<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wxZjL8gFNvsQqsv4FyRMG5B</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400373</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005003102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180036</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of a High-Intensity Training on Ventricular Function in Rats After Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Winter</surname>
            <given-names>Simone de Campos Neitzke</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Michel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Sarraff</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Leanderson Franco de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Katherine A. Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Brandt de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Pel&#233; Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Pel&#233; Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rafael Michel de Macedo</bold>, Rua Pedro Collere, 890. Postal Code 80320-320, Vila Izabel, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rafael.macedo@hospitalcostantini.com.br</email>, <email>acbrandt@bol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Winter SCN, Macedo RM, Meira LF, Guarita-Souza LC; Acquisition of data: Winter SCN, Francisco JC, Santos PC, Lopes APS, Meira LF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Winter SCN, Macedo RM, Santos PC, Lopes APS, Guarita-Souza LC; Statistical analysis: Winter SCN, Macedo RM, Guarita-Souza LC; Writing of the manuscript: Winter SCN, Macedo RM, Carvalho KAT, Faria Neto JR, Guarita-Souza LC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Winter SCN, Macedo RM, Francisco JC, Carvalho KAT, Faria Neto JR, Macedo ACB, Guarita-Souza LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>373</fpage>
      <lpage>380</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Physical exercise should be part of the treatment of post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effects of two training prescription models (continuous x interval) and its impact on ventricular function in rats after AMI with normal ventricular function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Forty Wistar rats were evaluated by echocardiography 21 days after the AMI. Those with LVEF = 50% (n = 29) were included in the study and randomized to control group (CG n = 10), continuous training group (CTG n = 9) or interval training group (ITG, n = 10). Then, a swimming test with control of lactate production was performed. Based on its result, the lactate threshold (LT) was established to define the training intensities. After six weeks, the animals were reassessed by echocardiography and lactate production. Outcome measures were end-diastolic diameter (EDD), end-systolic diameter (ESD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, %) lactate at rest, lactate without overload, and lactate with 12g and 13.5g of additional load. Group comparisons of quantitative variables of the study were performed by one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Newman-Keuls test was used for multiple comparisons of the groups. Within-group comparisons of dependent variables between the two training protocols were performed by Student's t-test. Normality of the variables was tested by the Shapiro-Wilks test. Values of p &lt; 0.05 indicated statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>EDD, ESD, and LVEF before and after the training period were similar in within-group comparisons. However, EDD was significantly different (p=0.008) in the CG. Significant differences were found for L12g (p=0.002) and L13.5g (p = 0.032) in the ITG, and for L12g (p = 0.014) in the CG. No differences were found in the echocardiographic parameters between the groups. Significant differences were found in lactate without overload (p = 0.016) and L12 (p = 0.031) in the second assessment compared with the first, and between the groups - ITG vs. CG (p = 0.019) and CTG vs. CG (p = 0.035).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Both methods produced a training effect without altering ventricular function.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Anaerobic Threshold</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are considered the main cause of death in Brazil and in the world in individuals older than 30 years, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is responsible for approximately 10% of these deaths.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Treatment after AMI should be pharmacological combined with life habit changes and exercise. Therefore, physical training plays an essential role in AMI treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Current guidelines recommend prescription of physical exercises according to individual's risk stratification, and the most accepted is the combination of moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercises.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, with the progression of prescribed physical training, some authors have decided to prescribe high-intensity training for post-AMI patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Experimental studies involving high-intensity training have shown controversial results in terms of benefits to this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Zhang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> investigated the effects of high-intensity sprint training on post-AMI cellular adaptations. Myocytes isolated from hearts with chronic myocardial infarction had a 10% increase in length but not in width, which is consistent with hypertrophy. This may minimize ventricular remodeling and prevent the occurrence of dilated cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>Benito et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> used an animal model to evaluate whether sustained intensive exercise training would induce structural changes in the heart. The authors reported cardiac fibrosis after long-term intensive exercise training, together with changes in ventricular function and increased arrhythmia inducibility.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of high-intensity training on post-AMI ventricular function with those of moderate-intensity training.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>We conducted an experimental study according to the norms and ethical principles of the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA), and approval by the ethics committee for animal research of Pontifical Catholic University of Parana.</p>
      <p>First, 40 adult, male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 grams were selected by convenience. The animals had water and food <italic>ad libitum</italic>.</p>
      <p>The rats were anesthetized with intramuscular ketamine (Ketamin<sup>&#174;</sup> / Cristalia - 70 mg/kg) and xylazin (Calmiun<sup>&#174;</sup>/ Agener Uni&#227;o- 20 mg/kg). Then, the animals were intubated and mechanically ventilated with oxygen at 2.5 mL/min (small-animal volume). The animals were placed in the supine position (with the body slightly inclined to the right to facilitate the access to the area that would be operated), and all four limbs were fixed using adhesive tape. The chest was shaved and disinfected with povidone-iodine. A left posterolateral thoracotomy was performed at the third intercostal space; as the left pleura was open, the pericardium was removed to expose the operation site. The left auricle was isolated, and the left coronary artery, identified between the pulmonary artery and the left atrium, was ligated with a blue, non-absorbable 7.0 monofilament polypropylene suture thread. The infarcted area was identified by its different color. The heart was then repositioned within the chest, the lungs hyperinflated and the thoracic wall sutured using a non-absorbable, 4.0 nylon monofilament.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Two M-mode echocardiographic examinations (MyLab 40, Esaote<sup>&#174;</sup>) were performed with a 7.5-10.0 MHz sector transducer. The parameters analyzed were left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF[%]), end-diastolic diameter (EDD[mL]) and end-systolic diameter (ESD[mL]).</p>
      <p>Rats with a LVEF &gt; 50% in the first echocardiographic exam were included in the study. The sample was composed of 29 animals, which were randomized using piece of folded papers inside a white envelope. The envelopes were drawn by the main author, and the animals allocated to one of the three groups - control group (CG, n = 10), continuous training group (CTG, n = 9), and interval training group (ITG, n = 10).</p>
      <p>The ideal training intensity was determined by a swimming test, with incremental load and control of lactate production. The animals were put in a tank filled to a depth of 40 cm of water (deep enough to prevent the animals to sustain their bodies with their tails on the bottom).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Then, the rats underwent swimming exercise with progressive, additional load (proportional to body weight) - 4.0; 4.5; 5.0; 5.5 e 6.0% of body weight for five minutes each.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The main purpose of this test was to determine the lactate threshold (LT), which was used as the cutoff point for the continuous and interval training loads. Then 25 &#181;L of blood samples were collected from the tail of the animal at rest and at each load progression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Lactic acid production was analyzed using a portable lactate analyzer (Accutrend<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
      <p>Lactate concentration values were organized in an excel spreadsheet, and a line graph obtained for each animal. LT was visually identified and defined as the point where linearity was lost. This process was performed for both training groups in the swimming tests, one day after each echocardiographic examination.</p>
      <p>According to the lactate test results, training intensities prescribed to the CTG and the ITG were at the LT and above the LT, respectively. The CG did not undergo physical training.</p>
      <p>Training program of CTG and ITG consisted of a 42-day macrocycle, divided into six 7-day microcycles of 30 exercise sessions (five a week, once a day). The overload method defined for both groups was of volume, i.e., a weekly increase in the time of swimming (min). In the first two weeks of training, CTG underwent swimming training for 10 minutes continuously. In the third and fourth week, the rats swam for 15 minutes, and for 20 minutes in the last two weeks. The ITG underwent five 2-minute sessions with 2-minute intervals between them and 1:1 training density in the first two weeks. In the third and fourth weeks, the rats swam seven 2-minute sessions, with the same interval between them. Finally, in the two last weeks, the animals swam ten 2-minute series, with the same interval between them.</p>
      <p>Our outcome measures were LVEF, ESD, ESD and the effect of training (lactate curve). Within-group and between group comparisons of these parameters were performed by a blinded investigator.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized by sodium pentobarbital (i.v. 200-250 mg/Kg).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Comparisons of quantitative variables were performed by one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Newman-Keuls test was used for multiple comparisons. Comparisons between the two evaluations within each group were performed by Student's t-test for dependent variables. Normality of the variables was tested by the Shapiro-Wilks test. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Analyses were performed using the Statistica software, version 8.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Pre- and post-training echocardiographic results and results of lactate tests were compared within and between groups.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> describes the results of within and between group comparisons, respectively, of LFEV, and left ventricular EDD and ESD, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> describes the results of within and between group comparisons, respectively, of pre- and post-training results of lactate testing with incremental load.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Within-group echocardiographic comparison of mean left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic diameter and end-systolic diameter</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">GROUP</th>
              <th align="center">EDD1</th>
              <th align="center">EDD2</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">ESD1</th>
              <th align="center">ESD2</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">LVEF1</th>
              <th align="center">LVEF2</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CG</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
              <td align="center">0.120</td>
              <td align="center">76.10</td>
              <td align="center">71.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.112</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
              <td align="center">0.741</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.422</td>
              <td align="center">73.67</td>
              <td align="center">71.89</td>
              <td align="center">0.579</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
              <td align="center">0.153</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.510</td>
              <td align="center">70.70</td>
              <td align="center">71.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.792</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CG: control group, CTG: continuous training group; ITG: interval training group; EDD1: end-diastolic diameter at first evaluation; EDD2: end-diastolic diameter at the second evaluation; ESD1: end-systolic diameter at first evaluation; ESD2: end-systolic diameter at second evaluation; LVEF1: left ventricular ejection fraction at first evaluation; LVEF2: left ventricular ejection fraction at second evaluation; p = p-value of LVEF between the two study days. Student's t-test,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p> p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Between-group echocardiographic comparisons of left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic diameter and end-systolic diameter</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Group</th>
              <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">LVEF1 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">76.10 &#177; 6.89</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.368</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">73.67 &#177; 10.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">70.70 &#177; 8.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">LVEF 2 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">71.20 &#177; 6.44</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.981</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">71.89 &#177; 8.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">71.50 &#177; 7.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">EDD 1 (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">5.26 &#177; 0.80</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.103</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">6.50 &#177; 1.63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">6.19 &#177; 1.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">EDD2 (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">6.20 &#177; 0.58</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.404</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">6.00 &#177; 1.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">6.00 &#177; 1.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">ESD1 (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">3.17 &#177; 0.70</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.308</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">3.83 &#177; 0.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">3.78 &#177; 1.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">ESD 2 (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">3.74 &#177; 0.75</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.709</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">4.19 &#177; 1.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">4.01 &#177; 1.46</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>LVEF1: left ventricular ejection fraction at first evaluation; LVEF2: left ventricular ejection fraction at second evaluation; p: p-value of LVEF between the two study days EDD1: end-diastolic diameter at first evaluation; EDD2: end-diastolic diameter at the second evaluation; ESD1: end-systolic diameter at first evaluation; ESD2: end&#8209;systolic diameter at second evaluation; CG: control group, CTG: continuous training group; ITG: interval training group; One-factor ANOVA</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Within-group comparisons of pre- and post-training lactate test parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Group</th>
              <th align="center">N</th>
              <th align="center">Mean T1 (SD)</th>
              <th align="center">Mean T2 (SD)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">LR</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">3.90 &#177; 1.07</td>
              <td align="center">4.32 &#177; 0.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.240</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">3.83 &#177; 0.96</td>
              <td align="center">3.96 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.720</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">4.18 &#177; 0.81</td>
              <td align="center">4.24 &#177; 0.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.830</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">LO</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">5.92 &#177; 1.11</td>
              <td align="center">5.99 &#177; 0.74</td>
              <td align="center">0.850</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">5.90 &#177; 2.26</td>
              <td align="center">5.07 &#177; 0.88</td>
              <td align="center">0.392</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">5.96 &#177; 1.04</td>
              <td align="center">5.18 &#177; 0.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.084</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">L12g</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">6.58 &#177; 1.16</td>
              <td align="center">6.76 &#177; 1.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.735</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">7.32 &#177; 1.83</td>
              <td align="center">5.66 &#177; 1.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.062</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">8.08 &#177; 1.56</td>
              <td align="center">5.82 &#177; 0.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">L13.5g</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">6.80 &#177; 1.32</td>
              <td align="center">6.52 &#177; 1.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.733</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">8.11 &#177; 2.14</td>
              <td align="center">5.67 &#177; 0.92</td>
              <td align="center">0.014<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">8.40 &#177; 2.28</td>
              <td align="center">5.97 &#177; 0.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.032<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>CG: control group, CTG: continuous training group; ITG: interval training group; SD: standard deviation; LR: lactate at rest; LO: lactate without overload; L12g: lactate with 12 grams of additional load; L13.5g: lactate with 13.5 grams of additional load. Student's t test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Between-group comparison of lactate test parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Group</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">LWO 1</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">5.92 &#177; 1.11</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.996</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">5.90 &#177; 2.26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">5.96 &#177; 1.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">LWO 2</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">5.99 &#177; 0.74</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.016<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">5.07 &#177; 0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">5.18 &#177; 0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">L 12 g 1</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">6.58 &#177; 1.16</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.110</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">7.32 &#177; 1.83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">8.08 &#177; 1.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">L 12g 2</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">6.76 &#177; 1.04</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.031<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">5.66 &#177; 1.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">5.82 &#177; 0.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">L 13.5g 1</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">6.80 &#177; 1.32</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.176</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">8.11 &#177; 2.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">8.40 &#177; 2.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">L 13.5 g 2</td>
              <td align="center">CG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">6.52 &#177; 1.80</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.341</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">CTG</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">5.67 &#177; 0.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ITG</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">5.97 &#177; 0.80</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>CG: control group; CTG: continuous training group; ITG:interval training group; SD: standard deviation; LR: lactate at rest; LWO: lactate without overload; L12g: lactate with 12 grams of additional load; L13.5g: lactate with 13.5 grams of additional load. 1: first evaluation; 2: final evaluation. One-factor ANOVA</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Graphs 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> show comparative results of pre-training <italic>versus</italic> post-training lactate in ITG and CTG, respectively.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Graph 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between the pre and post-training CTG lactate tests.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0373-80036-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Graph 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between pre-versus post-training CTG.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0373-80036-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings of the present study were: 1) No differences were found in within-group and between-group comparisons of echocardiographic parameters in CTG and ITG; 2) A worsening of EDD was observed in the CG; 3) Both groups subjected to exercise showed significant differences in lactate production in the pre- <italic>versus</italic> post-training periods: ITG for the loads L12g and L13.5g, and CTG for L12g; 4) No difference was found between initial and final tests in the CG.</p>
      <p>The lack of difference in the pre- and post-training period between ITC and CTG indicates that high-intensity training, above LT, may be recommended for this sample. Current national and international guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> recommend a moderate-intensity, predominantly aerobic training (between the ventilatory thresholds, when evaluated by ergospirometry), i.e., below LT, to post-AMI patients. If these findings were extended to humans, these patients would benefit from this type of training, since it enables higher energy expenditure, better cardiovascular fitness and hence better control of cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Nevertheless, the same cannot be affirmed for animals with reduced LVEF, and further studies with the same study design are needed to assess the impact of a high-intensity training on ventricular remodeling.</p>
      <p>It is worth mentioning that an inadequate volume/intensity load of cardiac training or exercise may be assessed by changes in ventricular wall kinetics,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> as evaluated by Neilan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> in a study with nonelite participants in the Boston marathon who were less trained. These findings were not observed in our trained groups, which implies that training density (relationship between volume and intensity) was well distributed. In addition, the training protocol proposed in this study may be applied to post-AMI patients with LVEF &#8805; 50%, as long as a training/interval ratio of 1:1 for aerobic training and 1:2 for high-intensity interval training were respected.</p>
      <p>The only significant change detected in the echocardiographic analysis after the study was the increase in EDD (p = 0.008) in the CG, which suggests that, after a six-week period of rest, these animals had an unfavorable ventricular remodeling when compared to the other groups.</p>
      <p>In an experimental study by Gaudron et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> 156 rats were randomized after coronary occlusion into three groups - sedentary, those who started training 4 days after AMI and those who started training 21 days after AMI. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of continuous training (8 weeks' duration), initiated early or delayed, on ventricular function and mortality. The authors demonstrated that 1) neither infarction nor exercise had any effect on the animals' survival; 2) in rats with small infarcts, left ventricular volume and shape, and long-term survival were not altered by chronic exercise initiated early or late after coronary artery ligation; 3) Mortality rose in animals with large infarction as a result of exercise (p &lt; 0.0001) and was 47.6% with early exercise and 26.7% with late exercise (p &lt; 0.05, early <italic>versus</italic> late).</p>
      <p>It is of note that findings of left ventricular volume reported by Gaudron et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> are similar to those described in our study, since no differences between pre- and post-training in cavity diameter were found in the training groups (ITG and CTG). On the other hand, mortality rates were different, since no deaths occurred in the present study. This may be explained by different training volumes between their study by Gaudron et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and ours; in their study, the animals underwent continuous training for 90 minutes, with no progression or periodization program, whereas in our study, the maximum training period was 20 minutes, completed after a periodization program with progressive loads.</p>
      <p>The development of a training program in a subjective manner, without load (intensity and/or volume) individualization or progression, and without temporal organization (periodization) should be considered inadequate, since the effects of training may be underestimated by an arbitrary exercise prescription. Therefore, studies in which exercises are prescribed in such arbitrary manner may yield inconsistent results, as exercises may be less effective than expected.</p>
      <p>Therefore, aiming to provide the most effective exercise prescription, we elaborated an individualized method of exercise assessment and prescription. First, the animals underwent a LT test with incremental load before training. Based on this LT results and training group allocation (CTG or ITG), the optimal training load of each animal was defined. The model of load progression adopted was the volume progression (every two weeks) according to the pre-established periodization.</p>
      <p>At the end of the training program, the LT test was repeated aiming to evaluate the effect of the training. When pre- and post-training results were compared in the ITG and CTG (intragroup comparison), the LT graph moved to the right (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Graphs 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>), indicating a positive effect of the training, i.e., the animals can tolerate a higher training load with similar energy consumption. Anaerobic threshold has been used as a measurement of physical fitness to assess the effects of training in patients with CVD and in healthy subjects, acting as a sensitive indicator of aerobic conditioning.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In addition, measurement of LT establishes an effective training intensity in terms of aerobic metabolic dynamics of active muscles. This training effect behavior has a high practical applicability, as improvements in physical fitness may be detected during the training sessions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, between-group comparisons did not show any significant differences between ITG and CTG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>), which indicates that both models had a similar effect in this sample. Besides, as expected, no differences were found between the results before and after the training period in the CG, as favorable effects of training cannot be produced during resting condition. Also, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows significant differences between the training groups (CTG and ITG) and the CG in two-by-two comparisons.</p>
      <p>The fact that the ITG and the CTG showed similar results after the training period may be justified by studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> that support that there is no evidence of the superiority of one exercise prescription model over another one in improving aerobic conditioning. However, the study by Vona et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> concluded that both methods or their combination are efficient and safe to correct endothelial dysfunction in recent AMI. Schjerve et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> demonstrated that high-intensity interval exercise was more effective in improving endothelial function and in reducing cardiovascular risk than moderate-intensity continuous exercise.</p>
      <p>It is worth pointing out that high-intensity training tends to have a better effect on maxVO<sub>2</sub> and lactate tolerance than on anaerobic threshold (or LT); in contrast, continuous training improves LT, but not necessarily peak VO<sub>2</sub>. Since the aim of the incremental test in this study was to determine the LT and thereby establish the optimal training load, changes in maximum physical capacity were not evaluated, which could be favored by the interval training.</p>
      <p>Since interval training has been recently investigated in cardiac rehabilitation programs and periodization of this type of exercise has not been well defined, it is possible that changes in the number of training repetitions and resting periods may produce more positive and favorable results than continuous training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> We believe that the same training prescription used for the animals in the present study may be performed for post-AMI patients in rehabilitation programs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study demonstrated that high-intensity training, above the LT, did not worsen endothelial function, and was safe for post-AMI rats. Both training methods proposed improved cardiorespiratory fitness in the animals.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limiation</title>
        <p>One possible limitation of this study was the use of a portable lactate analyzer instead of a micropipette.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Simone de Campos Neitzke Winter, from Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA) under the protocol number 723/2012.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Balady GJ, Williams MA, Ades PA, Bittner V, Comoss P, Foody JM, et al; American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. (2007) Core components of cardiacr rehabilitation / secondary prevention programs: 2007 uptade: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation. 2007;115(20):2675-82. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.180945.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Balady</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ades</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittner</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Comoss</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foody</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology</collab>
            <collab>American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing</collab>
            <collab>American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention</collab>
            <collab>American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism</collab>
            <collab>American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation</collab>
          </person-group>
          <comment>2007</comment>
          <article-title>Core components of cardiacr rehabilitation / secondary prevention programs: 2007 uptade: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2675</fpage>
          <lpage>2682</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.180945</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Piegas LS, Avezum A, Pereira JC, Rossi Neto JM, Hoepfner C, Farran JA, et al; AFIRMAR Study Investigators. Risk factors for myocardial infarction in Brazil. Am Heart J. 2003;146(2):331-8. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00181-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Piegas</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avezum</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossi</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoepfner</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farran</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>AFIRMAR Study Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk factors for myocardial infarction in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>331</fpage>
          <lpage>338</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00181-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Cortez AA, Ferraz A, N&#243;brega AC, Brunetto AF, Herdy AH, Hossri CA, et al. Diretriz de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica: aspectos pr&#225;ticos e responsabilidades. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;86(1):74-82. doi: 10.1590/S0066-782X2006000100011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cortez</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferraz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brunetto</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herdy</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hossri</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diretriz de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica: aspectos pr&#225;ticos e responsabilidades</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>74</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000100011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Wisloff U, Stoylen A, Loennechen JP, Bruvold M, Rognmo O, Haram PM, et al. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation. 2007;115(24):3086-94. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675041.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wisloff</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stoylen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loennechen</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruvold</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rognmo</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haram</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>3086</fpage>
          <lpage>3094</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675041</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Zhang LQ, Zhang XQ, Musch TI, Moore RL, Cheung JY. Sprint training restores normal contractility in postinfarction rat myocytes. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89(3):1099-105. PMID: 10956356.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>LQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>XQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Musch</surname>
              <given-names>TI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moore</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheung</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sprint training restores normal contractility in postinfarction rat myocytes</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>1099</fpage>
          <lpage>1105</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10956356</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Benito B, Gay-Jordi G, Serrano-Mollar A, Guasch E, Shi Y, Tardif JC, et al. Cardiac arrhythmogenic remodeling in a rat model of long-term intensive exercise. Circulation. 2011; 123(1):13-22. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.938282.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benito</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gay-Jordi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serrano-Mollar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guasch</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tardif</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac arrhythmogenic remodeling in a rat model of long-term intensive exercise</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.938282</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Cosmo S, Francisco JC, Cunha RC, Macedo RM, Faria-Neto JR, Simeoni R, et al. Effect of exercise associated with stem cell transplantation on ventricular function in rats after acute myocardial infarction. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2012;27(4):542-51. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20120096">http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20120096</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cosmo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francisco</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macedo</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simeoni</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of exercise associated with stem cell transplantation on ventricular function in rats after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>542</fpage>
          <lpage>551</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20120096">http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20120096</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Xu X, Wan W, Ji L, Lao S, Powers AS, Zhao W, et al. (2008) Exercise training combined with angitensin II receptor blockade limits post-infarct ventricular remodelling in rats. Cardiovasc Res. 2008;78(3):523-32. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvn028.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wan</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ji</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lao</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powers</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <comment>2008</comment>
          <article-title>Exercise training combined with angitensin II receptor blockade limits post-infarct ventricular remodelling in rats</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>523</fpage>
          <lpage>532</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cvr/cvn028</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Voltarelli FA, Mello MA, Gobatto CA. Limiar anaer&#243;bio determinado pelo teste do lactato m&#237;nimo em ratos: efeito dos estoques de glicog&#234;nio muscular e do treinamento f&#237;sico. Revista Portuguesa de Ci&#234;ncias do Desporto 2004;4(3):16-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Voltarelli</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mello</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gobatto</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Limiar anaer&#243;bio determinado pelo teste do lactato m&#237;nimo em ratos: efeito dos estoques de glicog&#234;nio muscular e do treinamento f&#237;sico</article-title>
          <source>Revista Portuguesa de Ci&#234;ncias do Desporto</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>16</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Manchado FB, Gobatto CA, Contarteze RV, Papoti M, Mello MA. The maximal lactate steady state is ergometer-dependent in experimental model using rats. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2006;12(5):259-62. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922006000500007">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922006000500007</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manchado</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gobatto</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Contarteze</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papoti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mello</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The maximal lactate steady state is ergometer-dependent in experimental model using rats</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Med Esporte</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>262</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922006000500007">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922006000500007</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Vona M, Codeluppi GM, Iannino T, Ferrari E, Bogousslavsky J, von Segesser LK. Effects of different types of exercise training followed by detraining on endothelium-dependent dilation in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2009;119(12):1601-8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.821736.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vona</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Codeluppi</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iannino</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrari</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bogousslavsky</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>von Segesser</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of different types of exercise training followed by detraining on endothelium-dependent dilation in patients with recent myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1601</fpage>
          <lpage>1608</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.821736</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Schjerve IE, Tyldum GA, Tjonna AM, Stolen T, Loennechen JP, Hansen HE, et al. Both aerobic endurance and strength training programmes improve cardiovascular health in obese adults. Clin Sci (Lond). 2008;115(9):283-93. doi: 10.1042/CS20070332.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schjerve</surname>
              <given-names>IE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tyldum</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tjonna</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stolen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loennechen</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Both aerobic endurance and strength training programmes improve cardiovascular health in obese adults</article-title>
          <source>Clin Sci (Lond)</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>283</fpage>
          <lpage>293</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1042/CS20070332.</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Neilan TG, Januzzi JL, Lee-Lewandrowski E, Ton-Nu TT, Yoerger DM, Jassal DS, et al. Myocardial injury and ventricular dysfunction related to training levels among nonelite participants in the Boston marathon. Circulation. 2006;114(22):2325-33. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.647461.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Neilan</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee-Lewandrowski</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ton-Nu</surname>
              <given-names>TT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoerger</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jassal</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial injury and ventricular dysfunction related to training levels among nonelite participants in the Boston marathon</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2325</fpage>
          <lpage>2333</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.647461</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Gaudron P, Hu K, Schamberger R, Budin M, Walter B, Ertl G. Effect of endurance training early or late after coronary artery occlusion on left ventricular remodeling, hemodynamics, and survival in rats with chronic transmural myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1994;89(1):402-12. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.89.1.402">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.89.1.402</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gaudron</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schamberger</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walter</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ertl</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of endurance training early or late after coronary artery occlusion on left ventricular remodeling, hemodynamics, and survival in rats with chronic transmural myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>402</fpage>
          <lpage>412</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.89.1.402">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.89.1.402</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Wasserman K, Mcilroy MB. Detecting the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in cardiac patients during exercise. Am J Cardiol. 1964;14(6):844-52. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(64)90012-8">https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(64)90012-8</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wasserman</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mcilroy</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Detecting the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in cardiac patients during exercise</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1964</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>844</fpage>
          <lpage>852</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(64)90012-8">https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(64)90012-8</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Olbrecht J, Cunha RR, Cunha VN, Segundo PR, Moreira SR, Kokubun E, et al. Determination of the lactate threshold and maximal blood lactate steady state intensity in aged rats. Cell Biochem Funct. 2009;27(6):351-7. doi: 10.1002/cbf.1580.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Olbrecht</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>VN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Segundo</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kokubun</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determination of the lactate threshold and maximal blood lactate steady state intensity in aged rats</article-title>
          <source>Cell Biochem Funct</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>351</fpage>
          <lpage>357</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/cbf.1580</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Olbrecht J, Madsen O, Mader A, Liesen H, Hollman W. Relationship between swimming velocity and lactic acid concentration during continuous and intermittent training exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1985;6(2):74-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1025816.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Olbrecht</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Madsen</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mader</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liesen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hollman</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between swimming velocity and lactic acid concentration during continuous and intermittent training exercise</article-title>
          <source>Int J Sports Med</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>74</fpage>
          <lpage>77</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-2008-1025816</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Cornish AK, Broadbent S, Cheema BS. Interval training for patients with coronary artery disease: systematic review. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(4):579-89. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1682-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cornish</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Broadbent</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheema</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Interval training for patients with coronary artery disease: systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Appl Physiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>579</fpage>
          <lpage>589</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00421-010-1682-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 de Macedo RM. Fisioterapia cardiorrespirat&#243;ria: um novo conceito para o tratamento em fase hospitalar. Curitiba (PR): Juru&#225; Editora; 2012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Macedo</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Fisioterapia cardiorrespirat&#243;ria: um novo conceito para o tratamento em fase hospitalar</source>
          <publisher-loc>Curitiba (PR)</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Juru&#225; Editora</publisher-name>
          <year>2012</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Repercuss&#227;o do Treinamento de Alta Intensidade sobre a Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular de Ratos ap&#243;s Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Winter</surname>
            <given-names>Simone de Campos Neitzke</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Michel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Sarraff</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Leanderson Franco de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Katherine A. Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Brandt de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Pel&#233; Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Pel&#233; Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rafael Michel de Macedo</bold>, Rua Pedro Collere, 890. CEP 80320-320, Vila Izabel, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rafael.macedo@hospitalcostantini.com.br</email>, <email>acbrandt@bol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Winter SCN, Macedo RM, Meira LF, Guarita-Souza LC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Winter SCN, Francisco JC, Santos PC, Lopes APS, Meira LF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Winter SCN, Macedo RM, Santos PC, Lopes APS, Guarita-Souza LC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Winter SCN, Macedo RM, Guarita-Souza LC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Winter SCN, Macedo RM, Carvalho KAT, Faria Neto JR, Guarita-Souza LC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Winter SCN, Macedo RM, Francisco JC, Carvalho KAT, Faria Neto JR, Macedo ACB, Guarita-Souza LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico deve fazer parte do tratamento de pacientes p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os efeitos de treinamento produzidos por dois modelos distintos (cont&#237;nuo x intervalado) e sua repercuss&#227;o sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de ratos p&#243;s-IAM com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Quarenta ratos Wistar p&#243;s-IAM foram avaliados ecocardiograficamente 21 dias ap&#243;s o evento. Aqueles com FEVE = 50% (n = 29) foram inclu&#237;dos e randomizados: controle (GC n = 10), treinamento cont&#237;nuo (GTC n = 9) e treinamento intervalado (GTI n = 10). Ap&#243;s, foi realizado um teste de nata&#231;&#227;o com controle de lactato. A partir do resultado foi definido o limiar de lactato (LL) para determinar as intensidades do treinamento. Ap&#243;s seis semanas, foram reavaliados com ecocardiografia e controle de lactato. Como desfecho, foram avaliados: di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final (DDF, DSF, mL), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE, %), lactato de repouso, livre de carga (LC), lactato com 12 g e 13,5 g de carga adicional. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas do estudo, foi considerado o modelo de an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia com um fator (ANOVA). Nas compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas dos grupos foi usado o teste de Newman-Keuls. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as duas avalia&#231;&#245;es, dentro de cada grupo, foi usado o teste t de Student para amostras dependentes. A condi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilks. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise intragrupos, entre o per&#237;odo pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-treinamento foi identificado semelhan&#231;a para DDF, DSF, FEVE, por&#233;m o GC apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa para a vari&#225;vel DDF (p = 0,008). Houve diferen&#231;a do GTI para L12g (p = 0,002) e L13,5g (p = 0,032) e para o GTC na vari&#225;vel L12g (p = 0,014). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a para as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre os grupos. Houve diferen&#231;a nas vari&#225;veis LC e L12g na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,016 e p = 0,031, respectivamente) e entre os grupos: GTI <italic>vs</italic>. GC (p = 0,019) e GTC <italic>vs.</italic> GC (p = 0,035).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os dois m&#233;todos produziram efeito de treinamento sem alterar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Limiar Anaer&#243;bio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) s&#227;o consideradas a principal causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo em pessoas com mais de 30 anos. Dentre essas, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 10% desses &#243;bitos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O tratamento p&#243;s-IAM deve ser farmacol&#243;gico, associado &#224; mudan&#231;a de h&#225;bitos de vida e pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios. Sendo assim, o treinamento f&#237;sico exerce papel fundamental no tratamento da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Atualmente, existem recomenda&#231;&#245;es de como deve ser prescrito o treinamento f&#237;sico de acordo com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco do indiv&#237;duo para a pr&#225;tica, sendo a combina&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios e resistidos de moderada intensidade o mais indicado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos modelos de prescri&#231;&#227;o de treinamento f&#237;sico, alguns autores passaram a prescrever o treinamento de alta intensidade para pacientes p&#243;s-IAM, diferentemente do recomendado por diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> No entanto, quando avaliados os resultados apresentados por trabalhos experimentais envolvendo IAM e treinamento de alta intensidade, percebe-se controv&#233;rsia quanto aos benef&#237;cios deste tipo de exerc&#237;cio para esta popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Zhang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> estudaram as repercuss&#245;es do treinamento de corrida de alta intensidade sobre as adapta&#231;&#245;es celulares em ratos p&#243;s IAM. Os mi&#243;citos isolados de cora&#231;&#245;es com infarto cr&#244;nico sofreram um aumento de 10% no seu comprimento celular sem qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o no seu di&#226;metro caracterizando a hipertrofia, o que pode minimizar o remodelamento ventricular, prevenindo o surgimento da cardiomiopatia dilatada.</p>
        <p>J&#225; Benito et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> utilizaram modelo animal com ratos Wistar machos para avaliar se o treinamento intensivo sustentado induzia a altera&#231;&#227;o estruturais no cora&#231;&#227;o. Neste trabalho, os autores observaram fibrose card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o treinamento intensivo a longo prazo em conjunto com altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e aumento da capacidade de indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os efeitos do treinamento de alta intensidade sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de ratos p&#243;s-IAM com aqueles provocados pelo treinamento de moderada intensidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um trabalho experimental seguindo as normas e princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA), com aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUC/PR).</p>
        <p>Inicialmente, foram selecionados 40 ratos, por conveni&#234;ncia, da linhagem Wistar, adultos, machos, com peso entre 250 e 300 gramas. Os mesmos n&#227;o sofreram restri&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica e de ra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os animais foram inicialmente anestesiados sob via intramuscular, com administra&#231;&#227;o de Quetamina (Ketamin<sup>&#174;</sup> / Cristalia - 70 mg/kg) e Xilazina (Calmiun<sup>&#174;</sup>/ Agener Uni&#227;o- 20 mg/kg). Em seguida foram entubados e mantidos em assist&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica a volume para animais de pequeno porte (2,5 mL - O<sub>2</sub>/min). Com os animais posicionados em dec&#250;bito dorsal (com uma leve inclina&#231;&#227;o para a direita, facilitando desta maneira a exposi&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea a ser abordada), foram fixados os membros anteriores e posteriores com fita adesiva. Ap&#243;s tricotomia e antissepsia do t&#243;rax com iodopovedina t&#243;pico, foi realizada a toracotomia lateral esquerda no terceiro espa&#231;o intercostal dos animais, sendo que com a abertura da pleura esquerda, o peric&#225;rdio foi aberto para a luxa&#231;&#227;o e melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea a ser abordada. Com a exposi&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, a aur&#237;cula esquerda foi afastada; a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda localizada entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar e o &#225;trio esquerdo, e ligada com fio de sutura polipropileno azul monofilamentar n&#227;o absorv&#237;vel 7.0. A regi&#227;o infartada foi visualizada pela diferen&#231;a de colora&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea afetada. Em seguida, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi reposicionado ao t&#243;rax, os pulm&#245;es hiperinflados e a parede tor&#225;cica suturada por planos com fio de sutura nylon monofilamentar n&#227;o absorv&#237;vel 4.0.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Duas avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas no Modo- M, com aparelho marca Esaote, <italic>mylab</italic> 40, com transdutor setorial (7,5 a 10 MHz), foram realizadas. A primeira, 21 dias ap&#243;s o IAM e a segunda ap&#243;s seis semanas de treinamento. Os par&#226;metros analisados foram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo [FEVE (%)], di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final [DDF (ml)] e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final [DSF (ml)].</p>
        <p>A partir da avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica inicial, foram inclu&#237;dos na pesquisa os ratos que apresentaram FEVE maior ou igual a 50%. A amostra foi composta por 29 animais, que foram randomizados a partir de pap&#233;is dobrados em envelope branco n&#227;o transparente, sorteados pelo pesquisador principal em tr&#234;s grupos: grupo controle (GC, n = 10), grupo de treinamento cont&#237;nuo (GTC, n = 9) e grupo de treinamento intervalado (GTI, n = 10).</p>
        <p>Para determinar a intensidade ideal de treinamento de cada grupo foi realizado um teste de carga incremental de nata&#231;&#227;o com controle de produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato. Os animais foram colocados em um tanque com 40 cm de &#225;gua, o suficiente para n&#227;o se apoiarem com a calda no fundo do aqu&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A partir disto, realizaram exerc&#237;cios de nata&#231;&#227;o com carga adicional (proporcional ao peso corporal) de forma progressiva (4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5 e 6,0% do peso corporal) e cada fase do protocolo teve dura&#231;&#227;o de cinco minutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O principal objetivo deste teste foi identificar o limiar de lactato (LL), ponto de refer&#234;ncia para diferenciar as cargas do treinamento cont&#237;nuo e do intervalado. Sendo assim, foram coletadas amostras de sangue (25&#181;l) da cauda do animal no repouso e a cada progress&#227;o de carga.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Para an&#225;lise da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido l&#225;tico, foi utilizado um analisador port&#225;til da marca Accutrend<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os valores de lactato mensurados foram lan&#231;ados em planilha no Excel. Em seguida foi constru&#237;do um gr&#225;fico de linha para cada animal testado. O LL foi determinado de maneira visual, sendo definido como o ponto em que a linha perde linearidade. Este processo foi realizado em ambos os grupos de treinamento nos testes de lactato, um dia ap&#243;s cada avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica.</p>
        <p>De acordo com os resultados do teste de lactato, o GTC recebeu uma prescri&#231;&#227;o de treinamento cont&#237;nua, na intensidade do LL enquanto que no GTI treinou de forma intervalada acima do LL. O GC n&#227;o foi submetido a treinamento f&#237;sico.</p>
        <p>O programa de treinamento dos grupos (GTC e GTI) foi composto por um macrociclo de 42 dias, dividido em seis microciclos semanais e 30 sess&#245;es de treino (cinco semanais, uma vez ao dia). O m&#233;todo de sobrecarga definido para os dois grupos foi o de volume (aumento do tempo em minutos de nata&#231;&#227;o) a cada semana. Nas duas primeiras semanas de treinamento do GTC os ratos foram submetidos a nata&#231;&#227;o por 10 minutos cont&#237;nuos. Na terceira e na quarta semana nadaram por 15 minutos, e, nas duas &#250;ltimas semanas o tempo de treinamento aumentou para 20 minutos cont&#237;nuos. No GTI, os ratos realizaram, nas duas semanas iniciais, cinco s&#233;ries de dois minutos de nata&#231;&#227;o com intervalos de dois minutos entre cada s&#233;rie, respeitando a densidade de treinamento 1:1. Na terceira e na quarta semana os ratos nadaram sete s&#233;ries de dois minutos, mantendo o mesmo tempo de intervalo. Por fim, nas duas &#250;ltimas semanas, os animais nadaram 10 s&#233;ries de dois minutos cada, mantendo o intervalo.</p>
        <p>Como medidas de desfecho do trabalho, foram avaliados de forma comparativa, &#224;s cegas por outro pesquisador, intra e intergrupos FEVE, DSF, DDF e o efeito de treinamento produzido por meio da an&#225;lise da curva de lactato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo total de experimento, todos os ratos da amostra foram submetidos &#224; eutan&#225;sia com pentobarbital s&#243;dico, via endovenosa, na dose de 200 a 250 mg/kg.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas do estudo, foi considerado o modelo de an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia com um fator (ANOVA). Nas compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas dos grupos, foi usado o teste de Newman-Keuls. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as duas avalia&#231;&#245;es, dentro de cada grupo, foi usado o teste t de Student para amostras dependentes. A condi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilks. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Os dados foram analisados com o programa computacional Statistica v.8.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os resultados obtidos nas avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (pr&#233;- <italic>versus</italic> p&#243;s- treinamento) foram comparados intragrupos e intergrupos, assim como os resultados dos testes de lactato.</p>
        <p>Os valores das compara&#231;&#245;es intragrupos e intergrupos das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas FEVE, DDF e DSF, s&#227;o descritos nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">2</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o intragrupo das m&#233;dias ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final e do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">GRUPO</th>
                <th align="center">DDF1</th>
                <th align="center">DDF2</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">DSF1</th>
                <th align="center">DSF2</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">FEVE1</th>
                <th align="center">FEVE2</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GC</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,120</td>
                <td align="center">76,10</td>
                <td align="center">71,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,741</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,422</td>
                <td align="center">73,67</td>
                <td align="center">71,89</td>
                <td align="center">0,579</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,153</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,510</td>
                <td align="center">70,70</td>
                <td align="center">71,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,792</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>GC: grupo controle; GTC: grupo de treinamento cont&#237;nuo; GTI: grupo de treinamento intervalado; DDF1: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o; DDF2: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o; DSF1: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o; DSF2: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o; FEVE1: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o; FEVE2: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o; p: valor de p da compara&#231;&#227;o da FEVE entre as duas avalia&#231;&#245;es. Teste t de Student,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica intergrupos da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final e do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center">M&#201;DIA &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">FEVE1 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">76,10 &#177; 6,89</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,368</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">73,67 &#177; 10,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">70,70 &#177; 8,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">FEVE 2 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">71,20 &#177; 6,44</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,981</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">71,89 &#177; 8,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">71,50 &#177; 7,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">DDF 1 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">5,26 &#177; 0,80</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">6,50 &#177; 1,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">6,19 &#177; 1,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">DDF2 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">6,20 &#177; 0,58</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,404</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">6,00 &#177; 1,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">6,00 &#177; 1,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">DSF1 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">3,17 &#177; 0,70</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,308</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">3,83 &#177; 0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">3,78 &#177; 1,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">DSF 2 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">3,74 &#177; 0,75</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,709</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">4,19 &#177; 1,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">4,01 &#177; 1,46</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>FEVE1: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o; FEVE2: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o; DDF1: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o; DDF2: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o; DSF1: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o; DSF2: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o ; GC: grupo controle; GTC: grupo de treinamento cont&#237;nuo; GTI: grupo de treinamento intervalado. ANOVA com um fator</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4</xref> apresentam os valores da compara&#231;&#227;o intragrupos e intergrurpos, respectivamente, dos resultados do teste de carga incremental de lactato realizados pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-treinamento.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o intragrupos das vari&#225;veis dos testes de lactato realizados antes e ap&#243;s o treinamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia T1 (DP)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia T2 (DP)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">LR</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">3,90 &#177; 1,07</td>
                <td align="center">4,32 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,240</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">3,83 &#177; 0,96</td>
                <td align="center">3,96 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,720</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">4,18 &#177; 0,81</td>
                <td align="center">4,24 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,830</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">LL C</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">5,92 &#177; 1,11</td>
                <td align="center">5,99 &#177; 0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,850</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">5,90 &#177; 2,26</td>
                <td align="center">5,07 &#177; 0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,392</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">5,96 &#177; 1,04</td>
                <td align="center">5,18 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,084</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">L12g</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">6,58 &#177; 1,16</td>
                <td align="center">6,76 &#177; 1,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,735</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">7,32 &#177; 1,83</td>
                <td align="center">5,66 &#177; 1,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">8,08 &#177; 1,56</td>
                <td align="center">5,82 &#177; 0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">L13,5g</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">6,80 &#177; 1,32</td>
                <td align="center">6,52 &#177; 1,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,733</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">8,11 &#177; 2,14</td>
                <td align="center">5,67 &#177; 0,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,014<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">8,40 &#177; 2,28</td>
                <td align="center">5,97 &#177; 0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,032<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>GC: grupo controle; GTC: grupo de treinamento cont&#237;nuo; GTI: grupo de treinamento intervalado; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; T1: pr&#233;-treinamento; T2: p&#243;s-treinamento ; LR: lactato de repouso; LLC: lactato livre de carga; L12g: lactato com 12 gramas; L13,5g: lactato com 13,5 gramas. Teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise comparativa intergrupos referente ao teste incremental de lactato</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">LLC 1</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">5,92 &#177; 1,11</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,996</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">5,90 &#177; 2,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">5,96 &#177; 1,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">LLC 2</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">5,99 &#177; 0,74</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,016<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">5,07 &#177; 0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">5,18 &#177; 0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">L 12 g 1</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">6,58 &#177; 1,16</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">7,32 &#177; 1,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">8,08 &#177; 1,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">L 12g 2</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">6,76 &#177; 1,04</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,031<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">5,66 &#177; 1,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">5,82 &#177; 0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">L 13,5g 1</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">6,80 &#177; 1,32</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,176</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">8,11 &#177; 2,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">8,40 &#177; 2,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">L 13,5 g 2</td>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">6,52 &#177; 1,80</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,341</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTC</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">5,67 &#177; 0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GTI</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">5,97 &#177; 0,80</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>GC: grupo controle; GTC: grupo de treinamento cont&#237;nuo; GTI: grupo de treinamento intervalado; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; T1: pr&#233;-treinamento; T2: p&#243;s-treinamento; LR: lactato de repouso; LLC: lactato livre de carga; L12g: lactato com 12 gramas; L13,5g: lactato com 13,5 gramas. 1: avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial; 2: avalia&#231;&#227;o final; ANOVA com um fator,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">gr&#225;fico 1</xref> mostra os resultados comparativos entre os testes de lactato pr&#233;- <italic>versus</italic> p&#243;s-treinamento do GTI, enquanto o <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">gr&#225;fico 2</xref> mostra os resultados do GTC.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os teste de lactato pr&#233; versus p&#243;s treinamento do GTI.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0373-80036-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os teste de lactato pr&#233; versus p&#243;s treinamento do GTC.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0373-80036-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais achados deste estudo foram: 1) N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os valores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos mensurados intragrupos e intergrupos quando comparados os per&#237;odos pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-treinamento dos grupos treinamento cont&#237;nuo e intervalado; 2) Houve piora dos di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos finais do grupo controle; 3) Os dois grupos submetidos a treinamento apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa na produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato quando comparados os per&#237;odo pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-treinamento: GTI nas cargas L12g, L13,5g e GTC na carga L12g; 4) O GC n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a na compara&#231;&#227;o do lactato produzido nos testes iniciais e finais.</p>
        <p>A aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a nas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas quando comparados os per&#237;odos pre- e p&#243;s-treinamento entre GTI e GTC demonstra que o treinamento de alta intensidade, acima do LL, pode ser uma pr&#225;tica recomend&#225;vel para esta amostra. Atualmente, as diretrizes nacionais e internacionais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> recomendam o treinamento de moderada intensidade a pacientes p&#243;s-IAM, predominantemente aer&#243;bico (entre os limiares ventilat&#243;rios quando avaliados com ergoespirometria), ou seja abaixo do LL. Caso os resultados deste estudo sejam reproduzidos para humanos, estes poder&#227;o beneficiar-se deste tipo de treinamento, que produz uma maior perda cal&#243;rica, melhor condicionamento cardiovascular e por consequ&#234;ncia maior controle dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No entanto, o mesmo n&#227;o pode ser afirmado para animais com FEVE reduzida, sendo necess&#225;ria a reprodu&#231;&#227;o do desenho deste estudo para melhor avaliar o impacto do treinamento de alta intensidade sobre o remodelamento ventricular.</p>
        <p>Faz-se importante ressaltar que uma inadequada sobrecarga de volume/intensidade de treinamento ou pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios para o cora&#231;&#227;o pode ser avaliada pela altera&#231;&#227;o da cin&#233;tica das paredes ventriculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> como foi avaliada Neilan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> em atletas amadores que conclu&#237;ram a maratona de Boston e que n&#227;o estavam devidamente treinados. Estes achados n&#227;o foram reproduzidos nos grupos treinados neste estudo experimental, o que infere que a densidade de treinamento (rela&#231;&#227;o entre volume e intensidade) foi adequadamente distribu&#237;da. Al&#233;m disso, vale destacar que o modelo de treinamento proposto neste estudo &#233; reprodut&#237;vel para pacientes p&#243;s IAM com FEVE &#8805; 50%, desde que respeitada a rela&#231;&#227;o treinamento/intervalo de trabalho de 1:1 quando prescrito treinamento aer&#243;bio e de pelo menos 1:2 quando prescrito o treinamento intervalado de intensidade mais alta.</p>
        <p>A &#250;nica altera&#231;&#227;o significativa encontrada na an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica comparando-se o per&#237;odo pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-estudo, foi o aumento do DDF (p = 0,008) no GC. Tal fato indica que, ao permanecerem em repouso durante as seis semanas de experimento, esses animais apresentaram um remodelamento ventricular desfavor&#225;vel quando comparado aos demais grupos.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo experimental realizado por Gaudron et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> 156 ratos foram randomizados ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria em tr&#234;s grupos: sedent&#225;rios, treinados a partir do quarto dia ap&#243;s IAM e treinados a partir de 21 dias ap&#243;s IAM. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influ&#234;ncia no treinamento f&#237;sico continuado por oito semanas (iniciado precocemente e/ou tardiamente) sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e mortalidade desses. Os autores demonstraram que: 1) os animais, n&#227;o apresentaram uma sobreviv&#234;ncia influenciada por infarto ou exerc&#237;cio sozinho; 2) em ratos com infartos pequenos, o volume ou a forma do VE, bem como a sobreviv&#234;ncia em longo prazo n&#227;o foram alterados pelo exerc&#237;cio cr&#244;nico iniciado cedo ou mais tarde ap&#243;s a ligadura da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; 3) a mortalidade aumentou nos animais com infarto grande como resultado de exerc&#237;cio (p &lt; 0,0001) e foi 47,6% com o exerc&#237;cio precoce e 26,7% com o exerc&#237;cio tardio (p &lt; 0,05, precoce <italic>versus</italic> tardia).</p>
        <p>Importante ressaltar que os resultados do estudo de Gaudron et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> referentes a volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram reproduzidos por este estudo, uma vez que n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a entre os di&#226;metros de cavidade dos grupos treinados (GTI e GTC) quando comparados aos valores pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-treinamento. No entanto, os valores de mortalidade n&#227;o foram reproduzidos, uma vez que n&#227;o houve perda de amostra no presente estudo. Isto pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; sobrecarga de volume destinada aos animais no estudo de Gaudron et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> onde diariamente os animais treinavam por 90 minutos de forma cont&#237;nua, sem programa de progress&#227;o ou periodiza&#231;&#227;o, diferentemente do que ocorreu no presente estudo, onde o tempo m&#225;ximo da sess&#227;o de treino foi de 20 minutos cumpridos ap&#243;s programa periodizado e com progress&#227;o de carga.</p>
        <p>A elabora&#231;&#227;o de um programa de treinamento de forma subjetiva, sem individualiza&#231;&#227;o ou progress&#227;o da carga (intensidade e/ou volume), e sem organiza&#231;&#227;o do tempo (periodiza&#231;&#227;o) deve ser considerada como inadequada, pois os efeitos de treinamento podem ser subestimados por uma prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios sem fundamenta&#231;&#227;o. Isto &#233; de grande relev&#226;ncia, pois os resultados publicados por trabalhos que aplicam exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico prescrito sem esses fundamentos podem retratar um cen&#225;rio n&#227;o condizente com sua pr&#225;tica correta, ou seja, pode ser menos efetivo do que o esperado.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim, procurando prescrever o exerc&#237;cio com a maior efetividade poss&#237;vel, foi necess&#225;rio construirmos uma metodologia de avalia&#231;&#227;o e prescri&#231;&#227;o individual de treinamento. Para tal, inicialmente os animais foram submetidos a um teste de carga incremental de lactato pr&#233; treinamento. A partir dos resultados deste teste, foram definidas as cargas de treinamento ideal de cada animal de acordo com sua randomiza&#231;&#227;o (GTC ou GTI). Uma vez definida a carga de treinamento, definiu-se que o modelo de progress&#227;o de carga utilizado seria o de aumento de volume (a cada duas semanas) conforme periodiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; -estabelecida.</p>
        <p>Ao final do programa de treino, o teste de lactato foi repetido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do treinamento. Quando comparados os resultados intragrupos pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-treino dos grupos GTI e GTC, nota-se um deslocamento nos gr&#225;ficos do LL para a direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Gr&#225;ficos 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2</xref>) o que demonstra um positivo efeito de treinamento, ou seja, os animais toleraram uma maior carga de treinamento com similar consumo de energia. O limiar anaer&#243;bico tem sido utilizado como uma medida de condicionamento f&#237;sico em pacientes com DCV, bem como em sujeitos saud&#225;veis a fim de se avaliar os efeitos do treinamento sendo, dessa forma, um indicador sens&#237;vel do estado do condicionamento aer&#243;bio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a mensura&#231;&#227;o do LL estabelece uma intensidade efetiva do treinamento relacionada &#224; din&#226;mica metab&#243;lica aer&#243;bica dos m&#250;sculos ativos. Este comportamento do efeito de treinamento tem grande aplicabilidade pr&#225;tica, pois pode-se perceber a melhora do condicionamento f&#237;sico dentro das sess&#245;es de treino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, quando comparados os resultados de melhora intergrupos, nota-se que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os m&#233;todos GTI e GTC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). Isto quer dizer que os dois modelos produziram efeito de treinamento similar nesta amostra. Al&#233;m disso, percebe-se que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os testes pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-per&#237;odo de treinamento do grupo controle, o que era esperado, pois o repouso n&#227;o pode promover efeito favor&#225;vel de treino. Nota-se tamb&#233;m na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 1</xref> que, quando comparados dois a dois houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos treinados (GTC e GTI) e o GC.</p>
        <p>O fato de GTI e GTC terem apresentado semelhan&#231;a ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de treinamento pode ser justificado por estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> que salientam que ainda n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias que possam especificar a superioridade de um m&#233;todo de prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio sobre o outro na melhoria da capacidade aer&#243;bica. No entanto, o estudo de Vona et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> concluiu que ambos os m&#233;todos ou a combina&#231;&#227;o deles &#233; eficiente e segura para corrigir disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ap&#243;s IAM recente. J&#225; Schjerve et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> em seu estudo, mostraram que o exerc&#237;cio intervalado de alta intensidade melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial de maneira mais eficaz que o exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo de moderada intensidade, al&#233;m de reduzir os riscos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Importante destacar que o treinamento de alta intensidade, tende a melhorar mais o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo ou a toler&#226;ncia ao lactato do que o limiar anaer&#243;bico (ou LL), ao contr&#225;rio do treinamento cont&#237;nuo, que melhora exclusivamente o LL e n&#227;o necessariamente o VO<sub>2</sub> pico. Como o objetivo do teste incremental aplicado neste estudo foi definir o LL para aplicar a carga de treino ideal, a diferen&#231;a promovida na m&#225;xima capacidade f&#237;sica n&#227;o foi medida, que poderia ser favor&#225;vel ao treinamento intervalado.</p>
        <p>Como o treinamento intervalado tem sido estudado recentemente em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e as periodiza&#231;&#245;es desta modalidade ainda n&#227;o terem sido claramente definidas, &#233; poss&#237;vel que modificando-se o n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es do treino e suas pausas para descanso, encontrem-se resultados mais positivos e favor&#225;veis a este tipo de exerc&#237;cio quando comparado ao exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Acredita-se que a mesma prescri&#231;&#227;o realizada para os animais neste estudo pode ser realizada para pacientes p&#243;s IAM iniciantes em programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Por meio do presente estudo, foi poss&#237;vel concluir que o treinamento de alta intensidade, acima do LL, n&#227;o resultou em piora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, demonstrando-se seguro para animais p&#243;s-IAM. Al&#233;m disso, os dois m&#233;todos de treinamento propostos demonstraram melhora da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria dos animais.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o seria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do lact&#237;metro port&#225;til e n&#227;o da micropipeta.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Simone de Campos Neitzke Winter pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 723/2012.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
