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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">d6MfWdbW4g9b3v96QmXzcMF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400364</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005003103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180037</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infection in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure: In-Hospital Mortality and Outcome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Del Carlo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ochiai</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Eidi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Juliano Novaes Cardoso</bold>, Rua Joaquin Ferreira, 147, apto 161 bloco Perdizes. Postal Code 05033-080, &#193;gua Branca, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>julianonc@cardiol.br</email>, <email>juliano.cardoso@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cardoso JN, Del Carlo CH, Ochiai ME, Barretto ACP; Acquisition of data: Cardoso JN, Barretto ACP; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cardoso JN; Statistical analysis: Cardoso JN, Del Carlo CH; Writing of the manuscript: Cardoso JN, Oliveira Junior MT, Barretto ACP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cardoso JN, Oliveira Junior MT, Ochiai ME, Kalil Filho R, Barretto ACP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>364</fpage>
      <lpage>370</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome, whose advanced forms have a poor prognosis, which is aggravated by the presence of comorbidities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We assessed the impact of infection in patients with decompensated HF admitted to a tertiary university-affiliated hospital in the city of S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study assessed 260 patients consecutively admitted to our unit because of decompensated HF. The presence of infection and other morbidities was assessed, as were in-hospital mortality and outcome after discharge. The chance of death was estimated by univariate logistic regression analysis of the variables studied. The significance level adopted was P &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the patients studied, 54.2% were of the male sex, and the mean age &#177; SD was 66.1 &#177; 12.7 years. During hospitalization, 119 patients (45.8%) had infection: 88 (33.8%) being diagnosed with pulmonary infection and 39 patients (15.0%), with urinary infection. During hospitalization, 56 patients (21.5%) died, and, after discharge, 36 patients (17.6%). During hospitalization, 26.9% of the patients with infection died vs 17% of those without infection (p = 0.05). However, after discharge, mortality was lower in the group that had infection: 11.5% vs 22.2% (p = 0.046).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Infection is a frequent morbidity among patients with HF admitted for compensation of the condition, and those with infection show higher in-hospital mortality. However, those patients who initially had infection and survived had a better outcome after discharge.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Lung Diseases / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Urinary Tract / physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Of the cardiovascular diagnoses, heart failure (HF) is the most frequent cause of hospitalization of patients older than 65 years in Brazil and worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Usually HF is controlled at the doctor's office, but when advanced or associated with any disease or comorbidity, the patients can decompensate, requiring hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Several factors can contribute to aggravate HF: acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmias and acute respiratory disease were identified as the most common precipitating factors of heart decompensation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In the OPTIMIZE-HF Registry, acute coronary syndrome and acute respiratory disease were associated with higher in-hospital mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In the emergency department of our hospital, the factors associated with decompensation were non-adherence to treatment, renal failure, arrhythmias and infections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> This study was aimed at analyzing the role of infection in the outcome of patients admitted to our unit, a supporting ward of the emergency department.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a cohort study assessing 260 patients consecutively admitted to our unit, a supporting ward of the emergency department of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the S&#227;o Paulo University Medical School (HCFMUSP), in 2014 because of decompensated HF. Only the first admission of each patient was considered. All patients had New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV HF. They were followed up for up to one year, and underwent clinical, echocardiographic and laboratory assessment.</p>
      <p>The following data were assessed: identification, heart disease etiology, comorbidities, clinical findings, such as heart rate and blood pressure at the first assessment, hemodynamic clinical profile, and echocardiographic and laboratory findings. The diagnosis of HF was established by use of the Framingham criteria, and type B natriuretic peptide (BNP), in case of diagnostic doubt, in addition to assessment of ejection fraction by use of two-dimensional echocardiography with color doppler. The comorbidities were identified based on the description of the attending physicians. Renal failure was confirmed by the presence of high levels of urea and creatinine, while diabetes mellitus, by the prescription of hypoglycemic agents on admission. Hypothyroidism was identified in the presence of a prescription of levothyroxine or increased levels of TSH. Atrial fibrillation was diagnosed based on the electrocardiographic tracing, while pulmonary infection was diagnosed based on signs and symptoms, in addition to chest X-ray, blood cell count and C-reactive protein (CRP). Urinary infection was diagnosed based on signs and symptoms, in addition to blood cell count, urinalysis and urine culture. We assessed the characteristics of the patients with infection, and compared them with those of the patients without infection. </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test data normality (p &gt; 0.05 = normal distribution). Regarding the characteristics of the population, continuous variables with normal distribution were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. Continuous variables without normal distribution were presented as median (interquartile range 25%-75%). Categorical variables were presented as absolute number and percentage.</p>
        <p>When comparing the groups, the continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. Unpaired Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for variables with normal distribution, and Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test for variables with non-normal distribution. Chi-square test of association or Fisher exact test was used to compare the categorical variables. All tests performed are two-tailed and a p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study included 260 patients, with a mean age of 66.1 &#177; 12.7 years, 54.2% of the male sex. The patients were followed up during hospitalization and after discharge. The length of follow-up was 240.05 days (standard error = 10.47, 95% confidence interval = 219.52 - 260.57 days). During hospitalization, 119 patients (45.8%) had infection, 88 (33.8%) being diagnosed with pulmonary infection and 39 patients (15.0%), with urinary infection. Eight patients had both pulmonary<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and urinary infections concomitantly. Renal failure was present in 142 patients (54,6%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 34 patients (13.1%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> hypothyroidism in 47 patients (18.1%), diabetes mellitus in 95 patients (36.5%), and atrial fibrillation in 119 patients (45.8%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the major characteristics of the population studied, of which, 170 patients (65.4%) had HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 40%, 37 (14.2%) had LVEF of 40%-49%, and 53 (20.4%) had LVEF &#8805; 50%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">P (K-S)</th>
              <th align="center">N = 260 patients</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">0.062</td>
              <td align="center">66.1 &#177; 12.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex - n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">141 (54.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HF etiology - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagasic</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">46 (17.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">97 (37.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-ischemic, non-Chagasic</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">117 (45.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidities - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Renal failure</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">142 (54.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">34 (13.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypothyroidism</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">47 (18.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">95 (36.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">119 (45.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urinary infection</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">39 (15.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pneumonia</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">88 (33.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Infection (any site)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">119 (45.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Vital signs</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">100.0 (82.8 - 120.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">60.0 (56.0 - 80.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">80.0 (70.0 - 98.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Echocardiogram</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.523</td>
              <td align="center">62.0 &#177; 10.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
              <td align="center">48.4 &#177; 7.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">30.0 (25.0 - 45.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PAP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">0.392</td>
              <td align="center">51.3 &#177; 15.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hemodynamic profile - admission - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Profile B</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">131 (50.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Profile C</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">111 (42.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Profile L</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">18 (6.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Laboratory tests</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">0.851</td>
              <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 2.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
              <td align="center">79.0 (51.0 - 108.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.6 (1.2 - 2.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sodium</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
              <td align="center">138.0 (134.0 - 140.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Potassium</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">4.3 (4.0 - 4.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C-reactive protein</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">18.0 (7.5 - 53.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CKMB mass</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">2.0 (1.4 - 3.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponin I</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 (0.022 - 0.107)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BNP</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1020.0 (457.5 - 2014.3)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>P (K-S): teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (p &gt; 0.05 = normal distribution). Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables with normal distribution, or median (interquartile range 25% - 75%) for continuous variables with non-normal distribution. Categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers (percentage). COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LA: left atrium; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PAP: pulmonary artery pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The mean length of stay was 28.6 days (20.52). During hospitalization, 56 patients (21.5%) died. Within 30 days from discharge, 58 patients (28.43%) required a visit to the emergency department, and 28 (13.73%), a new admission.</p>
      <p>When comparing the groups with and without infection, the following characteristics were similar: age, sex, hemoglobin, blood pressure, heart rate and LVEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Renal failure was present in 73 patients (61.3%) with infection vs 69 patients (48.9%) without infection (P = 0.045). The mean dose of furosemide was similar in both groups: 68.06 mg/day (37.58) for the infected patients vs 71.84 mg/day (39.23) for non-infected ones (P = 0.568). In the group with infection, 42 patients (35.3%) died during the total follow-up vs 50 patients (35.5%) of the group without infection (P = 0.977). During hospitalization, 32 patients with infection (26.9%) died vs 24 patients without infection (17%) (P = 0.054). When assessing only the discharged patients, 10 of the group with infection (11.5%) died during follow-up vs 26 (22.2%) of the group without infection (P = 0.047).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of the characteristics of the patients with and without infection</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Infection</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p*</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Yes (n = 119)</th>
              <th align="center">No (n = 141)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">67.33 &#177; 12.18</td>
              <td align="center">65.03 &#177; 13.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.147</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex - n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">58 (48.7)</td>
              <td align="center">83(58.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.102</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">12.93 &#177; 1.93</td>
              <td align="center">13.25 &#177; 2.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.251</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">100.0 (83.5 - 123.5)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (81.5 - 120.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.109</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">61.0 (53.0 - 80.0)</td>
              <td align="center">60.0 (56.0 - 76.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.701</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">84.0 (70.0 - 100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">80.0 (67.8 - 94.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.493</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30.0 (25.0 - 46.0)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (25.0 - 45.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">60.60 &#177; 10.07</td>
              <td align="center">63.24 &#177; 10.46</td>
              <td align="center">0.044</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVSD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">48.72 &#177; 12.52</td>
              <td align="center">52.45 &#177; 12.74</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">78.0 (56.0 - 107.0)</td>
              <td align="center">79.0 (49.3 - 108.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.391</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1.62 (1.23 - 2.17)</td>
              <td align="center">1.54 (1.22 - 2.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.680</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Renal failure - n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">73 (61.3)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (48.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Length of stay (days)</td>
              <td align="center">29.43 &#177; 19.43</td>
              <td align="center">21.3 &#177; 27.89</td>
              <td align="center">0.546</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Mortality - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">42 (35.3)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (35.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.977</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">In-hospital</td>
              <td align="center">32 (26.9)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (17)</td>
              <td align="center">0.050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Post-discharge</td>
              <td align="center">10 (11.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (22.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.046</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables with normal distribution, or median (interquartile range 25% - 75%) for continuous variables with non-normal distribution. Categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers (percentage). P*: To calculate P value, Student t test was used for the variables with normal distribution, Mann-Whitney U test for the variables with non-normal distribution. P value was estimated by use of the chi-square test or Fisher exact test for the categorical variables. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the characteristics related to in-hospital mortality, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows mortality during total follow-up. Renal failure was observed in 54.6% of the patients, more frequently in those who died during hospitalization (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>) or during the total study period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of the characteristics of the patients regarding in-hospital mortality</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">In-Hospital Death</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p*</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Yes (n =56)</th>
              <th align="center">No (n = 204)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">65.7 &#177; 12.6</td>
              <td align="center">66.2 &#177; 12.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.817</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex - n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (58.9)</td>
              <td align="center">108 (52.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.426</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HF etiology - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagasic</td>
              <td align="center">11 (19.6)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (17.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.666</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">21 (37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (37.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.973</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidities - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Renal failure</td>
              <td align="center">43 (76.8)</td>
              <td align="center">99 (48.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">7 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (13.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.885</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypothyroidism</td>
              <td align="center">11 (19.6)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (17.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.731</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">18 (32.1)</td>
              <td align="center">77 (37.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.441</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">28 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">91 (44.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.473</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urinary infection</td>
              <td align="center">10 (17.9)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (14.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.499</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pneumonia</td>
              <td align="center">24 (42.9)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (31.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.108</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Infection (any site)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (57.1)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (42.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.054</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Vital signs</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">91 (80-110)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (84-120)</td>
              <td align="center">0.109</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (58.5-77)</td>
              <td align="center">61.5 (55.25-80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.701</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (62-98)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (70-97.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.493</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Echocardiogram</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">64.6 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">61.4 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.043</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVSD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">53.88 &#177;10.95</td>
              <td align="center">49.93 &#177; 13.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">48.7 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">48.4 &#177; 7.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.746</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (24.25-35)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (25-47)</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PAP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">55.7 &#177; 16.4</td>
              <td align="center">50.1 &#177; 15.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hemodynamic profile - admission - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Profile B</td>
              <td align="center">23 (41.1)</td>
              <td align="center">108 (52.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.116</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Profile C</td>
              <td align="center">30 (53.6)</td>
              <td align="center">81 (39.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Profile L</td>
              <td align="center">3 (5.4)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (7.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.771</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Laboratory tests</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin</td>
              <td align="center">12.3 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">83 (55-114)</td>
              <td align="center">74.5 (51-107)</td>
              <td align="center">0.391</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1.66 (1.09-2)</td>
              <td align="center">1.55 (1.23-2.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.680</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sodium</td>
              <td align="center">137 (133-140)</td>
              <td align="center">138 (135-140)</td>
              <td align="center">0.598</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Potassium</td>
              <td align="center">4.3 (4-5)</td>
              <td align="center">4.3 (4-4.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.583</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C-reactive protein</td>
              <td align="center">19.44 (8.82-50.2)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (7.39-54)</td>
              <td align="center">0.766</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CKMB mass</td>
              <td align="center">1.94 (1.24-3.64)</td>
              <td align="center">2.03 (1.41-3.58)</td>
              <td align="center">0.950</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponin I</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 (0.02-0.12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 (0.02-0.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.951</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BNP</td>
              <td align="center">1283 (853-2095)</td>
              <td align="center">969 (422.5-1951.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.101</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">134.9 &#177; 44.7</td>
              <td align="center">145.8 &#177; 46.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.308</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL</td>
              <td align="center">30.5 &#177; 14.9</td>
              <td align="center">38.3 &#177; 15.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL</td>
              <td align="center">82.4 &#177; 36.1</td>
              <td align="center">86.6 &#177; 36.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.504</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Vasoactive drugs on admission - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dobutamine</td>
              <td align="center">48 (85.7)</td>
              <td align="center">111 (54.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Levosimendan</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (7.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.378</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Milrinone</td>
              <td align="center">5 (8.9)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (2.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.024</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables with normal distribution, or median (interquartile range 25% - 75%) for continuous variables with non-normal distribution. Categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers (percentage). P*: To calculate P value, Student t test was used for the variables with normal distribution, Mann-Whitney U test for the variables with non-normal distribution. P value was estimated by use of the chi-square test or Fisher exact test for the categorical variables. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LA: left atrium; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PAP: pulmonary artery pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of the characteristics of the patients regarding total mortality (in hospital + post-discharge)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total Death</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p*</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Yes (n = 92)</th>
              <th align="center">No (n = 168)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">65.9 &#177; 12.4</td>
              <td align="center">66.2 &#177; 12.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.828</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex - n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (59.8)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (51.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.184</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HF etiology - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagasic</td>
              <td align="center">21 (22.8)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (14.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.108</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">31 (33.7)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (39.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.373</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidities - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Renal failure</td>
              <td align="center">64 (69.6)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (46.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">10 (10.9)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.435</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypothyroidism</td>
              <td align="center">17 (18.5)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (17.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.901</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">28 (30.4)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (39.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.130</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">47 (51.1)</td>
              <td align="center">72 (42.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.203</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urinary infection</td>
              <td align="center">14 (15.2)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (14.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.942</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pneumonia</td>
              <td align="center">31 (33.7)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (33.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.970</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Infection (urinary and/or pulmonary)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (45.7)</td>
              <td align="center">77 (45.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.978</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Vital signs:</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">91 (84-110)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (82-125)</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (57.5-70)</td>
              <td align="center">63.5 (55-80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.465</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (69.5-100)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (70-94.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.898</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Echocardiogram:</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">64.0 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">61.0 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">48.3 &#177; 7.3</td>
              <td align="center">48.5 &#177; 7.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.859</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28.5 (24.25-35)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (25-49)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PAP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">54.2 &#177; 15.8</td>
              <td align="center">49.8 &#177; 15.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.058</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hemodynamic profile - admission - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Profile B</td>
              <td align="center">37 (40.2)</td>
              <td align="center">94 (56.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Profile C</td>
              <td align="center">50 (54.3)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (36.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Profile L</td>
              <td align="center">5 (5.4)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (7.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.484</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Laboratory tests</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin</td>
              <td align="center">12.4 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (54-114)</td>
              <td align="center">74.5 (51-107)</td>
              <td align="center">0.453</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1.66 (1.23-2)</td>
              <td align="center">1.54 (1.22-2.03)</td>
              <td align="center">0.481</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sodium</td>
              <td align="center">137 (134-139)</td>
              <td align="center">138 (135-140)</td>
              <td align="center">0.325</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Potassium</td>
              <td align="center">4.3 (4-4.9)</td>
              <td align="center">4.4 (4-4.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.835</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C-reactive protein</td>
              <td align="center">17.97 (8.94-48.8)</td>
              <td align="center">18.88 (7.31-60.42)</td>
              <td align="center">0.927</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CKMB mass</td>
              <td align="center">1.98 (1.32-3.26)</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 (1.5-3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.759</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponin I</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 (0.02-0.11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 (0.02-0.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.941</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BNP</td>
              <td align="center">1274 (774-2095)</td>
              <td align="center">969 (383.5-1951.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.098</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">138.0 &#177; 44.9</td>
              <td align="center">147.0 &#177; 46.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.306</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL</td>
              <td align="center">32.6 &#177; 15.0</td>
              <td align="center">39.1 &#177; 15.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL</td>
              <td align="center">83.5 &#177; 35.8</td>
              <td align="center">87.1 &#177; 36.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.499</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Vasoactive drugs on admission - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dobutamine</td>
              <td align="center">72 (78.3)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (51.8)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Levosimendan</td>
              <td align="center">6 (6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (7.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.850</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Milrinone</td>
              <td align="center">5 (5.4)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (2.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.286</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables with normal distribution, or median (interquartile range 25% - 75%) for continuous variables with non-normal distribution. Categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers (percentage). P*: To calculate P value, Student t test was used for the variables with normal distribution, Mann-Whitney U test for the variables with non-normal distribution. P value was estimated by use of the chi-square test or Fisher exact test for the categorical variables. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LA: left atrium; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PAP: pulmonary artery pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Infection was associated with decompensated HF in 45.8% of the patients, and in that group of infected patients, an increase in mortality was observed during hospitalization. However, after hospital discharge, the group with infection showed better outcome as compared to those without infection. The most frequent comorbidity in our study was renal failure, affecting 54.6% of the patients, and relating to in-hospital mortality during follow-up after discharge.</p>
      <p>The causes of heart decompensation varied according to the population studied. Acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmias and acute respiratory disease are the most frequent precipitating factors of heart decompensation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> At the emergency department of our hospital, the most common cause of hospitalization was non-adherence to treatment, and infections were considered the cause of hospitalization in 8% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In the BREATHE Registry, poor adherence was also the most frequent cause, and infection was the second one, contributing to decompensation in 22.9% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The association between infection and decompensation and worse prognosis is well known. An investigation performed at the InCor, via the statistics department, showed that, in the last 10 years, 27,528 patients were hospitalized and diagnosed with HF (I50), most of the male sex (55%). The mean length of stay was 14.8 days, and the in-hospital mortality of that population with HF was 24.8%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, of the patients admitted to our ward in 2014, the in-hospital mortality of those with HF and infection was 26.9% versus 17.0% of those without infection (p = 0.05). The increase in mortality due to infection has been also reported in the OPTIMIZE-HF Registry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Comparing the characteristics of the patients with and without infection based on the variables analyzed, those with infection decompensated with a milder ventricular impairment than that of those without infection, suggesting that decompensation resulted from the overload and systemic changes that infection causes and not only from the severity of cardiac impairment. Patients with infection had smaller heart dilatation than those without infection, 60.6 mm (10.07) vs 63.4 mm (10.46), p = 0.04. After hospital discharge, patients of the group with infection had better outcome. Mortality during follow-up of those who were hospitalized with infection was 11.5% versus 22.2% of those without infection (p = 0.046). That lower mortality can be attributed to the milder cardiac impairment of those who had infection, a fact that can explain the best outcome after discharge with infection under control. This result shows that infection worsens the prognosis of patients who, even without significant cardiac impairment, decompensate and have a tendency towards worse outcome during hospitalization. Our data confirm that infection worsens the outcome of patients with HF.</p>
      <p>In addition, in their study, M. Arrigo et al. have also reported similar findings for patients with infection, as well as lower re-hospitalization rates as compared to those of patients without in-hospital infection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Those data show that infections, by overloading impaired hearts, worsen the clinical findings, leading to decompensation, and such patients with impaired hearts have a worse outcome than those without infection. Once infection is under control, the milder heart impairment of those patients determines their better outcome as compared to those who decompensated without infection, because of their more severe heart impairment.</p>
      <p>Those findings emphasize the importance of pulmonary infection prevention, avoiding the worsening of patients and their consequent hospitalization. That benefit has been confirmed in octogenarian patients, and those who received vaccination were less frequently hospitalized.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations as recommended in our guideline might be very useful to prevent pulmonary infection.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This is an observation study, with its inherent limitations. The patients were selected from those admitted to a tertiary hospital, which might determine the bias of more severe cases.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Infection is a frequent morbidity among patients with HF admitted for compensation of the condition, and those with infection show higher in-hospital mortality. However, those patients who initially had infection and survived had a better outcome after discharge.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infec&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada: Mortalidade Hospitalar e Evolu&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Del Carlo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ochiai</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Eidi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Juliano Novaes Cardoso</bold>, Rua Joaquin Ferreira, 147, apto 161 bloco Perdizes. CEP 05033-080, &#193;gua Branca, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>julianonc@cardiol.br</email>, <email>juliano.cardoso@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cardoso JN, Del Carlo CH, Ochiai ME, Barretto ACP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cardoso JN, Barretto ACP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:Cardoso JN; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cardoso JN, Del Carlo CH; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:Cardoso JN, Oliveira Junior MT, Barretto ACP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cardoso JN, Oliveira Junior MT, Ochiai ME, Kalil Filho R, Barretto ACP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cujas formas avan&#231;adas t&#234;m mau progn&#243;stico, que &#233; mais agravado pela presen&#231;a de comorbidades.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliamos o impacto da infec&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IC descompensada que internaram em hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudamos 260 pacientes consecutivos que internaram em nossa unidade com IC descompensada. Avaliamos a presen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#227;o e de outras morbidades. Avaliaram-se mortalidade hospitalar e evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta. A chance de &#243;bito foi estimada pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada para as vari&#225;veis estudadas. Considerou-se P &lt; 0,05 significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos pacientes estudados, 54,2% eram homens, sendo a idade m&#233;dia &#177; DP de 66,1 &#177; 12,7 anos. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, 119 pacientes (45,8%) apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o: 88 (33,8%) tiveram diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e 39 (15%), de infec&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria. A mortalidade hospitalar ocorreu em 56 pacientes (21,5%) e, ap&#243;s a alta, 36 pacientes (17,6%) morreram no seguimento. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, 26,9% do grupo com infec&#231;&#227;o morreu vs 17% do grupo sem infec&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,05). Entretanto, ap&#243;s a alta, a mortalidade foi menor no grupo com infec&#231;&#227;o: 11,5% vs 22,2% (p = 0,046).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Infec&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma comorbidade frequente entre os pacientes com IC internados para compensa&#231;&#227;o, causando um aumento da mortalidade durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, ap&#243;s a alta, os pacientes inicialmente com infec&#231;&#227;o apresentaram melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumopatias / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Urin&#225;rio / fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; a causa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o mais frequente entre os diagn&#243;sticos cardiol&#243;gicos nos pacientes com mais de 65 anos no Brasil e no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A IC em geral &#233; controlada nos consult&#243;rios, mas nas formas avan&#231;adas ou quando o paciente apresenta alguma doen&#231;a associada ou comorbidade, eles podem descompensar e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> V&#225;rios fatores podem contribuir para a exacerba&#231;&#227;o da IC, dentre eles s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, arritmias e doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria aguda foram identificadas como os mais frequentes fatores precipitantes de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No Registro OPTIMIZE-HF, a s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda e a doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria aguda foram associadas a maior mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em nosso hospital, em pesquisa na Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia, os fatores associados a descompensa&#231;&#227;o foram a n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento, insufici&#234;ncia renal, arritmias e quadros infecciosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Procuramos neste artigo analisar o papel da infec&#231;&#227;o na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes internados em nossa unidade, que &#233; uma enfermaria retaguarda do setor de Emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo de coorte, onde analisamos 260 pacientes hospitalizados de forma consecutiva no ano de 2014 devido a IC descompensada em nossa enfermaria, que &#233; retaguarda da Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP). S&#243; foi considerada a primeira interna&#231;&#227;o de cada paciente. Todos estavam em classe funcional III ou IV, pela classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA). Os pacientes foram acompanhados por at&#233; um ano, e todos foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ecocardiogr&#225;fica e laboratorial.</p>
        <p>Analisamos dados de identifica&#231;&#227;o, etiologia da cardiopatia, comorbidades, achados cl&#237;nicos como frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o, perfil cl&#237;nico hemodin&#226;mico, dados do ecocardiograma e da avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial realizada. O diagn&#243;stico de IC foi feito atrav&#233;s dos crit&#233;rios de Framingham, uso do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) em caso de d&#250;vida diagn&#243;stica e foi realizada a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional com doppler colorido. As comorbidades foram identificadas com base na descri&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;dicos que atenderam os pacientes. A insufici&#234;ncia renal foi confirmada pela presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis elevados de ureia e creatinina. Diabetes mellitus foi confirmado pela prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos hipoglicemiantes na interna&#231;&#227;o. O hipotireoidismo foi identificado quando da presen&#231;a de prescri&#231;&#227;o de levotiroxina ou eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de TSH. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi diagnosticada com base no tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. A infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi diagnosticada com base nos sinais e sintomas, al&#233;m de radiografia de t&#243;rax, hemograma e PCR. A infec&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria foi diagnosticada com base nos sinais e sintomas, em associa&#231;&#227;o ao exame de sangue, urina tipo 1 e urocultura. Analisamos as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o e comparamos com os sem infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para testar a normalidade dos dados (p &gt; 0,05 = distribui&#231;&#227;o normal). Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas como mediana (intervalo interquartil 25% - 75%). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;mero (porcentagem).</p>
          <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Foram utilizados o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste <italic>U</italic> de Mann-Whitney para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. Na compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi utilizado o teste de associa&#231;&#227;o do qui-quadrado ou o teste Exato de Fisher. Todos os testes utilizados s&#227;o bicaudais e o valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado como estatisticamente significante. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com <italic>o software</italic> estat&#237;stico <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 260 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 66,1 anos (12,7), sendo 54,2% do sexo masculino. Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s a alta. O acompanhamento foi de 240,05 dias - erro padr&#227;o = 10,47 (Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% = 219,52 - 260,57 dias). Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o 119 pacientes (45,8%) apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o, 88 (33,8%) tiveram diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e 39 pacientes (15,0%), de infec&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria. Oito pacientes apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e urin&#225;ria concomitantemente. A insufici&#234;ncia renal esteve presente em 142 pacientes (54,6%), doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) em 34 pacientes (13,1%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>, hipotireoidismo em 47 pacientes (18,1%), diabetes mellitus em 95 pacientes (36,5%) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 119 pacientes (45,8%). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> apresentamos as principais caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Dos pacientes estudados, 170 (65,4%) apresentavam IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 40%, 37 (14,2%) apresentavam FEVE entre 40% e 49%, e 53 (20,4%) apresentavam FEVE &#8805; 50%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">P (K-S)</th>
                <th align="center">N = 260 pacientes</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
                <td align="center">66,1 &#177; 12,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">141 (54,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia da IC - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chag&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">46 (17,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">97 (37,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, n&#227;o chag&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">117 (45,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidades - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">142 (54,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">34 (13,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipotireoidismo</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">47 (18,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">95 (36,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">119 (45,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">39 (15,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pneumonia</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">88 (33,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o (qualquer foco)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">119 (45,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sinais vitais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">100,0 (82,8 - 120,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">60,0 (56,0 - 80,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">80,0 (70,0 - 98,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,523</td>
                <td align="center">62,0 &#177; 10,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
                <td align="center">48,4 &#177; 7,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">30,0 (25,0 - 45,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,392</td>
                <td align="center">51,3 &#177; 15,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Perfil hemodin&#226;mico - admiss&#227;o - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Perfil B</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">131 (50,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Perfil C</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">111 (42,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Perfil L</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">18 (6,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Laborat&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,851</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 2,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
                <td align="center">79,0 (51,0 - 108,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (1,2 - 2,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#243;dio</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">138,0 (134,0 - 140,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 (4,0 - 4,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;na C-Reativa</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">18,0 (7,5 - 53,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CKMB massa</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (1,4 - 3,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina I</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (0,022 - 0,107)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1020,0 (457,5 - 2014,3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>P (K-S), teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (p &gt; 0,05 = distribui&#231;&#227;o normal). Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou mediana (intervalo interquartil 25% - 75%) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;mero (porcentagem). DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; PAP: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio foi de 28,6 dias (20,52). Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, 56 pacientes (21,5%) morreram. Em 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta, 58 pacientes (28,43%) necessitaram passar no pronto-socorro e 28 (13,73%) necessitaram de nova interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Quando comparamos os grupos com e sem infec&#231;&#227;o, observamos que as caracter&#237;sticas como idade, sexo, hemoglobina, press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e FEVE foram semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). A insufici&#234;ncia renal esteve presente em 73 pacientes (61,3%) do grupo com infec&#231;&#227;o vs 69 pacientes (48,9%) do grupo sem infec&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,045). A dose m&#233;dia de furosemida foi semelhante nos grupos, sendo 68,06 mg/dia (37,58) nos infectados vs 71,84 mg/dia (39,23) nos sem infec&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,568). No grupo com infec&#231;&#227;o, a mortalidade durante o acompanhamento total ocorreu em 42 pacientes (35,3%) vs 50 pacientes (35,5%) do grupo sem infec&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,977). A mortalidade hospitalar ocorreu em 32 pacientes (26,9%) no grupo com infec&#231;&#227;o vs 24 pacientes (17%) no grupo sem infec&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,054). Quando analisamos apenas os pacientes que receberam alta, a morte ocorreu em 10 pacientes (11,5%) durante o seguimento no grupo que teve infec&#231;&#227;o vs 26 pacientes (22,2%) no grupo sem infec&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,047).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o a infec&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Infec&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">Sim (n = 119)</th>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o (n = 141)</th>
                <th align="center">p*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">67,33 &#177; 12,18</td>
                <td align="center">65,03 &#177; 13,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (48,7)</td>
                <td align="center">83(58,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">12,93 &#177; 1,93</td>
                <td align="center">13,25 &#177; 2,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,251</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">100,0 (83,5 - 123,5)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (81,5 - 120,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">61,0 (53,0 - 80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">60,0 (56,0 - 76,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,701</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">84,0 (70,0 - 100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">80,0 (67,8 - 94,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,493</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30,0 (25,0 - 46,0)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (25,0 - 45,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">60,60 &#177; 10,07</td>
                <td align="center">63,24 &#177; 10,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">48,72 &#177; 12,52</td>
                <td align="center">52,45 &#177; 12,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">78,0 (56,0 - 107,0)</td>
                <td align="center">79,0 (49,3 - 108,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,391</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 (1,23 - 2,17)</td>
                <td align="center">1,54 (1,22 - 2,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,680</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (61,3)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (48,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dia internados</td>
                <td align="center">29,43 &#177; 19,43</td>
                <td align="center">21,3 &#177; 27,89</td>
                <td align="center">0,546</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mortalidade - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">42 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (35,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,977</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">32 (26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P&#243;s-Alta</td>
                <td align="center">10 (11,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (22,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou mediana (intervalo interquartil 25% - 75%) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;mero (porcentagem). P*: para o c&#225;lculo do valor de P foi utilizado o teste t-Student para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o teste U de Mann-Whitney para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. O valor de P foi estimado pelo teste do Qui-quadrado ou pelo teste Exato de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>, apresentamos as caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas com a mortalidade hospitalar e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref> a mortalidade durante todo seguimento. A insufici&#234;ncia renal ocorreu em 54,6% dos pacientes, com maior frequ&#234;ncia no grupo que morreu tanto durante hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>) quanto na avalia&#231;&#227;o de todo o per&#237;odo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o a mortalidade hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Morte Hospitalar</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Sim (n = 56)</th>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o (n = 204)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">65,7 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">66,2 &#177; 12,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,817</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (58,9)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,426</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia da IC - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chag&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">11 (19,6)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (17,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,666</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">21 (37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (37,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,973</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidades - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                <td align="center">43 (76,8)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (48,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">7 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,885</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipotireoidismo</td>
                <td align="center">11 (19,6)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,731</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">18 (32,1)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (37,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,441</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">28 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (44,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,473</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">10 (17,9)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,499</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pneumonia</td>
                <td align="center">24 (42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o (qualquer foco)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (57,1)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (42,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sinais vitais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (80-110)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (84-120)</td>
                <td align="center">0,109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (58,5-77)</td>
                <td align="center">61,5 (55,25-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,701</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (62-98)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-97,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,493</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">64,6 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">61,4 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">53,88 &#177;10,95</td>
                <td align="center">49,93 &#177; 13,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">48,7 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">48,4 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,746</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (24,25-35)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (25-47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">55,7 &#177; 16,4</td>
                <td align="center">50,1 &#177; 15,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Perfil hemodin&#226;mico - admiss&#227;o - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Perfil B</td>
                <td align="center">23 (41,1)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Perfil C</td>
                <td align="center">30 (53,6)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (39,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Perfil L</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,771</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Laborat&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">12,3 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (55-114)</td>
                <td align="center">74,5 (51-107)</td>
                <td align="center">0,391</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,66 (1,09-2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,55 (1,23-2,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,680</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#243;dio</td>
                <td align="center">137 (133-140)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (135-140)</td>
                <td align="center">0,598</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 (4-5)</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 (4-4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,583</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;na C-Reativa</td>
                <td align="center">19,44 (8,82-50,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (7,39-54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,766</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CKMB massa</td>
                <td align="center">1,94 (1,24-3,64)</td>
                <td align="center">2,03 (1,41-3,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,950</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina I</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (0,02-0,12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (0,02-0,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,951</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP</td>
                <td align="center">1283 (853-2095)</td>
                <td align="center">969 (422,5-1951,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,101</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">134,9 &#177; 44,7</td>
                <td align="center">145,8 &#177; 46,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL</td>
                <td align="center">30,5 &#177; 14,9</td>
                <td align="center">38,3 &#177; 15,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL</td>
                <td align="center">82,4 &#177; 36,1</td>
                <td align="center">86,6 &#177; 36,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,504</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Drogas vasoativas na interna&#231;&#227;o - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dobutamina</td>
                <td align="center">48 (85,7)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (54,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Levosimendan</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,378</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Milrinona</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8,9)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou mediana (intervalo interquartil 25% - 75%) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;mero (porcentagem). P*: para o c&#225;lculo do valor de P foi utilizado o teste t-Student para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o teste U de Mann-Whitney para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. O valor de P foi estimado pelo teste do Qui-quadrado ou pelo teste Exato de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; PAP: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o a mortalidade total (hospitalar + seguimento)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Morte Total</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Sim (n = 92)</th>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o (n = 168)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">65,9 &#177; 12,4</td>
                <td align="center">66,2 &#177; 12,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,828</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (59,8)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (51,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,184</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia da IC - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chag&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">21 (22,8)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (14,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">31 (33,7)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,373</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidades - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                <td align="center">64 (69,6)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (46,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">10 (10,9)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,435</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipotireoidismo</td>
                <td align="center">17 (18,5)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (17,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,901</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">28 (30,4)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (39,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">47 (51,1)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,203</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">14 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (14,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,942</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pneumonia</td>
                <td align="center">31 (33,7)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (33,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,970</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o (Urin&#225;ria e/ou Pulmonar)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (45,7)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (45,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,978</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sinais vitais:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (84-110)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (82-125)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (57,5-70)</td>
                <td align="center">63,5 (55-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,465</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (69,5-100)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-94,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,898</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">64,0 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">61,0 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">48,3 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">48,5 &#177; 7,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,859</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 (24,25-35)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (25-49)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">54,2 &#177; 15,8</td>
                <td align="center">49,8 &#177; 15,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Perfil hemodin&#226;mico - admiss&#227;o - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Perfil B</td>
                <td align="center">37 (40,2)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (56,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Perfil C</td>
                <td align="center">50 (54,3)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (36,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Perfil L</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,484</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Laborat&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">12,4 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (54-114)</td>
                <td align="center">74,5 (51-107)</td>
                <td align="center">0,453</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,66 (1,23-2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,54 (1,22-2,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,481</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#243;dio</td>
                <td align="center">137 (134-139)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (135-140)</td>
                <td align="center">0,325</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 (4-4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 (4-4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,835</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;na C-Reativa</td>
                <td align="center">17,97 (8,94-48,8)</td>
                <td align="center">18,88 (7,31-60,42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,927</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CKMB massa</td>
                <td align="center">1,98 (1,32-3,26)</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (1,5-3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,759</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina I</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (0,02-0,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (0,02-0,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,941</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP</td>
                <td align="center">1274 (774-2095)</td>
                <td align="center">969 (383,5-1951,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">138,0 &#177; 44,9</td>
                <td align="center">147,0 &#177; 46,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,306</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL</td>
                <td align="center">32,6 &#177; 15,0</td>
                <td align="center">39,1 &#177; 15,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL</td>
                <td align="center">83,5 &#177; 35,8</td>
                <td align="center">87,1 &#177; 36,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,499</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Drogas vasoativas na interna&#231;&#227;o - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dobutamina</td>
                <td align="center">72 (78,3)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (51,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Levosimendan</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,850</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Milrinona</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,286</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou mediana (intervalo interquartil 25% - 75%) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;mero (porcentagem). P*: para o c&#225;lculo do valor de P foi utilizado o teste t-Student para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o teste U de Mann-Whitney para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. O valor de P foi estimado pelo teste do Qui-quadrado ou pelo teste Exato de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; PAP: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Infec&#231;&#227;o associou-se ao quadro de IC descompensada em 45,8% dos pacientes e, nesse grupo de pacientes infectados, houve um aumento da mortalidade durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, o grupo com infec&#231;&#227;o apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o melhor comparado &#224;quele sem infec&#231;&#227;o. A comorbidade mais frequente, nesta casu&#237;stica, foi a insufici&#234;ncia renal, que comprometeu 54,6% de nossos pacientes e teve rela&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade hospitalar e durante o seguimento ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
        <p>As causas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca variam conforme a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. S&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, arritmias e doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria aguda s&#227;o identificadas como os mais frequentes fatores precipitantes de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Na Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia de nosso hospital, a causa mais frequente de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi a n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento, sendo as infec&#231;&#245;es consideradas causa em 8% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No Registro BREATHE, a m&#225; ader&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foi a causa mais frequente e a infec&#231;&#227;o foi a segunda, contribuindo para a descompensa&#231;&#227;o em 22,9% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre infec&#231;&#227;o e descompensa&#231;&#227;o e piora do progn&#243;stico &#233; bastante conhecida. Em levantamento feito no InCor, atrav&#233;s do servi&#231;o de estat&#237;stica, pudemos verificar que, nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos, 27.528 pacientes foram internados e tiveram o diagn&#243;stico de IC (I50), sendo a maioria homens (55%). O tempo m&#233;dio de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi de 14,8 dias, e a mortalidade hospitalar dessa popula&#231;&#227;o com IC foi de 24,8%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, dos pacientes internados em 2014 em nossa enfermaria, constatamos que a mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o daqueles com IC e infec&#231;&#227;o foi de 26,9% contra 17,0% nos sem infec&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,05). O aumento de mortalidade em decorr&#234;ncia das infec&#231;&#245;es foi tamb&#233;m descrito no Registro OPTIMIZE-HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com e sem infec&#231;&#227;o com base nas vari&#225;veis que analisamos, pudemos observar que aqueles com infec&#231;&#227;o descompensaram com comprometimento ventricular menor do que o daqueles sem infec&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo que a descompensa&#231;&#227;o decorreu da sobrecarga e altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas que o quadro infecioso promove e n&#227;o somente do grau de comprometimento card&#237;aco. Os pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o apresentavam menor dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do que os sem infec&#231;&#227;o, 60,6 mm (10,07) vs 63,4 mm (10,46), P = 0,04. Ap&#243;s a alta, observamos melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o para esses pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o que tiveram alta. A mortalidade no seguimento dos que internaram com infec&#231;&#227;o foi de 11,5% contra 22,2% dos sem infec&#231;&#227;o (P = 0,046). Essa menor mortalidade pode ser imputada ao menor comprometimento card&#237;aco daqueles que tiveram infec&#231;&#227;o, fato que pode explicar a melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta com o quadro infeccioso controlado. Esse resultado mostra que a infec&#231;&#227;o agrava os pacientes que mesmo sem comprometimento card&#237;aco acentuado acabaram descompensando e apresentando uma tend&#234;ncia de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Nossos dados comprovam que a infec&#231;&#227;o desencadeia e piora a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com IC.</p>
        <p>O estudo realizado por M. Arrigo et al. tamb&#233;m descreve achado semelhante com os pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o e revelou taxas de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o menores quando comparadas &#224;s daqueles que n&#227;o tiveram infec&#231;&#227;o durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Os dados indicam que infec&#231;&#245;es sobrecarregando os cora&#231;&#245;es doentes pioram o quadro cl&#237;nico e levam a descompensa&#231;&#227;o. Esses pacientes cardiopatas evoluem pior do que os sem infec&#231;&#227;o. Uma vez controlado o quadro infeccioso, o menor comprometimento card&#237;aco que esses pacientes apresentam faz com que tenham melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o do que os que descompensaram sem infec&#231;&#227;o em decorr&#234;ncia do quadro cardiol&#243;gico mais comprometido.</p>
        <p>Esses achados destacam a import&#226;ncia da preven&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, evitando-se a acentua&#231;&#227;o dos quadros e sua consequente hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Esse benef&#237;cio foi comprovado em pacientes octogen&#225;rios e os que receberam vacina foram menos hospitalizados na evolu&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Vacina&#231;&#227;o contra pneumonia e gripe como indicado em nossa diretriz poder&#225; ser de grande utilidade nessa preven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo observacional, tendo, portanto, as limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a esse fato. Os pacientes foram selecionados dentre os internados em um hospital terci&#225;rio, podendo causar um vi&#233;s de maior gravidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Infec&#231;&#227;o &#233; morbidade frequente entre os pacientes com IC hospitalizados para compensa&#231;&#227;o, e aqueles com infec&#231;&#227;o apresentaram maior mortalidade durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o os pacientes inicialmente com infec&#231;&#227;o apresentaram melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
