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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MDHvRQ468bch47SvrLrhYPs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000500412</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005005101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180056</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Microvolt T-Wave Alternans and Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias in Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Carolina Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Assis Lopes do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Paulo Tomaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Padilha da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas e Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil </institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: B&#225;rbara Carolina Silva Almeida,</bold> Rua Cear&#225;, 1620. Apto 1001. Postal Code 30150-311, Funcion&#225;rios, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>barbaracsalmeida@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Almeida BCS, Carmo AAL, Ribeiro ALP; Acquisition of data: Almeida BCS, Carmo AAL, Barbosa MPT; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Almeida BCS, Carmo AAL, Barbosa MPT, Silva JLP, Ribeiro ALP; Statistical analysis: Almeida BCS, Silva JLP, Ribeiro ALP; Obtaining financing: Ribeiro ALP; Writing of the manuscript: Almeida BCS, Ribeiro ALP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Carmo AAL, Barbosa MPT, Silva JLP, Ribeiro ALP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>5</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>412</fpage>
      <lpage>417</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Sudden cardiac death is the most frequent death mechanism in Chagas disease, responsible for 55% to 65% of the deaths of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC). The most often involved electrophysiological mechanisms are ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has a beneficial role in preventing sudden death due to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, and, thus the correct identification of patients at risk is required. The association of microvolt T-wave alternans (MTWA) with the appearance of ventricular arrhythmias has been assessed in different heart diseases. The role of MTWA is mostly unknown in patients with CCC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association between MTWA and the occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with CCC. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>This is a case-control study including patients with CCC and ICD, with history of malignant ventricular arrhythmias (case group), and patients with CCC and no history of those arrhythmias (control group). The MTWA test results were classified as negative and non-negative (positive and indeterminate). The significance level adopted was a = 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We recruited 96 patients, 45 cases (46.8%) and 51 controls (53.1%). The MTWA test was non-negative in 36/45 cases (80%) and 15/51 controls (29.4%) [OR = 9.60 (95%CI: 3.41 - 27.93)]. After adjustment for known confounding factors in a logistic regression model, the non-negative result continued to be associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias [OR = 5.17 (95%CI: 1.05 - 25.51)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Patients with CCC and history of malignant ventricular arrhythmias more often have a non-negative MTWA test as compared to patients with no history of arrhythmia.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators,Implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden, Cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas disease remains a challenge of great importance in Brazil and Latin America, and is an emerging concern in North America and European countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is considered to be endemic in 21 countries, infects 6 to 7 million people worldwide,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> accounting for the death of around 12,000 patients per year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most important presentation of Chagas disease, because of its high frequency, severity and great impact on morbidity and mortality. Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy has a wide range of manifestations, such as heart failure, conduction blocks, thromboembolic events and sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Sudden death is the most common mechanism of death of those patients, occurs in the presence or absence of advanced heart disease, and can be the first manifestation of the disease. The electrophysiological mechanisms most frequently involved are the ventricular arrhythmias: sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has a great impact on the prevention of sudden death due to malignant ventricular arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The use of the ICD in secondary prevention is well accepted in CCC, despite the lack of large studies, based on the results obtained from other populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> However, its use in primary prevention is still controversial because of the high cost, intrinsic risks in implantation, and adverse effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Therefore, identifying patients with CCC at risk for sudden death due to malignant ventricular arrhythmias is necessary.</p>
      <p>The microvolt T-wave alternans (MTWA) test is a non-invasive test associated with the appearance of ventricular tachyarrhythmias assessed in different clinical conditions with a high negative predictive value to identify patients at risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> That test recognizes fluctuations of the T-wave morphology and amplitude beat to beat, measured in microvolts. Those fluctuations reflect space-temporal heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization, which is considered a predisposing condition to the beginning and perpetuation of ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting the association of MTWA with malignant arrhythmias in several clinical conditions, but few studies have included patients with CCC. This study was aimed at assessing the possible association between MTWA and malignant ventricular arrhythmias in Chagas disease.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study</title>
        <p>This is an observational, case-control study, approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (COEP 7918/12). The patients were recruited between 2011 and 2014.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>The sample consists of patients diagnosed with CCC being followed up at the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG). The individuals agreed to participate and provided written informed consent. Patients should be older than 18 years, have a positive serology for Chagas disease and meet all the diagnostic criteria for CCC, which include asymptomatic structural heart disease with typical electrocardiographic changes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> or heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), with current or previous symptoms.</p>
        <p>The case group consisted of patients with CCC and history of malignant ventricular arrhythmia, with indication for ICD implantation for secondary prophylaxis and authorization issued by the High-Complexity Commission of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), according to the ordinance # 152, of March 8, 2007,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> updated by the ordinance # 1, of January 2, 2014.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Patients with CCC and no previous history of malignant ventricular arrhythmia comprised the control group. </p>
        <p>According to the ordinance # 152, of March 8, 2007, the major indications for ICD implantation in Brazil are as follows:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Individuals resuscitated from documented cardiac arrest due to tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation of non-reversible cause, with LVEF &#8804; 35% or structural heart disease;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Spontaneous, sustained ventricular tachycardia, of non-reversible cause, with LVEF &#8804; 35%;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>On the electrophysiological study, syncope of undetermined etiology with induction of hemodynamically unstable sustained ventricular tachycardia, or clinically relevant ventricular fibrillation with LVEF &#8804; 35% or structural heart disease.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Individuals with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: difficulty to walk on the treadmill; NYHA functional class IV heart failure; atrial fibrillation or flutter; pacemaker dependency. In addition, individuals with absolute contraindications to undergo exercise test, such as cardiac arrhythmias leading to hemodynamic instability, decompensated heart failure and acute non-cardiac conditions that could be aggravated by physical exercise, were excluded from the study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Microvolt T-wave alternans test</title>
        <p>The individuals included in this study underwent a medical interview with a standard questionnaire, physical examination and transthoracic echocardiography. Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated by use of the Simpson's method. Later, the patients underwent the MTWA test, at the ergometry sector of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the UFMG.</p>
        <p>For performing the MTWA test, the following items were used: Micro-V Alternans Sensors<sup>TM</sup> of Cambridge Heart high-resolution electrodes, which minimize noise and artifacts; the Cambridge Heart - HearTwave software for analysis and report; and a treadmill. Chronically used medications were maintained.</p>
        <p>The MTWA test consists in proper preparation with skin cleansing and removal of the superficial layer of dead cells by use of abrasion, placement of electrodes in the 12 standard electrocardiographic leads and in the 3 orthogonal leads (X, Y and Z).</p>
        <p>Data from the electrocardiographic tracing were collected at rest, during exertion on the treadmill, and during the recovery phase. During exertion, the patient should reach a heart rate between 100 and 110 beats per minute (bpm) and sustain it for 2 minutes and 30 seconds. Then, heart rate between 110 and 120 bpm should be reached and sustained for 1 minute and 30 seconds. For the test to be considered valid, target heart rate should be maintained for at least 60% of the determined time period.</p>
        <p>The software provides an analysis with measurement of MTWA, characterizing the test as positive, negative or indeterminate. The positive test consists in T-wave alternans with amplitude &#8805; 1.9 &#181;V sustained for at least 1 minute, with an initial heart rate &lt; 110 bpm or at rest, in an orthogonal lead or two adjacent precordial leads. The negative test does not detect any significant T-wave alternans for 1 minute with a heart rate &#8805; 105 bpm, if there is no impairment to the tracing due to noise or more than 10% of ectopic beats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The tests that do not meet any of those criteria are considered indeterminate. The indeterminate tests attributed to noise were repeated. Then the tests were grouped as negative or non-negative (positive and indeterminate), based on studies about the impact of the indeterminate test on the outcome of ventricular arrhythmias. An indeterminate test due to patient's factors, such as impossibility to keep heart rate between 105 and 110 bpm, frequent extrasystoles and MTWA not sustained for 1 minute, is associated with the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias similarly to the way the positive test is.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample calculation</title>
        <p>The sample was calculated with the Power and Sample Size Calculations software.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Considering that Barbosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> have found non-negative results in 81.8% of the Chagas disease patients wearing an ICD, estimating that those without malignant ventricular arrhythmia would have 30% less non-negative MWTA tests (57%), for a power of 80% and alpha error of 5%, we found 50 patients in each group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Initially, the case and control groups were compared regarding their clinical characteristics by use of Fisher exact test. The variables tested were sex, age (older or younger than 60 years), reduced or preserved LVEF, and beta-blocker use. There was a significant disparity between the groups, and to assess the association between MTWA and the occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias, multiple logistic regression models were adjusted, including the potential confounding covariables. The covariables age and LVEF were entered into the model continuously. The model calibration was assessed by use of Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The results were expressed as odds ratio (OR) with its respective confidence interval. The significance level adopted was &#945; = 0.05. All analyses were performed with the R statistical software, 3.3.2 version.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Result</title>
      <p>This study recruited 96 patients with CCC as follows: 45 patients (46.8%) with an ICD, constituting the case group; and 51 (53.1%) without an ICD and no known history of ventricular arrhythmia, constituting the control group. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> describes the sample. Of the total sample, 48 patients (50%) were of the male sex, 42.2% of the case group and 53.1% of the control group, p = 0.220. Of the patients with an ICD, 57.8% were older than 60 years, while of those with no ICD, only 1.96% were older than 60 years, p &lt; 0.001. Of the total sample, 37 patients had reduced LVEF (38.5%), 31 patients (68.9%) in the case group, and 6 patients (19.6%) in the control group, p &lt; 0.001. In addition, the distribution of beta-blocker users was as follows: 37 patients in the case group (82.2%), and 10 patients in the control group (19.6%), p &lt; 0.001.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the sample.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">All (96)</th>
              <th align="center">Case group (45)</th>
              <th align="center">Control group (51)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of patients</td>
              <td align="center">96</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">0.220</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">62</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &gt; 60 years <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">48,8</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reduced ejection fraction (&lt; 45%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker use <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Number of patients</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The MTWA test had a non-negative result in 51 patients (53.1%) as follows: 36/45 patients (80%) in the case group and 15/51 patients (29.4%) in the control group, OR = 9.60 (95%CI: 3.41 - 27.93). Because of the difference in characteristics between the groups, a logistic regression model was created to correct the disparities between them, including age, sex, LVEF and beta-blocker use. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the results of data analysis.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Factors related to the presence of ventricular arrhythmias in the multivariate logistic regression model.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI LL</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI UL</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MWTA</td>
              <td align="center">0.044</td>
              <td align="center">5.17</td>
              <td align="center">1.05</td>
              <td align="center">25.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">0.139</td>
              <td align="center">3.73</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
              <td align="center">21.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex</td>
              <td align="center">0.118</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">1.39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
              <td align="center">0.91</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">1.13</td>
              <td align="center">1.04</td>
              <td align="center">1.22</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>LL: lower limit; UL: upper limit; MWTA: microvolt T-wave alternans; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The model showed that the difference is statistically significant between the case and control groups regarding the result of the MTWA test [OR = 5.17 (95%CI: 1.05 - 25.51)]. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed good calibration of the model (p = 0.872).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this case-control study with adjustments for other significant variables, we observed the association between the non-negative result of the MTWA test and the occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with CCC, with OR = 5.17 (95%CI: 1.05 - 25.51), suggesting that MTWA may play a role in the assessment of the risk for sudden death of patients with Chagas heart disease.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias seems more common in Chagas disease than in heart diseases of other etiologies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, there is neither a method nor a score to properly identify patients at risk for sudden death due to those arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>The MTWA test has been widely studied in heart diseases of several etiologies, and countless studies have evidenced the association between the non-negative result of the test and the occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The present study corroborates previous studies from our search group that have suggested a role for MTWA in the stratification of risk for sudden death in CCC.</p>
      <p>Initially, Ribeiro et al. have observed that the T-wave amplitude variability measured in 11-minute high-resolution ECG tracings - a phenomenon analogous to MTWA - related to higher risk of death in patients with CCC after following 113 patients up at an outpatient clinic for 106 months [HR = 5.76 (95%CI: 1.31-25.23)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In a subsequent study, Raadschilders et al. have demonstrated a higher occurrence of non-negative MTWA test among patients with CCC as compared to individuals with Chagas disease but no heart impairment and patients with negative serology for Chagas disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Barbosa et al., performing the test in patients with indication for ICD implantation and diagnosed with Chagas heart disease and heart diseases of other etiologies, have assessed the association between MTWA and the occurrence of the outcomes 'proper therapy' and 'death'. Those authors have concluded that there is a relationship between a non-negative (positive and indeterminate) MTWA test and higher occurrence of proper therapy during the follow up of patients with Chagas disease, which was not observed among patients with heart disease of other etiologies. For patients with CCC, the test had sensitivity and negative predictive value of 100%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The higher occurrence of an altered MTWA test in CCC can be explained by the inflammatory and fibrosing nature of the disease. Chagas heart disease is a chronic myocarditis, with damage to the tissue of the cardiac chambers and conduction system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> The destruction of cardiomyocytes and the resulting fibrosis cause architectural myocardial disarray, which can result in intercellular decoupling. This decoupling could cause a variability in cardiomyocyte membrane repolarization due to the difference in duration of their action potentials. Therefore, myocardial zones refractory to depolarization appear, tending to divide the depolarization current, the mechanism by which the variability would be linked to arrhythmogenesis, favoring conduction blocks and reentry induction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The spatial heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization is considered a predisposing condition to initiate and perpetuate ventricular arrhythmias. That heterogeneity can be measured by use of the MTWA test, which would justify finding more changes in the MTWA test of patients with CCC and previous history of malignant arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>The MTWA test has difficulties related to the high cost of high-resolution electrodes and its own performance. Many individuals submitted to the test cannot reach and sustain the heart rate required or cannot undergo the exertion phase on the treadmill. The amount of indeterminate results due to noise or early interruption because of the patient's conditions are also a limiting factor. In addition, the result is classified qualitatively, which can be considered another limitation.</p>
      <p>This study has limitations related partially to its observational, case-control design. The number of patients found for the case group was 45, not the 50 predicted in the sample calculation. The case group, defined by a previous history of malignant arrhythmias and indication for ICD, had a greater number of patients with reduced LVEF, of beta-blocker users and of patients with more advanced age. This is justified by the inclusion criterion in the group, because the patients with reduced LVEF would be more predisposed to develop ventricular arrhythmias. In addition, according to the 2007 ordinance,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> patients with LVEF &lt; 35% have an indication for priority to undergo ICD implantation. A logistic regression model was created to correct the disparity between the groups, maintaining the association between non-negative test and the occurrence of arrhythmias. The model may, however, not have corrected all differences between patients. Nevertheless, the large proportional difference of non-negativity between the case and control groups, corroborated by the magnitude of the association obtained on logistic regression, suggest that the phenomenon observed is real and significant.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study assessed the presence of MTWA in patients with CCC and previous history of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and in patients with no previous history of those arrhythmias. The association between non-negativity of the MTWA test and the occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in CCC was evidenced. Further assessment in a prospective study is required to establish the causality and clinical application of the test in those patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq and FAPEMIG.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by B&#225;rbara Carolina Silva Almeida, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais under the protocol number COEP 7918/12. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <fpage>767</fpage>
          <lpage>776</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.046</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Wilson LD, Rosenbaum DS. Mechanisms of arrythmogenic cardiac alternans. Europace. 2007 Nov;9 Suppl 6:vi77-82. doi: 10.1093/europace/eum210.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenbaum</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanisms of arrythmogenic cardiac alternans</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 6</supplement>
          <fpage>vi77</fpage>
          <lpage>vi82</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/eum210</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Microaltern&#226;ncia de Onda T e Arritmias Ventriculares Malignas na Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Carolina Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Assis Lopes do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Paulo Tomaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Padilha da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas e Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: B&#225;rbara Carolina Silva Almeida,</bold> Rua Cear&#225;, 1620. Apto 1001. CEP 30150-311, Funcion&#225;rios, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>barbaracsalmeida@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Almeida BCS, Carmo AAL, Ribeiro ALP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Almeida BCS, Carmo AAL, Barbosa MPT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Almeida BCS, Carmo AAL, Barbosa MPT, Silva JLP, Ribeiro ALP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Almeida BCS, Silva JLP, Ribeiro ALP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ribeiro ALP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:Almeida BCS, Ribeiro ALP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Carmo AAL, Barbosa MPT, Silva JLP, Ribeiro ALP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca &#233; o mecanismo de morte mais comum na doen&#231;a de Chagas, respons&#225;vel pelo &#243;bito de 55% a 65% dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC). Os mecanismos mais frequentemente envolvidos s&#227;o as taquiarritmias ventriculares. O cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) apresenta impacto na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por arritmias ventriculares e faz-se necess&#225;ria a correta identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sob risco. A associa&#231;&#227;o de microaltern&#226;ncia de onda T (MTWA) com o aparecimento de arritmias ventriculares foi avaliada em diferentes cardiopatias atrav&#233;s de um teste. O papel da MTWA na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sob risco na CCC permanece incerto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre MTWA e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares malignas na CCC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle, que incluiu pacientes com CCC em uso de CDI, com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de arritmias ventriculares malignas (casos) ou sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via (controles). Os resultados do teste foram classificados em negativo e n&#227;o negativo (positivo e indeterminado). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi a = 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultado:</title>
          <p>Foram recrutados 96 pacientes, 45 no grupo caso (46,8%) e 51 no grupo controle (53,1%). O teste de MTWA apresentou resultado n&#227;o negativo em 36/45 pacientes no grupo caso (80%) e 15/51 no grupo controle (29,4%), OR = 9,60 (IC95%: 3,41 - 27,93). Ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de confus&#227;o num modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, o resultado n&#227;o negativo continuou associado &#224; presen&#231;a de arritmias ventriculares malignas, com OR = 5,17 (IC95%: 1,05 - 25,51).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Na CCC, pacientes com hist&#243;ria de arritmia ventricular maligna apresentam maior frequ&#234;ncia de teste de MTWA n&#227;o negativo quando comparados a pacientes sem ocorr&#234;ncia pr&#233;via de arritmias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas permanece desafiadora e de grande import&#226;ncia no Brasil e na America Latina, sendo uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o emergente na Am&#233;rica do Norte e em pa&#237;ses europeus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A doen&#231;a &#233; considerada end&#234;mica em 21 na&#231;&#245;es, infecta entre 6 e 7 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo &#243;bito de cerca de 12.000 pacientes por ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC) &#233; a apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais importante da doen&#231;a de Chagas por sua elevada frequ&#234;ncia, sua gravidade e pelo grande impacto na morbimortalidade do indiv&#237;duo. A CCC possui amplo espectro de manifesta&#231;&#245;es, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bloqueios de condu&#231;&#227;o, eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A morte s&#250;bita &#233; o mecanismo de &#243;bito mais comum desses pacientes, ocorre na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia da cardiopatia avan&#231;ada e pode ser a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Os mecanismos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos mais frequentemente envolvidos s&#227;o as arritmias ventriculares: taquicardia ventricular sustentada e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) apresenta grande impacto na preven&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita por arritmias ventriculares malignas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O emprego do CDI na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#233; bem aceito na CCC, apesar de aus&#234;ncia de grandes estudos, baseado em resultados obtidos em outras popula&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Entretanto, seu uso na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ainda &#233; controverso devido a custos elevados, riscos intr&#237;nsecos ao implante e efeitos adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Faz-se, ent&#227;o, necess&#225;ria a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com CCC sob risco de morte s&#250;bita por arritmias ventriculares malignas.</p>
        <p>O teste de microaltern&#226;ncia de onda T (MTWA) &#233; um teste n&#227;o invasivo, cuja associa&#231;&#227;o com o aparecimento de taquiarritmias ventriculares foi avaliada em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, com elevado valor preditivo negativo para identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sob risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O teste de MTWA reconhece flutua&#231;&#245;es da morfologia e amplitude da onda T batimento a batimento, medida em microvolt. Essa flutua&#231;&#227;o reflete heterogeneidade espa&#231;o-temporal de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, que &#233; implicada como condi&#231;&#227;o predisponente para o in&#237;cio e perpetua&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares.</p>
        <p>A MTWA se destaca pela associa&#231;&#227;o com arritmias malignas em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, mas poucos estudos incluem pacientes com CCC. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre MTWA e arritmias ventriculares malignas na doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, caso-controle, aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (COEP 7918/12). Os pacientes foram recrutados entre 2011 e 2014.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>A amostra consiste em pacientes diagnosticados com CCC em acompanhamento no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG). Os indiv&#237;duos concordaram com a participa&#231;&#227;o e assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os pacientes deveriam ter mais de 18 anos de idade, apresentar sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas e preencher crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para CCC, que incluem cardiopatia estrutural assintom&#225;tica com altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica t&#237;pica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) preservada ou reduzida, com sintomas atuais ou pr&#233;vios.</p>
          <p>Foram alocados no grupo caso pacientes com CCC e hist&#243;ria de arritmia ventricular maligna, com indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de CDI para profilaxia secund&#225;ria e autoriza&#231;&#227;o pela comiss&#227;o de alta complexidade do SUS, segundo a portaria n&#250;mero 152, de 8 de mar&#231;o de 2007,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> atualizada pela portaria 1, de 2 de janeiro de 2014.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Pacientes com CCC sem hist&#243;ria pregressa de arritmias ventriculares malignas foram alocados no grupo controle.</p>
          <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es priorit&#225;rias para implante de CDI no Brasil incluem, segundo a portaria 152, de 8 de mar&#231;o de 2007:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Recuperados de parada card&#237;aca documentada devido &#224; taquicardia ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular de causa n&#227;o revers&#237;vel, com FEVE menor ou igual a 35% ou com cardiopatia estrutural.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Taquicardia ventricular sustentada, espont&#226;nea, de causa n&#227;o revers&#237;vel, com FEVE menor ou igual a 35%.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>S&#237;ncope de origem indeterminada com indu&#231;&#227;o ao estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico de taquicardia ventricular sustentada, hemodinamicamente inst&#225;vel ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, clinicamente relevante, com FEVE menor ou igual a 35% ou com cardiopatia estrutural.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo indiv&#237;duos com dificuldade de locomo&#231;&#227;o na esteira, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional IV da NYHA, com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial e dependentes de marca-passo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;ram contraindica&#231;&#245;es absolutas para realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste ergom&#233;trico, como arritmias card&#237;acas conferindo instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, enfermidades agudas n&#227;o card&#237;acas que poderiam ser agravadas pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de microaltern&#226;ncia de onda T</title>
          <p>Os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos foram submetidos a entrevista m&#233;dica, com preenchimento de question&#225;rio padronizado, exame f&#237;sico e realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. A FEVE foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson. Posteriormente, os pacientes foram submetidos ao teste de MTWA, realizado no setor de ergometria do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG.</p>
          <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, foram usados eletrodos de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o Micro-V Alternans Sensors(tm) da Cambridge Heart, que minimizam ru&#237;do e artefatos, o <italic>software</italic> da Cambridge Heart - HearTwave para an&#225;lise e laudo do exame, e esteira para esfor&#231;o. Os medicamentos de uso cr&#244;nico foram mantidos.</p>
          <p>O teste de MTWA consiste na prepara&#231;&#227;o adequada da pele, com limpeza e retirada da camada superficial de c&#233;lulas mortas com superf&#237;cie abrasiva, coloca&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos nas 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es do eletrocardiograma padr&#227;o e em 3 deriva&#231;&#245;es ortogonais, X, Y e Z.</p>
          <p>A coleta de informa&#231;&#245;es do tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico ocorreu em repouso, na fase de esfor&#231;o na esteira e na recupera&#231;&#227;o. Na fase de esfor&#231;o, o paciente deveria atingir uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre 100 e 110 batimentos por minuto (bpm) com o objetivo de sustent&#225;-la por 2 minutos e 30 segundos. Em seguida, deveria ser atingida e sustentada a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre 110 e 120 bpm por 1 minuto e 30 segundos. Para que o teste fosse considerado v&#225;lido, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca alvo deveria ser mantida por, pelo menos, 60% do per&#237;odo determinado.</p>
          <p>O <italic>software</italic> fornece uma an&#225;lise com a medi&#231;&#227;o da microaltern&#226;ncia de onda T, caracterizando o teste como positivo, negativo ou indeterminado. O teste positivo consiste em altern&#226;ncia com amplitude maior ou igual a 1,9 &#181;V sustentada por pelo menos 1 minuto, com uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inicial menor que 110 bpm ou em repouso, em uma deriva&#231;&#227;o ortogonal ou em duas precordiais adjacentes. O teste negativo n&#227;o detecta altern&#226;ncia significativa por 1 minuto com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8805; 105 bpm, se n&#227;o existe preju&#237;zo ao tra&#231;ado por ru&#237;do ou mais de 10% de batimentos ect&#243;picos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Os resultados que n&#227;o preenchem nenhum desses crit&#233;rios s&#227;o considerados indeterminados. Os testes considerados indeterminados por motivo de ru&#237;do foram repetidos. Os testes foram agrupados posteriormente em negativos e n&#227;o-negativos (positivos e indeterminados), baseando-se em estudos sobre o impacto do valor do teste indeterminado sobre o desfecho de arritmias ventriculares. O teste indeterminado por fatores do paciente, como impossibilidade de manter a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre 105 e 110 bpm, extra-s&#237;stoles frequentes e microaltern&#226;ncia n&#227;o sustentada por at&#233; 1 minuto, apresenta associa&#231;&#227;o semelhante ao teste positivo com ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#225;lculo amostral</title>
          <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral foi realizado atrav&#233;s do programa <italic>Power and Sample Size Calculations</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Considerando que Barbosa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> encontraram resultados n&#227;o negativos em 81,8% dos chag&#225;sicos em uso de CDI, estimando-se que aqueles sem arritmia ventricular maligna teriam 30% a menos de n&#227;o-negatividade da MWTA (57%), para um poder de 80% e erro alfa de 5%, encontramos 50 pacientes em cada grupo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, os grupos caso e controle foram comparados quanto &#224;s suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas por meio do teste exato de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis testadas foram sexo, idade (maior ou menor que 60 anos), FEVE reduzida ou preservada e uso de betabloqueador. Como houve notada disparidade entre os grupos, a fim de verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a MTWA e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares malignas, foram ajustados modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla incluindo as potenciais covari&#225;veis confundidoras. As covari&#225;veis idade e FEVE entraram no modelo na forma cont&#237;nua. A calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo foi verificada por meio do teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Os resultados foram apresentados como <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR), com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a. Foi considerado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia a = 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico R, vers&#227;o 3.3.2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultado</title>
        <p>Foram recrutados 96 pacientes com CCC, 45 desses com implante de CDI constituem o grupo caso (46,8%) e 51 sem CDI e sem hist&#243;ria conhecida de taquiarritmias ventriculares constituem o grupo controle (53,1%). A descri&#231;&#227;o da amostra encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. Ao todo, 48 pacientes pertenciam ao sexo masculino (50%), 42,2% do grupo caso e 53,1% do grupo controle, p = 0,220. Dos pacientes com CDI, 57,8% apresentaram idade acima de 60 anos e, dos pacientes sem implante de CDI, apenas 1,96%, p &lt; 0,001. Ao todo, 37 pacientes apresentaram FEVE reduzida (38,5%), sendo 31 pacientes (68,9%) entre os casos, e 6 pacientes (19,6%) entre os controles, p &lt; 0,001. O grupo caso tamb&#233;m apresentava maior propor&#231;&#227;o de uso de betabloqueador - 37 pacientes do grupo caso (82,2%) e 10 pacientes do grupo controle (19,6%), p &lt; 0,001.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Todos (96)</th>
                <th align="center">Casos (45)</th>
                <th align="center">Controles (51)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">0,220</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade m&#233;dia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade &gt; 60 anos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">48,8</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (&lt; 45%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de betabloqueador <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Em anos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>N&#250;mero de pacientes;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Em %.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O teste de MTWA apresentou resultado n&#227;o negativo em 51 pacientes (53,1%). Desses, 36/45 pacientes do grupo caso (80%) e 15/51 dos pacientes do grupo controle apresentaram teste n&#227;o negativo (29,4%), OR=9,60 (IC95%: 3,41 - 27,93). Devido &#224; diferen&#231;a de caracter&#237;sticas entre os grupos, foi realizado modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica na tentativa de corrigir as disparidades entre eles, incluindo os fatores idade, sexo, FEVE e uso de betabloqueador. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os resultados da an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores relacionados &#224; presen&#231;a de arritmias ventriculares no modelo multivariado de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">OR</th>
                <th align="center">LI 95%</th>
                <th align="center">LS 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MWTA</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
                <td align="center">5,17</td>
                <td align="center">1,05</td>
                <td align="center">25,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BETABLOQUEADOR</td>
                <td align="center">0,139</td>
                <td align="center">3,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">21,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SEXO</td>
                <td align="center">0,118</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">1,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IDADE</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">1,13</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,22</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>LI: limite inferior, LS: Limite superior; MWTA: microaltern&#226;ncia de onda T. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O modelo mostrou que a diferen&#231;a se mant&#233;m estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos caso e controle quanto ao resultado do teste de MTWA [OR = 5,17 (IC95%: 1,05 - 25,51)]. O teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow apontou boa calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo (p = 0,872).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em estudo caso-controle, com ajustes para outras vari&#225;veis significativas, observamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o resultado n&#227;o negativo do teste de MTWA e a ocorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmias ventriculares nos pacientes com CCC, com OR = 5,17 (IC95%: 1,05 - 25,51), sugerindo que a MTWA pode ter um papel na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de morte s&#250;bita dos pacientes chag&#225;sicos cardiopatas.</p>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmias ventriculares parece mais comum na doen&#231;a de Chagas do que em cardiopatias de outras etiologias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Apesar disso, n&#227;o existem m&#233;todos ou escores para identifica&#231;&#227;o adequada de paciente sob risco de evolu&#231;&#227;o com morte s&#250;bita por tais arritmias.</p>
        <p>O teste de MTWA j&#225; foi amplamente estudado em cardiopatias de etiologias diversas e in&#250;meros estudos evidenciam associa&#231;&#227;o entre e o resultado n&#227;o negativo do teste e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares malignas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O presente estudo refor&#231;a estudos pr&#233;vios de nosso grupo que sugerem um papel para a MTWA na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte s&#250;bita na CCC.</p>
        <p>Inicialmente, Ribeiro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> observaram que a altern&#226;ncia da amplitude de onda T medida em tra&#231;ados de 11 minutos de ECG-AR - um fen&#244;meno an&#225;logo a MTWA - estava relacionada com maior risco de &#243;bito em pacientes com CCC ap&#243;s acompanhamento de 113 pacientes ambulatoriais por 106 meses, com HR 5,76 (IC 95%: 1,31-25,23).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Em estudo subsequente, Raadschilders et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> demonstraram que pacientes com CCC apresentavam maior ocorr&#234;ncia de MTWA n&#227;o negativa quando comparado a chag&#225;sicos sem cardiopatia e pacientes com sorologia negativa para doen&#231;a de Chagas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Por fim, Barbosa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> realizaram o teste em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de CDI com diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica e com cardiopatias de outras etiologias e avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a MTWA e a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho terapia apropriada e &#243;bito. O estudo concluiu que existe rela&#231;&#227;o entre o teste de MTWA n&#227;o negativo (positiva e indeterminada) com maior ocorr&#234;ncia de terapia apropriada durante o per&#237;odo de segmento nos pacientes chag&#225;sicos, o que n&#227;o ocorreu nos pacientes com cardiopatia de outra etiologia. O teste apresentou, para os pacientes com CCC, sensibilidade e valor preditivo negativo de 100%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maior ocorr&#234;ncia do teste de MTWA alterado na CCC pode ser explicada pela natureza inflamat&#243;ria e fibrosante da doen&#231;a. A cardiopatia chag&#225;sica &#233; uma miocardite cr&#244;nica, com les&#227;o do tecido das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> A destrui&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos e a fibrose resultante causam desarranjo arquitetural do tecido mioc&#225;rdico, que pode resultar em desacoplamento intercelular. Este desacoplamento causaria potencialmente altern&#226;ncia da repolariza&#231;&#227;o da membrana dos cardiomi&#243;citos por diferen&#231;a na dura&#231;&#227;o de seus potenciais de a&#231;&#227;o. Ocorre, assim, surgimento de zonas de tecido mioc&#225;rdico refrat&#225;rias &#224; despolariza&#231;&#227;o, tendendo a fracionar a corrente de despolariza&#231;&#227;o, mecanismo pelo qual a altern&#226;ncia estaria ligada &#224; arritmog&#234;nese, favorecendo bloqueios de condu&#231;&#227;o e indu&#231;&#227;o de reentrada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A heterogeneidade espacial da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; implicada como condi&#231;&#227;o predisponente para o in&#237;cio e perpetua&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares. Essa heterogeneidade pode ser medida pelo teste de MTWA, fato que justificaria a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o deste teste nos pacientes com CCC com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de arritmias malignas.</p>
        <p>O teste de MTWA imp&#245;e dificuldades relacionadas ao custo elevado dos eletrodos de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o e &#224; sua pr&#243;pria realiza&#231;&#227;o. Um grande n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos submetidos ao exame n&#227;o consegue atingir e sustentar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca requerida ou realizar a fase de esfor&#231;o na esteira. O n&#250;mero de resultados indeterminados por ru&#237;do e por interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce por condi&#231;&#245;es do paciente tamb&#233;m &#233; um fator limitante. Al&#233;m disso, o resultado &#233; classificado de forma qualitativa, o que pode ser considerado outra limita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas em parte ao seu desenho observacional, caso controle. O n&#250;mero de pacientes encontrados para o grupo caso foi de 45 pacientes, n&#227;o de 50 pacientes como previa o c&#225;lculo amostral. O grupo caso, definido por hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de arritmias malignas e indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de CDI, apresenta maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FEVE reduzida, maior n&#250;mero de usu&#225;rios de betabloqueador e idade mais avan&#231;ada. Isso se justifica pelo pr&#243;prio crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o no grupo, uma vez que os pacientes com FEVE reduzida seriam mais predispostos a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares. Al&#233;m disso, segundo a portaria de 2007,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> os pacientes com FEVE menor que 35% apresentam indica&#231;&#227;o priorit&#225;ria para implante de CDI. Foi realizado modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para corre&#231;&#227;o da disparidade entre os grupos, mantendo a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o teste n&#227;o negativo e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias. O modelo pode, no entanto, n&#227;o ter corrigido todas as diferen&#231;as entre os pacientes. Entretanto, a larga diferen&#231;a de propor&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o negatividade entre os grupos caso e controle, corroborada pela magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o obtida na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, sugere que o fen&#244;meno observado &#233; real e significativo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo avaliou a presen&#231;a de MTWA em pacientes com CCC com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de arritmias ventriculares malignas e pacientes sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via dessas arritmias. Evidenciou-se associa&#231;&#227;o entre a n&#227;o negatividade do teste de MTWA e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares malignas na CCC. Faz-se necess&#225;ria avalia&#231;&#227;o em estudo prospectivo para estabelecimento de causalidade e aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do teste nesses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq e FAPEMIG.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de B&#225;rbara Carolina Silva Almeida pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo COEP 7918/12. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
