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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KWzyPfhrwRdwtbpRVPLhwbS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400362</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180061</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography - Ready for Use in Acute Coronary Syndrome?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Recife</city>
            <state>PE</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Brivaldo Markman Filho,</bold> Av. Visconde de Jequitinhonha, 2544/1902. Postal Code 51130-020, Recife, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>brivaldomarkman@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>362</fpage>
      <lpage>363</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors/prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Population aging and the increase of risk factors such as arterial hypertension and diabetes, mainly associated with obesity, have greatly contributed to increased hospitalizations of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Patients with ACS may have different prognosis and, for this reason, risk stratification of ACS, including unstable angina (UA), is mandatory.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In this context, anatomical definition of culprit artery using coronary cineangiography and percutaneous intervention has been the first choice for patients at moderate-to-high risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Doppler echocardiography has a key role at the emergency room to assess left ventricle function and to rule out other conditions that may influence the diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Recently, the use of two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) for measurement of myocardial strain has gained importance for its applicability in the clinical practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Its high sensitivity to measure systolic function and identify left ventricular subclinical dysfunction, as compared with left ventricular ejection fraction, extends its applicability and makes it a test of additional value in many areas of cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Despite promising data, 2D-STE has not been sufficiently standardized as a routine method for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. Characteristics inherent to the technique affect its applicability in both acute and chronic phase of the ischemic event, as previous ventricular deformities may affect the interpretation of results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The study by dos Santos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> provides us with a pioneer study on the real applicability of left ventricular longitudinal strain in UA. The authors describe the frequency at which 2D-STE is indicated in cardiac emergencies and evaluate the values of the test in patients with severe coronary artery lesions. We highlighted some interesting findings of this study.</p>
    <p>The authors assessed 78 patients with clinically suspected UA, and found that 2D-STE was indicated in less than 20% of the patients. History of infarction or percutaneous intervention were the main limitations for the use of the technique in more than half of the sample. These findings highlight the limitation of the method in the assessment of coronary disease in emergency situations.</p>
    <p>The authors then compared eligible and non-eligible patients for 2D-STE and did not find a pattern of association between the applicability of the test and the clinical variables measured, except for the frequency of diabetes, which was significantly higher in the non-eligible group. Although the power of the test is limited in this study design, this finding could raise the hypothesis that the presence of diabetes, usually associated with a more severe prognosis, could represent a limitation for application of the method.</p>
    <p>Another interesting finding in this series was the accuracy of 2D-STE. The presence of severe coronary lesions was confirmed by coronary cineangiography in most of the fifteen patients considered eligible for 2D-STE. Besides, the authors observed that global strain was significantly reduced in patients with severe lesions in any epicardial coronary artery and that the longitudinal strain was significantly reduced in the basal segments of left ventricular inferior and lateral walls of the right and circumflex coronary arteries. It is of note that there was no association between myocardial strain and severe lesion in anterior descending artery, probably due to the small sample size, as reported by the authors. These findings corroborate the current evidence showing that reduced (global and segmental) strain is correlated with the severity of myocardial ischemia in terms of the number of coronary vessels affected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In their conclusion, the authors suggested that 2D-STE can help in the decision-making process of patients in emergency care for investigation of coronary disease. However, based on current knowledge, further studies are still needed to recommend the 2D-STE in the routine clinical practice. Until that happens, caution is needed, and indication of this feasible but still not formally recommended method should be carefully considered in cardiology emergency centers of both private and public services.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> Ecocardiografia na S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda. Pronta para Uso?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Brivaldo Markman Filho,</bold> Av. Visconde de Jequitinhonha, 2544/1902. CEP 51130-020, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>brivaldomarkman@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco/preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O envelhecimento populacional e o aumento da preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco como hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes, associados principalmente &#224; obesidade, contribuem sobremaneira para a eleva&#231;&#227;o das interna&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas (SCA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco das SCA, entre as quais se destaca aqui a Angina Inst&#225;vel (AI), &#233; mandat&#243;ria, visto que compreende pacientes com progn&#243;sticos diversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Neste cen&#225;rio, a defini&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da art&#233;ria culpada, por meio da cinecoronariografia, seguida de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, tem sido a conduta referendada na atualidade para pacientes de moderado a alto risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A ecodopplercardiografia tem papel importante na sala de emerg&#234;ncia para avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e para descartar outras etiologias que possam confundir o diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recentemente, a t&#233;cnica de aferi&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (<italic>strain</italic>) baseada no rastreamento de pontos (<italic>speckle tracking</italic>) pela ecocardiografia bidimensional (2D-STE) tem se destacado por sua aplicabilidade na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Sua elevada sensibilidade para mensurar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e identificar disfun&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica de VE, quando comparado &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e aos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, estende sua aplicabilidade e a torna t&#233;cnica de valor adicional em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es da cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, embora existam dados promissores, a 2D-STE ainda n&#227;o est&#225; suficientemente padronizada para ser recomendada rotineiramente. As caracter&#237;sticas inerentes &#224; pr&#243;pria t&#233;cnica afetam sua aplicabilidade, tanto na fase aguda do evento isqu&#234;mico, quanto na fase cr&#244;nica, dado que deformidades ventriculares pr&#233;vias dificultam a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do exame.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, o estudo de dos Santos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> nos traz uma investiga&#231;&#227;o pioneira sobre a real aplicabilidade do <italic>Strain</italic> longitudinal de VE na AI. Nessa s&#233;rie, os autores descrevem a frequ&#234;ncia de indica&#231;&#227;o do 2D-STE em emerg&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica e avaliam os valores do <italic>strain</italic> em pacientes com les&#245;es graves de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. N&#243;s destacamos alguns achados de interesse nesse estudo.</p>
      <p>Os autores avaliaram 78 pacientes com suspeita cl&#237;nica de AI quanto a indica&#231;&#227;o do 2D-STE e observaram que sua aplicabilidade foi inferior a 20% da amostra. A presen&#231;a de infarto e interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea pr&#233;vios se configuraram como as limita&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes ao uso do 2D-STE, presentes em mais da metade da casu&#237;stica. Esses achados ressaltam a limita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana na emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Em seguida, os pacientes eleg&#237;veis e n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis foram comparados para realiza&#231;&#227;o do 2D-STE. Os autores n&#227;o observaram padr&#227;o de associa&#231;&#227;o entre a sua aplicabilidade e as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas aqui analisadas, exceto que a presen&#231;a de diabetes foi significativamente mais frequente no grupo dos n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis. Embora o poder do teste seja limitado neste desenho de estudo, esse achado levantaria a hip&#243;tese de que a presen&#231;a de diabetes, geralmente associada a um pior progn&#243;stico, poderia se configurar em limita&#231;&#227;o para aplica&#231;&#227;o do 2D-STE.</p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m de interesse nessa s&#233;rie foram os resultados relativos &#224; acur&#225;cia do 2D-STE. A realiza&#231;&#227;o da cinecoronariografia confirmou a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o coronariana grave na maioria dos quinze pacientes eleg&#237;veis para o 2D-STE. Al&#233;m disso, os autores observaram que o <italic>strain</italic> global esteve significativamente reduzido naqueles que apresentavam les&#227;o grave em alguma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica e que, o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos segmentos basais das paredes inferior e lateral do VE nas les&#245;es de coron&#225;rias direita e circunflexa. Nos chama a aten&#231;&#227;o o fato de que n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico com les&#227;o grave de descendente anterior, provavelmente devido ao tamanho da amostra, conforme descrito pelos autores. Esses achados corroboram o conhecimento atual, pois &#233; sabido que os valores mais reduzidos do <italic>strain</italic> global e territorial, correlacionam-se com a extens&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico correspondente aos vasos coronarianos afetados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em suas conclus&#245;es, os autores sugerem que o 2D-STE pode auxiliar na defini&#231;&#227;o de condutas ao paciente assistido em situa&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia para investiga&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coronariana. &#192; luz do conhecimento atual, no entanto, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da aplica&#231;&#227;o do 2D-STE para rotina de atendimento a esses pacientes ainda prescinde de estudos que embasem essa indica&#231;&#227;o. Sendo assim, seja em emerg&#234;ncias cardiol&#243;gicas de setor p&#250;blico, seja em n&#237;vel privado, aguardemos por esse momento utilizando o bom senso, e fa&#231;amos uma reflex&#227;o antes de indicarmos um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico vi&#225;vel, mas ainda n&#227;o formalmente recomendado.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
