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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">r3DRPLtp6wnBjT9zNqV6nVq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400388</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180065</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Correlation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 2/2018 - 73-Year-Old Male with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy, Cachexia and Shock</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Amorim Belo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramirez</surname>
            <given-names>Hilda Sara Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demarchi</surname>
            <given-names>L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address:Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>388</fpage>
      <lpage>392</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Weight Loss</kwd>
        <kwd>Cachexia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The patient is a 73-year-old male, born in the municipality of Jacupiranga, SP, and coming from S&#227;o Paulo city, SP, complaining of 30-kg weight loss in the previous 4 months and worsening of his general state of health in the previous 24 hours.</p>
    <p>He reported having coronary artery disease, with two episodes of infarction and one coronary angioplasty with stent implantation 8 years before. He had been diagnosed with ischemic cardiomyopathy and ejection fraction of 22%.</p>
    <p>He was using spironolactone, losartan, carvedilol, furosemide and propatylnitrate.</p>
    <p>His physical examination (April 29, 2004) showed emaciation, dehydration, heart rate of 80 bpm, inaudible blood pressure, increased jugular venous pressure, lungs with inspiratory wheezes, regular heart rhythm and no heart murmur on cardiac auscultation, liver palpable 3 cm from the right costal margin, and mild edema of the lower limbs. The patient received 1500 mL of 0.9% saline solution, which increased his blood pressure to 90/70 mm Hg.</p>
    <p>The results of his laboratory tests (April 30, 2004) were as follows: hemoglobin, 17.2 g/dL; platelets, 99000/mm<sup>3</sup>; leukocytes, 7850/mm<sup>3</sup>; urea, 122 mg/dL; creatinine, 2.2 mg/dL; potassium, 6.5 mEq/L; sodium, 143 mE/L. His arterial blood gas analysis was as follows: pH, 7.3; bicarbonate, 16 mEq/L; and base excess, (-)7 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>His electrocardiogram (April 29, 2004) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) showed sinus rhythm, heart rate of 68 bpm, PR of 200 ms, dQRS of 120 ms, QT of 440 ms, left atrial overload and indirect signs of right overload (Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi), in addition to left anterior hemiblock. No pathological Q wave was seen.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: left atrial overload and indirect signs of right atrial overload (Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi), in addition to left bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0388-80065-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>He was admitted to the Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; to compensate his heart failure and acute renal failure.</p>
    <p>The patient progressed with oliguria, dyspnea, and, on the third day of admission, he had sudden lowering of consciousness, fever and respiratory failure, requiring endotracheal intubation.</p>
    <p>His previous laboratory tests on that same day were as follows: hemoglobin, 14.5 g/dL; leukocytes, 8500/mm<sup>3</sup>; sodium, 139 mEq/L; potassium, 3.7 mEq/L; urea, 170 mg/dL; creatinine, 2.2 mg/dL; leukocyturia, 10000/mL; and hematuria, 280000/mL.</p>
    <p>During that episode, the findings were as follows: heart rate, 75 bpm; blood pressure, 100/60 mm Hg; temperature, 37.8&#186;C; arterial saturation, 97%; and crepitant rales at pulmonary bases. His heart rhythm was regular, with neither murmur nor accessory heart sound. His capillary glycemia was 166 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>The patient was referred to the emergency unit of Incor. Pulmonary aspiration and stroke were his clinical suspicions.</p>
    <p>His physical examination on admission (April 3, 2004) revealed an agitated and intubated patient, with heart rate of 90 bpm, blood pressure of 68/49 mm Hg, respiratory rate of 36 bpm, lungs with diffuse rhonchi, no abnormality on cardiac auscultation. His liver was palpated 3 cm from the right costal margin. There was edema (+++) of the lower limbs, with no signs of calf swelling.</p>
    <p>Sedation was prescribed, as were dobutamine, noradrenaline, enoxaparin, vancomycin and imipenem/cilastatin.</p>
    <p>His cranial tomography (May 4, 2004) showed a right occipital low attenuation area, widening of the cortical sulci, and no other significant change, findings compatible with right occipital ischemic stroke.</p>
    <p>The patient remained shocked despite the administration of vasoactive amines, had bradycardia and asystole, and died (May 5, 2004; 16 h).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>The patient here reported is a male elderly with ischemic cardiomyopathy, and significant weight loss in the previous 4 months, in addition to worsening of his general state of health and clinical instability in the 24 hours prior to admission. Some diagnostic possibilities could explain his significant weight loss.</p>
      <p>Cardiac cachexia is a frequent complication in the advanced stages of congestive heart failure (CHF) and associates with shorter survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The physiopathology of that disorder has been first described by Pitman and Cohen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Later, new evidence showed that the cause is multifactorial, related mainly to anorexia, a change in the routine of food uptake, in absorption and in the metabolism of patients with heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Up to 34% of the patients with CHF being followed up on an outpatient basis are estimated to develop cardiac cachexia in the medium to long run.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The deleterious effects of that condition impair the cardiac and respiratory functions and decrease immunity, which leads to higher mortality. Our patient&#8217;s systemic complications that hindered the reversion of his final findings might have been aggravated by cardiac cachexia. Regarding treatment, the literature reports many simultaneous actions that fight the most critical points in cachexia, such as nutritional therapy and the use of appetite stimulants, correction of anemia and edema, use of anabolic steroids and immunomodulation. Parallel to drug therapy, physical activity is indicated to maintain skeletal musculature,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> respecting the limits imposed by the disease and requiring strict follow-up.</p>
      <p>Another possible explanation for cachexia would be the development of malignant neoplasia in a patient previously debilitated by heart disease. New studies have recently shown a higher interaction between oncologic and cardiac diseases, no longer attributed to diagnostic coincidence, but to an interaction between their morbidities. A recent publication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> has shown that the overlap between those two diseases results from the addition of shared risk factors, such as obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle and diabetes mellitus. In that context, the term cancer-related &#8216;cardiac cachexia&#8217; appears. That complication is part of the natural history of neoplasms, leading to a progressive muscle mass loss (cachexia). However, many patients experience myocardial changes related to atrophy, remodeling and dysfunction, a set of findings known as cardiac cachexia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Insidious infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and infectious endocarditis, can also be accompanied by consumptive findings. Usually, the manifestation most commonly associated with those conditions is fever (70% to 90% of the cases), which, in our patient, was only reported during hospitalization, but not in the last months of his disease. In addition, other symptoms and signs, such as cough, productive expectoration, nocturnal sweating or skin lesions (petechiae and subungual hemorrhages), lack.</p>
      <p>On admission to the emergency service, the patient had signs of dehydration, arterial hypotension and systemic congestion, such as high jugular venous pressure, hepatomegaly and edema of the lower limbs. Such findings suggest a state of low cardiac output, which can correspond to an advanced stage of the underlying heart disease or decompensation associated with other contributing factors. On the admission electrocardiogram, signs of overload of the right chambers stand out, which might suggest a sudden increase in the pressures of the right atrium and ventricle, as observed in cases of acute pulmonary thromboembolism. Other factors that might contribute to acute decompensations in patients with chronic diseases and potentially immunosuppressed are bacterial infections, such as pneumonia and urinary tract infections.</p>
      <p>Despite the treatment instituted, the patient&#8217;s clinical status worsened with renal failure and metabolic acidosis. On the third day of hospitalization, he had lowering of consciousness, fever, oliguria and respiratory failure, being submitted to endotracheal intubation. These findings initially suggest infectious decompensation and a possible toxic-metabolic process, but cranial tomography revealed a right occipital low attenuation lesion compatible with acute ischemic stroke. In patients with structural heart disease, ischemic encephalic injuries are commonly secondary to cerebrovascular atherosclerotic disease or episodes of cardioembolism in the presence of atrial fibrillation or other intracardiac thrombi. Less frequently, the cardioembolic phenomenon can be related to infectious endocarditis or cardiac tumors. (Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes, MD, Jussara de Almeida Bruno, MD, and Hilda Sara Monteiro Ramirez, MD)</p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypotheses:</bold> ischemic cardiomyopathy, cardiac cachexia, acutely decompensated chronic heart failure (progression of the underlying disease? pulmonary thromboembolism? subjacent infection?), ischemic stroke (atherothrombosis? cardioembolic?). (Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes, MD, Jussara de Almeida Bruno, MD, and Hilda Sara Monteiro Ramirez, MD)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Postmortem examination</title>
      <p>The external examination revealed significant weight loss and moderate edema in the subcutaneous tissue, more marked in the lower limbs. On opening of the abdomen, 280 mL of yellow translucent ascitic fluid escaped. The heart weighed 644g (normal: 300-350g), and both ventricles were enlarged. Cross sections of the ventricles evidenced healed transmural myocardial infarction in the left ventricular anterior and anterolateral walls, involving at least 45% of the left ventricular myocardial mass and the anterior two-thirds of the ventricular septum, from the heart base to its tip (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Significant left ventricular aneurysmatic dilatation was observed, with important fibrosis and thinning of the anterior wall, whose thickness ranged from 0.2 cm to 1.4 cm. In the middle and apical thirds of the left ventricle, an organizing laminated thrombus was identified, adhered to the endocardial surface of the anterior wall and ventricular septum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The myocardium not affected by the infarction in the left ventricle was hypertrophied. The right ventricle showed moderate mural hypertrophy and dilatation, with an organizing thrombus in the apical region. The microscopic study of the epicardial coronary arteries showed atherosclerotic impairment with fibrosis and calcification in atheromatous plaques and important obstruction of the vascular lumen of the major branches (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). The branches of the left coronary artery showed: maximal luminal obstruction of 75% in the first centimeter of the circumflex artery (CX), and 90% in the fourth centimeter of the anterior interventricular artery (AD). In addition, to aggravate the obstruction of the latter, in the fourth centimeter, there was an old recanalized thrombus in a calcified atherosclerotic plaque. The right coronary artery (RC) showed a maximal obstruction of 60% in its first centimeter, and 70% in the first centimeter of its posterior interventricular branch (PD). Neither recent myocardial infarction nor coronary thrombosis nor intracoronary stent<italic>s</italic> were seen. The lungs, liver and spleen showed morphological changes of chronic passive congestion secondary to CHF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). The aorta and cerebral arteries of the Willis polygon evidenced moderate atherosclerosis with calcification. The brain showed neither recent nor old ischemic infarction. There were benign nephrosclerosis, represented by hyalinization of the wall of the glomerular afferent arterioles, and myocardial sclerosis, with multifocal perivascular fibrosis in the left ventricular myocardium, due to systemic arterial hypertension. The lungs showed bilateral suppurative aspiration pneumonia, with particulate food matter and Gram-positive filamentous bacterial aggregates, morphologically compatible with <italic>Actinomyces sp</italic>, which are saprophyte microorganisms of the mouth (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). There was benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia, accompanied by a distended and thickened urinary bladder, with no morphological evidence of infection. There were acute tubular necrosis in the kidneys, hepatic centrilobular necrosis in the liver, and recent multifocal subendocardial infarctions in both ventricles, resulting from low cardiac output. Although the patient had reported coronary angioplasty with stent implantation 8 years before, no stent was identified in the coronary arteries. Neither malignant neoplasms nor morphological evidence of infection in other organs were found. (L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi, MD)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A and B: Cross sections of the ventricles in the middle-basal and apical regions, respectively. Healed transmural infarction in the left ventricular anterior and lateral walls and in the anterior two-thirds of the ventricular septum, with aneurysmal formation. Myocardial hypertrophy of the left ventricular walls not affected by the infarction is evident. Organizing thrombus in the endocardium of the left ventricular anterior and septal walls (arrow) in the middle-basal region, extending to the apical region (tr). Organizing thrombus in the right ventricular endocardium of the apex (arrow). C and D: Histological sections of the left ventricular aneurysm showing an isolated group of cardiomyocytes (m) and focal calcification (ca) amid mural fibrosis (f). Hematoxylin-eosin, 25x.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0388-80065-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological sections of epicardial coronary arteries. Calcified atherosclerosis with luminal obstruction greater than 50% in the major branches. In the first centimeter of the right coronary artery (RC1), there is diffuse intimal fibrosis, with no lipid. In the first centimeter of the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery (PD1) and of the circumflex branch (CX1), there are atherosclerotic plaques with fatty center and cholesterol crystals (arrows), surrounded by fibrosis (F). In the fourth centimeter of the anterior interventricular branch (AD4), there is luminal occlusion by an old recanalized thrombus, with multiple lumina and small vessels formed in the repairing process (*). Hematoxylin-eosin, 25x (RC1, CX1 and AD4) and 50x (PD1).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0388-80065-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chronic passive congestion. Lungs: thickening and tortuosity of the veins (A) and muscularization and hypertrophy of the media layer of an intra-acinar arteriole (B). Liver: sinusoidal dilatation in centrilobular areas (C). Spleen: intense congestion and widening of the red pulp; small, non-reactive lymphoid follicles (*). Hematoxylin&#8209;eosin, 100x (A and D) and 400x (B). Masson trichrome, 50x (C).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0388-80065-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Lungs (A and B). Aspiration pneumonia: alveolar spaces filled with dense suppurative neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate (*), amid which, particulate food material and filamentous bacterial aggregates, morphologically compatible with Actinomyces (arrows), can be seen. Hematoxylin-eosin, 100x (A).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0388-80065-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses:</bold> 1) systemic atherosclerosis; 2) coronary atherosclerosis; 3) ischemic heart disease, with healed infarction in the left ventricular anterior and anterolateral walls and in the anterior two-thirds of the ventricular septum; 4) left ventricular aneurysmatic dilatation in the left ventricular anterior wall with an organizing thrombus in the endocardium subjacent to the healed infarction area; 5) congestive heart failure; 6) aspiration pneumonia; 7) mixed hemodynamic shock (cardiogenic/infectious). (L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi, MD)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the major cause of death in Brazil and worldwide, with higher incidence in men aged 40 years and older.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Coronary atherosclerosis is the major contributor to the occurrence of IHD, despite the global preventive measures and the advance in the hemodynamic and pharmacological techniques to treat atherosclerotic disease. Thus, the risk factors for the development of IHD are those for coronary atherosclerosis. This case shows the progression of coronary atherosclerosis and its complications in a male patient with risk factors, such as age (72 years) and systemic arterial hypertension. The atherosclerotic involvement of the coronary arteries, more marked in the AD and CX branches, and the old recanalized thrombus in DA explain the healed transmural infarction in the left ventricular anterior and anterolateral walls and in the ventricular septum, from the heart base to its tip. The complications of myocardial infarction depend on the location and extension of the myocardial necrotic area, which, in our patient, are represented by left ventricular aneurysmal dilation, extensive transmural myocardial fibrosis in the left ventricular anterior wall and organizing thrombus in the endocardium of the infarcted area. An aneurysm can occur early or later after myocardial infarction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and its presence increases the risk for ventricular arrhythmias and CHF. On postmortem exams, aneurysms are found in cases of extensive myocardial infarction and the hearts are enlarged, with hypertrophy of the remaining left ventricular myocardium, left ventricular dilatation and significant luminal obstruction of the major branches of the epicardial coronary arteries. Congestive heart failure is frequent, being the major cause of death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The mortality rate of patients of both sexes, aged at least 70 years, who develop CHF after myocardial infarction and have an abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction, varies from 41% to 92%, respectively, from the first to the fifth post-infarction year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In the case here discussed, the complication cited contributed to CHF, morphologically identified as anasarca, chronic passive congestion of the lungs, liver and spleen, low cardiac output and cardiac cachexia, determining the patient&#8217;s unfavorable outcome. The cause of death was hemodynamic shock, to which CHF and aspiration pneumonia contributed. (L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi, MD)</p>
      <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 2/2018 - Homem de 73 Anos com Miocardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica, Caquexia e Choque</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Amorim Belo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramirez</surname>
            <given-names>Hilda Sara Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demarchi</surname>
            <given-names>L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Perda de Peso</kwd>
        <kwd>Caquexia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Trata-se de paciente do sexo masculino, 73 anos, natural de Jacupiranga, SP, e procedente de S&#227;o Paulo, SP, queixando-se de emagrecimento de 30 kg nos &#250;ltimos 4 meses, com queda do estado geral nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas.</p>
      <p>Sabia ser portador de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, com relato de dois epis&#243;dios de infarto e uma angioplastia coron&#225;ria com implante de <italic>stent</italic> 8 anos antes. Tinha diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 22%.</p>
      <p>Fazia uso de espironolactona, losartana, carvedilol, furosemida e propatilnitrato.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (29 abr 2004) mostrava paciente emagrecido, desidratado, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 80 bpm, press&#227;o arterial inaud&#237;vel, aumento da press&#227;o venosa jugular, pulm&#245;es com sibilos inspirat&#243;rios, ausculta card&#237;aca com ritmo regular, sem sopros, f&#237;gado palpado a 3 cm do rebordo costal direito e edema discreto de membros inferiores. Foram administrados 1500 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o de cloreto de s&#243;dio 0,9% e a press&#227;o arterial se elevou para 90/70 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Os resultados de exames laboratoriais (30 abr 2004) foram: hemoglobina, 17,2 g/dl; plaquetas, 99000/mm<sup>3</sup>; leuc&#243;citos, 7850/mm<sup>3</sup>; ureia, 122 mg/dl; creatinina, 2,2 mg/dl; pot&#225;ssio, 6,5 mEq/l; s&#243;dio, 143 mE/l; gasimetria arterial: pH 7,3, bicarbonato 16 mEq/l e excesso de base (-)7 mEq/l.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (29 abr 2004) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>) mostrava ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 68 bpm, PR 200 ms, dQRS 120 ms, QT 440 ms, sobrecarga atrial esquerda e sinais indiretos de sobrecarga atrial direita (Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi), al&#233;m de bloqueio da divis&#227;o anterossuperior do ramo esquerdo. N&#227;o havia presen&#231;a de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: sobrecarga atrial esquerda e sinais indiretos de sobrecarga atrial direita (Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi), bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e da divis&#227;o anterossuperior do ramo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0388-80065-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Foi internado no Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; para compensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda.</p>
      <p>Evoluiu com olig&#250;ria, dispneia e, na tarde do terceiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, apresentou s&#250;bito rebaixamento de consci&#234;ncia, febre e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria com necessidade de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais pr&#233;vios desse dia revelaram: hemoglobina, 14,5 g/dl; leuc&#243;citos, 8500/mm<sup>3</sup>; s&#243;dio, 139 mEq/l; pot&#225;ssio, 3,7 mEq/l; ureia, 170 mg/dl; creatinina, 2,2 mg/dl; leucocit&#250;ria, 10000/ml; e hemat&#250;ria, 280000/ml.</p>
      <p>No epis&#243;dio, observaram-se: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 100/60 mmHg, temperatura de 37,8&#186;C, satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de 97%, pulm&#245;es com estertores crepitantes em bases. O ritmo card&#237;aco era regular sem sopros ou bulhas acess&#243;rias. A glicemia capilar era 166 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>O paciente foi encaminhado ao pronto-socorro do Incor. As suspeitas cl&#237;nicas foram de broncoaspira&#231;&#227;o ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico de entrada (3 abr 2004) revelou paciente agitado, intubado, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 90 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 68/49 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 36 ipm, pulm&#245;es com roncos difusos, ausculta card&#237;aca sem altera&#231;&#245;es. O f&#237;gado estava a 3 cm do rebordo costal direito. Havia edema (+++) de membros inferiores, sem sinais de empastamento de panturrilhas.</p>
      <p>Foram prescritos sedativos, dobutamina, noradrenalina, enoxaparina, vancomicina e imipenem/cilastatina.</p>
      <p>A tomografia de cr&#226;nio (4 maio 2004) revelou &#225;rea hipoatenuante occipital direita, proemin&#234;ncia de sulcos corticais, sem outras altera&#231;&#245;es de monta, compat&#237;vel com acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico occipital direito.</p>
      <p>O paciente continuou em choque apesar do uso de aminas vasoativas e apresentou bradicardia e assistolia e faleceu (16 h; 5 maio 2004 ).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>O caso relatado evidencia homem idoso e portador de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica que evoluiu com emagrecimento significativo nos &#250;ltimos 4 meses, queda do estado geral e instabilidade cl&#237;nica nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas que precederam a interna&#231;&#227;o. Algumas possibilidades diagn&#243;sticas poderiam explicar a perda ponderal significativa apresentada pelo paciente.</p>
        <p>A caquexia card&#237;aca &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o frequente nos est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) e associa-se a menor sobrevida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A fisiopatologia que conduz a essa altera&#231;&#227;o foi primeiramente descrita pelos pesquisadores Pitman e Cohen.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Posteriormente, novas evid&#234;ncias demonstraram que a causa seria multifatorial, vinculada principalmente &#224; anorexia, &#224; modifica&#231;&#227;o na rotina da ingest&#227;o de alimentos, &#224; mudan&#231;a de absor&#231;&#227;o e metabolismo em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Estima-se que at&#233; 34% dos pacientes portadores de ICC em acompanhamento ambulatorial possam apresentar caquexia card&#237;aca durante o seguimento a m&#233;dio e longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os efeitos delet&#233;rios dessa altera&#231;&#227;o resultam em comprometimento das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;aca e respirat&#243;ria, redu&#231;&#227;o da imunidade, entre outros, o que resulta em maior mortalidade. As complica&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas que ocorreram no caso relatado e que tornaram menos prov&#225;vel a revers&#227;o do quadro final podem ter sido agravadas pela caquexia card&#237;aca. Como tratamento, a literatura busca uma pluralidade de a&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas que combatam os pontos mais cr&#237;ticos da caquexia, como a terapia nutricional e o uso de estimulantes de apetite, a corre&#231;&#227;o da anemia e do edema, esteroides anabolizantes e imunomodula&#231;&#227;o. Em paralelo &#224; terap&#234;utica medicamentosa, a atividade f&#237;sica &#233; indicada neste tipo de paciente para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da musculatura esquel&#233;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> sempre respeitando os limites impostos pela doen&#231;a do indiv&#237;duo, sendo necess&#225;rio um acompanhamento rigoroso dessas atividades.</p>
        <p>Outra possibilidade de caquexia no caso citado seria o desenvolvimento de neoplasia maligna em paciente j&#225; previamente debilitado por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. Recentemente, novos estudos demonstraram maior intera&#231;&#227;o entre os dois temas (doen&#231;as oncol&#243;gicas e card&#237;acas), n&#227;o se atribuindo mais &#224; coincid&#234;ncia diagn&#243;stica, mas sim &#224; intera&#231;&#227;o entre as suas morbidades. Recente publica&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> mostrou que a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o dessas duas doen&#231;as &#233; resultado de somat&#243;rio de fatores de risco compartilhados, como obesidade, tabagismo, sedentarismo e diabetes mellitus. Nesse contexto, surge o termo de caquexia card&#237;aca relacionada ao c&#226;ncer. Essa complica&#231;&#227;o &#233; parte da hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a neopl&#225;sica, que leva a uma perda progressiva de massa muscular (caquexia). Muitos pacientes, por&#233;m, tamb&#233;m experimentam altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas no que tange a atrofia, remodelamento e disfun&#231;&#227;o, quadro ent&#227;o chamado de caquexia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Doen&#231;as infecciosas insidiosas como tuberculose e endocardite infecciosa tamb&#233;m podem cursar com quadros consumptivos. Geralmente, a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais comum associada a essas afec&#231;&#245;es &#233; febre (entre 70% e 90% dos casos), que somente foi relatada no caso acima durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o no curso dos &#250;ltimos meses da doen&#231;a. Outros sintomas e sinais, como tosse, expectora&#231;&#227;o produtiva, sudorese noturna ou les&#245;es cut&#226;neas como pet&#233;quias e hemorragias subungueais, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o s&#227;o apresentados na hist&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>Na admiss&#227;o no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia, o paciente apresentava sinais de desidrata&#231;&#227;o, hipotens&#227;o arterial e congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica, como press&#227;o venosa jugular elevada, hepatomegalia e edema de membros inferiores. Esses dados sugerem estado de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, que pode corresponder a est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado da cardiopatia de base ou descompensa&#231;&#227;o associada a outros fatores contribuintes. Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o no eletrocardiograma de entrada a presen&#231;a de sinais de sobrecarga de c&#226;maras direitas, o que pode sugerir aumento s&#250;bito das press&#245;es no &#225;trio e no ventr&#237;culo direitos, conforme observado em casos de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo. Outros fatores que podem contribuir para descompensa&#231;&#245;es agudas em pacientes com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e potencialmente imunodeprimidos s&#227;o infec&#231;&#245;es bacterianas, como pneumonias e infec&#231;&#245;es do trato urin&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Apesar do tratamento institu&#237;do, o paciente evoluiu com piora cl&#237;nica associada a insufici&#234;ncia renal e acidose metab&#243;lica. No terceiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, apresentou rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia, febre, olig&#250;ria e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, sendo submetido a intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal. O quadro inicialmente sugere descompensa&#231;&#227;o infecciosa com poss&#237;vel quadro t&#243;xico-metab&#243;lico, mas a tomografia de cr&#226;nio revelou les&#227;o hipoatenuante occipital direita compat&#237;vel com acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico agudo. Em pacientes portadores de cardiopatias estruturais, insultos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos comumente s&#227;o secund&#225;rios a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cerebrovascular ou epis&#243;dios de cardioemboliza&#231;&#227;o na presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou outros trombos intracard&#237;acos. Menos frequentemente, o fen&#244;meno cardioemb&#243;lico pode ser relacionado a endocardite infecciosa ou tumores card&#237;acos. (Dr. Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes, Dra. Jussara de Almeida Bruno e Dra. Hilda Sara Monteiro Ramirez)</p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas:</bold> miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, caquexia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica agudizada (evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de base? tromboembolismo pulmonar? infec&#231;&#227;o subjacente?), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico (aterotrombose? cardioemb&#243;lico?). (Dr. Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes, Dra. Jussara de Almeida Bruno e Dra. Hilda Sara Monteiro Ramirez)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>Ao exame externo, havia emagrecimento acentuado e edema moderado em tecido subcut&#226;neo, mais acentuado em membros inferiores. &#192; abertura do abdome, houve sa&#237;da de 280 ml de l&#237;quido asc&#237;tico amarelo e transl&#250;cido. O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 644g (normal: 300-350g), notando-se aumento do volume em ambos os ventr&#237;culos. Cortes transversais sobre os mesmos mostraram infarto mioc&#225;rdico cicatrizado, transmural, em paredes anterior e anterolateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), comprometendo 45% ou mais da massa mioc&#225;rdica do VE e os dois ter&#231;os anteriores do septo ventricular, desde a base at&#233; a ponta do cora&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>). Havia dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada de VE, notando-se fibrose e afilamento importantes em parede anterior, de aspecto aneurism&#225;tico, cuja espessura variava de 0,2 cm a 1,4 cm. Nos ter&#231;os m&#233;dio e apical do VE, aderido &#224; superf&#237;cie endoc&#225;rdica em parede anterior e em septo ventricular, encontrou-se trombo em organiza&#231;&#227;o, laminar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>). O mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o comprometido pelo infarto no VE exibia hipertrofia. O ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) apresentava hipertrofia mural e dilata&#231;&#227;o moderadas, com trombo em organiza&#231;&#227;o em regi&#227;o apical. O estudo microsc&#243;pico das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas mostrou comprometimento ateroscler&#243;tico com fibrose e calcifica&#231;&#227;o em placas ateromatosas e obstru&#231;&#227;o importante da luz vascular nos principais ramos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>). Nos ramos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, havia obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal m&#225;xima de 75% no primeiro cent&#237;metro do ramo circunflexo (CX) e de 90% no quarto cent&#237;metro do ramo interventricular anterior (DA). Colaborando para a obstru&#231;&#227;o desse &#250;ltimo, tamb&#233;m no quarto cent&#237;metro, havia trombo antigo recanalizado em placa ateroscler&#243;tica calcificada. Na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (CD), observou-se obstru&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de 60% no primeiro cent&#237;metro e de 70% no primeiro cent&#237;metro do seu ramo interventricular posterior (DP). N&#227;o foram encontrados infarto mioc&#225;rdico ou trombose coron&#225;ria recentes, nem <italic>stents</italic> intracoron&#225;rios. Foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas de congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica, secund&#225;rias &#224; ICC, em pulm&#245;es, f&#237;gado e ba&#231;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>). Na aorta e nas art&#233;rias cerebrais no pol&#237;gono de Willis havia aterosclerose moderada, calcificada. N&#227;o foi encontrado infarto an&#234;mico, recente ou antigo, em enc&#233;falo. Havia nefrosclerose benigna, representada por hialiniza&#231;&#227;o na parede de arter&#237;olas aferentes dos glom&#233;rulos renais, e miocardiosclerose, com fibrose perivascular multifocal em mioc&#225;rdio do VE, decorrentes da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Nos pulm&#245;es, observou-se pneumonia supurativa, bilateral, de etiologia aspirativa, uma vez que havia restos alimentares e grumos de bact&#233;rias filamentosas Gram positivas, morfologicamente compat&#237;veis com <italic>Actinomyces sp</italic>, que s&#227;o microrganismos sapr&#243;fitas da mucosa oral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>). Apresentava hiperplasia nodular benigna em pr&#243;stata, acompanhada de bexiga de esfor&#231;o, mas sem evid&#234;ncias morfol&#243;gicas de infec&#231;&#227;o. Havia necrose tubular aguda em rins, necrose hep&#225;tica centrilobular e infartos subendoc&#225;rdicos recentes e multifocais em ambos os ventr&#237;culos, decorrentes de baixo d&#233;bito. Apesar da informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de angioplastia coron&#225;ria com implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> 8 anos antes do &#243;bito, n&#227;o havia <italic>stents</italic> em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. N&#227;o foram encontradas neoplasias malignas ou evid&#234;ncias morfol&#243;gicas de infec&#231;&#227;o em outros &#243;rg&#227;os. (Dra. L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A e B: Cortes transversais sobre os ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos em regi&#227;o m&#233;dio-basal e apical, respectivamente. Infarto cicatrizado transmural em paredes anterior e lateral do VE e nos dois ter&#231;os anteriores do septo ventricular com forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma. Hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica em paredes do VE n&#227;o acometidas pelo infarto. Trombo em organiza&#231;&#227;o em endoc&#225;rdio da parede anterior e septal do VE (seta) na regi&#227;o m&#233;dio-basal, que se estende para a regi&#227;o apical (tr). Trombo em organiza&#231;&#227;o em endoc&#225;rdio no &#225;pice do VD (seta). C e D- Cortes histol&#243;gicos do aneurisma em VE: grupo isolado de cardiomi&#243;citos (m) e calcifica&#231;&#227;o focal (ca) em meio &#224; fibrose mural (f). Hematoxilina-eosina, 25x.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0388-80065-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cortes histol&#243;gicos das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas. Aterosclerose calcificada, com obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal maior que 50% nos principais ramos. No primeiro cent&#237;metro da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (CD1) h&#225; fibrose intimal difusa, sem conte&#250;do lip&#237;dico. No primeiro cent&#237;metro do ramo interventricular posterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (DP1) e do ramo circunflexo (CX1) encontram-se placas ateroscler&#243;ticas com centro gorduroso contendo cristais de colesterol (setas), circundado por fibrose (F). No quarto cent&#237;metro do ramo interventricular anterior (DA4), h&#225; oclus&#227;o luminal por trombo antigo recanalizado, observando-se luzes m&#250;ltiplas e pequenas de vasos formados no processo de repara&#231;&#227;o (*). Hematoxilina-eosina, 25x (CD1, CX1 e DA4) e 50x (DP1).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0388-80065-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica. Pulm&#245;es: espessamento e tortuosidade de veias (A) e musculariza&#231;&#227;o e hipertrofia da m&#233;dia em arter&#237;ola intracinar (B). F&#237;gado: Dilata&#231;&#227;o sinusoidal em &#225;reas centrilobulares (C). Ba&#231;o: congest&#227;o intensa e alargamento em polpa vermelha; fol&#237;culos linf&#243;ides pequenos, n&#227;o reativos (*). Hematoxilina-eosina, 100x (A e D) e 400x (B). Tricr&#244;mico de Masson, 50x (C).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0388-80065-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pulm&#245;es (A e B). Pneumonia aspirativa: espa&#231;os alveolares preenchidos por denso infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio neutrof&#237;lico , supurativo (*), em meio ao qual se encontram restos alimentares e grumos de bact&#233;rias filamentosas morfologicamente compat&#237;veis com Actinomyces (setas). Hematoxilina-eosina, 100x (A).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0388-80065-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos:</bold> 1) aterosclerose sist&#234;mica; 2) aterosclerose coron&#225;ria; 3) doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, com infarto cicatrizado em paredes anterior e anterolateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e em dois ter&#231;os anteriores do septo ventricular; 4) dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, de aspecto aneurism&#225;tico em parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com trombo em organiza&#231;&#227;o no endoc&#225;rdio subjacente &#224; &#225;rea de infarto cicatrizado; 5) insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; 6) pneumonia aspirativa; 7) choque hemodin&#226;mico misto (cardiog&#234;nico/infeccioso). (Dra. L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Coment&#225;rio</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) ainda &#233; a principal causa de &#243;bito no mundo e no Brasil, com maior incid&#234;ncia em homens a partir de 40 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A aterosclerose coron&#225;ria &#233; a doen&#231;a que mais contribui para a ocorr&#234;ncia da DIC, apesar das medidas globais de preven&#231;&#227;o e do avan&#231;o das t&#233;cnicas hemodin&#226;micas e farmacol&#243;gicas de tratamento da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. Assim, os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da DIC s&#227;o os mesmos da aterosclerose coron&#225;ria. O caso em discuss&#227;o mostra a evolu&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose coron&#225;ria e suas complica&#231;&#245;es em um homem que apresenta como fatores de risco a idade (72 anos) e a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. O acometimento ateroscler&#243;tico das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, mais acentuado nos ramos DA e CX, e a trombose antiga recanalizada em DA explicam o infarto transmural cicatrizado nas paredes anterior e anterolateral do VE e em septo ventricular, desde a base at&#233; a ponta do cora&#231;&#227;o. As complica&#231;&#245;es do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio dependem da localiza&#231;&#227;o e da extens&#227;o da &#225;rea de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e, nesse paciente, s&#227;o representadas pela dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica em VE, fibrose mioc&#225;rdica transmural extensa em parede anterior do VE e trombo em organiza&#231;&#227;o no endoc&#225;rdio da &#225;rea com infarto. O aneurisma pode ocorrer precoce ou tardiamente ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e sua presen&#231;a aumenta o risco de arritmias ventriculares e de ICC. Em aut&#243;psias, o aneurisma &#233; encontrado em casos de infarto mioc&#225;rdico extenso e os cora&#231;&#245;es apresentam aumento de peso, hipertrofia do mioc&#225;rdio remanescente em VE, dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE e obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal acentuada nos principais ramos das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas. A ICC &#233; frequente, sendo a principal causa de &#243;bito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A taxa de mortalidade em pacientes de ambos os sexos, com mais de 70 anos de idade, que desenvolvem ICC ap&#243;s infarto mioc&#225;rdico e que apresentam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE alterada, varia de 41% a 92%, respectivamente, do primeiro ao quinto ano p&#243;s-infarto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> No caso em discuss&#227;o, as complica&#231;&#245;es citadas contribu&#237;ram para a ICC, morfologicamente identificada por anasarca, congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica pulmonar, hep&#225;tica e espl&#234;nica, baixo d&#233;bito e caquexia card&#237;aca, determinando a evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel do paciente. A causa de &#243;bito foi choque hemodin&#226;mico, para o qual contribu&#237;ram a ICC e a pneumonia aspirativa. (Dra. L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi)</p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
