;lcool. SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; TG: triglic&#233;rides; GJ: glicemia de jejum.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica de que em homens aparentemente saud&#225;veis, uma dieta VEG, em compara&#231;&#227;o a uma dieta ONI, associou-se com menor porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos com SM. Essa diferen&#231;a permaneceu ap&#243;s ajuste para outras caracter&#237;sticas de estilo de vida, como tabagismo, ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool e atividade f&#237;sica. Al&#233;m disso, o EF foi mais baixo e outros fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) foram menos prevalentes nos indiv&#237;duos VEG.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo &#233; pioneiro por ser o primeiro a provar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre dieta VEG e o desenvolvimento de SM em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de homens brasileiros, embora uma associa&#231;&#227;o tenha sido relatada entre o consumo de carne vermelha e o aumento do risco de se desenvolver SM ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores confundidores em uma coorte nipo-brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, o grupo VEG apresentou valores significativamente mais baixos para IMC, CA, PAS, PAD, CT, LDL-c, Apo b, TG, rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL-c, GJ e HbA1c, o que est&#225; de acordo com outros estudos internacionais.</p>
        <p>O Estudo Lima, conduzido no Peru com 45 indiv&#237;duos ONI, 105 indiv&#237;duos VEG e 34 semi-vegetarianos, relatou valores menores de CT e LDL-c em indiv&#237;duos VEG em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos ONI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Em uma an&#225;lise transversal de 773 indiv&#237;duos no <italic>Adventist Health Study 2</italic>, nos Estados Unidos, um padr&#227;o de dieta VEG foi associado a um perfil mais favor&#225;vel para IMC, CA, PAS, PAD, TG e GJ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Estudos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira obtiveram resultados similares aos do presente trabalho. Um estudo com indiv&#237;duos ONI, VEG e semi-vegetarianos da Igreja Adventista de S&#227;o Paulo mostrou valores mais baixos para PAS, PAD, CT e LDL-c no grupo VEG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em outro estudo comparando 56 indiv&#237;duos VEG e 40 ONI em S&#227;o Paulo, o grupo VEG apresentou menor IMC e CA, mas n&#237;veis de TG, CT e LDL-c iguais nos dois grupos, enquanto que o grupo VEG apresentou n&#237;veis mais altos de HDL-c,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> ao contr&#225;rio do nosso estudo, que achou n&#237;veis similares de HDL nos dois grupos.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, poucos estudos avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o da dieta VEG com o EF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> que &#233; um algoritmo para avaliar o risco de DAC em curto prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em estudo conduzido com 67 indiv&#237;duos VEG e 134 ONI, o Projeto MONICA, no Esp&#237;rito Santo, Brasil, os indiv&#237;duos VEG apresentaram press&#227;o arterial, GJ, CT, LDL-c, TG e EF mais baixos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em amostra de 391 mulheres VEG e 315 ONI de Taiwan, o status VEG foi associado a valores menores de IMC, CA, CT, LDL-c, HDL-c e rela&#231;&#245;es CT/HDL-c e LDL-c/HDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s diferen&#231;as nos FRCV entre indiv&#237;duos VEG e ONI, a diferen&#231;a na press&#227;o arterial parece ser a mais consistente na literatura. Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa de Taiwan, a PAS mostrou-se independentemente associada com o status VEG,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e uma recente meta-an&#225;lise confirma que a dieta VEG associa-se com menor press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A despeito da plausibilidade cient&#237;fica que pode explicar o impacto do maior conte&#250;do de gordura da dieta ONI no metabolismo lip&#237;deo, um grande n&#250;mero de estudos mostrou que o perfil da glicose melhora ao se adotar uma dieta VEG. Em uma amostra de 425 adultos do <italic>Isfahan Diabetes Prevention Study</italic>, uma coorte populacional prospectiva no Ir&#227;, o padr&#227;o diet&#233;tico VEG foi inversamente associado ao risco de n&#237;veis anormais de GJ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Em Taiwan, indiv&#237;duos ONI apresentaram maior risco para eleva&#231;&#227;o da GJ (HR: 1.16; IC95%: 1,02-1,32).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> No nosso estudo, diferen&#231;as similares foram observadas nos &#237;ndices do metabolismo da glicose avaliados.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a entre os n&#237;veis de HDL-c, mas outros estudos mostraram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nessa lipoprote&#237;na. Gadgil et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> relataram maiores n&#237;veis de HDL-c em indianos asi&#225;ticos VEG morando na &#225;rea da ba&#237;a de S&#227;o Francisco, nos Estados Unidos. Em S&#227;o Paulo, indiv&#237;duos VEG apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de HDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Em Taiwan, indiv&#237;duos ONI apresentaram menor risco para n&#237;veis mais baixos de HDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de indiv&#237;duos VEG foi classificado como fisicamente ativo em compara&#231;&#227;o aos ONI. Dados do <italic>Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey</italic> em Taiwan (1999-2000) mostraram que a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio foi independentemente associada com o status VEG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Pimentel observou maior tend&#234;ncia &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica entre os indiv&#237;duos VEG em compara&#231;&#227;o aos ONI em S&#227;o Paulo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> No nosso estudo, os indiv&#237;duos VEG foram mais fisicamente ativos; entretanto, as diferen&#231;as observadas nos FRCV n&#227;o foram devidas a atividade f&#237;sica nem a ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica.</p>
        <p>No nosso estudo, a dieta ONI foi associada com a preval&#234;ncia de SM e altera&#231;&#245;es na maioria dos seus componentes (CA, PAS, PAD e GJ), independentemente de ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica, idade e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica. Alguns estudos com diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es mostraram essa associa&#231;&#227;o (discuss&#227;o a seguir).</p>
        <p>Um estudo para verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco para SM com marcadores selecionados do status oxidativo (produtos finais de glica&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada, produtos de oxida&#231;&#227;o proteica avan&#231;ada) e microinflama&#231;&#227;o (prote&#237;na C reativa e leuc&#243;citos) em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis ONI e VEG descobriu que os ONI consumiam significativamente mais prote&#237;na, gordura total, &#225;cidos graxos saturados e insaturados e colesterol diet&#233;tico, mas menos fibras diet&#233;ticas; al&#233;m disso, a dieta VEG parece exercer efeitos ben&#233;ficos na SM e nos fatores de risco associados com microinflama&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Rizzo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> observaram em participantes do <italic>Adventist Health Study 2</italic> que o padr&#227;o diet&#233;tico VEG associou-se com mais baixo risco de SM, persistindo tal rela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s ajuste para estilo de vida e fatores demogr&#225;ficos. Considerando mulheres VEG de um hospital budista em Taiwan, os riscos de SM foram menores para as ovo-lacto-vegetarianas (1-11 anos, 45%; e &gt; 11 anos, 42%) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s ONI ap&#243;s ajuste para outras covari&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Importante notar que, embora a amostra do Estudo CARVOS inclua apenas homens que se autodenominam "saud&#225;veis", descobriu-se que, entre os que consumiam uma dieta ONI, muitos apresentavam SM. A SM &#233; definida por uma constela&#231;&#227;o de fatores interconectados fisiol&#243;gicos, bioqu&#237;micos, cl&#237;nicos e metab&#243;licos que aumentam diretamente o risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cardiovascular, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e mortalidade por todas as causas. Estilo de vida &#233; um dos principais fatores predisponentes &#224; SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No nosso estudo, os modelos de regress&#227;o multivariada mostram que a dieta VEG foi independentemente o melhor indicador de SM, estando associada com seus componentes CA, PAS, PAD e GJ, sugerindo que a preval&#234;ncia de SM possa dever-se a influ&#234;ncias em seus componentes. Levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que o mecanismo respons&#225;vel por essas diferen&#231;as exista na composi&#231;&#227;o da dieta. Indiv&#237;duos VEG consomem menores quantidades de gordura total, gordura saturada e colesterol, e maiores quantidades de gordura insaturada e fibra do que indiv&#237;duos ONI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A n&#227;o ingest&#227;o de carne vermelha e processada poderia desempenhar um papel adicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No nosso estudo, indiv&#237;duos VEG e ONI n&#227;o diferiram significativamente quanto &#224; ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica. Os indiv&#237;duos VEG consumiam significativamente mais carboidratos, fibras diet&#233;ticas e gordura poli-insaturada. Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos ONI ingeriam significativamente maiores quantidades de prote&#237;na, gordura total, gordura saturada e monoinsaturada.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, padr&#245;es diet&#233;ticos como VEG e dieta Mediterr&#226;nea t&#234;m uma ben&#233;fica combina&#231;&#227;o sinerg&#237;stica de antioxidantes, fibras, pot&#225;ssio, magn&#233;sio e fitoqu&#237;micos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> que podem ser respons&#225;veis por benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de demonstrados em muitos estudos cient&#237;ficos.</p>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Seu relativamente pequeno tamanho amostral e o desenho transversal n&#227;o permitiram que tir&#225;ssemos conclus&#245;es em termos de rela&#231;&#227;o causal. Pesquisas futuras devem ser conduzidas, em especial estudos de coorte prospectivos em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es para provar o impacto da dieta VEG nos desfechos avaliados neste estudo.</p>
        <p>A for&#231;a do nosso estudo &#233; sua amostra altamente homog&#234;nea, em que todos eram n&#227;o fumantes, sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de diabetes, dislipidemia, DCV ou doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares, hipertens&#227;o ou uso de anti-hipertensivos, e n&#227;o diferiam quanto &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool. Os grupos diferiram apenas quanto &#224; vari&#225;vel independente &#8216;dieta&#8217; e &#224; atividade f&#237;sica, que, ainda que demonstrada, n&#227;o foi respons&#225;vel pelas diferen&#231;as encontradas. Al&#233;m disso, descobrimos na mesma amostra um melhor perfil de doen&#231;a vascular subcl&#237;nica avaliada por rigidez arterial, determinada pela velocidade da onda de pulso car&#243;tida-femoral e pela espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida, e por distensibilidade, no grupo VEG em compara&#231;&#227;o ao ONI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia do nosso estudo est&#225; no fato de incluir apenas homens aparentemente saud&#225;veis, que correspondem a uma grande parte da sociedade, sendo, portanto, de grande interesse na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de DCV. Os achados deste estudo, portanto, ter&#227;o grande impacto positivo na economia de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e qualidade de vida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo fornece evid&#234;ncia de que, em homens aparentemente saud&#225;veis, uma dieta VEG associa-se com n&#237;veis mais baixos de alguns FRCV, assim como menores EF e porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos com SM, sugerindo que uma dieta VEG possa ser considerada um fator protetor contra o desenvolvimento de DCV.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-doutorado de Julio Cesar Acosta Navarro pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 03540812.2.0000.0068; arquivo: 35704. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
