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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Hgb5595PQ6wcZJ9tJDr7Mfv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000500418</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180081</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Use of Microvolt T-Wave Alternans in Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Alberto Pastore</bold>, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - AB, Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br</email>, <email>pastore@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>418</fpage>
      <lpage>419</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Death, Sudden</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Risk Stratification</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Complexes, Premature</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Visible T-wave <italic>alternans</italic> (TWA) has been reported since 1909, being, thus, not a recent finding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> However, non-visible and far less rare microvolt TWA has gained importance because of its association with electrical disorders and the high risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD) or arrhythmic events,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> being assessed in several clinical trials and population studies, such as TWA in HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> ALPHA Study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> REFINE Study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> FINCAVAS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the collaborative study by Ikeda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and the MADIT-II-type research by Bloomfield et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> All those studies have in common the fact that they evidence the high negative predictive value of TWA regarding SCD or arrhythmic events, with low to intermediate positive predictive value.</p>
    <p>A specialized software is used to analyze the microvolt TWA, the beat-to-beat variability that occurs in ventricular repolarization (ST segment and T wave) and that cannot be seen by the naked eye.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The TWA allows indirect access to the increase in the dispersion to the action potentials of cardiac cells, a primordial factor in a sequence of events that will lead to reentry mechanisms and ventricular fibrillation, which will culminate with SCD. A fundamental property of its analysis is the high negative predictive power for the SCD risk that a normal TWA test has.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Of the different methodologies to assess TWA, the two most used and relevant techniques in medical literature are: the spectral method (SM) and the modified moving average (MMA) method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The SM measures T-wave fluctuations by computing the point to point differences between 128 equally spaced sites in the ST-T complex, in a series of 128 consecutive aligned beats (having already ruled out ectopic beats and ECG noise).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> There are 128 tachograms similar to those used in the analysis of heart rate variability. Then, 128 heart rate variability spectra, hence the name of the methodology, SM, are computed, and their mean is calculated. The value of TWA is then assessed at the frequency of 0.5 cycle per beat. In 1994, the adaptation of that technique to human patients was published for the first time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Since then, SM is the most used method to analyze TWA, with the widest range of applications.</p>
    <p>The MMA method repeatedly creates two patterns (models) of beats from any sequence of valid beats, one pattern associated only with the even beats, and the other associated with the odd beats. To clarify each pattern of the beats, the algorithm is as follows: the differences of amplitude between the current pattern (even or odd beats) and the next valid beat (even or odd) are measured along several equally spaced sites in the ST-T complex. Each of those differences is divided into X equal parts (where X can be 8, 16, 32 or 64), and the contribution of the current valid beat in the update of the standard beat is then limited to 1/X (named &#8216;the update factor&#8217; or &#8216;limiting fraction&#8217;) of the differences between the model and the beat. Finally, the TWA values are made available every 15 seconds, as the difference between two representative patterns (and continuously updated) of the even beats and the odd beats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> That technique has been assessed in academic studies with good reproducibility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In a study of Chagas disease, published in this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> patients with chronic Chagasic cardiomyopathy and history of malignant ventricular arrhythmia most often had a non-negative result of microvolt TWA as compared to those with no previous arrhythmia, suggesting that TWA can play a role in the SCD risk stratification in Chagas disease. That study used the Cambridge Heart software with special electrodes (high resolution) and the SM. Its results are shown in terms of negative and non-negative (positive + indeterminate) TWA, the latter being compared to the former. That study emphasizes that Chagas cardiomyopathy has a true arrhythmogenic substrate confirmed by TWA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article Association between Microvolt T-Wave Alternans and Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias in Chagas Disease</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pesquisa Usando Microaltern&#226;ncia de Onda T na Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Alberto Pastore</bold>, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - AB, CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br</email>, <email>pastore@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Batimentos Card&#237;acos Ect&#243;picos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A <italic>T-wave alternans</italic> (TWA) vis&#237;vel n&#227;o &#233; na verdade um achado recente e tem sido relatada desde 1909.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Entretanto, &#233; a TWA em microvolts, n&#227;o vis&#237;vel e muito menos rara, que ganhou um lugar ao sol devido &#224; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com dist&#250;rbio el&#233;trico e risco elevado de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) ou eventos arr&#237;tmicos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> como tem sido avaliado em diversas pesquisas cl&#237;nicas e estudos em popula&#231;&#245;es: TWA na ICC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> ALPHA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> REFINE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> FINCAVAS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Ikeda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (em um estudo colaborativo) e Bloomfield et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> (em uma pesquisa do tipo MADIT-II). Todos esses estudos t&#234;m em comum o fato de que trazem evid&#234;ncias sobre o alto valor preditivo negativo da TWA em rela&#231;&#227;o a MSC ou a eventos arr&#237;tmicos, com valor preditivo positivo baixo a regular.</p>
      <p>A microaltern&#226;ncia de onda T consiste na an&#225;lise, atrav&#233;s de <italic>software</italic> especializado, de varia&#231;&#245;es batimento a batimento que ocorrem na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (segmento ST e onda T), muito pouco percept&#237;veis a olho nu.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A TWA permite acessar, de maneira indireta, o aspecto de aumento da dispers&#227;o dos potenciais de a&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas do cora&#231;&#227;o, fator esse primordial em uma sequ&#234;ncia de eventos que levar&#227;o a mecanismos de re-entrada e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular que culminar&#227;o na MSC. Uma propriedade fundamental de sua an&#225;lise &#233; o alto poder preditivo negativo para o risco de MSC que um teste de TWA normal apresenta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A TWA apresenta, dentre diferentes metodologias de aferi&#231;&#227;o, duas t&#233;cnicas de destaque: a obtida pelo m&#233;todo espectral (<italic>Spectral Method</italic> - SM) e a que &#233; obtida pela m&#233;dia m&#243;vel modificada (<italic>modified moving average</italic> - MMA), como as mais disseminadas e com relev&#226;ncia na literatura m&#233;dica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O SM mede flutua&#231;&#245;es da onda T atrav&#233;s da computa&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as ponto a ponto entre 128 locais equidistantes no ST-T, numa s&#233;rie de 128 batimentos consecutivos alinhados (j&#225; descartados os batimentos ect&#243;picos e com ru&#237;do).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Em outras palavras, h&#225; 128 tacogramas semelhantes &#224;queles usados na an&#225;lise da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Depois, s&#227;o computados 128 espectros de frequ&#234;ncia (da&#237; o nome da metodologia - SM), sendo calculada a m&#233;dia deles. O valor da TWA &#233; ent&#227;o avaliado na frequ&#234;ncia de 0,5 ciclo por batimento. Em 1994, foi publicada pela primeira vez a adapta&#231;&#227;o dessa t&#233;cnica a pacientes humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Desde ent&#227;o, ela &#233; o m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise de TWA mais usado, com a mais ampla gama de aplica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>A MMA cria, recursivamente, dois padr&#245;es (modelos) de batimentos, a partir de qualquer sequ&#234;ncia de batimentos v&#225;lidos (sendo um padr&#227;o associado somente aos batimentos pares, e o outro aos batimentos &#237;mpares). Para explicitar cada um dos padr&#245;es de batimentos, o algoritmo iterativo &#233; o seguinte: as diferen&#231;as de amplitude entre o padr&#227;o atual (de batimentos pares ou &#237;mpares) e o pr&#243;ximo batimento v&#225;lido (par ou &#237;mpar) s&#227;o medidas ao longo de diversos locais equidistantes no ST-T. Cada uma dessas diferen&#231;as &#233; dividida em X partes iguais (onde X pode ser 8, 16, 32 ou 64) e a contribui&#231;&#227;o do batimento atual v&#225;lido na atualiza&#231;&#227;o do batimento-padr&#227;o &#233; ent&#227;o limitada a 1/X (chamado de fator de atualiza&#231;&#227;o ou fra&#231;&#227;o limitante) das diferen&#231;as entre modelo e batimento. Finalmente, os valores da TWA s&#227;o disponibilizados a cada 15 segundos, como a diferen&#231;a entre os dois padr&#245;es representativos (e continuamente atualizados) dos batimentos pares e batimentos &#237;mpares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Essa t&#233;cnica foi avalizada em estudos acad&#234;micos com boa reprodutividade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em um trabalho em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, apresentado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica com hist&#243;ria de arritmia ventricular maligna apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de resultado n&#227;o negativo de microaltern&#226;ncia de onda T quando comparados a pacientes sem ocorr&#234;ncia pr&#233;via de arritmias, sugerindo que a TWA pode ter um papel na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de MSC na doen&#231;a de Chagas. O trabalho usou o <italic>software</italic> da Cambridge Heart, que utiliza eletrodos especiais (de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o), com a metodologia SM. Seus resultados s&#227;o expostos em termos de TWA negativa e n&#227;o negativa (positiva + indeterminados), sendo essa comparada aos negativos. Esse trabalho refor&#231;a que a cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica apresenta um verdadeiro substrato arritmog&#234;nico confirmado pela TWA.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Microaltern&#226;ncia de Onda T e Arritmias Ventriculares Malignas na Doen&#231;a de Chagas</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
