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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZFCmxMgwrKdZHz4YjPs5n7y</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400381</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180068</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High-Intensity Interval Training for Early Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction - A Promising Approach for Rats, but what about Human Beings?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Porto Alegre</city>
            <state>RS</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Stein,</bold> Servi&#231;o de Fisiatria, T&#233;rreo - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>381</fpage>
      <lpage>382</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs), in particularly, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), kill or debilitate a large number of patients in the world. Despite the fact that not all patients develop ventricular dysfunction after the event, there is still a high prevalence of post-AMI heart failure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> which is considered a public health problem. Although the management of post-ACS is based on a wide range of drugs, usually associated with the revascularization procedure, different non-pharmacological strategies have been shown useful. In this regard, physical exercise is indicated,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> including cardiac rehabilitation programs that usually combine aerobic and resistance training with stretching exercises.</p>
    <p>Nevertheless, there is no single recipe for prescribing exercise after an acute coronary event. In my opinion, cardiologists should formally prescribe physical exercise in addition to cardiovascular drugs, considering aspects such as dosage, intervals, intensity and potential side effects. With respect to physical training, a vast of different exercise modalities have emerged and applied in health. Pilates, Tai Chi Chuan, functional training, crossfit, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) among others have spread across gyms and physical centers over the country and have been practiced primarily by apparently healthy individuals. As time passed, animal experiments and clinical studies on cardiovascular disease patients have been conducted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> HIIT was first proposed to Japanese Olympic skaters by Izumi Tabata. Today, HIIT consists in sessions of one to four-minute of high-intensity submaximal load alternating with low-to-moderate intensity exercises. Randomized clinical trials involving small samples have suggested a superiority of the method in increasing peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>peak) as compared with conventional continuous training. Due to its peculiarities and results, HIIT has boomed all over the world; however, international literature showing the impact of the method in ischemic heart disease patients, particularly in post-AMI patients is still lacking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this journal issue, Winter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> report information on the effects of HIIT on functional capacity and ventricular function in 29 Wistar rats after AMI. On day 21 after the event, the animals were randomized to control group (n = 10), or to undergo continuous training (n = 9) or HIIT (n = 10). All animals had ejection fraction equal to or greater than 50%, i.e., without ventricular dysfunction. An important finding was that the authors did not find within- or between group differences in echocardiographic findings before and after training in the animals allocated to continuous training or to HIIT. The authors suggest that both methods can increase functional capacity without altering ventricular function (remodeling). Based on this, one may ask the following question: can patients at early stage after AMI, without ventricular dysfunction, undergo this type of physical training?</p>
    <p>In a classical study by Wisloff et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> the authors evaluated three groups of elderly patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), who were clinically stable and had had a myocardial infarction more than one year before the study. Patients were randomized to control, moderate continuous training (MCT) or HIIT group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Individuals assigned to HIIT showed improved peak VO<sub>2</sub>, left ventricular remodeling and reduced natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels as compared with MCT. Also, a meta-analysis involving 160 patients showed that interval training (regardless of its intensity) increased peak VO<sub>2</sub> in HFrEF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Similarly, in a meta-analysis including 230 patients, Elliott et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> reported that interval training seems to increase peak VO<sub>2</sub> in patients with stable coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In the last years, different strategies that can be included in early post-acute rehabilitation programs have emerged, such as Tai Chi Chuan.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In any case, all interventions that may improve patients&#8217; recovery and functional capacity, and whenever possible, increase patients&#8217; survival should be used. With respect to the applicability of HIIT in the management of early post-AMI patients, it may be speculated that the method is efficient in improving peak VO<sub>2</sub>, an important prognostic marker. In fact, in the world of coronary stents and since post-AMI myocardial function is preserved in many patients, HIIT may be an attractive training strategy for some patients. On the other hand, the body of scientific knowledge is not sufficiently consistent to definitely recommend HIIT as a training modality for early post-AMI patients. Anyway Winter et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> in their investigation on laboratory animals, take an important step towards an effective alternative for cardiac rehabilitation programs in this group of patients.</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>12 Elliot AD, Rajopadhyaya K, Bentley DJ, Beltrame JF, Aromataris EC. Interval training versus continuous exercise in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Hear Lung Circ. 2015;24(2):149-57.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Rajopadhyaya</surname>
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              <surname>Beltrame</surname>
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              <surname>Aromataris</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
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          <article-title>Interval training versus continuous exercise in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Hear Lung Circ</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade P&#243;s-Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio Recente: O Rato Parece Apto, mas e o Ser Humano?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Stein,</bold> Servi&#231;o de Fisiatria, T&#233;rreo - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA) e, em especial, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) matam e/ou incapacitam um n&#250;mero elevado de pessoas no mundo todo. Apesar de nem todo paciente p&#243;s-IAM cursar com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca p&#243;s-evento ainda apresenta preval&#234;ncia elevada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> sendo um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Um vasto arsenal medicamentoso, comumente associado a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, comp&#245;e a base do tratamento p&#243;s-SCA, mas diferentes estrat&#233;gias n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas t&#234;m se mostrado &#250;teis. Nesse particular, o treinamento f&#237;sico &#233; indicado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e os programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca comumente mesclam o treinamento aer&#243;bico com o resistido, ambos aliados aos exerc&#237;cios de flexibilidade/alongamento.</p>
      <p>No entanto, n&#227;o existe &#8220;receita de bolo&#8221; para prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s um evento coron&#225;rio agudo. &#201; minha opini&#227;o que o uso do receitu&#225;rio do cardiologista deve contemplar o exerc&#237;cio como o faz com um rem&#233;dio. Em outras palavras, o treinamento f&#237;sico e o uso das drogas de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular devem ser prescritos levando em considera&#231;&#227;o diferentes aspectos, tais como dose, intervalo, intensidade e at&#233; mesmo potenciais efeitos colaterais. No que diz respeito ao treinamento f&#237;sico , um verdadeiro &#8220;boom&#8221; de diferentes modelos v&#234;m sendo aplicados &#224; sa&#250;de. Pilates, Tai Chi Chuan, treinamento funcional, crossfit, treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (TIAI), entre outros, pululam nas academias e centros f&#237;sicos do pa&#237;s, sendo aplicados primeiramente para pessoas aparentemente saud&#225;veis. Com o passar do tempo, alguns experimentos come&#231;aram a ser realizados em animais de laborat&#243;rio e em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O TIAI (do ingl&#234;s &#8220;HIIT&#8221;) &#233; um m&#233;todo inicialmente proposto para patinadores ol&#237;mpicos japoneses por Izumi Tabata. Hoje em dia, &#233; predominantemente realizado com intervalos de um a quatro minutos de maior intensidade em carga subm&#225;xima elevada, alternadamente com intervalos de baixa a moderada intensidade. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados com pequeno tamanho amostral sugerem uma poss&#237;vel superioridade do m&#233;todo em aumentar o consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO<sub>2</sub> pico) quando comparado ao treinamento cont&#237;nuo convencional. Por suas peculiaridades e resultados, virou uma &#8220;febre&#8221; mundo afora, mas a literatura internacional continua sendo limitada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu impacto em pacientes cardiopatas isqu&#234;micos e, particularmente, p&#243;s-IAM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Neste n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Winter et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> apresentam informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a repercuss&#227;o do TIAI sobre a capacidade funcional e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de 29 ratos Wistar ap&#243;s IAM. No vig&#233;simo primeiro dia depois do evento, uma amostra foi randomizada, sendo 10 controles, 9 para treinamento cont&#237;nuo e 10 para TIAI. &#201; importante salientar que todos os ratos apresentavam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o maior ou igual do que 50%, ou seja, sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Primordialmente, os autores n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a ecocardiogr&#225;fica intragrupos e intergrupos pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-treinamento nos ratos randomizados para treinamento cont&#237;nuo, assim como para o TIAI. Eles sugerem que os dois m&#233;todos s&#227;o capazes de produzir efeito de treinamento (aumento na capacidade funcional) sem alterar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (remodelamento). A partir dessa informa&#231;&#227;o a seguinte pergunta poderia ser feita: seres humanos p&#243;s-IAM recente e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular podem ser expostos a esse tipo de treinamento?</p>
      <p>Em um estudo cl&#225;ssico, Wisloff et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> avaliaram tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes idosos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER), est&#225;veis clinicamente, todos p&#243;s-IAM h&#225; mais de um ano. Os sujeitos foram randomizados para grupo controle, treinamento cont&#237;nuo moderado (TCM) e TIAI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> &#192;queles arrolados para o TIAI apresentaram melhora no VO<sub>2</sub> pico, no remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, revers&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e redu&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP) quando comparados ao TCM. Ainda, uma metan&#225;lise composta de 160 pacientes mostrou que o treinamento intervalado (n&#227;o necessariamente de alta intensidade) aumentou o VO<sub>2</sub> pico em pacientes com ICFER.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Da mesma forma, em uma metan&#225;lise com 230 pacientes, Elliott et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> relataram que o treinamento intervalado parece promover aumento no VO<sub>2</sub> pico em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos, diferentes estrat&#233;gias emergiram como op&#231;&#245;es interessantes a serem utilizadas nos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca p&#243;s-IAM recente, sendo o Tai Chi Chuan um exemplo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, toda e qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o deve ser usada para auxiliar o paciente em sua recupera&#231;&#227;o, reduzindo a morbidade, aumentando a funcionalidade e, quando poss&#237;vel, prolongado a sobrevida. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aplicabilidade do TIAI em pacientes est&#225;veis no cen&#225;rio p&#243;s-IAM recente, especula-se que o m&#233;todo seja capaz de melhorar o VO<sub>2</sub> pico, um importante marcador progn&#243;stico. Ali&#225;s, no mundo dos <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos e considerando que um n&#250;mero expressivo de pacientes cursa com mioc&#225;rdio preservado p&#243;s-IAM, o TIAI parece ser uma estrat&#233;gia de treinamento atraente para alguns indiv&#237;duos. Por outro lado, o corpo de informa&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas ainda n&#227;o me parece robusto suficiente para que o TIAI seja consagrado como op&#231;&#227;o definitiva para pacientes p&#243;s-IAM recente. De qualquer forma, Winter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> ao estudarem animais de laborat&#243;rio, d&#227;o mais um passo importante na dire&#231;&#227;o do que um dia possa constituir uma op&#231;&#227;o efetiva para programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de seres humanos.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
