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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Nqjr4vjTJK4jcgFNPLP3JMp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400371</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180067</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infections in Heart Failure - Impact on Mortality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Evandro Tinoco Mesquita,</bold> Rua Dona Mariana, 219. Postal Code 22280-020, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>etmesquita@gmail.com</email>, <email>etmesquita@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>371</fpage>
      <lpage>372</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Infections</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Sepsis</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock,Septic</kwd>
        <kwd>Infection Control</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Infections represent an important emerging clinical problem that cause decompensation of heart failure (HF), and in many cases, life-threatening acute systemic disorder (sepsis) and septic shock. Cardiovascular system plays an important role in the development of multiorgan dysfunction in sepsis and refractory septic shock. Although intra-hospital death for sepsis decreased from 35% in 2000 to 18% in 2002, one third of patients die within one year after a septic event. Cardiovascular dysfunction significantly increases mortality rates in sepsis as compared with sepsis without cardiac dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Infection, <italic>per se</italic>, precipitates the occurrence of cardiac decompensation and is a direct marker of mortality in HF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The study by Cardoso et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> report a high hospital infection rate (45.8%) and relevant mortality (21,5%) among patients with decompensated HF. Interestingly, during the first year after hospital discharge, mortality rate was lower in patients with infection as compared with those without infection (11.5%<italic>vs</italic>. 22.2%; p = 0.04).</p>
    <p>A recent study conducted with Murinae rodents showed myocardial injury, abnormal electrical conduction, cardiac dysfunction and increased cardiac apoptosis that may explain the cardiac instability observed in patients with severe infections. Studies have reported an interaction between the infectious agent, immune system and chemical mediators, with direct and indirect effects on myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Clinical cardiologists have incorporated new criteria for early detection and treatment of sepsis and septic shock in HF, based on clinical protocols and imaging and microbiological tests, in addition to specific biomarkers. Elevated C protein (&gt; 25 mg/mL) and procalcitonin levels are helpful in identifying infections as cause of HF decompensation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>HF-related infections may be acquired in the community or during hospitalization, consisting primarily of pulmonary followed by urinary infections. From my clinical experience, infections on skin and intracardiac devices, and vascular access infections are relevant infection sites that should be examined in every patient with suspected infection.</p>
    <p>In the present study, the authors show a group of inpatients with severe decompensated HF, who require high doses of inotropes, which makes the analysis of the real impact of sepsis/septic shock difficult. In the real world, many patients with severe HF (stage D) are at the end-of-life stage, where infections are common. For these patients, palliative care, instead of intensive care, is the most appropriate therapy. This reality is faced in our hospitals today and will certainly become more and more common in hospitals for chronic diseases in the future.</p>
    <p>Some factors may explain the lower mortality seen in the post-hospital follow-up, including greater attention paid to these patients with infection (e.g. vaccination and healthcare services), and selection bias in which patients with more severe HF may have died during hospitalization due to infection. Arrigo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> showing similar findings of lower mortality after hospital discharge involves a group of patients with decompensated HF associated with respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and pulmonary infection) rather than patients with respiratory infections only (without cardiac disease).</p>
    <p>In summary, infections are an important cause of decompensation of HF that should be early detected and treated using specific protocols and in the presence of sepsis and/or septic shock. Volemic resuscitation, early antibiotic treatment, and referral to cardiac intensive care units are considered good clinical practices that can reduce the occurrence of hard outcomes such as death. On the other hand, it has become more and more recognized that sepsis promotes cardiovascular changes with multisystemic involvement that increase the frequency of cardiac and non-cardiac events after recovery from sepsis.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infec&#231;&#245;es na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca - Seu Impacto na Mortalidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Evandro Tinoco Mesquita,</bold> Rua Dona Mariana, 219. CEP 22280-020, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>etmesquita@gmail.com</email>, <email>etmesquita@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Sepse</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque S&#233;ptico</kwd>
        <kwd>Controle de Infec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Infec&#231;&#245;es representam um importante problema cl&#237;nico emergente como causa de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), em muitos casos levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica aguda amea&#231;adora da vida (sepsis) e choque s&#233;ptico. O sistema cardiovascular &#233; um importante componente na evolu&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o multiorg&#226;nica na sepsis e do quadro de choque s&#233;ptico refrat&#225;rio. Embora a mortalidade intrahospitalar por sepsis tenha apresentado uma queda de 35% em 2000 para 18% em 2002, 1/3 morrem no ano seguinte ap&#243;s o quadro de sepsis. A disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular na sepse &#233; associada a um aumento significativo na taxa de mortalidade quando comparado &#224; sepse sem disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A infec&#231;&#227;o &#233;, por si, um precipitador de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e um marcador direto de mortalidade nos pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O estudo de Cardoso et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> apresenta uma elevada taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes admitidos com IC descompensada (45,8%) e uma importante mortalidade neste grupo de paciente (21,5%). Um aspecto inusitado foi que, durante o primeiro ano de acompanhamento p&#243;s-alta hospitalar, o grupo de pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o apresentou uma menor mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes n&#227;o infectados (11,5% <italic>vs</italic>. 22,2%, p = 0,04).</p>
      <p>Recentemente estudo em murino demonstrou dano mioc&#225;rdio, anormalidade na condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica, disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e aumento da apoptose card&#237;aca que podem explicar o aumento da instabilidade card&#237;aca nos pacientes com quadros infecciosos graves. Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado integra&#231;&#227;o entre agente infeccioso, sistema imunol&#243;gico e mediadores qu&#237;micos, promovendo dano direto e indireto ao mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O cardiologista cl&#237;nico tem progressivamente incorporado novos crit&#233;rios para reconhecimento e o tratamento precoce da sepsis e o choque s&#233;ptico na IC a partir de protocolos cl&#237;nicos e do emprego de exames de imagem, microbiol&#243;gicos e biomarcadores espec&#237;ficos. N&#237;veis elevados da prote&#237;na C (&gt; 25 mg/ml) e da procalcitonina auxiliam na identifica&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o como causa de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As infec&#231;&#245;es na IC podem ocorrer no contexto comunit&#225;rio ou adquiridas durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, sendo o s&#237;tio pulmonar o mais importante seguido do urin&#225;rio. Na minha experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica, a pele, as infec&#231;&#245;es nos dispositivos intracard&#237;acos e decorrentes de acesso venoso profundo representam focos importantes que devem ser buscados em todo paciente com suspeita de infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, os autores mostram uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes internados com quadro de IC descompensada grave, que necessitam elevadas taxas de inotr&#243;pico, em que a an&#225;lise do real impacto da sepse/choque s&#233;ptico se torna dif&#237;cil. No mundo real, muitos pacientes com IC grave, est&#225;gio D, apresentam um contexto de terminalidade onde os quadros infecciosos participam desse processo e o ambiente de terapia intensiva n&#227;o deve ser o cuidado mais apropriado, sendo o cuidado paliativo de fim de vida a forma adequada da abordagem desses pacientes. Os estudos envolvendo IC avan&#231;ada devem discutir esses pontos que hoje permeiam a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em nossos hospitais, e certamente, no futuro, esses pacientes estar&#227;o cada vez em hospitais de cr&#244;nicos.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a menor mortalidade observada no seguimento p&#243;s hospitalar, fatores como maior aten&#231;&#227;o a esses pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o por meio de medidas como vacina&#231;&#227;o, maior frequ&#234;ncia de cuidados da equipe assistencial, e vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o onde pacientes de maior gravidade da IC possam terem falecidos na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em decorr&#234;ncia da infec&#231;&#227;o poderiam explicar esse fen&#244;meno. Arrigo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> apresentam achado semelhante de menor mortalidade p&#243;s-alta envolve um grupo de pacientes com descompensa&#231;&#245;es de causa respirat&#243;ria na IC (doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, asma e pneumonia) e n&#227;o apenas a pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>Em resumo, as infec&#231;&#245;es representam uma causa importante de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC e devem ser rapidamente reconhecidas e tratadas a partir de protocolos e na presen&#231;a de sepse e/ou choque s&#233;ptico. A reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica, in&#237;cio precoce de antibioticoterapia e o encaminhamento para as unidades cardiointensivas fazem parte da boa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e reduzem desfechos duros como morte. Por outro lado, &#233; cada vez mais conhecido que a sepse promove altera&#231;&#245;es de eventos cardiovasculares e multi-sist&#234;micas que levam &#224; elevada taxa de evento card&#237;aco e n&#227;o card&#237;aco ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o da sepsis.</p>
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