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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">g9K4PSwgCwSxP4HSHcQXJHy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400348</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005003104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180038</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Vimentin and Anti Vimentin Antibodies in Chagas' Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Marilda Savoia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stolf</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Maria Simonsen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor Franco de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pandey</surname>
            <given-names>Ramendra Pati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Umezawa</surname>
            <given-names>Eufrosina Setsu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marilda Savoia Nascimento</bold>, Av. Senador Vergueiro, 608. Postal Code 09750-000, Centro, S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>marildasavoia@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Nascimento MS, Stolf AMS, Umezawa ES; Acquisition of data: Nascimento MS, Stolf MAS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Nascimento MS, Stolf AMS, Andrade Junior HF, Pandey RP, Umezawa ES; Statistical analysis: Nascimento MS, Andrade Junior HF; Obtaining financing: Nascimento MS, Umezawa ES; Writing of the manuscript: Nascimento MS, Stolf AMS, Pandey RP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nascimento MS, Andrade Junior HF, Pandey RP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>348</fpage>
      <lpage>353</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Vimentin is a main structural protein of the cell, a component of intermediate cell filaments and immersed in cytoplasm. Vimentin is mimicked by some bacterial proteins and anti-vimentin antibodies occur in autoimmune cardiac disease, as rheumatic fever. In this work we studied vimentin distribution on LLC-MK2 cells infected with T. cruzi and anti-vimentin antibodies in sera from several clinical pictures of Chagas' disease or American Trypanosomiasis, in order to elucidate any vimentin involvement in the humoral response of this pathology.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We standardized an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFI) to determine sub cellular expression in either parasites and host cells, and ELISA to evaluate anti-vimentin antibodies in sera fron chagasic patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We analyzed the distribution of vimentin in culture cells using indirect fluorescent assays, using as external controls anti-T. cruzi sera, derived from chronic infected patients for identification of the parasites in the same model. After infection and growth of T.cruzi amastigotes, those cells express larger amounts of vimentin, with heavy staining of cytoplasm outside the parasitophorous vacuole and some particle shadowing patterns, suggesting that vimentin are associated with cell cytoplasm. Anti-vimentin antibodies were present in most American trypanosomiasis samples, but notably, they are much more present in acute (76, 9%) or clinical defined syndromes, especially cardiac disease (87, 9%). Paradoxically, they were relatively infrequent in asymptomatic (25%) infected patients, which had a clearly positive serological reaction to parasite antigens, but had low frequency of anti-vimentin antibodies, similar to controls (2,5%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our current data revealed that anti-vimentin antibodies induced during T. cruzi infection could be a marker of active disease in the host and its levels could also justify drug therapy in American Trypanosomiasis chronic infection, as a large group of asymptomatic patients would be submitted to treatment with frequent adverse reactions of the available drugs. Anti-vimentin antibodies could be a marker of cardiac muscle cell damage, appearing in American Trypanosomiasis patients during active muscle cell damage.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanossoma Cruzi</kwd>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Fever</kwd>
        <kwd>Vimentin</kwd>
        <kwd>Antibodies, Monoclonal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas' disease or American Trypanosomiasis is a peculiar parasitic infection as <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> is a unique intracellular parasite which resulted in cytoplasmic presence of amastigotes forms, a rare cellular event in nature, as cytoplasm is usually free from parasites in almost all intracellular infections<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>. After its reproduction, the parasite had a set of enzymes, as sialidases, that transfers host cell molecules to their surface, allowing cell evasion without disruption<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. All those processes could alter cell cytoskeleton and its proteins, probably generating in the host cell signals that alters the protein synthesis of structural proteins. Vimentin is a main structural protein of the cell, a component of intermediate cell filaments and immersed in cytoplasm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Vimentin is expressed in normal cardiac muscle and their tumors, and autoantibodies against a vimentin re found in allograft rejection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>. or cardiac models of allograft rejection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>.Vimentin is mimicked by some bacterial proteins and anti-vimentin antibodies occur in autoimmune cardiac disease, as rheumatic fever<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>. In this work we studied vimentin distribution on LLC-MK2 cells infected with <italic>T.cruzi</italic> and anti-vimentin antibodies in sera from several clinical pictures of American Trypanosomiasis, in order to elucidate any vimentin involvement in the humoral response of this pathology.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Parasites and serum samples</title>
        <p><italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> epimastigotes were grown from Y strain routinely maintained in our lab on Liver Infusion Tryptose (LIT) culture media supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. <italic>T. cruzi</italic> trypomastigotes were obtained from cell culture supernatants of LLC-MK2 cells previously infected. Monoclonal mouse Anti-Vimentin antibody (V6630) and vimentin from bovine lens was obtained commercially (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA). A serum from patient with cardiac chronic American Trypanosomiasis was used as anti <italic>T.cruzi</italic> antibody. Human sera from American Trypanosomiasis patients and controls were used from the biorepository of <italic>T.cruzi</italic> patients samples from E.S.Umezawa, Lab.Protozoology, IMTSP, serologically characterized in TESA specific serology tests and published previously in several articles, were recovered and comprising 26 sera from acute disease, 33 from isolated cardiac disease, 17 from isolated digestive disease, 20 without clinical disease (asymptomatic disease) and 40 sera from patients outside endemic area. All clinical data were maintained by the attendant physician and not available for this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Antigen expression and morphology</title>
        <p>All morphological assays were performed in a Zeiss Axioplan epifluorescent microscope with fluorescein filters. For antigen detection, we fixed LLC-MK2 control cells, <italic>T.cruzi</italic> infected LLC-MK2 cells and <italic>T.cruzi</italic> epimastigotes and permeated cell surface with Triton X-100<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> with either anti-Vimentin mAb or anti-<italic>T.cruzi</italic> antibodies as elsewhere described. After this step, bound antibodies were revealed with adequate fluorescein conjugate, carefully washed and mounted in glycerin for observation. Representative Fields were digitalized at high power field using a Canon camera. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>TESA and vimentin ELISA</title>
        <p><italic>T.cruzi</italic> trypomastigotes excreted secreted antigen was obtained as elsewhere described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>. TESA (1/80) and Vimentin (0.06ug/ml) in carbonate 0.05 M pH9.6 were adsorbed overnight to wells of 96 wells high binding ELISA plates (Corning Inc. New York, USA). After washing and blocking with PBS Tween 20, 0,05% plus 5% milk or BSA 0.5%, adequate dilution of sera (1/50 vimentin and 1/200 TESA) were incubated for one hour. After new washings, adequate dilution of peroxidase conjugate were added for another hour, washed and bound conjugate revealed by 1 h with orto-phenylenediamine and hydrogen peroxide. After 30 min in 37&#176;C, reaction was stopped with 4N HCl and 492 nm absorbance determined in a microplate reader (Multiskan-Titertek II).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All quantitative data, such as O.D. ELISA, were analyzed using ANOVA after the Levene test for variance check, with intragroup comparisons by the Bonferroni's test, if there are uniformity of variances. In the absence of this homogeneity, data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis tests with Dunns post-tests. We opt for graphical representation of individual data in dot plot with association of mean and SEM for comparison. Qualitative analysis, as frequency of positive sera in the group, was analyzed by Fisher exact tests in two group analysis. We also included 95% confidence interval of estimated proportion. Significant difference was considered when the probability of equality (H1 = H0) was less than 0.05(p&#8804;0.05), using two-tailed analysis and power greater than 90%. We used the statistical package GraphPad Prism 7.0 for all statistical analysis and plotting.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We analyzed the distribution of Vimentin in culture cells using indirect fluorescent assays as described in Methods, using as external controls anti-<italic>T.cruzi</italic> sera, derived from chronic infected patients for identification of the parasites in the same model, as could be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>. LLC-MK2 cells, the host cell used for intracellular growth of <italic>T.cruzi</italic>, showed a discrete and uniform cytoplasmic staining, uniform in most cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). Those cells are no reactive to anti-<italic>T-cruzi</italic> antibodies, without any staining (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>). After infection and growth of <italic>T.cruzi</italic> amastigotes, those cells express larger amounts of vimentin, with heavy staining of cytoplasm outside the parasitophorous vacuole and some particle shadowing patterns, suggesting that vimentin are associated with cell cytoplasm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>). Vimentin could involve unstained cytoplasmic parasites, but no specific staining of parasites was seen. Those parasites were easily identified by anti-<italic>T.cruzi</italic> antibodies showing a typical morular pattern in the cytoplasm of infected cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>). No staining of those parasites was observed with anti-vimentin mAbs, which demonstrate the absence of antigen mimicry, both for amastigotes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>) or extracellular parasites (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1E</xref>). Those extracellular parasites are heavily stained by anti <italic>T.cruzi</italic> antibodies as well as intracellular amastigotes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1F</xref>). </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of Vimentin or Trypanosoma cruzi antigen on control or infected cells and parasites. A and B) Uninfected LLC MK2 cells reacted to antivimentin abs(A) or anti-T.cruzi abs(B). C and D) T.cruzi infected LLC MK2 cells reacted to antivimentin abs(C) or anti-T.cruzi abs(D). E and F) T.cruzi promastigote forms from in vitro culture reacted to antivimentin abs (E) or anti-T.cruzi abs(F). Cells, infected cells or parasites forms were reacted with Anti Vimentin mAb or chronic infection chagasic serum and revealed with adequate conjugate (x1000) (see Methods).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0348-80038-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Anti-vimentin auto antibodies</title>
        <p>We search for anti-vimentin antibodies in human sera from controls or American trypanosomiasis patients. Our sample was composed by patients with well-defined clinical forms as described in Methods. Vimentin ELISA was prepared with commercial protein and antibody binding was revealed by commercial conjugates. Standardization was easily as controls were adequately negative, allowing an adequate cut-off definition. We also tested all samples in a reported high specificity ELISA assay, TESA, which uses an excreted secreted antigen in solid phase, with high reactivity in all clinical forms of American trypanosomiasis. Those assays could be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. We clearly demonstrate that all patients from our sample of American trypanosomiasis react very well in TESA assay, without any false positive or dubious sample in control groups. All clinical forms presented a similar reactivity for parasite antigens, including those with asymptomatic infection. Anti-vimentin antibodies were present in most American trypanosomiasis samples, but notably, they are much more present in acute or clinical defined syndromes (76,9%), especially cardiac disease (87,9%) and digestive form 70,5%. Paradoxically, they were relatively infrequent in asymptomatic infected patients (25%), which had a clearly positive serological reaction to parasite antigens, but had low frequency of anti-vimentin antibodies, similar to controls (2,5%), p&gt;0.05, Bonferroni's ANOVA post-test) or frequency of positive samples (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) with similar conclusions. The main reactivity of these autoantibodies appears to be more intense in active cardiac or acute disease, which were associated to large parasite burden and inflammatory response than digestive or asymptomatic disease. The proportion of reagent sera was also shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> assuming cutoff value estimated as defined in methods. The anti-vimentin ELISA reactivity of sera from patients with clinical active disease for any origin was in higher frequency than in patients without active disease or non-infected controls. Data were compared mainly with active or undetermined without clinical forms of Chagas' disease shows greater difference as expected with high statistical difference (p &lt; 0.01) and also demonstrated by 95% confidence interval of the proportion</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sera reactivity profile of patients with different clinical forms of Chagas disease by ELISA with T. cruzi TESA antigens (A) and commercial vimentin (B). Groups were compare with ANOVA with Bonferronipost tests.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0348-80038-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage of positivity of sera with different clinical forms of Chagas disease for Vimentin antigen in the ELISA reaction</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Clinical form</th>
                <th align="center">Samples (n)</th>
                <th align="center">Positives (n)</th>
                <th align="center">Negatives (n)</th>
                <th align="center">Positivity (%)</th>
                <th align="center">95% C.I.<break/>(p vs w/o Chagas)</th>
                <th align="center">p VS undetermined</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acute</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">76.9</td>
                <td align="center">53-87 (p &lt; 0.001)</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiac</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">87.8</td>
                <td align="center">67-93 (p &lt; 0.001)</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digestive</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">42-84 (p &lt; 0.001)</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Symptomatic</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">80,2</td>
                <td align="center">70-88 (p &lt; 0.001)</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Undetermined</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">70,5</td>
                <td align="center">5-44 (p &lt; 0.05)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">68,5</td>
                <td align="center">52-75 (p &lt; 0.001)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Without Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">1-4%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>*Fisher exact test</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> Summarizes the data obtained in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> and provides ELISA positivity indexes with commercial Vimentin, showing that the percentage of positive sera from the groups of chronic patients with clinical manifestations of Chagas' disease and the group of patients from the acute phase was higher than that observed in the indeterminate group of chagasic patients.</p>
        <p>The positivity index of sera from patients in the acute phase was 76.9% with 20 positive sera from the 26 analyzed. In the group of chronic digestive tract positive percentage was 70.5% with 12 positive in the 17 analyzed, the cardiac patients had a positive percentage of 87.9% with 29 positive sera from the 23 analyzed and in the group of indeterminate patients, the Index was 25% with 5 positive of the 20 analyzed. The positivity of the non-chagasic sera was 2.5% or only a positive serum in 40 analyzed.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This intracytoplasmic infection resulted in altered expression of cell fibrillary proteins as vimentin, as we clearly show in immunofluorescence of infected cells. This altered vimentin production is devoid of association with the parasite, which has no reactivity with antivimentin antibodies in any form. Vimentin is important for specific virus entry, another possible cytoplasmic pathogen and are used by Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) for virus mounting inside the cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This intracytoplasmic infection resulted in altered expression of cell fibrillary proteins as vimentin, as we clearly show in immunofluorescence of infected cells. This altered vimentin production is devoid of association with the parasite, which has no reactivity with anti-vimentin antibodies in any form. Viral infection alters host cell architecture similarly, as parvovirus in mice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> but other pathogens also affects vimentin distribution in infected cells, with similar perivacuolar distribution, as in Salmonella infections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Proteomics studies in experimental models of <italic>T.cruzi</italic> infection had shown higher plasma levels of vimentin related to disease severity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> which can offer to the immune response intracellular filaments for antibody production. Those data were expected as vimentin autoantibodies could be related to antigen exposure during active infection, as proposed in experimental models of <italic>T.cruzi</italic> infection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Several other immune diseases that interact with cardiac muscle cells also presented anti-vimentin antibodies. Murine models of viral myocarditis presented those antibodies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and as well as post-streptococcal rheumatic fever patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Noninfectious myocarditis, as in coronary artery disease patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and kidney or heart transplants recipients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> also showed those antibodies resulted from any exposure of antigen, unregard the origin of cardiac muscle cell damage. Our data were similar to those findings and anti-vimentin antibodies induced during <italic>T.cruzi</italic> infection could be a marker of active disease in the host and its levels could also justify drug therapy in American Trypanosomiasis chronic infection, as a large group of asymptomatic or indeterminate patients would be submitted to treatment with frequent adverse reactions of the available drugs. Anti-vimentin antibodies could be a marker of cardiac muscle cell damage, appearing in American Trypanosomiasis patients during active muscle cell damage.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Our data revealed that anti-vimentin antibodies induced during activity of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection could be a marker of active disease in the host, despite absence of evident clinical involvement. This assay could be also a non-invasive follow-up test during drug therapy in Chagas' disease or American Trypanosomiasis. This test could allow the selection of possible active patients for therapy and also to supply a marker of disease activity after therapy, avoiding that a large group of asymptomatic patients without active disease were submitted to treatment with frequent adverse reactions. Anti-vimentin antibodies could be a marker of cardiac muscle cell inflammatory involvement, showed by American Trypanosomiasis patients with active muscle cell damage and must be tested in other cardiac muscle inflammatory conditions as viral myocarditis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FMUSP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Marilda Savoia Nascimento, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 0564/08. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
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        <article-title>Vimentina e Anticorpos Anti-Vimentina na Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Marilda Savoia</given-names>
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          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
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            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
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          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
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      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marilda Savoia Nascimento</bold>, Av. Senador Vergueiro, 608. CEP 09750-000, Centro, S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>marildasavoia@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Nascimento MS, Stolf AMS, Umezawa ES; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Nascimento MS, Stolf MAS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Nascimento MS, Stolf AMS, Andrade Junior HF, Pandey RP, Umezawa ES; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nascimento MS, Andrade Junior HF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Nascimento MS, Umezawa ES; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nascimento MS, Stolf AMS, Pandey RP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nascimento MS, Andrade Junior HF, Pandey RP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A Vimentina &#233; uma prote&#237;na estrutural importante da c&#233;lula, um componente dos filamentos celulares intermedi&#225;rios e imersa no citoplasma. Algumas prote&#237;nas bacterianas imitam a Vimentina e anticorpos anti-vimentina ocorrem em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas auto-imunes, como a febre reum&#225;tica. Neste trabalho, estudamos a distribui&#231;&#227;o de vimentina em c&#233;lulas LLC-MK2 infectadas com <italic>T. Cruzi</italic> e anticorpos anti-vimentina em soros de v&#225;rias imagens cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a de Chagas ou tripanossom&#237;ases americanas, a fim de elucidar qualquer implica&#231;&#227;o da vimentina na resposta humoral desta patologia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>padronizamos um teste de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta (IFI) para determinar a express&#227;o subcelular em parasitas e c&#233;lulas hospedeiras, e ELISA para testar anticorpos anti-vimentina em soros de pacientes chag&#225;sicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>analisamos a distribui&#231;&#227;o de vimentina em c&#233;lulas de cultura usando ensaios fluorescentes indiretos, utilizando como controles externos soros anti-<italic>T. Cruzi</italic>, derivados de pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de parasitas no mesmo modelo. Ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o e o crescimento de amastigotas de <italic>T. Cruzi</italic>, essas c&#233;lulas expressam grandes quantidades de vimentina, com forte colora&#231;&#227;o do citoplasma fora da vacuola parasit&#243;fora e alguns padr&#245;es de sombreamento das part&#237;culas, sugerindo que a vimentina est&#225; associada ao citoplasma da c&#233;lula. Os anticorpos anti-vimentina estavam presentes na maioria das amostras americanas de tripanossom&#237;ases, mas est&#227;o notavelmente mais presentes em s&#237;ndromes agudas ou clinicamente definidas (76,9%), especialmente em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas (87,9%). Paradoxalmente, eram relativamente infrequentes em pacientes infectados assintom&#225;ticos (25%), que apresentavam uma rea&#231;&#227;o sorol&#243;gica claramente positiva aos ant&#237;genos parasitas, mas apresentavam baixa frequ&#234;ncia de anticorpos anti-vimentina, semelhante aos controles (2,5%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nossos dados atuais revelaram que os anticorpos anti-vimentina induzidos durante a infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T. Cruzi</italic> poderiam ser um marcador de doen&#231;a ativa no hospedeiro e seus n&#237;veis tamb&#233;m poderiam justificar o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico em infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica com tripanossom&#237;ase americana, uma vez que um grande grupo de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos seria submetido a tratamento com rea&#231;&#245;es adversas frequentes aos medicamentos dispon&#237;veis. Os anticorpos anti-vimentina poderiam ser um marcador de danos nas c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, que aparece em pacientes com tripanossom&#237;ase americana durante o dano das c&#233;lulas musculares ativas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanossoma Cruzi</kwd>
        <kwd>Febre Reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Vimentina</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticorpos Monoclonais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas ou a tripanossom&#237;ase americana &#233; uma infec&#231;&#227;o parasit&#225;ria peculiar, uma vez que o <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> &#233; um parasita intracelular &#250;nico que causa a presen&#231;a citoplasm&#225;tica de formas de amastigota, um evento celular raro na natureza, j&#225; que o citoplasma &#233; geralmente livre de parasitas em quase todas as infec&#231;&#245;es intracelulares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Ap&#243;s sua reprodu&#231;&#227;o, o parasita tem um conjunto de enzimas, como as sialidases, que transferem mol&#233;culas da c&#233;lula hospedeira para a sua superf&#237;cie, permitindo a evas&#227;o celular sem interrup&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Todos esses processos poderiam alterar o citoesqueleto celular e suas prote&#237;nas, provavelmente gerando sinais nas c&#233;lulas hospedeiras que alteram a s&#237;ntese proteica de prote&#237;nas estruturais. A vimentina &#233; uma prote&#237;na estrutural importante da c&#233;lula, um componente de filamentos celulares intermedi&#225;rios imersos no citoplasma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A vimentina &#233; expressa no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco normal e seus tumores, e os autoanticorpos contra a vimentina s&#227;o encontrados na rejei&#231;&#227;o do aloenxerto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> ou em modelos card&#237;acos de rejei&#231;&#227;o de aloenxerto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A vimentina &#233; imitada por algumas prote&#237;nas bacterianas e anticorpos anti-vimentina s&#227;o produzidos em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas autoimunes, como a febre reum&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Neste trabalho, estudamos a distribui&#231;&#227;o de vimentina em c&#233;lulas LLC-MK2 infectados com <italic>T.cruzi</italic> e anticorpos anti-vimentina em soros de v&#225;rias imagens cl&#237;nicas de tripanossom&#237;ases americanas, a fim de elucidar qualquer envolvimento da vimentina na resposta humoral dessa patologia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Parasitas e amostras de soro</title>
          <p>Os epimastigotas de <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> foram cultivados a partir da cepa Y rotineiramente mantida em nosso laborat&#243;rio em meio de cultura de Infusi&#243;n de H&#237;gado y Triptosa (IHT) suplementada com 10% de soro de vitelo fetal. Os tripomastigotas de <italic>T. Cruzi</italic> foram obtidos a partir de sobrenadantes de cultura de c&#233;lulas LLC-MK2 previamente infectadas. O anticorpo monoclonal Anti-Vimentina de rato (V6630) e a vimentina da lente bovina foram obtidos comercialmente (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, Missouri, EUA). Soro de um paciente com tripanossom&#237;ase americana card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica foi usado como anticorpo anti-<italic>T.cruzi</italic>. Foram utilizados soros humanos de pacientes com Tripanossom&#237;ase americana e controles do bioreposit&#243;rio de pacientes com <italic>T.cruzi</italic>, ESUmezawa, Lab.Protozoology, foram recuperadas amostras de E.S.Umezawa, Lab.Protozoology IMTSP, serologicamente caracterizadas em testes sorol&#243;gicos TESA espec&#237;ficos e publicadas anteriormente em v&#225;rios artigos, compreendendo 26 soros de doen&#231;a aguda, 33 de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isolada, 17 de doen&#231;a digestiva isolada, 20 sem doen&#231;a cl&#237;nica (doen&#231;a assintom&#225;tica) e 40 soros de pacientes fora da &#225;rea end&#234;mica. Todos os dados cl&#237;nicos foram mantidos pelo m&#233;dico assistente e n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para este estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Express&#227;o e morfologia do ant&#237;geno</title>
          <p>Todos os testes morfol&#243;gicos foram realizados em um microsc&#243;pio epifluorescente Zeiss Axioplan com filtros de fluoresce&#237;na. Para a detec&#231;&#227;o do antig&#233;nio, fixamos c&#233;lulas de controle LLC-MK2, c&#233;lulas LLC-MK2 infectadas com <italic>T.cruzi</italic> e epimastigotas de <italic>T. Cruzi</italic> e impregnamos a superf&#237;cie celular com Triton X-100<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> com anticorpos anti Vimentin ou anti <italic>T.cruzi</italic> como &#233; descrito em outra parte. Ap&#243;s este passo, os anticorpos ligados foram revelados com um conjugado de fluoresce&#237;na adequado, lavados cuidadosamente e montados em glicerina para observa&#231;&#227;o. Os campos representativos foram digitalizados no campo de alta pot&#234;ncia com uma c&#226;mera Canon.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TESA e ELISA vimentina</title>
          <p>O ant&#237;geno excretado secretado de tripomastigotas de <italic>T.cruzi</italic> foi obtido como descrito em outra parte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> TESA (1/80) e Vimentina (0,06 ug / ml) em carbonato 0,05 M pH 9,6 foram adsorvidos durante a noite aos po&#231;os de placas ELISA de 96 po&#231;os (Corning Inc. New York, EUA). Ap&#243;s a lavagem e bloqueio com PBS Tween 20, 0,05% mais 5% de leite ou 0,5% de BSA, incubaram-se dilui&#231;&#245;es adequadas de soro (1/50 vimentina e 1/200 TESA) durante uma hora. Ap&#243;s lavagens adicionais, se adicionou dilui&#231;&#227;o adequada do conjugado de peroxidase durante mais uma hora, se lavou e ligou o conjugado desenvolvido durante 1 h com ortofenilenodiamina e per&#243;xido de hidrog&#233;nio. Ap&#243;s 30 minutos a 37&#176;C, a rea&#231;&#227;o foi parada com HC1 4N e a absorv&#234;ncia de 492 nm foi determinada num leitor de microplacas (Multiskan-Titertek II).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os dados quantitativos, como O.D. ELISA, foram analisados usando ANOVA ap&#243;s o teste Levene para verifica&#231;&#227;o de vari&#226;ncia, com compara&#231;&#245;es intragrupo pelo teste de Bonferroni, se houver uniformidade de vari&#226;ncias. Na aus&#234;ncia dessa homogeneidade, os dados foram analisados por testes de Kruskal-Wallis com p&#243;s-testes de Dunns. Optamos pela representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica de dados individuais em trama de pontos com associa&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dia e SEM para compara&#231;&#227;o. A an&#225;lise qualitativa, como frequ&#234;ncia de soros positivos no grupo, foi feita por testes exatos de Fisher em duas an&#225;lises de grupo. Tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;mos 95% de intervalo de confian&#231;a da propor&#231;&#227;o estimada. A diferen&#231;a significativa foi considerada quando a probabilidade de igualdade (H1 = H0) foi inferior a 0,05 (p &#8804; 0,05), utilizando an&#225;lise de duas colunas e pot&#234;ncia superior a 90%. Utilizamos o pacote estat&#237;stico GraphPad Prism 7.0 para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas e plotagem.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Analisamos a distribui&#231;&#227;o de Vimentina em c&#233;lulas de cultura usando ensaios de fluoresc&#234;ncia indireta como descrito em M&#233;todos, utilizando como controle externo soros de anti-<italic>T. Cruzi</italic>, derivado a partir de pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nica por identifica&#231;&#227;o dos parasitas no mesmo modelo, como pode ser visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>. As c&#233;lulas LLC-MK2, a c&#233;lula hospedeira utilizada para o crescimento intracelular de <italic>T. Cruzi</italic>, apresentaram colora&#231;&#227;o citoplasm&#225;tica discreta e uniforme na maioria das c&#233;lulas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1A</xref>). Essas c&#233;lulas n&#227;o s&#227;o reativas aos anticorpos anti-T-cruzi, sem qualquer colora&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1B</xref>). Ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o e o crescimento de amastigotas de <italic>T. Cruzi</italic>, essas c&#233;lulas expressam quantidades elevadas de vimentina, com forte colora&#231;&#227;o de citoplasma fora do vac&#250;olo parasit&#243;foro e algumas part&#237;culas com padr&#245;es de sombreamento, sugerindo que a vimentina est&#225; associada com o citoplasma da c&#233;lula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1C</xref>). A vimentina poderia envolver parasitas citoplasm&#225;ticos n&#227;o corados, mas n&#227;o foi observada colora&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de parasitas. Estes parasitas foram facilmente identificados por anticorpos anti-<italic>T. Cruzi</italic> mostrando um padr&#227;o morfol&#243;gico t&#237;pico no citoplasma de c&#233;lulas infectadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1D</xref>). N&#227;o se observou qualquer colora&#231;&#227;o destes parasitas mAbs anti-vimentina, demonstrando a aus&#234;ncia de mimetismo antig&#233;nico, para os amastigotas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1C</xref>) e os parasitas extracelulares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura1E</xref>). Estes parasitas extracelulares s&#227;o fortemente corados por anticorpos de <italic>T. Cruzi</italic>, bem como por amastigotas intracelulares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1F</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do ant&#237;geno de Vimentina ou Trypanosoma cruzi em c&#233;lulas de controle ou infectadas e parasitas. A e B) c&#233;lulas LLC MK2 n&#227;o infectadas reagiram a anti-vimentina abs (A) ou anti-T.cruzi abs (B). C e D) C&#233;lulas MK2 infectadas. C&#233;lulas LLC MK2 infectadas com T.cruzi reagiram a anti-vimentina abs (C) ou anti-T.cruzi abs (D). E e F) Formas de cultura in vitro de promastigotas T.cruzi reagiram a anti-vimentina abs (E) ou anti- T.cruzi abs (F). As c&#233;lulas, c&#233;lulas infectadas ou formas parasitas foram reagidas com mAb anti-vimentina ou soro de Chagas cronicamente infectado e reveladas com um conjugado adequado (x1000) (ver M&#233;todos).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0348-80038-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Autoanticorpos anti-vimentina</title>
          <p>Procuramos anticorpos anti-vimentina em soros humanos de controles ou pacientes com tripanossom&#237;ase americana. Nossa amostra foi composta de pacientes com formas cl&#237;nicas bem definidas, conforme descrito em M&#233;todos. O ELISA Vimentina foi preparado com prote&#237;na comercial e a liga&#231;&#227;o do anticorpo foi revelada por conjugados comerciais. A padroniza&#231;&#227;o foi f&#225;cil, pois os controles foram adequadamente negativos, permitindo uma defini&#231;&#227;o de corte adequada. N&#243;s tamb&#233;m testamos todas as amostras em um ensaio ELISA de alta especificidade, o TESA, o qual usa um ant&#237;geno secretado excretado em fase s&#243;lida, com alta reatividade em todas as formas cl&#237;nicas de tripanossom&#237;ases americanas. Esses ensaios podem ser vistos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>. N&#243;s demonstramos claramente que todos os pacientes em nossa amostra de tripanossom&#237;ase americana reagiram muito bem no teste TESA, sem amostras falso positivas ou duvidosas nos grupos controle. Todas as formas cl&#237;nicas apresentaram uma reatividade similar para os ant&#237;genos parasitas, incluindo aqueles com infec&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica. Os anticorpos anti-vimentina estavam presentes na maioria das amostras de tripanossom&#237;ases americanas, mas eles est&#227;o notavelmente mais presentes em s&#237;ndromes agudas ou definidas clinicamente (76,9%), especialmente doen&#231;as card&#237;acas (87,9%) e formas digestivas em 70,5%. Paradoxalmente, eram relativamente infrequentes em pacientes infectados assintom&#225;ticos (25%), que apresentavam uma rea&#231;&#227;o sorol&#243;gica claramente positiva aos ant&#237;genos parasitas, mas apresentavam baixa frequ&#234;ncia de anticorpos anti-vimentina, semelhante aos controles (2,5%), p &gt; 0,05, teste ANOVA de Bonferroni) ou frequ&#234;ncia de amostras positivas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>) com conclus&#245;es semelhantes. A principal reatividade desses autoanticorpos parece ser mais intensa em doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ativa ou aguda, que foi associada a grande carga parasit&#225;ria e resposta inflamat&#243;ria mais do que a doen&#231;a digestiva ou assintom&#225;tica. A propor&#231;&#227;o de soro reativo tamb&#233;m foi mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>, assumindo que o valor de corte &#233; estimado como definido nos m&#233;todos. A reatividade ELISA anti-vimentina dos soros de pacientes com doen&#231;a cl&#237;nica ativa para qualquer origem teve maior frequ&#234;ncia do que em pacientes sem doen&#231;a ativa ou controles n&#227;o infectados. Os dados foram comparados principalmente com ativos ou indeterminados sem formas cl&#237;nicas de doen&#231;a de Chagas mostrando uma diferen&#231;a maior como era esperado com alta diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,01) e tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado por um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% da propor&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Perfil de reatividade dos soros de pacientes com diferentes formas cl&#237;nicas de doen&#231;a de Chagas por ELISA com ant&#237;genos T. Cruzi TESA (A) e vimentina comercial (B). Os grupos foram comparados com a ANOVA com testes posteriores de Bonferroni.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0348-80038-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Porcentagem de positividade de soro com diferentes formas cl&#237;nicas de doen&#231;a de Chagas para o ant&#237;geno Vimentin na rea&#231;&#227;o ELISA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Forma cl&#237;nica</th>
                  <th align="center">Amostras (n)</th>
                  <th align="center">Positivos (n)</th>
                  <th align="center">Negativos (n)</th>
                  <th align="center">Positividade (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">95% I.C.<break/>(p vs w/o Chagas)</th>
                  <th align="center">V p Indeterminado</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aguda</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">76.9</td>
                  <td align="center">53-87 (p &lt; 0,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">87.8</td>
                  <td align="center">67-93 (p &lt; 0,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Digestiva</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">42-84 (p &lt; 0,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Simtom&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">76</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">80,2</td>
                  <td align="center">70-88 (p &lt; 0,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Indeterminada</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">70,5</td>
                  <td align="center">5-44 (p &lt; 0,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Chagas Total</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">68,5</td>
                  <td align="center">52-75 (p &lt; 0,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sem Chagas</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1-4%</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>* Test exato de Fisher</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> Resume os dados obtidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref> e fornece &#237;ndices positivos de ELISA com Vimentina comercial, mostrando que a porcentagem de soro positivo dos grupos de pacientes cr&#244;nicos com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a de Chagas e o grupo de pacientes da fase aguda foi maior que o observado no grupo indeterminado de pacientes chag&#225;sicos.</p>
          <p>O &#237;ndice positivo dos soros dos pacientes na fase aguda foi de 76,9% com 20 soros positivos dos 26 analisados. Na porcentagem positiva, o grupo digestivo cr&#244;nico foi de 70,5% com 12 positivos nos 17 pacientes analisados, os pacientes card&#237;acos tiveram uma porcentagem positiva de 87,9% com 29 soros positivos dos 23 analisados e no grupo de pacientes indeterminados, o &#237;ndice foi de 25% com 5 pontos positivos dos 20 analisados. A positividade dos soros n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos foi de 2,5% ou apenas um soro positivo em 40 analisados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esta infec&#231;&#227;o intracitoplasm&#225;tica resultou em express&#227;o alterada de prote&#237;nas fibrilares celulares, como a vimentina, como mostramos claramente na imunofluoresc&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas infectadas. Esta produ&#231;&#227;o alterada de vimentina &#233; desprovida de associa&#231;&#227;o com o parasita, a qual n&#227;o possui reatividade com anticorpos anti-vimentina de qualquer forma. A vimentina &#233; importante para a entrada de v&#237;rus espec&#237;ficos, outro poss&#237;vel pat&#243;geno citoplasm&#225;tico e &#233; utilizado pelo v&#237;rus da febre aftosa (VFA) para o crescimento de v&#237;rus dentro das c&#233;lulas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o viral altera a arquitetura da c&#233;lula hospedeira de forma semelhante, como o parvov&#237;rus em ratos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> mas outros agentes patog&#234;nicos tamb&#233;m afetam a distribui&#231;&#227;o de vimentina em c&#233;lulas infectadas, com uma distribui&#231;&#227;o perivacuolar semelhante, como nas infec&#231;&#245;es por Salmonella.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Estudos prote&#244;micos em modelos experimentais da infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T.cruzi</italic> mostrou n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de vimentina relacionados &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> que podem oferecer filamentos intracelulares de resposta imune para a produ&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos. Estes dados eram esperados, uma vez que os autoanticorpos da vimentina poderiam estar relacionados &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o ao ant&#237;geno durante a infec&#231;&#227;o ativa, conforme proposto em modelos experimentais de infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T.cruzi</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> V&#225;rias outras doen&#231;as imunes que interagem com c&#233;lulas musculares card&#237;acas tamb&#233;m apresentaram anticorpos anti-vimentina. Os modelos murinos de miocardite viral apresentaram esses anticorpos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> assim como tamb&#233;m pacientes com febre reum&#225;tica p&#243;s-estreptoc&#243;cica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A miocardite n&#227;o infecciosa, como em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e receptores de transplantes renais ou card&#237;acos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> tamb&#233;m mostrou os anticorpos resultantes de qualquer exposi&#231;&#227;o ao ant&#237;geno, sem levar em conta a origem do dano &#224;s c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco. Nossos dados foram semelhantes a esses achados e os anticorpos anti-vimentina induzidos durante a infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T.cruzi</italic> podem ser um marcador de doen&#231;a ativa no hospedeiro e seus n&#237;veis tamb&#233;m podem justificar o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico em infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica com tripanossom&#237;ase americana, j&#225; que um grande grupo de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou indeterminados seriam submetidos a tratamento com frequentes rea&#231;&#245;es adversas aos medicamentos dispon&#237;veis. Os anticorpos anti-vimentina podem ser um marcador de danos &#224;s c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, aparecendo em pacientes com tripanossom&#237;ase americana durante o dano das c&#233;lulas musculares ativas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nossos dados revelaram que os anticorpos anti-vimentina induzidos durante a atividade da infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T. Cruzi</italic> poderiam ser um marcador de doen&#231;a ativa no hospedeiro, apesar da aus&#234;ncia de comprometimento cl&#237;nico &#243;bvio. Este ensaio tamb&#233;m pode ser um teste de seguimento n&#227;o-invasivo durante o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico na doen&#231;a de Chagas ou na tripanossom&#237;ase americana. Este teste poderia permitir a sele&#231;&#227;o de potenciais pacientes ativos para terapia e tamb&#233;m fornecer um marcador de atividade da doen&#231;a ap&#243;s a terapia, impedindo que um grande grupo de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos sem doen&#231;a ativa seja submetido ao tratamento com rea&#231;&#245;es adversas frequentes. Os anticorpos anti-vimentina podem ser um marcador da afec&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria das c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco apresentadas por pacientes com tripanossom&#237;ase americana com dano celular ativo e devem ser analisados em outras condi&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, como a miocardite viral.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo FMUSP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Marilda Savoia Nascimento pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 0564/08. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
