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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xJV3R3NxwDLRL6FGcGpR8hP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000500420</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005006101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180063</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atherosclerotic Plaque in Patients with Zero Calcium Score at Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gabriel</surname>
            <given-names>Fab&#237;ola Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fl&#225;vio Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Sara Melo Macedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233; Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J&#250;lia Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Mateus do Sacramento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) - S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Aracaju</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas - Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina Nuclear de Diabetes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Aracaju</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina Nuclear de Diabetes - CLIMEDI - Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) - S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Aracaju</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia (ECOLAB) do Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas - Aracaju, SE - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Aracaju</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas - Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fab&#237;ola Santos Gabriel,</bold> Av. Dr. Francisco Moreira, 220, Bl. F, Apt. 04. Postal Code 49047-335, Ponto novo, Aracaju, SE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fabiola.s.gabriel@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gabriel FS, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Pinto IMF, Oliveira JLM; Acquisition of data: Gabriel FS, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Santana SMM, Matos CJO, Concei&#231;&#227;o FMS, Souto MJS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gabriel FS, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Melo EV, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM; Statistical analysis: Gabriel FS, Melo EV; Writing of the manuscript: Gabriel FS, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Sousa ACS, Pinto IMF, Oliveira JLM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gabriel FS, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Melo EV, Sousa ACS, Pinto IMF, Santana SMM, Matos CJO, Concei&#231;&#227;o FMS, Oliveira JLM, Souto MJS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>May</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>420</fpage>
      <lpage>427</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>In view of the high mortality for cardiovascular diseases, it has become necessary to stratify the main risk factors and to choose the correct diagnostic modality. Studies have demonstrated that a zero calcium score (CS) is characteristic of a low risk for cardiovascular events. However, the prevalence of individuals with coronary atherosclerotic plaques and zero CS is conflicting in the specialized literature.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the frequency of patients with coronary atherosclerotic plaques, their degree of obstruction and associated factors in patients with zero CS and indication for coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional, prospective study with 367 volunteers with zero CS at CCTA in four diagnostic imaging centers in the period from 2011 to 2016. A significance level of 5% and 95% confidence interval were adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The frequency of atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries in 367 patients with zero CS was 9.3% (34 individuals). In this subgroup, mean age was 52 &#177; 10 years, 18 (52.9%) were women and 16 (47%) had significant coronary obstructions (&gt; 50%), with involvement of two or more segments in 4 (25%) patients. The frequency of non-obese individuals (90.6% vs 73.9%, p = 0.037) and alcohol drinkers (55.9% vs 34.8%, p = 0.015) was significantly higher in patients with atherosclerotic plaques, with an odds ratio of 3.4 for each of this variable.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The frequency of atherosclerotic plaque with zero CS was relatively high, indicating that the absence of calcification does not exclude the presence of plaques, many of which obstructive, especially in non-obese subjects and alcohol drinkers.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque, Atherosclerotic</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Signaling</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary, Angiotomography</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) are the leading cause of death in the world, including in Brazil. Many methods for CAD diagnosis, risk stratification of patients and indication of revascularization are currently available.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>One of the greatest challenges of routine cardiology practice is to determine the best method to detect subclinical CAD. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is a predominantly anatomical test with excellent diagnostic accuracy in detecting obstructive and nonobstructive lesions as compared with coronary angiography, which is considered the gold standard method for this purpose. Also, CCTA may provide relevant information regarding atheroma composition according to radiological density.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The role of coronary calcification, identified by calcium score (CS), used for classification of patients into a higher risk for cardiovascular events, is well known. Although individuals with a zero CS may also have atherosclerotic plaques,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> its presence has not been associated with increased risk for future cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, despite these results reported in international studies, we have not found Brazilian studies published on this specific subject. In fact, studies&#8217; results may not be replicated in different sociodemographic or anthropometric contexts, or even in different healthcare conditions. Reproducibility of a study is a <italic>sine qua non</italic> for an extensive validation of its results.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the main aim of this study is to evaluate the frequency of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, its degree of obstruction and associated factors in patients with zero CS and clinical indication for CCTA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>This was a cross-sectional, analytical, prospective study carried out from April 2011 to November 2016. Subjects were consecutively and not randomly selected, and subjected to CCTA by referral from their assistant physicians in four diagnostic imaging centers, two public centers: Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia de S&#227;o Paulo-SP e Hospital Universit&#225;rio do Campus da Sa&#250;de Dr. Jo&#227;o Cardoso Nascimento da Universidade Federal de Sergipe and two private centers: Hospital Primavera e Cl&#237;nica de Medicina Nuclear e Diabetes-CLIMEDI.</p>
        <p>Data on cardiovascular risk factors were collected from each participant. Chest pain was classified according to the Diamond and Forrester method, and most patients were classified as at intermediate risk for CAD.</p>
        <p>Patients with no calcium in the coronary arteries (zero CS) were included. Patients who had undergone percutaneous or surgical myocardial revascularization, patients with history of acute coronary syndrome or cardiomyopathy of ischemic cause, and those who declined to participate were excluded.</p>
        <p>The tests performed at private institutions were free of charge for both patients and investigators.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the research ethics committee (CAAE identification number 0289.0.107.000-11).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CS and CCTA of coronary arteries</title>
        <p>CCTA of coronary arteries were performed using a 64-slice (or greater) scanner of the following models and manufacturers: <italic>Aquilion64</italic>&#8482; - Toshiba&#8482; Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan and Discovery STE VCT - General Electric Company, Connecticut, USA.</p>
        <p>Non-contrast computed tomography for CS analysis was carried out using a longitudinal scan coverage from the level of the tracheal bifurcation to the superior border of cardiac silhouette, including the whole diaphragm for evaluation of the whole cardiac area. For CS examination, a field of view (FOV) of 200 mm was used, slice thickness 2.5-3 mm and interval 1.25-1.5 mm, 2 x 32 x 0,6 mm collimaton, rotation time 350 msec, tube current up to 600 mAs.</p>
        <p>The study was conducted in two phases: in the first phase, CS was determined by the Agatston score;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> calcification was defined as the presence of a lesion with an area greater than 1 mm<sup>2</sup>, and peak intensity equal to or greater than 130 Hounsfield Units (HU), which was automatically identified and marked with color by the software. The presence of coronary plaques and extension of stenosis was evaluated in patients with zero CS.</p>
        <p>In the second phase, CCTA was performed using the CS parameters for FOV construction, voltage 120 kv, and 400 miliamperes. Up to 1.5mL/kg iopamidol was administered intravenously to patients still positioned on the table. Iopamidol is a nonionic, iodinated contrast, administered at concentrations of 350-370 mg/mL and rate of 4.5-5.5 mL/s (Ultravist&#174; 370, Bayer HealthCare and Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany; HenetiX&#174; 350, Guerbet, Paris, France).</p>
        <p>An oral betablocker was administered within 24 hours before the test, or intravenously on the day of the test in patients with sinus rhythm and heart rate (HR) &gt; 70 bpm. The system uses HR values monitored during the exam to establish the parameters for imaging acquisition, such as the helical pitch (relationship between table distance traveled in one 360&#176; X-ray tube rotation, slice thickness and the number of detector rows), speed of gantry rotation, and exposure time, to achieve the best possible temporal resolution.</p>
        <p>Images were sent to the workstation for analysis of coronary arteries by three experienced observers. The presence of atherosclerotic plaque was examined in vessels with a luminal diameter larger than 2 mm, divided into 15 segments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Extension of stenosis was estimated by calculating the area of the narrowest part of the lumen in relation to the area of the lumen immediately distal to the same segment. Plaques detected by the CCTA were classified into nonobstructive and obstructive lesions, with a reduction &#8805; 50% of the lumen in the latter.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>Quantitative variables were described as mean and standard deviation. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test normality of the sample. The Student&#8217;s t-test was used for independent groups, according to data normality. Absolute and relative frequencies were used for categorical variables. For between-group comparisons of these variables, the chi-square test of the Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used as appropriate.</p>
        <p>Differences were considered statistically significant when probabilities were lower than 5% (p &#8804; 0.05) and power of 0.80.</p>
        <p>For analysis of independent predictors for the presence of plaque, a manual backwards selection (Backward:Wald method) for logistic regression was used. A p &#8804; 0.25 was considered for an initial selection and the variable was maintained in the model when p &lt; 0.05. The outcome variable presence of plaque was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, family history, obesity and alcohol consumption.</p>
        <p>Statistical analyses of results were performed using the SPSS software for Windows version 20.0 (IBM<sup>&#174;</sup> Corporation, Somers, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical characteristics of the sample</title>
        <p>In the study period, 1,639 patients were subjected to CCTA at the four participating centers; 619 of them had zero CS. However, 252 were excluded due to lack of clinical data or refusal to participate in the study. Patients were referred to CCTA for atypical chest pain (40.4%), typical chest pain (24.9%), risk factors for CAD, family history of early CAD (51.4%) and positive or inconclusive tests for ischemia (44.4%).</p>
        <p>Of 367 patients, 211 (57.7%) patients were hypertensive, 180 (49.3%) dyslipidemic and 55 (15.0%) diabetic. Mean age was 53.7 (&#177;10.5) years and 63.5% were women. Clinical data of patients with zero CS according to the presence or absence of atherosclerotic plaque at CCTA are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics of patients with zero calcium score in diagnostic imaging centers in Sao Paulo and Aracaju, Brazil, from 2001 to 2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">n<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean age (years) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">367</td>
                <td align="center">53.7 &#177; 10.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female sex</td>
                <td align="center">233/367</td>
                <td align="center">63.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">211/367</td>
                <td align="center">57.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">180/367</td>
                <td align="center">49.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">55/367</td>
                <td align="center">15.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">316</td>
                <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 4.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">77/316</td>
                <td align="center">24.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
                <td align="center">187/364</td>
                <td align="center">51.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
                <td align="center">135/367</td>
                <td align="center">36.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">51/366</td>
                <td align="center">13.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atypical chest pain <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">138/342</td>
                <td align="center">40.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Typical chest pain <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">85/341</td>
                <td align="center">24.9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>CAD: coronary artery disease;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Values in mean &#177; standard deviation; other values expressed as simple frequency (%);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>"n" different from total population due to missing data in the records</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Frequency of atherosclerotic plaque in coronary arteries was 9.3% (34/367); 95%CI 6.3 - 12.3. In this group, mean age was 52 &#177; 10 years and 18 (52.9%) were women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). A detailed analysis revealed the presence of obstructive lesions (larger than 50% of vessel lumen) in 47% (16/34) of cases, distributed as follows: a) in one segment - 12 patients; b) in two segments - 3 patients; and c) in more than two segments - 1 patient (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In the subgroup of patients with nonobstructive lesions (18/34), 15 and 3 patients, respectively, had one and three coronary segments affected (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of clinical characteristics of patients with zero calcium score with and without atherosclerotic plaque in four diagnostic imaging centers in Sao Paulo and Aracaju, Brazil, from 2001 to 2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">n<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">With plaque n = 34</th>
                <th align="center">Without plaque n = 333</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref> (years)</td>
                <td align="center">367</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 10.7</td>
                <td align="center">53.9 &#177; 10.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">367</td>
                <td align="center">71.6 &#177; 12.9</td>
                <td align="center">73.7 &#177; 15.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">316</td>
                <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">27.5 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">233/367</td>
                <td align="center">18 (52.9)</td>
                <td align="center">215 (64.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.180</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">51/366</td>
                <td align="center">8 (24.2)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (12.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-obese</td>
                <td align="center">55/316</td>
                <td align="center">29 (90.6)</td>
                <td align="center">210 (73.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">55/367</td>
                <td align="center">6 (17.6)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (14.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.648</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">180/365</td>
                <td align="center">16 (47.1)</td>
                <td align="center">164 (49.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.782</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">211/367</td>
                <td align="center">20 (58.8)</td>
                <td align="center">191 (57.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.712</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
                <td align="center">135/367</td>
                <td align="center">19 (55.9)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (34.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history</td>
                <td align="center">187/364</td>
                <td align="center">18 (52.9)</td>
                <td align="center">169 (51.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.848</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Values as mean &#177; standard deviation; other values expressed as simple frequency (%); p-value obtained by the chi-square test for associations;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>"n" different from total population due to missing data in the records.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of atherosclerotic lesions at coronary computed tomography angiography in patients with zero calcium score</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">One vessel affected</th>
                <th align="center">Two vessels affected</th>
                <th align="center">Two or more vessels affected</th>
                <th align="center">Total n = 34</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obstructive lesion &gt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (18.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (47.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nonobstructive lesion</td>
                <td align="center">15 (83.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">18 (53%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Noncalcified plaque with zero calcium score. Thirty-eight-year old woman; A and B) multiplanar reconstructions showing considerable lumen reduction in anterior descending artery (DA); C) Tridimensional reconstruction showing impairment in DA (yellow arrow).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0420-80063-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The most affected artery was the anterior descending, 16 (35.56%) in its proximal segment, 10 (22.22%) in the middle segment, and 2 (4.44%) in the distal one.</p>
        <p>It is worth mentioning that analysis of atheroma in the CCTA with contrast phase revealed that 3/34 (8.8%) patients had plaques with some degree of calcification that were not detected by the CS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Presence of calcification in zero calcium score. Female patient, 67 years old; Black arrow - Partially calcified plate in anterior descending ostium (AD), not detected by calcium score, followed by noncalcified plaques in proximal and middle thirds (white arrows)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0420-80063-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical features of patients with zero CS, classified by the presence or absence of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries</title>
        <p>In patients with coronary artery plaque, most patients were obese (90.6% <italic>vs</italic>. 73.9%; BMI: 25.9 &#177; 3.3 k/m<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic>. 27.5 &#177; 4.4 k/m<sup>2</sup>; p = 0.046) and alcohol drinkers (55.9% <italic>vs</italic>. 34.8%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The other variables were not different between the groups.</p>
        <p>Non-adjusted odds ratio of the factors associated with the presence of atherosclerotic plaque in patients with zero CS were 2.3 (95%CI = 1.1 - 4.8; p = 0.018) for alcohol consumption and 3.4 (95%CI = 1.0 - 11.5; p = 0.049) for absence of obesity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Finally, analysis of contingency table for adjusted odds ratio confirmed higher OR values for alcohol drinkers (OR = 3.4; 95%CI = 1.1 - 5.19; p = 0.018) and non-obese patients (OR = 3.4; 95%CI = 1.0 - 11.7; p = 0.047) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Factors associated with the presence of plaque<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></sup> (diagnostic imaging centers in Sao Paulo and Aracaju, Brazil, from 2001 to 2016)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Non-adjusted odds ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95%CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.976</td>
                <td align="center">0.940 - 1.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.216</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sex</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">1.62</td>
                <td align="center">0.796- 3.29</td>
                <td align="center">0.183</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Smoking</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">2.15</td>
                <td align="center">0.919 - 5.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Obesity</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.40</td>
                <td align="center">1.01 - 11.51</td>
                <td align="center">0.049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">1.24</td>
                <td align="center">0.489 - 3.15</td>
                <td align="center">0.649</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">1.10</td>
                <td align="center">0.545 - 2.24</td>
                <td align="center">0.782</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Systemic arterial hypertension</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">1.06</td>
                <td align="center">0.519 - 2.17</td>
                <td align="center">0.869</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Alcohol consumption</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">2.37</td>
                <td align="center">1.16 - 4.83</td>
                <td align="center">0.018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Family history</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">1.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.528 -2.17</td>
                <td align="center">0.366</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Outcome variable: presence of plaque; other variables described in the table are associated factors;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>presence of obesity was used as reference for the variable obesity, CI: confidence interval;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>adjusted for age, sex, smoking, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, family history, obesity and alcohol consumption.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Factors associated with the presence of plaque<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></sup> after model adjustment in diagnostic imaging centers in Sao Paulo and Aracaju, Brazil, from 2001 to 2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Adjusted odds ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95%CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
                <td align="center">3.46</td>
                <td align="center">1.16 - 5.19</td>
                <td align="center">0.018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-obese<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.45</td>
                <td align="center">1.01 - 11.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.047</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>Outcome variable: presence of plaque; other variables described in the table are associated factors;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>presence of obesity was used as reference for the variable non-obese, CI: confidence interval</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>adjusted for age, sex, smoking, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, family history, obesity and alcohol consumption.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main finding of the present study was the considerable presence (9.3%) of obstructive (&#8805; 50%) coronary atherosclerotic plaques in patients with zero CS.</p>
      <p>Clinical features found to be associated with the presence of plaques were alcohol consumption and absence of obesity, in contrast to other risk factors usually associated with CAD, such as: diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Data on the literature have shown variable prevalence of atherosclerotic plaque in individuals with zero CS. In a study conducted in Isfahan (Iran), 385 patients with zero CS were studied, and 16 of them (4.1%) had atherosclerotic plaque at CCTA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In another study involving symptomatic and asymptomatic patients showed that only symptomatic subjects with zero CS had atherosclerotic plaque (8.4%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> According to the CONFIRM study, in patients with zero CS, 13% had nonobstructive atherosclerotic lesions, and 3.5% had obstructive lesion greater than 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A multicentric cohort study in which Brazil participates (a CORE64 sub-study) confirmed that a zero CS does not exclude the need for revascularization. With a sample of 291 patients (72 with zero CS), 19% had stenosis &#8805;50%, and 13% of them required revascularization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Also, studies involving patients with chest pain in the emergency department have shown frequencies of atherosclerotic plaques with zero CE of up to 39%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> although this is a different population from those attending outpatient services. It is of note, however, that our sample population was composed of patients referred to CCTA from their assistant physicians. As reported in international studies, we also found that the presence of atherosclerotic plaque cannot be ruled out in patients with zero CS.</p>
      <p>In our study, only the variables alcohol consumption and absence of obesity were associated with higher risk of atherosclerotic plaque, in contrast to classical risk factors for CAD (diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia). Interestingly, higher BMI was associated with absence of atherosclerotic lesion. Previous studies have suggested obesity as a protective factor for CAD, the so-called obesity paradox.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Nevertheless, such paradox is not concerned to abdominal obesity, which has been associated with CAD and considered more pathological than subcutaneous fat accumulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In our study, we did not measure abdominal circumference, which may have influenced the consistency of results. Besides, obese patients included in many studies that indicated obesity as a protective factor were younger, which may be a source of bias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Alcohol consumption has also yielded diverging results. While some studies have indicated alcohol consumption as a risk factor for CAD, others have pointed out its beneficial effects, such as studies performed with wine and its component resveratrol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Resveratrol is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, in addition to promote the synthesis of HDL in the liver and inhibit LDL production, thereby preventing LDL oxidation and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In this regard, further studies that specify the type of beverage consumed and not only whether the subjects consumed or not alcohol are needed.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Some inherent limitations deserve to be mentioned - first, as previously described, patients were referred to CCTA with CS from their assistant physicians, and the possibility of a selection bias cannot be excluded; second, coronary risk stratification of patients was not performed before their inclusion and data on risk factors were obtained by questionnaires; third, sample was collected in four different centers and, although the tests were performed following similar protocols, some characteristics are particular of each service which may have cause a bias in the analysis; fourth, since we studied patients with clinical indication for CCTA, our sample differed from asymptomatic patients without positive ischemic test, who would be referred to CS alone, and in whom coronary calcification would predict cardiovascular events.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The frequency of atherosclerotic plaque in patients with zero CS was relatively high, indicating that in patients with clinical indication for CCTA, the absence of coronary calcification does not exclude atherosclerotic plaque or obstructive lesion, especially in obese and alcohol drinkers.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fab&#237;ola Santos Gabriel o, from Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe under the protocol number CAAE 0289.0.107.000-11. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica &#224; Angiotomografia de Coron&#225;rias em Pacientes com Escore de C&#225;lcio Zero</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gabriel</surname>
            <given-names>Fab&#237;ola Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fl&#225;vio Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Sara Melo Macedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233; Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J&#250;lia Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Mateus do Sacramento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">7</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) - S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas - Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina Nuclear de Diabetes - CLIMEDI - Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) - S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia (ECOLAB) do Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas - Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas - Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fab&#237;ola Santos Gabriel,</bold> Av. Dr. Francisco Moreira, 220, Bl. F, Apt. 04. CEP 49047-335, Ponto novo, Aracaju, SE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fabiola.s.gabriel@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gabriel FS, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Pinto IMF, Oliveira JLM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gabriel FS, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Santana SMM, Matos CJO, Concei&#231;&#227;o FMS, Souto MJS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gabriel FS, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Melo EV, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gabriel FS, Melo EV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gabriel FS, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Sousa ACS, Pinto IMF, Oliveira JLM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gabriel FS, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Melo EV, Sousa ACS, Pinto IMF, Santana SMM, Matos CJO, Concei&#231;&#227;o FMS, Oliveira JLM, Souto MJS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Diante da alta mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, faz-se necess&#225;ria a estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos principais fatores de riscos e escolha correta da modalidade diagn&#243;stica. Estudos demonstraram que escore de c&#225;lcio (EC) zero caracteriza baixo risco de eventos cardiovasculares. No entanto, a frequ&#234;ncia de portadores de placa ateroscler&#243;tica coron&#225;ria com EC zero &#233; conflitante na literatura especializada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a frequ&#234;ncia de pacientes com placa ateroscler&#243;tica coron&#225;ria, seu grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o e fatores associados em pacientes com EC zero e indica&#231;&#227;o para angiotomografia computadorizada de coron&#225;rias (ATCC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal, prospectivo, com 367 volunt&#225;rios portadores de EC zero, mediante a ATCC, no per&#237;odo de 2011-16, em quatro centros de diagn&#243;stico por imagem. Foi assumido n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia 5% e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de placa ateroscler&#243;tica nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias dos 367 pacientes com EC zero foi de 9,3% (34 indiv&#237;duos); neste subgrupo, a m&#233;dia de idade foi 52 &#177; 10 anos, 18 (52,9%) eram mulheres e 16 (47%) exibiam obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas significativas (&gt; 50%), dos quais 4 (25%) apresentaram placas em pelo menos dois segmentos. A frequ&#234;ncia de n&#227;o obesos (90,6% <italic>vs</italic>. 73,9%; p = 0,037) e de etilistas (55,9% <italic>vs</italic>. 34,8%; p = 0,015) foi significativamente maior nos portadores de placa, apresentando, cada vari&#225;vel, odds ratio de 3,4 para o desenvolvimento das referidas placas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de placa ateroscler&#243;tica com EC zero foi consider&#225;vel, evidenciando, portanto, que a aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o exclui placa, muitas das quais obstrutivas, principalmente nos n&#227;o obesos e etilistas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotomografia das Coron&#225;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) constitui a principal causa de mortalidade no mundo, inclusive no Brasil. V&#225;rios m&#233;todos s&#227;o atualmente dispon&#237;veis para diagnosticar DAC, estratificar o risco de pacientes e determinar a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diante deste cen&#225;rio, um dos mais frequentes desafios da pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica cotidiana &#233; a escolha do m&#233;todo para detec&#231;&#227;o da DAC subcl&#237;nica. A angiotomografia computadorizada das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (ATCC) constitui um teste predominantemente anat&#244;mico com excelente acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica na detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es coronarianas obstrutivas e n&#227;o obstrutivas, comparativamente &#224; cineangiocoronariografia, considerada padr&#227;o ouro para esta finalidade. A ATCC pode, ainda, fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes quanto &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o do ateroma de acordo com a sua densidade radiol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia da presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, identificada mediante o escore de c&#225;lcio (EC), utilizada na reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para um risco mais elevado de eventos cardiovasculares, &#233; efetivamente reconhecida. Apesar da exist&#234;ncia de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas ter sido demostrada mesmo em indiv&#237;duos com EC zero,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> sua presen&#231;a n&#227;o tem se associado a eventos cardiovasculares futuros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entretanto, a despeito dos dados desses estudos internacionais, nacionalmente n&#227;o logramos identificar trabalhos publicados acerca dessa quest&#227;o espec&#237;fica. Com efeito, nem sempre os achados s&#227;o replic&#225;veis se mudarmos o contexto sociodemogr&#225;fico, antropom&#233;trico ou mesmo o cen&#225;rio local das condi&#231;&#245;es de assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de. Um estudo precisa ser reprodut&#237;vel para que seus achados sejam mais amplamente validados.</p>
        <p>Portanto, o objetivo principal deste estudo &#233; avaliar a frequ&#234;ncia de placa ateroscler&#243;tica coron&#225;ria, assim como seu grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o e fatores associados em pacientes com EC zero com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de ATCC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Casu&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal, anal&#237;tico e prospectivo no per&#237;odo de abril de 2011 a novembro de 2016. A amostra foi constitu&#237;da de modo n&#227;o aleat&#243;ria com os volunt&#225;rios selecionados de forma consecutiva, os quais foram submetidos &#224; ATCC por indica&#231;&#227;o de seus m&#233;dicos assistentes, em quatro centros especializados de imagem, sendo dois p&#250;blicos: Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia de S&#227;o Paulo-SP e Hospital Universit&#225;rio do Campus da Sa&#250;de Dr. Jo&#227;o Cardoso Nascimento da Universidade Federal de Sergipe e dois privados: Hospital Primavera e Cl&#237;nica de Medicina Nuclear e Diabetes-CLIMEDI.</p>
          <p>Foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular em cada indiv&#237;duo. A dor no peito foi classificada de acordo com a M&#233;todos de Diamond e Forrester, sendo a maioria dos pacientes classificado como portadores de risco intermedi&#225;rio para DAC.</p>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise os pacientes com aus&#234;ncia de c&#225;lcio nas coron&#225;rias (EC zero), sendo exclu&#237;dos aqueles submetidos a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica, hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou miocardiopatia de etiologia isqu&#234;mica conhecida. Al&#233;m disso, foram, tamb&#233;m, exclu&#237;dos pacientes que se recusaram a participar do trabalho.</p>
          <p>Os exames realizados nas institui&#231;&#245;es privadas n&#227;o acarretaram em &#244;nus para os pacientes nem para os pesquisadores.</p>
          <p>O estudo possui aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa sob n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 0289.0.107.000-11.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o do EC e da ATCC das Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias</title>
          <p>As ATCCs foram realizadas em tom&#243;grafos possuidores de pelo menos 64 colunas de detectores dos seguintes modelos e fabricantes: <italic>Aquilion64</italic>&#8482; <italic>- Toshiba</italic>&#8482; <italic>Medical Systems Corporation</italic>, Otawara, Jap&#227;o e <italic>Discovery STE VCT - General Electric Company, Connecticut, EUA</italic>.</p>
          <p>A tomografia n&#227;o contrastada para an&#225;lise do EC foi realizada em um campo de varredura longitudinal a partir da delimita&#231;&#227;o na bifurca&#231;&#227;o da traqueia e o t&#233;rmino na inclus&#227;o da silhueta card&#237;aca, incluindo a por&#231;&#227;o final do diafragma para total cobertura da &#225;rea card&#237;aca. As imagens correspondentes ao EC foram adquiridas com campo de vis&#227;o (<italic>field of view, FOV</italic>) de 200 mm; espessura de corte de 2,5-3 mm; intervalo de corte de 1,25-1,5 mm; colima&#231;&#227;o de 2 x 32 x 0,6 mm; tempo de rota&#231;&#227;o de 350 msec; tens&#227;o do tubo de 120 kV; e corrente do tubo de at&#233; 600 mAs.</p>
          <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o foi sempre conduzida em duas etapas: na primeira, o EC foi quantificado baseado no escorevale res de Agatston,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> a calcifica&#231;&#227;o foi definida como a presen&#231;a de uma les&#227;o com &#225;rea maior que 1 mm<sup>2</sup> e intensidade igual ou superior a 130 unidades <italic>Hounsfield</italic> (HU), que foi automaticamente identificada e marcada com cor pelo <italic>software</italic>. A presen&#231;a de placas coron&#225;rias e a extens&#227;o da estenose foram avaliadas nos pacientes com EC zero.</p>
          <p>Na segunda etapa do protocolo, era obtida a ATCC com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros do EC para delimita&#231;&#227;o do FOV, com voltagem de 120 KV e amperagem de 400 miliamperes. Com o paciente ainda monitorizado sobre a mesa do tom&#243;grafo, at&#233; 1,5 mL/Kg de iopamidol era injetado por via endovenosa, um contraste iodado n&#227;o i&#244;nico em concentra&#231;&#245;es de 350 ou 370 mg/mL (Ultravist&#174; 370, Bayer HealthCare and Pharmaceuticals, Berlim, Alemanha; HenetiX&#174; 350, Guerbet Produtos Radiol&#243;gicos Ltda, Paris, Fran&#231;a), a uma taxa entre 4,5 e 5,5 mL/s.</p>
          <p>Foi administrado betabloqueador oral nas 24 horas que antecediam a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, ou intravenoso (IV) no dia do exame, nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que pacientes apresentavam ritmo sinusal e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) &gt; 70 bpm. Para realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, o equipamento toma como refer&#234;ncia os valores monitorizados da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e determina os par&#226;metros necess&#225;rios para aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens como o <italic>helical pitch</italic> (rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia percorrida pela mesa durante um giro de 360&#176; do tubo de raios X, a espessura de corte e o n&#250;mero de colunas de detectores), a velocidade de rota&#231;&#227;o do tubo de raios X e o tempo total de exposi&#231;&#227;o, tendo como objetivo atingir a melhor resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal poss&#237;vel.</p>
          <p>As imagens geradas eram enviadas para esta&#231;&#245;es de trabalho para an&#225;lise das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias por tr&#234;s observadores experientes. A presen&#231;a de placa ateroscler&#243;tica foi pesquisada em todos os vasos com di&#226;metro luminal superior a 2 mm, adotada a divis&#227;o em 15 segmentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A extens&#227;o da estenose foi obtida mediante o c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea da parte mais estreita do l&#250;men comparado com a &#225;rea do l&#250;men imediatamente distal ao mesmo segmento. As placas detectadas pela ATCC foram classificadas em les&#245;es n&#227;o obstrutivas e obstrutivas, sendo estas &#250;ltimas caracterizadas por apresentar redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do vaso &#8805; 50%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Foi aplicado o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avaliar o pressuposto de normalidade amostral. Em seguida, utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para grupos independentes, de acordo com padr&#227;o de normalidade da amostra.</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, utilizou-se frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e percentagem. Para comparar o comportamento destas vari&#225;veis entre os dois grupos, foram utilizados o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher quando mais adequado.</p>
          <p>As diferen&#231;as observadas durante a an&#225;lise dos dados foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes, quando as probabilidades eram inferiores a 5% (p &#8804; 0,05) e poder de 0,80.</p>
          <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos preditores independentes para a presen&#231;a de placa, foi utilizado, manualmente, o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica mediante a t&#233;cnica de &#8220;Backward: Wald&#8221;. Considerou-se para a sele&#231;&#227;o inicial do modelo, os odds com p &#8804; 0,25 e a perman&#234;ncia foi assegurada quando p &lt; 0,05. A vari&#225;vel desfecho presen&#231;a de placa foi ajustada para idade, g&#234;nero, tabagismo, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia, antecedentes familiares, obesidade e etilismo.</p>
          <p>Os resultados obtidos foram analisados utilizando-se o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 20.0 para <italic>Windows (IBM<sup>&#174;</sup> Corporation, Somers, EUA</italic>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da amostra estudada</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo do estudo, 1639 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ATCC nos quatro centros participantes, e desses, 619 apresentaram EC zero. No entanto, 252 foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de dados cl&#237;nicos ou recusa a participar do trabalho. Os pacientes encaminhados &#224; ATCC possu&#237;am as seguintes indica&#231;&#245;es: precordialgia at&#237;pica 40,4%, precordialgia t&#237;pica 24,9%, fatores de riscos associados &#224; DAC, hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC precoce 51,4%, e testes de isquemia positivos ou inconclusivos 44,4%.</p>
          <p>Dos 367 pacientes, 211 (57,5%) eram hipertensos, 180 (49,3%) dislipid&#234;micos e 55 (15,0%) diab&#233;ticos. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 53,7 (&#177;10,5) anos sendo 63,5% do sexo feminino. Os dados da caracteriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes com EC zero segundo a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de placa ateroscler&#243;tica &#224; ATCMD est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes com escore de c&#225;lcio zero em centros de imagem cardiol&#243;gica nas cidades de S&#227;o Paulo - SP e Aracaju - SE de 2011 a 2016</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">n<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></th>
                  <th align="center">Valores %</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade m&#233;dia (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">367</td>
                  <td align="center">53,7 &#177; 10,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">G&#234;nero feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">233/367</td>
                  <td align="center">63,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">211/367</td>
                  <td align="center">57,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">180/367</td>
                  <td align="center">49,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">55/367</td>
                  <td align="center">15,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">316</td>
                  <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 4,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">77/316</td>
                  <td align="center">24,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antecedentes familiares para DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">187/364</td>
                  <td align="center">51,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Etilismo</td>
                  <td align="center">135/367</td>
                  <td align="center">36,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">51/366</td>
                  <td align="center">13,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Precordialgia at&#237;pica<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">138/342</td>
                  <td align="center">40,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Precordialgia t&#237;pica<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">85/341</td>
                  <td align="center">24,9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>Valores representados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; demais valores expressos em frequ&#234;ncia simples (%)</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>(&#8224;)</label>
                <p>n diferente do total por falta de dados nos registros dos centros coletados.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de placa ateroscler&#243;tica nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foi de 9,3% (34/367); IC95%, 6,3 - 12,3. Neste grupo, a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 52 &#177; 10 anos e 18 (52,9%) dos volunt&#225;rios eram do sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>). Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise detalhada, constatou-se a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es obstrutivas (maior que 50% da luz do vaso) em 47% (16/34) dos casos, assim distribu&#237;das: a) em um segmento - doze pacientes; b) em dois segmentos - tr&#234;s pacientes e, c) em mais de dois segmentos - um paciente, conforme pode ser apreciado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>. J&#225; no subgrupo de portadores de les&#245;es n&#227;o obstrutivas (18/34), 15 pacientes exibiam comprometimento de um segmento e tr&#234;s em dois segmentos coron&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nica de pacientes com escore de c&#225;lcio zero com e sem placa ateroscler&#243;tica em quatro centros de imagem cardiol&#243;gica nas cidades de S&#227;o Paulo - SP e Aracaju - SE de 2011 a 2016</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">n<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></th>
                  <th align="center">Com placa n = 34</th>
                  <th align="center">Sem placa n = 333</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">367</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 10,7</td>
                  <td align="center">53,9 &#177; 10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">367</td>
                  <td align="center">71,6 &#177; 12,9</td>
                  <td align="center">73,7 &#177; 15,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">316</td>
                  <td align="center">25,9 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">27,5 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">233/367</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (52,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">215 (64,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,180</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagista</td>
                  <td align="center">51/366</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (24,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (12,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o obesos</td>
                  <td align="center">55/316</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (90,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">210 (73,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">55/367</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (17,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (14,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,648</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">180/365</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (47,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (49,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,782</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">211/367</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (58,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">191 (57,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,712</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Etilista</td>
                  <td align="center">135/367</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (55,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (34,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antecedentes familiares</td>
                  <td align="center">187/364</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (52,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">169 (51,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,848</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>Valores representados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; demais valores expressos em frequ&#234;ncia simples (%); valor de p obtido mediante teste do qui-quadrado para medidas de associa&#231;&#227;o</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>(&#8224;)</label>
                <p>n diferente do total por falta de dados nos registros dos centros coletados.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas &#224; angiotomografia computadorizada de coron&#225;rias em pacientes com escore de c&#225;lcio zero</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Um vaso envolvido</th>
                  <th align="center">Envolvimento de dois vasos</th>
                  <th align="center">Envolvimento de mais de dois vasos</th>
                  <th align="center">Total n = 34</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Les&#227;o obstrutiva &gt; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (47,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Les&#227;o n&#227;o obstrutiva</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (83,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (53%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Placa n&#227;o calcificada com escore de c&#225;lcio zero. Sexo feminino 38 anos; A e B) reconstru&#231;&#245;es multiplanares evidenciando placa com redu&#231;&#227;o luminal importante em descendente anterior (DA); C) Reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional mostrando falha em art&#233;ria DA (seta amarela).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0420-80063-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A art&#233;ria mais acometida foi a descendente anterior, sendo 16 (35,56%) no seu segmento proximal, 10 (22,22%) no m&#233;dio e 2 (4,44%) no distal.</p>
          <p>Vale ressaltar que, quando foi feita an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas dos ateromas encontrados, na fase ATCC com contraste, 3/34 (8,8%) pacientes apresentaram placas com algum grau de calcifica&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o detectadas pelo EC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o em escore de c&#225;lcio zero. Paciente do sexo feminino, 67 anos; Seta preta - Placa parcialmente calcificada em &#243;stio de descendente anterior (DA), n&#227;o detectada pelo escore de c&#225;lcio, seguida placas n&#227;o calcificadas em ter&#231;os proximal e m&#233;dio (setas brancas).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-05-0420-80063-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com EC zero, classificados quanto &#224; presen&#231;a e aus&#234;ncia de placa ateroscler&#243;tica nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias</title>
          <p>Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, conforme pode ser visto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>, nos portadores de placa nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, houve predomin&#226;ncia significativa de n&#227;o obesos (90,6% <italic>vs</italic>. 73,9%; IMC: 25,9 &#177; 3,3 k/m<sup>2</sup>
						<italic>vs</italic>. 27,5 &#177; 4,4 k/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>; p = 0,046) e de etilistas (55,9% <italic>vs</italic>. 34,8%). As demais vari&#225;veis tiveram comportamento semelhante nos dois grupos.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da raz&#227;o de chance bruta (<italic>odds ratio</italic>) dos fatores associados &#224; presen&#231;a de placa ateroscler&#243;tica em portadores de EC zero, demonstrou valores de: 2,3 (IC 95% = 1,1 - 4,8; p = 0,018) para o etilismo e de 3,4 (IC 95% = 1,0 - 11,5; p = 0,049) para aus&#234;ncia de obesidade, conforme evidenciado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores associados &#224; presen&#231;a de placa<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#8224;</xref></sup> em centros de imagem cardiol&#243;gica nas idades de S&#227;o Paulo - SP e Aracaju - de 2011 a 2016</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Raz&#227;o de chance bruta</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,976</td>
                  <td align="center">0,940 - 1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,216</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,62</td>
                  <td align="center">0,796- 3,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,183</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">2,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,919 - 5,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,079</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Obesidade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">No<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,40</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 - 11,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,049</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,489 - 3,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,649</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,545 - 2,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,782</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,519 - 2,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,869</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Etilismo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">2,37</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16 - 4,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Antecedentes familiares</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,528 -2,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,366</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>Vari&#225;vel desfecho: presen&#231;a de placa, demais vari&#225;veis da tabela s&#227;o fatores associados;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>para a vari&#225;vel obesidade, o referencial foi a presen&#231;a de obesidade; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>(&#8224;)</label>
                <p>ajustado para idade, g&#234;nero, tabagismo, Diabetes mellitus, Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, Dislipidemia, Antecedentes familiares, obesidade e etilismo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Finalmente, a an&#225;lise da tabela de conting&#234;ncia para a raz&#227;o ajustada confirmou valores de <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) mais elevados para os pacientes etilistas (OR = 3,4; IC 95% = 1,1 - 5,19; p = 0,018) e para os n&#227;o obesos (OR = 3,4; IC 95% = 1,0 - 11,7; p = 0,047), conforme pode ser constatado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores associados a presen&#231;a de placa<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#8224;</xref></sup> ap&#243;s modelo ajustado em centros de imagem cardiol&#243;gica nas cidades de S&#227;o Paulo - SP e Aracaju - de 2011 a 2016</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Raz&#227;o de chance ajustada</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Etilista</td>
                  <td align="center">3,46</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16 -5,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o obeso<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,45</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 - 11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,047</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <p>Vari&#225;vel desfecho: presen&#231;a de placa, demais vari&#225;veis da tabela s&#227;o fatores associados;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>para a vari&#225;vel n&#227;o obeso o referencial foi a presen&#231;a de obesidade; IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a = 95%</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <label>(&#8224;)</label>
                <p>ajustado para idade, g&#234;nero, tabagismo, Diabetes mellitus, Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, Dislipidemia, Antecedentes familiares, obesidade e etilismo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o foi a presen&#231;a consider&#225;vel (9,3%) de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas coronarianas, frequentemente obstrutivas (redu&#231;&#227;o luminal &#8805; 50%) em indiv&#237;duos com EC zero.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas que se associaram &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de tais placas foram o etilismo e a aus&#234;ncia de obesidade. Por outro lado, o mesmo n&#227;o ocorreu com fatores de risco frequentemente associados &#224; DAC, tais como: diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e dislipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os dados da literatura demonstram frequ&#234;ncias variadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de placa ateroscler&#243;tica com EC zero. Em um estudo realizado em Isfahan - (Ir&#227;), foram analisados 385 pacientes com escore zero e 16 (4,1%) apresentaram placas &#224; ATCC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em outro estudo com pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e assintom&#225;ticos demonstrou que apenas os pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com EC zero apresentaram placa ateroscler&#243;tica (8,4%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Segundo estudo CONFIRM, entre os pacientes com EC zero, 13% apresentaram les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas n&#227;o obstrutivas e 3,5% apresentaram les&#227;o obstrutiva (&#8805; 50%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em uma coorte multic&#234;ntrica com participa&#231;&#227;o do Brasil (subestudo do CORE64), confirmou-se que o EC zero n&#227;o exclui a presen&#231;a de placa nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Al&#233;m disso, demonstrou que um EC zero n&#227;o exclui a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Com uma amostra constitu&#237;da por 291 pacientes, sendo 72 com EC igual a zero, 19% apresentaram uma estenose &#8805;50% e desses, 13% necessitavam de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Vale ressaltar ainda que h&#225; estudos realizados em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica na sala de urg&#234;ncia que demonstram frequ&#234;ncias de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas com EC igual a zero de at&#233; 39%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No entanto, trata-se de uma amostra distinta da popula&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de rotina. Por outro lado, &#233; relevante salientar que a amostra da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o foi composta por pacientes cuja indica&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ATCC deveu-se aos seus m&#233;dicos assistentes. E como j&#225; observado em estudos internacionais, constatamos, tamb&#233;m, que nesses pacientes com EC zero, n&#227;o exclui a presen&#231;a de placa ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis mais associadas ao risco maior de presen&#231;a de placas, nosso estudo encontrou apenas etilismo e a aus&#234;ncia de obesidade. No entanto, os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para DAC (diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e dislipidemia) n&#227;o se correlacionaram com a presen&#231;a de placa no presente estudo. Chama aten&#231;&#227;o o fato de os pacientes com IMC mais elevados terem apresentado associa&#231;&#227;o com a aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica. Alguns trabalhos j&#225; indicaram a obesidade como um fator protetor para a DAC, o que foi denominado como o &#8220;paradoxo da obesidade&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> No entanto, tal associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se refere &#224; adiposidade abdominal, que &#233; associada &#224; DAC e considerada mais patol&#243;gica do que o ac&#250;mulo de gordura subcut&#226;neo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Neste estudo, n&#227;o foi medida a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal dos indiv&#237;duos estudados, o que n&#227;o permite resultados mais consistentes. Al&#233;m disso, muitos trabalhos que apontam a obesidade como fator protetor apresentam pacientes mais jovens na amostra dos obesos o que pode ocasionar vieses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O etilismo tamb&#233;m apresenta resultado divergente na literatura. Enquanto alguns estudos associam o consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica com fator de risco para DAC, outros o associam com um efeito ben&#233;fico, como aqueles realizados com vinho e seu componente resveratrol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O resveratrol &#233; conhecido por sua importante fun&#231;&#227;o antioxidante e anti-inflamat&#243;ria, al&#233;m do efeito ben&#233;fico na produ&#231;&#227;o de HDL pelo f&#237;gado e na diminui&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de LDL, impedindo a oxida&#231;&#227;o da LDL circulante, estando, assim, associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Com esse resultado, observa-se a necessidade de mais estudos que estratifiquem o tipo de bebida alco&#243;lica consumida, e n&#227;o s&#243; o consumo ou n&#227;o de &#225;lcool.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes, merecem ser mencionadas: primeira, conforme explicitado anteriormente, os pacientes foram encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ATCC com EC por indica&#231;&#227;o de seus m&#233;dicos assistentes, podendo, portanto, ocorrer algum vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o; segunda, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco coron&#225;rio n&#227;o foi realizada nos participantes antes da inclus&#227;o e as informa&#231;&#245;es dos fatores de risco foram obtidos por meio de question&#225;rios; terceira, a amostra foi coletada em quatro centros diferentes e, por mais que tenha sido seguido padr&#227;o semelhante na realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames, existem caracter&#237;sticas peculiares de cada servi&#231;o que pode implicar em vi&#233;s na an&#225;lise dos resultados; quarta, a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentava indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ATCC, n&#227;o se constituindo, portanto, naquela assintom&#225;tica e sem provas isqu&#234;micas positivas, na qual estaria indicado o EC isoladamente e cuja presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana &#233; preditora de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de placa ateroscler&#243;tica com EC zero foi consider&#225;vel, evidenciando que, em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de AATC, a aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana, n&#227;o exclui placa e nem les&#227;o obstrutiva principalmente nos n&#227;o obesos e etilistas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Fab&#237;ola Santos Gabriel pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Sergipe sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 0289.0.107.000-11. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
