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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="rapid-communication" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hjRHDdR4sbB8cVJ46TFVrbH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400383</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180049</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of Aerobic Training on The Mechanics of Ventricular Contraction After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Pilot Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santi</surname>
            <given-names>Giovani Luiz De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Turin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Elias Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cresc&#234;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gallo-J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Louren&#231;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Giovani Luiz De Santi,</bold> Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Postal Code 14048-900, Monte Alegre, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>giovanidesanti@cardiol.br</email>, <email>giovanidesanti@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: De Santi GL, Schmidt A, Gallo-J&#250;nior L; Acquisition of data: De Santi GL, Moreira HT, Carvalho EEV, Cresc&#234;ncio JC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: De Santi GL, Moreira HT, Carvalho EEV, Schmidt A, Marin Neto JA, Gallo-J&#250;nior L; Statistical analysis: De Santi GL, Cresc&#234;ncio JC; Writing of the manuscript: De Santi GL, Gallo-J&#250;nior L; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Marin Neto JA, Gallo-J&#250;nior L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>383</fpage>
      <lpage>387</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The study of myocardial contractility, based on the new anatomical concepts that govern cardiac mechanics, represents a promising strategy of analysis of myocardial adaptations related to physical training in the context of post-infarction.</p>
        <p>We investigated the influence of aerobic training on physical capacity and on the evaluation parameters of left ventricular contraction mechanics in patients with myocardial infarction.</p>
        <p>Thirty-one patients (55.1 &#177; 8.9 years) who had myocardial infarction in the anterior wall were prospectively investigated in three groups: interval training group (ITG) (n = 10), moderate training group (MTG) n = 10) and control group (CG) (n = 10). Before and after 12 weeks of clinical follow-up, patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The trained groups performed supervised aerobic training on treadmill, in two different intensities.</p>
        <p>A statistically significant increase in peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>) was observed in the ITG (19.2 &#177; 5.1 at 21.9 &#177; 5.6 ml/kg/min, p &lt; 0.01) and in the MTG 18.8 &#177; 3.7 to 21.6 &#177; 4.5 ml/kg/min, p &lt; 0.01). The GC did not present a statistically significant change in peak VO<sub>2</sub>. A statistically significant increase in radial strain (STRAD) was observed in the CG: basal STRAD (57.4 &#177; 16.6 to 84.1 &#177; 30.9%, p &lt; 0.05), medial STRAD (57.8 &#177; 27, 9 to 74.3 &#177; 36.1%, p &lt; 0.05) and apical STRAD (38.2 &#177; 26.0 to 52.4 &#177; 29.8%, p &lt; 0.01). The trained groups did not present a statistically significant change of the radial strain.</p>
        <p>The present study points to a potential clinical application of the parameters of ventricular contraction mechanics analysis, especially radial strain, to discriminate post-infarction myocardial adaptations between patients submitted or not to aerobic training programs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Contraction</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The helical conformation of the myocardial fibers, anchored in the pulmonary and aortic rings, determines a heart rotation movement around its longitudinal axis and confers a maximum mechanical efficiency to the cardiac muscle. The magnitude and characteristics of the present phenomenon are sensitive to left ventricle segmental and global contractile alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The parameters of myocardial deformation analysis and ventricular rotation represent a promising strategy for the study of cardiac contractility, allowing a reliable analysis of the left ventricular contraction dynamics, based on the new anatomical concepts that govern cardiac mechanics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Aerobic physical training (AFT) after myocardial infarction (MI) improves cardiac output, peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>), autonomic function and peripheral metabolism. Exercise programs, based on variables obtained through stress tests, are considered beneficial and safe for patients in the context of post-IM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, scientific papers that investigated the effects of TFA on post-MI ventricular remodeling process, particularly through cavitary volumes measurement, as well as by estimating cardiac function by left ventricle ejection fraction, in resting conditions, showed heterogeneous and inconsistent results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance allows an integrated analysis of myocardial function with the underlying pathology. Myocardial deformation curves, obtained by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, represent tools capable of identifying initial or subclinical alterations, both in the segmental function and in the global function of the left ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The use of these new methodologies incorporated into cardiac magnetic resonance can have a potential application in the identification of incipient contractile alterations in the post-infarction myocardium related to physical training. In this sense, we do not find in the scientific literature, articles that have tried to document, by myocardial deformation parameters analysis and ventricular rotation, the effects of AFT in patients in the context of post-MI.</p>
      <p>It was investigated the influence of TFA, prescribed in two different intensities, on physical capacity and the analysis parameters of myocardial deformation and ventricular rotation in patients with a diagnosis of MI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>Thirty patients, 55.1 &#177; 8.9 years, with the diagnosis of MI, were prospectively investigated after signing a informed consent form; randomized into three groups: moderate training (MTG), interval training (ITG) and control (CG).</p>
        <p>The inclusion criteria established were: anterior wall MI with exclusive involvement of anterior descending artery proximal third and asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction with left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 50%. Patients who progressed with heart failure, sustained ventricular tachycardia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure and orthopedic or neurological limitations for physical exercise were excluded.</p>
        <p>The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki declaration. The research ethics committee of our Institution (n&#186; 11612/2008) approved the consent form and study protocol.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
        <p>An exercise test was performed with uptake of gases expired by the CPX/D analyzer MedGraphics (Saint Paul, USA). BreezeEX software was used for the acquisition, processing and storage of cardiorespiratory variables. A modified Balke protocol was applied on treadmill, with speed 1.5 mph in the first minute, 2.5mph in the 2nd minute and fixed in 3.0 mph from the third minute, followed by increasing increments of the slope of 2% every minute until the effort is interrupted, due to physical exhaustion. Continuous cardiac monitoring was performed by the 13-lead modified Mason-Likar shunt system, and blood pressure was measured manually every minute during the exercise and recovery period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
        <p>Tests were performed on the Magneton Vision, Siemens, 1.5T (Erhlangen, Germany), with 25 mT circular polarization gradient coils. The sequence used was the fast gradient echo with steady state acquisition (TRUE_FISP) with parameters adjusted to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio. Flip angle = 10&#186;, cut thickness = 8mm; interval between cuts = 0 mm; 13 phases of the cardiac cycle in a single cut, each expiratory apnea, always synchronized to ECG, becoming a cardiac cycle film with optimal temporal and spatial resolution. The images were obtained along the vertical axis (4 chambers) and the short axis to cover the entire extension of the left ventricle.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of myocardial deformation and ventricular rotation</title>
        <p>The evaluation of myocardial deformation and ventricular rotation was performed by the Multimodality Tissue Tracking computer program (MTT, version 6.6.0, Toshiba, Japan) through the analysis of cardiac magnetic resonance images generated with pulse sequences Steady State Free Precession (SSFP)).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prescription of physical training</title>
        <p>Patients randomized to the training groups were subjected to three supervised weekly sessions of aerobic exercise on a treadmill, for a period of 12 weeks.</p>
        <p>Training sessions were constituted by the following phases: warm-up, with 5 minutes duration; conditioning, with load adjustments (speed and incline) to maintain the heart rate (HR) within the training zone for 30 minutes; and the descent with a duration of 5 minutes.</p>
        <p>The intensity of the TFA, defined by training HR interval, was established from a percentage of peak HR reached in the cardiopulmonary exercise test.</p>
        <p>The HR of training for the randomized patients for the MTG was calculated in the following way: the minimum HR was established as representative of 60% of the peak HR, while the maximum HR of training was the representative of 70% of the Peak HR reached in the cardiopulmonary exercise test.</p>
        <p>Patients randomized to ITG performed TFA applying a model called 4x4, consisting of 4 periods of 4 minutes duration with training HR between 85 to 95% of the peak HR reached in the cardiopulmonary exercise test, interspersed with periods of active recovery time of 3 minutes duration with training HR between 60 to 70% of the peak HR reached in the cardiopulmonary exercise test.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistic analysis</title>
        <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The analysis of the distribution of the data was verified with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The reason for the use of nonparametric tests was that the distributions of the analyzed variables did not present Gaussian distribution. The Kruskal-Wallis test with the Dunn post-test was used for intergroup comparison. The <italic>Wilcoxon</italic> rank-<italic>sum test</italic> was used for intragroup comparison. The statistical analysis was carried out with the SPSS 10.0 program (SPSS Inc., Chicago Illinois, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The comparative analysis between the groups did not present statistically significant differences for variables initial evaluation of exercise cardiopulmonary test.</p>
      <p>In contrast to the CG, the trained groups presented, after the 12-week period of TFA, increase with statistical significance of peak VO<sub>2</sub>, peak ventilation-minute (VM) and peak pulse oxygen (PO<sub>2</sub>) (p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exercise Cardiopulmonary Test Variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CG (n = 10)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">ITG (n = 10)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">MTG (n = 10)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Before</th>
              <th align="center">After</th>
              <th align="center">Before</th>
              <th align="center">After</th>
              <th align="center">Before</th>
              <th align="center">After</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> peak (ml/kg/min)</td>
              <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 4,4</td>
              <td align="center">17,1 &#177; 4,6</td>
              <td align="center">19,2 &#177; 5,1</td>
              <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 5,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">18,8 &#177; 3,7</td>
              <td align="center">21,6 &#177; 4,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VM peak (L/min)</td>
              <td align="center">55,9 &#177; 17,5</td>
              <td align="center">48,4 &#177; 15,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">61,4 &#177; 20,6</td>
              <td align="center">72,2 &#177; 21,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">62,1 &#177; 14,5</td>
              <td align="center">68,6 &#177; 15,5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Basal PO<sub>2</sub> (ml/systole)</td>
              <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 1,1</td>
              <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 0,8</td>
              <td align="center">3,75 &#177; 0,7</td>
              <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 0,9</td>
              <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 1,5</td>
              <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PO<sub>2</sub> peak (ml/systole)</td>
              <td align="center">11,7 &#177; 3,1</td>
              <td align="center">11,3 &#177; 3,1</td>
              <td align="center">11,6 &#177; 3,0</td>
              <td align="center">12,8 &#177; 2,5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">11,1 &#177; 1,1</td>
              <td align="center">12,3 &#177; 1,7<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RER</td>
              <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,08</td>
              <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,08</td>
              <td align="center">1,12 &#177; 0,11</td>
              <td align="center">1,19 &#177; 0,10</td>
              <td align="center">1,15 &#177; 0,07</td>
              <td align="center">1,19 &#177; 0,08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR rest (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">64,1 &#177; 12,8</td>
              <td align="center">65,6 &#177; 6,6</td>
              <td align="center">63,1 &#177; 9,9</td>
              <td align="center">62,1 &#177; 6,0</td>
              <td align="center">63,6 &#177; 11,6</td>
              <td align="center">64,8 &#177; 8,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR peak (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">122,9 &#177; 28,3</td>
              <td align="center">123,1 &#177; 28,2</td>
              <td align="center">131,8 &#177; 20,6</td>
              <td align="center">133,2 &#177; 21,7</td>
              <td align="center">131,6 &#177; 12,3</td>
              <td align="center">129,0 &#177; 18,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">158,5 &#177; 22,4</td>
              <td align="center">159,5 &#177; 15,5</td>
              <td align="center">149,5 &#177; 25,2</td>
              <td align="center">146,5 &#177; 16,8</td>
              <td align="center">153,0 &#177; 20,1</td>
              <td align="center">145,2 &#177; 17,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP peak (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 0,6</td>
              <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 0,7</td>
              <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
              <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 0,5</td>
              <td align="center">8,3 &#177; 0,7</td>
              <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DP (bpm.mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">19628 &#177; 5523</td>
              <td align="center">19422 &#177; 3870</td>
              <td align="center">19989 &#177; 5770</td>
              <td align="center">19596 &#177; 4468</td>
              <td align="center">20229 &#177; 3864</td>
              <td align="center">19566 &#177; 3990</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen uptake; VM: ventilation-minute; PO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen pulse; RER: respiratory exchange rate; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DP: double product.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.01: different, in the comparative analysis before and after, after the period of clinical follow-up.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05: different, before and after comparative analysis, after the clinical follow-up period.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The comparative analysis between the groups did not present statistically significant differences for variables initial evaluation of cardiac magnetic resonance, myocardial deformation and ventricular rotation.</p>
      <p>In contrast to the trained groups, the CG presented, after the 12-week period of clinical follow-up, a statistically significant increase in radial strain (STRAD) (p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Variable</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CG (n = 10)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">ITG (n = 10)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">MTG (n = 10)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Before</th>
              <th align="center">After</th>
              <th align="center">Before</th>
              <th align="center">After</th>
              <th align="center">Before</th>
              <th align="center">After</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FDV (ml)</td>
              <td align="center">156,6 &#177; 39,3</td>
              <td align="center">148,2 &#177; 34,1</td>
              <td align="center">174,8 &#177; 55,8</td>
              <td align="center">178,8 &#177; 44,9</td>
              <td align="center">143,8 &#177; 52,9</td>
              <td align="center">141,0 &#177; 45,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FSV (ml)</td>
              <td align="center">91,6 &#177; 37,0</td>
              <td align="center">83,9 &#177; 38,3</td>
              <td align="center">96,3 &#177; 52,3</td>
              <td align="center">96,3 &#177; 36,3</td>
              <td align="center">82,6 &#177; 38,9</td>
              <td align="center">76,2 &#177; 36,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FE (%)</td>
              <td align="center">43,9 &#177; 11,5</td>
              <td align="center">45,7 &#177; 14,4</td>
              <td align="center">47,0 &#177; 10,8</td>
              <td align="center">47,2 &#177; 6,8</td>
              <td align="center">44,6 &#177; 9,5</td>
              <td align="center">47,6 &#177; 10,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STLONG (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-9,0 &#177; 5,4</td>
              <td align="center">-9,1 &#177; 6,2</td>
              <td align="center">-9,2 &#177; 4,7</td>
              <td align="center">-8,6 &#177; 4,6</td>
              <td align="center">-10,1 &#177; 4,5</td>
              <td align="center">-10,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STCIRC_B (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-15,5 &#177; 4,3</td>
              <td align="center">-17,8 &#177; 3,3</td>
              <td align="center">-17,0 &#177; 3,3</td>
              <td align="center">-17,2 &#177; 3,0</td>
              <td align="center">-14,2 &#177; 4,6</td>
              <td align="center">-14,9 &#177; 3,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STCIRC_M (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-13,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
              <td align="center">-14,4 &#177; 3,6</td>
              <td align="center">-13,5 &#177; 3,6</td>
              <td align="center">-14,5 &#177; 3,5</td>
              <td align="center">-12,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
              <td align="center">-12,5 &#177; 2,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STCIRC_A (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-10,5 &#177; 4,6</td>
              <td align="center">-12,2 &#177; 6,9</td>
              <td align="center">-10,3 &#177; 5,6</td>
              <td align="center">-11,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
              <td align="center">-11,2 &#177; 4,4</td>
              <td align="center">-12,5 &#177; 8,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STRAD_B (%)</td>
              <td align="center">57,4 &#177; 16,6</td>
              <td align="center">84,1 &#177; 30,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">63,3 &#177; 19,5</td>
              <td align="center">58,6 &#177; 18,8</td>
              <td align="center">67,9 &#177; 24,5</td>
              <td align="center">60,4 &#177; 25,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STRAD_M (%)</td>
              <td align="center">57,8 &#177; 27,9</td>
              <td align="center">74,3 &#177; 36,1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">59,1 &#177; 21,3</td>
              <td align="center">58,5 &#177; 25,8</td>
              <td align="center">57,5 &#177; 21,0</td>
              <td align="center">55,6 &#177; 19,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STRAD_A (%)</td>
              <td align="center">38,2 &#177; 26,0</td>
              <td align="center">52,4 &#177; 29,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">41,8 &#177; 25,0</td>
              <td align="center">41,4 &#177; 19,4</td>
              <td align="center">38,3 &#177; 25,8</td>
              <td align="center">38,9 &#177; 17,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ROT_B (&#176;)</td>
              <td align="center">-2,2 &#177; 1,4</td>
              <td align="center">-2,3 &#177; 0,9</td>
              <td align="center">-1,6 &#177; 1,3</td>
              <td align="center">-1,5 &#177; 1,1</td>
              <td align="center">-1,9 &#177; 0,9</td>
              <td align="center">-2,3 &#177; 1,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ROT_A (&#176;)</td>
              <td align="center">3,2 &#177; 1,7</td>
              <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 3,4</td>
              <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 2,4</td>
              <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 2,0</td>
              <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 1,7</td>
              <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 2,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TWIST (&#176;)</td>
              <td align="center">5,4 &#177; 2,1</td>
              <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 3,3</td>
              <td align="center">5,9 &#177; 2,8</td>
              <td align="center">5,5 &#177; 2,0</td>
              <td align="center">5,9 &#177; 1,5</td>
              <td align="center">5,9 &#177; 2,5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>FDV: final diastolic volume; FSV: final systolic volume; EF: ejection fraction; STLONG: overall longitudinal strain; STCIRC_B: basal circumferential strain; STCIRC_M: medial circumferential strain; STCIRC_A: apical circumferential strain; STRAD_B: basal radial strain; STRAD_M: medial radial strain; STRAD_A: radial apical strain; ROT_B: basal rotation; ROT_A: apical rotation; Twist: angular difference between apical rotation and basal rotation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.01: different, in the comparative analysis before and after, after the period of clinical follow-up.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05: different, before and after comparative analysis, after the clinical follow-up period.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We conducted a pilot study in order to evaluate the influence of TFA, prescribed in two different intensities, on the physical capacity and mechanical contraction of the left ventricle in the context of post-MI.</p>
      <p>The main finding of this study was the documentation of a different behavior from the STRAD in the CG in comparison with the trained groups. This result is important insofar as it suggests that the myocardial deformation parameters may be more sensitive, in comparison with the classical parameters of evaluation of ventricular remodeling, in the identification of post-infarction myocardial adaptations between patients submitted or not to TFA programs.</p>
      <p>We postulate that in order to improve the mechanical efficiency of the cardiac muscle, there was an adaptation of the post-infarction myocardium in the GC that required an increase in systolic thickening as a probable mechanism for maintaining adequate systolic volume and cardiac output in the resting state.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, TFA may have contributed to compensatory adaptive mechanisms sensitive to radial strain analysis not to be triggered in trained groups as part of post-infarction myocardial adaptations, necessary to meet the metabolic and tissue demands in resting state.</p>
      <p>From the perspective of parameters analysis of myocardial deformation and ventricular rotation, the interval aerobic training did not show significant changes in left ventricle contraction mechanics in comparison with continuous moderate aerobic training.</p>
      <p>Throughout last decades, since the publication of Jugdutt et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> several scientific works emerged that attempted to evaluate TFA influence on ventricular remodeling process in post-MI context. Giannuzzi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> showed an increase in cardiac function and maintenance of cavitary volumes. Kubo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> observed an increase in cavitary volumes and maintenance of cardiac function. Giallauria et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> documented maintenance of both cavitary volumes and cardiac function.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the cavitary volumes and the cardiac function estimated by left ventricle ejection fraction did not present statistically significant changes. Moreover, in this way, they were not able to identify different patterns of ventricular remodeling in the training groups compared to the CG.</p>
      <p>From the point of view of functional capacity, we observed a comparable increase of 14% in ITG and MTG VO<sub>2</sub> peak. We used the 4x4 aerobic interval training model recommended in several studies for promoting expressive increases in VO<sub>2</sub> peak, compared to continuous moderate aerobic training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, we did not show a statistically significant difference between the ITG and the MTG VO<sub>2</sub> peak, after the period of physical training.</p>
      <p>We highlight that the present study data are corroborated by SAINTEX-CAD Study findings that showed a similar increase in physical fitness, comparing interval aerobic training versus continuous moderate aerobic training, in a large casuistry of patients with coronary artery disease.<sup>12</sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>It is known that HR increases linearly with VO<sub>2</sub> within defined limits in the bands of 50 to 90% maximum VO<sub>2</sub>. However, in the present study, we could not establish a relationship between training intensity and ventilatory thresholds.</p>
        <p>Finally, the area of fibrosis was not analyzed. The extension of fibrosis in the infarction area infarction can be an important determinant of the results of AFT in myocardial deformation parameters and ventricular rotation.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The findings of this study point to a potential clinical application of ventricular contraction mechanics parameters analysis, notably radial strain, in discriminating post-infarction myocardial adaptations between patients submitted or not to aerobic training programs.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Giovani Luiz De Santi, from Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 11612/2008. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia do Treinamento Aer&#243;bico na Mec&#226;nica de Contra&#231;&#227;o Ventricular ap&#243;s Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio: Estudo Piloto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santi</surname>
            <given-names>Giovani Luiz De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Turin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Elias Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cresc&#234;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gallo-J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Louren&#231;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Giovani Luiz De Santi,</bold> Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP 14048-900, Monte Alegre, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>giovanidesanti@cardiol.br</email>, <email>giovanidesanti@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: De Santi GL, Schmidt A, Gallo-J&#250;nior L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: De Santi GL, Moreira HT, Carvalho EEV, Cresc&#234;ncio JC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: De Santi GL, Moreira HT, Carvalho EEV, Schmidt A, Marin Neto JA, Gallo-J&#250;nior L; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: De Santi GL, Cresc&#234;ncio JC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: De Santi GL, Gallo-J&#250;nior L; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Marin Neto JA, Gallo-J&#250;nior L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O estudo da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, baseado nos novos conceitos anat&#244;micos que regem a mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca, representa uma estrat&#233;gia promissora de an&#225;lise das adapta&#231;&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio relacionadas ao treinamento f&#237;sico no contexto do p&#243;s-infarto.</p>
        <p>N&#243;s investigamos a influ&#234;ncia do treinamento aer&#243;bico na capacidade f&#237;sica e nos par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o da mec&#226;nica de contra&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        <p>Foram prospectivamente investigados 30 pacientes, 55,1 &#177; 8,9 anos, acometidos por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de parede anterior, aleatorizados em tr&#234;s grupos: grupo treinamento intervalado (GTI) (n = 10), grupo treinamento moderado (GTM) (n=10) e grupo controle (GC) (n = 10). Antes e ap&#243;s as 12 semanas de seguimento cl&#237;nico, os pacientes realizaram teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. Os grupos treinados realizaram treinamento aer&#243;bico supervisionado, em esteira ergom&#233;trica, aplicando-se duas intensidades distintas.</p>
        <p>Observou-se aumento estatisticamente significante do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) pico no GTI (19,2 &#177; 5,1 para 21,9 &#177; 5,6 ml/kg/min, p &lt; 0,01) e no GTM (18,8 &#177; 3,7 para 21,6 &#177; 4,5 ml/kg/min, p &lt; 0,01). O GC n&#227;o apresentou mudan&#231;a estatisticamente significante no VO<sub>2</sub> pico. Houve aumento estatisticamente significante do <italic>strain</italic> radial (STRAD) somente no GC: STRAD basal (57,4 &#177; 16,6 para 84,1 &#177; 30,9%, p &lt; 0,05), STRAD medial (57,8 &#177; 27,9 para 74,3 &#177; 36,1%, p &lt; 0,05) e STRAD apical (38,2 &#177; 26,0 para 52,4 &#177; 29,8%, p &lt; 0,01). Os grupos treinados n&#227;o apresentaram mudan&#231;a estatisticamente significante do <italic>strain</italic> radial.</p>
        <p>Os achados do presente estudo apontam para uma potencial aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos par&#226;metros de an&#225;lise da mec&#226;nica de contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular, notadamente do <italic>strain</italic> radial, em discriminar adapta&#231;&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-infarto entre pacientes submetidos ou n&#227;o a programas de treinamento aer&#243;bico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Contra&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A conforma&#231;&#227;o helicoidal das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas, ancoradas nos an&#233;is pulmonar e a&#243;rtico, determina um movimento de rota&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o ao redor do seu eixo longitudinal e confere uma efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica m&#225;xima ao m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco. A magnitude e as caracter&#237;sticas do presente fen&#244;meno s&#227;o sens&#237;veis &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis segmentar e global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros de an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da rota&#231;&#227;o ventricular representam uma estrat&#233;gia promissora de estudo da contratilidade card&#237;aca, por permitir uma an&#225;lise fidedigna da din&#226;mica de contra&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, baseada nos novos conceitos anat&#244;micos que regem a mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico (TFA) ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) melhora o desempenho card&#237;aco, o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) pico, a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e o metabolismo perif&#233;rico. Os programas de exerc&#237;cios, baseados em vari&#225;veis obtidas por meio dos testes de esfor&#231;os, s&#227;o considerados ben&#233;ficos e seguros para pacientes no contexto do p&#243;s-IM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entretanto, os trabalhos cient&#237;ficos que investigaram os efeitos do TFA sobre o processo de remodelamento ventricular p&#243;s-IM, particularmente atrav&#233;s da medida de volumes cavit&#225;rios, bem como por meio da estimativa de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, nas condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso, mostraram resultados heterog&#234;neos e inconsistentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca permite uma an&#225;lise integrada da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com a patologia subjacente. As curvas de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, obtidas por meio das imagens de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, representam ferramentas capazes de identificar altera&#231;&#245;es iniciais ou subcl&#237;nicas tanto na fun&#231;&#227;o segmentar quanto na fun&#231;&#227;o global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessas novas metodologias incorporadas &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca pode ter uma potencial aplica&#231;&#227;o na identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis incipientes no mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-infarto relacionadas ao treinamento f&#237;sico. Nesse sentido, n&#227;o encontramos na literatura cient&#237;fica, artigos que tenham procurado documentar, por meio da an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e de rota&#231;&#227;o ventricular, os efeitos do TFA em pacientes no contexto do p&#243;s-IM.</p>
        <p>Investigou-se a influ&#234;ncia do TFA, prescrito sob a forma de duas intensidades distintas, na capacidade f&#237;sica e nos par&#226;metros de an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da rota&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Foram prospectivamente investigados, ap&#243;s assinatura de termo de consentimento livre esclarecido, trinta pacientes, 55,1 &#177; 8,9 anos, com o diagn&#243;stico de IM; aleatorizados em tr&#234;s grupos: treinamento moderado (GTM), treinamento intervalado (GTI) e controle (GC).</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o estabelecidos foram: IM de parede anterior com comprometimento exclusivo do ter&#231;o proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular assintom&#225;tica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 50%. Exclu&#237;ram-se os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, taquicardia ventricular sustentada, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e limita&#231;&#245;es ortop&#233;dicas ou neurol&#243;gicas para o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um teste de esfor&#231;o com capta&#231;&#227;o dos gases expirados pelo analisador CPX/D MedGraphics (Saint Paul, USA). O <italic>software</italic> BreezeEX foi utilizado para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o, processamento e armazenamento das vari&#225;veis cardiorrespirat&#243;rias. Foi aplicado um protocolo de Balke modificado em esteira rolante, com velocidade 1,5 mph no 1&#186; minuto, 2,5 mph no 2&#186; minuto e fixa em 3,0 mph a partir do 3&#186; minuto, seguido por incrementos crescentes da inclina&#231;&#227;o de 2% a cada minuto at&#233; a interrup&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o, por exaust&#227;o f&#237;sica. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca cont&#237;nua foi realizada pelo sistema de deriva&#231;&#245;es de Mason-Likar modificado com 13 deriva&#231;&#245;es, e a press&#227;o arterial foi medida manualmente a cada minuto durante o per&#237;odo do esfor&#231;o e de recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Os exames foram realizados no equipamento Magneton Vision, Siemens, 1,5T (Erhlangen, Alemanha), com bobinas de gradiente de 25 mT, de polariza&#231;&#227;o circular. A sequ&#234;ncia utilizada foi a de gradiente-eco r&#225;pido com aquisi&#231;&#227;o em estado de equil&#237;brio (TRUE_FISP) com par&#226;metros ajustados de modo a otimizar a rela&#231;&#227;o sinal/ru&#237;do. Flip angle = 10&#186;, espessura do corte = 8 mm; intervalo entre cortes = 0 mm; 13 fases do ciclo card&#237;aco em um &#250;nico corte, a cada apneia expirat&#243;ria, sempre sincronizado ao ECG, tornando-se um filme do ciclo card&#237;aco com &#243;tima resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal e espacial. As imagens foram obtidas ao longo do eixo vertical (4 c&#226;maras) e eixo curto de modo a cobrir toda a extens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da rota&#231;&#227;o ventricular</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da rota&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi realizada pelo programa de computador <italic>Multimodality Tissue Tracking</italic> (MTT; version 6.6.0, Toshiba, Jap&#227;o) atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise das imagens de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca geradas com sequ&#234;ncias de pulso <italic>Steady State Free Precession</italic> (SSFP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prescri&#231;&#227;o do treinamento f&#237;sico</title>
          <p>Os pacientes aleatorizados para os grupos de treinamento foram submetidos a 03 sess&#245;es semanais supervisionadas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico em esteira rolante, por um per&#237;odo de 12 semanas.</p>
          <p>As sess&#245;es de treinamento foram constitu&#237;das pelas seguintes fases: aquecimento, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 05 minutos; condicionamento, com ajustes da carga (velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o) para manter a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) dentro da zona de treinamento, durante 30 minutos; e desaquecimento com dura&#231;&#227;o de 05 minutos.</p>
          <p>A intensidade do TFA, definida pelo intervalo da FC de treinamento, foi estabelecida a partir de um percentual da FC pico atingida no teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          <p>A FC de treinamento para os pacientes aleatorizados para o GTM foi calculada da seguinte maneira: a FC m&#237;nima foi estabelecida como sendo aquela representativa de 60% da FC pico ao passo que a FC m&#225;xima de treinamento foi &#224;quela representativa de 70% da FC pico atingida no teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes aleatorizados para o GTI realizaram o TFA aplicando-se um modelo denominado 4x4 que consiste em 4 per&#237;odos de dura&#231;&#227;o de 4 minutos com a FC de treinamento entre 85 a 95% da FC pico atingida no teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio, intercalados por per&#237;odos de recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa de dura&#231;&#227;o de 3 minutos com a FC de treinamento entre 60 a 70% da FC pico atingida no teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. A an&#225;lise quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi verificada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A raz&#227;o do uso de testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos decorreu do fato das distribui&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis analisadas n&#227;o terem apresentado distribui&#231;&#227;o Gaussiana. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis com o p&#243;s-teste de Dunn foi utilizado para a compara&#231;&#227;o intergrupos. O teste da soma dos postos de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o intragrupos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada atrav&#233;s do programa SPSS 10.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago Illinois, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa entre os grupos n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes para avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial das vari&#225;veis do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Em contraste com o GC, os grupos treinados apresentaram, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de 12 semanas de TFA, aumento com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica do VO<sub>2</sub> pico, da ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto (VM) pico e do pulso de oxig&#234;nio (PO<sub>2</sub>) pico (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis do Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">GC (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">GTI (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">GTM (n = 10)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Antes</th>
                <th align="center">Depois</th>
                <th align="center">Antes</th>
                <th align="center">Depois</th>
                <th align="center">Antes</th>
                <th align="center">Depois</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> pico (ml/kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">17,1 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">19,2 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 5,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">18,8 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">21,6 &#177; 4,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VM pico (L/min)</td>
                <td align="center">55,9 &#177; 17,5</td>
                <td align="center">48,4 &#177; 15,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">61,4 &#177; 20,6</td>
                <td align="center">72,2 &#177; 21,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">62,1 &#177; 14,5</td>
                <td align="center">68,6 &#177; 15,5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PO<sub>2</sub> basal (ml/s&#237;stole)</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,75 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PO<sub>2</sub> pico (ml/s&#237;stole)</td>
                <td align="center">11,7 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,3 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,6 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">12,8 &#177; 2,5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">11,1 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">12,3 &#177; 1,7<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RER</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">1,12 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 &#177; 0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC repouso (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">64,1 &#177; 12,8</td>
                <td align="center">65,6 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">63,1 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">62,1 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">63,6 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">64,8 &#177; 8,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC pico (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">122,9 &#177; 28,3</td>
                <td align="center">123,1 &#177; 28,2</td>
                <td align="center">131,8 &#177; 20,6</td>
                <td align="center">133,2 &#177; 21,7</td>
                <td align="center">131,6 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td align="center">129,0 &#177; 18,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS pico (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">158,5 &#177; 22,4</td>
                <td align="center">159,5 &#177; 15,5</td>
                <td align="center">149,5 &#177; 25,2</td>
                <td align="center">146,5 &#177; 16,8</td>
                <td align="center">153,0 &#177; 20,1</td>
                <td align="center">145,2 &#177; 17,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD pico (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,3 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DP (bpm.mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">19628 &#177; 5523</td>
                <td align="center">19422 &#177; 3870</td>
                <td align="center">19989 &#177; 5770</td>
                <td align="center">19596 &#177; 4468</td>
                <td align="center">20229 &#177; 3864</td>
                <td align="center">19566 &#177; 3990</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VM: ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto; PO<sub>2</sub>: pulso de oxig&#234;nio; RER: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; DP: duplo produto.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,01: diferente, na an&#225;lise comparativa antes versus depois, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05: diferente, na an&#225;lise comparativa antes versus depois, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa entre os grupos n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes para avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial das vari&#225;veis da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da rota&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        <p>Em contraste com os grupos treinados, o GC apresentou, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de 12 semanas de seguimento cl&#237;nico, aumento estatisticamente significante do <italic>strain</italic> radial (STRAD) (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis da Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">GC (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">GTI (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">GTM (n = 10)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Antes</th>
                <th align="center">Depois</th>
                <th align="center">Antes</th>
                <th align="center">Depois</th>
                <th align="center">Antes</th>
                <th align="center">Depois</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDF (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">156,6 &#177; 39,3</td>
                <td align="center">148,2 &#177; 34,1</td>
                <td align="center">174,8 &#177; 55,8</td>
                <td align="center">178,8 &#177; 44,9</td>
                <td align="center">143,8 &#177; 52,9</td>
                <td align="center">141,0 &#177; 45,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VSF (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">91,6 &#177; 37,0</td>
                <td align="center">83,9 &#177; 38,3</td>
                <td align="center">96,3 &#177; 52,3</td>
                <td align="center">96,3 &#177; 36,3</td>
                <td align="center">82,6 &#177; 38,9</td>
                <td align="center">76,2 &#177; 36,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">43,9 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">45,7 &#177; 14,4</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">47,2 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">44,6 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">47,6 &#177; 10,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STLONG (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-9,0 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">-9,1 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">-9,2 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">-8,6 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">-10,1 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">-10,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STCIRC_B (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-15,5 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">-17,8 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">-17,0 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">-17,2 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">-14,2 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">-14,9 &#177; 3,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STCIRC_M (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-13,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">-14,4 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">-13,5 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">-14,5 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">-12,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">-12,5 &#177; 2,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STCIRC_A (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-10,5 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">-12,2 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">-10,3 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">-11,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">-11,2 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">-12,5 &#177; 8,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STRAD_B (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57,4 &#177; 16,6</td>
                <td align="center">84,1 &#177; 30,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">63,3 &#177; 19,5</td>
                <td align="center">58,6 &#177; 18,8</td>
                <td align="center">67,9 &#177; 24,5</td>
                <td align="center">60,4 &#177; 25,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STRAD_M (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57,8 &#177; 27,9</td>
                <td align="center">74,3 &#177; 36,1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">59,1 &#177; 21,3</td>
                <td align="center">58,5 &#177; 25,8</td>
                <td align="center">57,5 &#177; 21,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,6 &#177; 19,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STRAD_A (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38,2 &#177; 26,0</td>
                <td align="center">52,4 &#177; 29,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">41,8 &#177; 25,0</td>
                <td align="center">41,4 &#177; 19,4</td>
                <td align="center">38,3 &#177; 25,8</td>
                <td align="center">38,9 &#177; 17,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ROT_B (&#176;)</td>
                <td align="center">-2,2 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">-2,3 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">-1,6 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">-1,5 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">-1,9 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">-2,3 &#177; 1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ROT_A (&#176;)</td>
                <td align="center">3,2 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 2,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TWIST (&#176;)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,5 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 &#177; 2,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; STLONG: strain longitudinal global; STCIRC_B: strain circunferencial basal; STCIRC_M: strain circunferencial medial; STCIRC_A: strain circunferencial apical; STRAD_B: strain radial basal; STRAD_M: strain radial medial; STRAD_A: strain radial apical; ROT_B: rota&#231;&#227;o basal; ROT_A: rota&#231;&#227;o apical;Twist: diferen&#231;a angular entre a rota&#231;&#227;o apical e a rota&#231;&#227;o basal.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,01: diferente, na an&#225;lise comparativa antes versus depois, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05: diferente, na an&#225;lise comparativa antes versus depois, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo piloto com a finalidade de avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do TFA, prescrito sob a forma de duas intensidades distintas, na capacidade f&#237;sica e na mec&#226;nica de contra&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no contexto do p&#243;s-IM.</p>
        <p>O principal achado desse estudo foi a documenta&#231;&#227;o de um comportamento distinto do STRAD no GC comparativamente aos grupos treinados. Esse resultado &#233; importante na medida em que sugere que os par&#226;metros de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica podem ser mais sens&#237;veis, comparativamente aos par&#226;metros cl&#225;ssicos de avalia&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento ventricular, na identifica&#231;&#227;o de adapta&#231;&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-infarto entre pacientes submetidos ou n&#227;o a programas de TFA.</p>
        <p>Postulamos que para melhorar a efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, houve uma adapta&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-infarto no GC que necessitou de um incremento do espessamento sist&#243;lico como mecanismo prov&#225;vel de manuten&#231;&#227;o de um volume sist&#243;lico e de um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco adequados na situa&#231;&#227;o de repouso.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, o TFA pode ter contribu&#237;do para que mecanismos adaptativos compensat&#243;rios, sens&#237;veis &#224; an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> radial, n&#227;o fossem deflagrados nos grupos treinados como parte das adapta&#231;&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-infarto, necess&#225;rias para atender as demandas metab&#243;licas e teciduais na situa&#231;&#227;o de repouso.</p>
        <p>Sob a perspectiva de an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e de rota&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o treinamento aer&#243;bico intervalado n&#227;o mostrou mudan&#231;as significativas na mec&#226;nica de contra&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo comparativamente ao treinamento aer&#243;bico moderado cont&#237;nuo.</p>
        <p>Ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, desde a publica&#231;&#227;o de Jugdutt et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> surgiram v&#225;rios trabalhos cient&#237;ficos que procuraram avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do TFA sobre o processo de remodelamento ventricular no contexto do p&#243;s-IM. Giannuzzi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> mostraram aumento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e manuten&#231;&#227;o dos volumes cavit&#225;rios. Kubo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> observaram aumento dos volumes cavit&#225;rios e manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Giallauria et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> documentaram manuten&#231;&#227;o tanto dos volumes cavit&#225;rios quanto da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, os volumes cavit&#225;rios e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca estimada pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo n&#227;o apresentaram mudan&#231;as estatisticamente significantes. E, dessa forma, n&#227;o foram capazes de identificar padr&#245;es distintos de remodelamento ventricular nos grupos de treinamento comparativamente ao GC.</p>
        <p>Do ponto de vista da capacidade funcional, observamos um aumento equipar&#225;vel de 14% no VO<sub>2</sub> pico do GTI e do GTM. Empregamos o modelo 4x4 de treinamento aer&#243;bico intervalado recomendado em v&#225;rios estudos por promover aumentos expressivos no VO<sub>2</sub> pico, comparativamente ao treinamento aer&#243;bico moderado cont&#237;nuo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Entretanto, n&#227;o evidenciamos diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre o VO<sub>2</sub> pico do GTI e do GTM, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de treinamento f&#237;sico.</p>
        <p>Ressaltamos que os dados do presente estudo s&#227;o corroborados pelos achados do SAINTEX-CAD Study que mostrou um incremento semelhante da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, comparando-se o treinamento aer&#243;bico intervalado versus o treinamento aer&#243;bico moderado cont&#237;nuo, em uma grande casu&#237;stica de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Sabe-se que a FC aumenta linearmente com o VO<sub>2</sub> dentro de limites definidos nas faixas de 50 a 90% do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo. Entretanto, no presente estudo, n&#227;o pudemos estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a intensidade do treinamento e os limiares ventilat&#243;rios.</p>
          <p>Finalmente, a &#225;rea de fibrose n&#227;o foi analisada. A extens&#227;o da fibrose na &#225;rea do infarto pode ser um importante determinante dos resultados do TFA nos par&#226;metros da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da rota&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os achados desse estudo apontam para uma potencial aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos par&#226;metros de an&#225;lise da mec&#226;nica de contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular, notadamente do <italic>strain</italic> radial, em discriminar adapta&#231;&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-infarto entre pacientes submetidos ou n&#227;o a programas de treinamento aer&#243;bico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Giovani Luiz De Santi pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 11612/2008. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
