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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">P5qYHKX5fPJDfbwY4b88SNv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400339</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180054</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is Lipid Accumulation Product Associated with an Atherogenic Lipoprotein Profile in Brazilian Subjects?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cartolano</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia De Conti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pappiani</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Camila Prupper de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio M.</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carioca</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damasceno</surname>
            <given-names>N&#225;gila Raquel Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de Publica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de Publica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de F&#237;sica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: N&#225;gila Raquel Teixeira Damasceno,</bold> Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715. Postal Code 01246-904. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>nagila@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cartolano FDC, Freitas MCP, Damasceno NRT; Acquisition of data: Cartolano FDC, Pappiani C, Freitas MCP; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cartolano FDC, Pappiani C, Figueiredo Neto AM, Carioca AAF; Statistical analysis: Cartolano FDC, Carioca AAF; Obtaining financing: Figueiredo Neto AM; Writing of the manuscript: Cartolano FDC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cartolano FDC, Freitas MCP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>339</fpage>
      <lpage>347</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Lipid accumulation product (LAP), a simple and low-cost tool, is a novel biomarker of central lipid accumulation and represents a potential surrogate marker for atherogenic lipoprotein profile. However, its association with lipoprotein subfractions has not been described in the literature.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine whether LAP index could be used as a marker of low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL) size in Brazilian individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study included patients (n = 351) of both sexes and age between 30-74 years. Clinical and sociodemographic data and family history of diseases were evaluated. Lipoprotein size, and levels of total cholesterol (TC), lipoproteins, apolipoprotein AI and B (APO AI/APO B), glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were assessed in blood samples. LAP was calculated by the formulas [(waist circumference<sub>[cm]</sub>-58) &#215; (triglycerides<sub>[mmol/L]</sub>) for women and (waist circumference <sub>[cm]</sub>-65) &#215; (triglycerides <sub>[mmol/L]</sub>) for men]. The association between LAP and metabolic parameters were tested by linear trend (general linear model, GLM test) before and after multiple adjustments for potential confounders (sex, age, smoking, statin, fibrate, and hypoglycemic drugs) at significant level p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>LAP was positively associated with TC, APO B, NEFA, glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR values, and negatively associated with HDL-C. Higher central lipid accumulation was corelated with higher percentage of intermediate HDL and of small LDL and HDL and less amount of large HDL. LDL size was also reduced in greater LAP index values. The negative impact of LAP was maintained after adjustment for multiple variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>LAP was robustly associated with atherogenic profile of lipoprotein subfractions, independently of multiple confounders.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins, HDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins, LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Insulin Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Adults</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality worldwide, compromising significant private and government resources.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Public policy programs are focused on prevention and modification in traditional risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>), which are the basis of all models of cardiovascular risk prediction. Nevertheless, identification of new risk factors and/or markers for CVD is important to better understand some clinical events that cannot be explained by classical risk factors.</p>
      <p>These new biomarkers involve measurable biochemical parameters in serum or plasma, however, cholesterol associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) remain the main lipoproteins monitored to estimate cardiovascular risk in adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Currently, biomarkers associated with functionality and structure of lipoproteins - such as their size (small, intermediate, large and phenotypes A and B) - antioxidants (tocopherols, carotenoids), apolipoproteins (Apo B, AI, CII, J, F) and enzymes (Lp-PLA<sub>2</sub>, ACAT) have been investigated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Particularly, small dense LDL have been extensively described by its proatherogenic properties. This particle migrates to the subendothelial space more easily, recruits and activates macrophages, causing their transformation into foam cells and generating fatty streak, a hallmark of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Contrary to the well-established atherogenic mechanisms of LDL, functional role of HDL size remains controversial. Small HDL species are described as more antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and more capable to promote cellular cholesterol efflux.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In opposite, Woudberg et al. showed that obesity was associated with reduced large HDL subclasses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Many of these biomarkers are expensive, require methods technically sophisticated and show limited use in primary health care and prevention of diseases.</p>
      <p>Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) was proposed as a simple, inexpensive and accurate surrogate index to estimate cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and all-cause mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> This index combines anthropometric (waist circumference, WC) and biochemical (fasting triglycerides, TG) parameters, connecting anatomical to physiological changes associated with increased central accumulation of lipids in adults. Kahn<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> observed in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) that LAP index evidenced the negative effect of large WC possibly related with small dense LDL, although direct measurement of LDL size has not been done. The validity and superiority of LAP to identify cardiovascular risk, metabolic syndrome, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> and insulin resistance have been compared with body mass index (BMI), WC and waist-to-hip ratio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Despite the negative impact of LAP on glucose metabolism, monitored principally in postmenopausal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and polycystic ovary syndrome women,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> its association with the size of lipoproteins has not been directly evaluated and reported yet.</p>
      <p>Previous studies based in LAP confirmed its association with classical risk factors for CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Therefore, the aim of this study was to extend current knowledge of LAP, by evaluating the impact of this parameter on LDL and HDL size, considering the potential influence of confounders.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>Three hundred fifty-one adults of both sexes and multiple cardiovascular risk factors were selected for this cross-sectional study after complete clinical evaluation and electrocardiogram (ECG). These subjects were recruited from the Research Center located at the University Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo. The non-probabilistic sampling was employed. According to inclusion criteria, the subjects included in the study were 30-74 years old and had at least one of the risk factors for CVD - dyslipidemia, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, and/or hypertension. Pregnant or lactating women, individuals who participated in other studies, had severe hepatic or renal disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, illicit drug users, alcoholics, and individuals under lipid-lowering drugs introduced or changed 30 days before blood collection were not enrolled in this protocol. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University Hospital (n 1126/11) and the School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo (n 2264) and all procedures followed the standards of the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, revised in 2008. All subjects gave their written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Demographic and clinical profile</title>
        <p>Trained interviewers evaluated the demographic features of participants by a pre-structured questionnaire addressing sex, age, and ethnicity. The clinical evaluation consisted of current information on medical history, family history of chronic diseases (father and mother), and regular use of medication. Smoking was considered when the habit was reported by the subjects, regardless of the amount of cigarettes. Hypertension was confirmed by clinical history, use of antihypertensive medication and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure monitored after at least five minutes at rest and mean of three measures was used for data analysis. Hypertension was defined as SBP &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or DBP &#8805; 90 mmHg. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was defined by previous diagnosis of diabetes, use of oral hypoglycemic agents and plasma glucose levels higher 100 mg/dl. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) was calculated as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric parameters</title>
        <p>Weight (Kg) and height (cm) were measured to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively, with standard methods and equipment. BMI was calculated as weight (Kg) divided by the square of the standing height (m<sup>2</sup>). The WC was measured using flexible inelastic tape with an accuracy of 1.0-mm (TBW<sup>&#174;</sup>; Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil) without tightening it against the body. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance (BIA) (Analyzer&#174;, model Quantum II; RJL Systems; Michigan, USA). Body fat percentage was calculated using the Cyprus (Body Composition Analysis System, v. 2.5; RJL Systems&#174;; Detroit, MI, USA) program, which considered sex, age, weight, height, level of physical activity, resistance and reactance. All measurements were performed in duplicate by trained staff.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood samples</title>
        <p>After fasting (12 h), blood samples (20 mL) were collected. For analyses using plasma, blood was collected in vacutainer tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; 1.0 &#181;g/mL). The protease inhibitors aprotinin (10.0 &#181;g/ml), benzamidine (10.0 &#181;M), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF; 5.0 &#181;M) and the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT; 100.0 &#181;M) were added to the samples. Plasma and serum were separated by centrifugation (3,000 rpm; 10 min; 4&#186;C) and samples were kept frozen (&#8722;80 &#186;C) until analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical Analysis</title>
        <p>Plasma TG, total cholesterol (TC), and HDL-C levels were measured using commercial kits (Labtest; Lagoa Santa, MG, Brazil). LDL-C levels were calculated using the Friedewald equation for subjects who had TG lower than 400 mg/dl.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Apolipoproteins B and AI (Apo B and Apo AI) were determined using standard methods (APO A1 and APO B Autokits, Randox; Kearneysville, WV, USA). Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) levels were determined using the Free Fatty Acid Quantification kit (Wako Chemicals - USA Inc.; Richmond, VA, USA). Glucose levels were determined using an enzymatic and colorimetric kit (Glucose PAP Liquiform; Labtest; Lagoa Santa, MG, Brazil). Plasma insulin was detected using the commercial Human Insulin Direct ELISA kit (Life Technologies; Grand Island, NY, USA). Insulin resistance was calculated using the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) formula as follows: HOMA-IR = fasting insulin concentration (U/mL) x fasting glucose (mmol/L)/22.5.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> These parameters were analyzed in duplicate in automatic Cobas system (Hitachi High Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan).</p>
        <p>The distribution of HDL and LDL subfractions was determined using the Lipoprint supplier system based on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel. The LDL1 and LDL2 sub-fractions were classified as large LDL, and sub-fractions from LDL3 to LDL7 were classified as smaller and denser particles. The LDL size (nm) was determined and from that, phenotype A (&gt; 25.6 nm, large and less dense LDL) and non-A (&#8804; 25.6 nm, small dense LDL) pattern were calculated. For HDL particle size, ten sub-fractions were identified, which were classified as large (HDL1 to HDL3), intermediate (HDL4 to HDL7), and small (HDL8 to HDL10) particles.</p>
        <p>All analyses were conducted in duplicate and intra- (1-5.8%) and inter- (0.5-15%) assay coefficients of variance were calculated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP)</title>
        <p>LAP was calculated using different formulae for women (WC <sub>[cm]</sub>-58) &#215; (TG <sub>[mmol/L]</sub>) and men (WC <sub>[cm]</sub>-65) &#215; (TG <sub>[mmol/L]</sub>), which include the minimum sex-specific WC values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS&#174;; v. 20.0) software package. Two-sided P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p &gt; 0.05) was applied to assess normality of data. Normally distributed continuous variables are presented as mean values and standard deviations (SD), whereas non-normally distributed data are presented as median and 25th and 75th percentiles. Categorical variables are presented as absolute values (n) and percentages (%). Groups were compared using the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test for normally distributed data. Non-normally distributed data were analyzed using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests. Categorical variables were compared using the Pearson chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Subjects were divided into tertiles (T) of the LAP index: T1 &#8804; 45.5; 45.5 &lt; T2 &#8804; 80.3; and T3 &gt; 80.3. Association between tertiles of LAP index and atherogenic lipoprotein profile were tested in a linear trend test by raw and adjusted models: age and sex (Model A) and age, sex, smoking, use of statin, fibrate, and/or hypoglycemic drugs (Model B). In addition, comparison between groups was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis - with multiple comparisons by Tukey test) after all adjustments (Model B) with significance level at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The demographic and clinical characteristics of the 351 subjects grouped by sex are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The mean age of the subjects was 49.4 years for men (range: 30-72 years) and 54.4 years for women (range: 30-74 years, p &lt; 0.001). Women were older and reported greater use of drugs than men (83.6 <italic>versus</italic> 69.8, respectively, p = 0.001), whereas higher percentage of men were smokers (p = 0.026). More than 80% of the subjects had a prior disease at the time of screening. Hypertension was the most prevalence disease in both genders (56.9% in men and 57.1% in women), which was corroborated by the high percentage of antihypertensive drug users. This profile is in concordance with elevated frequency of hypertension in father, mother or both parents of individuals (62.9% in men and 66.2% in women).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects by gender</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total (n = 351)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Men (n = 132)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Women (n = 219)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">52.5</td>
              <td align="center">(10.4)</td>
              <td align="center">49.4</td>
              <td align="center">(11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">54.4</td>
              <td align="center">(9.6)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><bold><italic>Smoking</italic></bold> No</td>
              <td align="center">282</td>
              <td align="center">80.3</td>
              <td align="center">98</td>
              <td align="center">74.2</td>
              <td align="center">184</td>
              <td align="center">84.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.026</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current illnesses</td>
              <td align="center">306</td>
              <td align="center">87.2</td>
              <td align="center">114</td>
              <td align="center">86.4</td>
              <td align="center">192</td>
              <td align="center">87.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.723</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">71</td>
              <td align="center">20.2</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="center">24.2</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">17.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.146</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">200</td>
              <td align="center">57.0</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">56.8</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
              <td align="center">57.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.962</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">192</td>
              <td align="center">54.7</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">54.5</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
              <td align="center">54.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.964</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Drugs</td>
              <td align="center">274</td>
              <td align="center">78.1</td>
              <td align="center">91</td>
              <td align="center">69.8</td>
              <td align="center">183</td>
              <td align="center">83.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin</td>
              <td align="center">98</td>
              <td align="center">27.9</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">21.2</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">32.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.030</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antihypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">181</td>
              <td align="center">51.6</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">48.5</td>
              <td align="center">117</td>
              <td align="center">53.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.370</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypoglycemic agents</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
              <td align="center">20.8</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">22.0</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">20.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.674</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fibrate <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.543</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of diseases</td>
              <td align="center">320</td>
              <td align="center">91.2</td>
              <td align="center">122</td>
              <td align="center">92.4</td>
              <td align="center">198</td>
              <td align="center">90.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.520</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">18.2</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">21.2</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">16.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.262</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">228</td>
              <td align="center">65.0</td>
              <td align="center">83</td>
              <td align="center">62.9</td>
              <td align="center">145</td>
              <td align="center">66.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.526</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Acute myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">28.5</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">28.8</td>
              <td align="center">62</td>
              <td align="center">28.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.924</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">19.1</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">18.9</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">19.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.956</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">134</td>
              <td align="center">38.2</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">37.1</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
              <td align="center">38.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.752</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral vascular disease</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">71</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.548</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Comparative analysis of categorical variables was performed by Pearson chi-square or Fisher's exact test</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>(&#167;)</label>
            <p>(p &lt; 0.05).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Data presented as mean and standard deviation. Comparative analysis of continuous variables was performed using the unpaired Student's t-test (p &lt; 0.05)</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows results of cardiovascular risk, assessed by FRS, and biochemical and anthropometric variables stratified by sex. The FRS was similar between men (13.6 points) and women (13.5 points), indicating a moderate cardiovascular risk in both groups. Men showed higher values of WC and TG, impacting directly on elevated values of LAP in comparison with women. In contrast, women had higher values of Apo AI, HDL-C and NEFAs. Both groups showed similar profile of BMI and glucose homeostasis evaluated by glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR parameters. The influence of gender on lipid metabolism was confirmed by elevated percentage of small HDL and LDL and reduced percentage of large HDL observed in men. This profile was reinforced by the increase of LDL size in men (26.9 in men <italic>versus</italic> 27.0 in women; p = 0.001) and phenotype A in women (52.3% in men <italic>versus</italic> 70.8% in women; p = 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Framingham risk score, biochemical and anthropometric characteristics of subjects by gender</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Total (n = 351)</th>
              <th align="center">Men (n = 132)</th>
              <th align="center">Women (n=219)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FRS (points)</td>
              <td align="center">13.5 (4.8)</td>
              <td align="center">13.6 (5.0)</td>
              <td align="center">13.5 (4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.941</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">37.0 (10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">32.0 (7.0)</td>
              <td align="center">40.0 (10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">139.0 (38.0)</td>
              <td align="center">133.0 (22.0)</td>
              <td align="center">41.0 (40.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.092</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">128.0 (94.0 - 188.0)</td>
              <td align="center">145.0 (10.06 - 213.0)</td>
              <td align="center">121.0 (90.0 - 172.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Apo AI (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">132.0 (25.0)</td>
              <td align="center">123.0 (33.0)</td>
              <td align="center">137.0 (26.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Apo B (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">104.0 (25.0)</td>
              <td align="center">103.0 (23.0)</td>
              <td align="center">105.0 (26.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.400</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NEFA (mEq/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">0.6 (0.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.6 (0.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7 (0.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Small LDL (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.6 (0.8 - 4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 (1.0 - 6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.4 (0.6 - 3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Large LDL (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26.3 (5.4)</td>
              <td align="center">26.6 (4.9)</td>
              <td align="center">26.1 (5.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.491</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Small HDL (%)</td>
              <td align="center">19.8 (7.1)</td>
              <td align="center">21.1 (6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">19.1 (7.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inter HDL (%)</td>
              <td align="center">50.3 (5.1)</td>
              <td align="center">51.1 (4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">49.8 (5.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.039</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Large HDL (%)</td>
              <td align="center">29.9 (8.6)</td>
              <td align="center">27.8 (7.8)</td>
              <td align="center">31.0 (8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL size* (nm)</td>
              <td align="center">27.0 (26.5 - 27.2)</td>
              <td align="center">26.9 (26.4 - 27.1)</td>
              <td align="center">27.0 (26.7 - 27.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Phenotype A (%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">63.8 </td>
              <td align="center">52.3</td>
              <td align="center">70.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">97 (91.0 - 108.0)</td>
              <td align="center">98 (91.0 - 113.0)</td>
              <td align="center">97 (91.0 - 105.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.358</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insulin (&#181;IU/ml)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">16.3 (12.6 - 22.1)</td>
              <td align="center">15.6 (12.7 - 22.5)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7 (12.4 - 22.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.791</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HOMA-IR <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.0 (2.9 -5.9)</td>
              <td align="center">4.2 (3.1 - 5.9)</td>
              <td align="center">4.0 (2.9 - 5.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.596</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">77.9 (68.8 - 93.9)</td>
              <td align="center">89.7 (75.8 - 101.7)</td>
              <td align="center">72.9 (64.1 - 86.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">100.5 (13.5)</td>
              <td align="center">104.2 (12.7)</td>
              <td align="center">98.4 (13.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body fat (%)</td>
              <td align="center">37.8 (25.2 - 46.0)</td>
              <td align="center">23.4 (20.7 - 26.9)</td>
              <td align="center">43.4 (38.4 - 49.2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">30.8 (5.9)</td>
              <td align="center">30.6 (5.4)</td>
              <td align="center">30.9 (6.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.628</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAP <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">57.7 (35.4 - 87.2)</td>
              <td align="center">68.4 (40.5 - 105.0)</td>
              <td align="center">53.2 (35.2 - 81.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.026</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Data presented as mean (SD) and median (p25-p75). Comparative analysis was performed by the unpaired Student's t test or Mann-Whitney test</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>and Pearson chi-square</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>(**)</label>
            <p>(p &lt; 0.05). FRS: Framingham Risk Score; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triacylglycerol; Apo AI: apolipoprotein AI; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; NEFA: non-esterified fatty acids; BMI: body mass index; LAP: lipid accumulation product; WC: waist circumference.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Raw and adjusted associations between LAP and other parameters were tested by tertiles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). LAP was positively associated with TC, Apo B, NEFA, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR and, consequently, this association increased with FRS points. Surprisingly, LAP was not corelated with LDL-C. After multiple adjustments for potential confounders (A and B models), the associations between LAP and biochemical parameters were maintained, except for Apo AI.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Linear trend analysis of Framingham risk score and biochemical variables in lipid accumulation product tertiles</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">LAP</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Raw data</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model A</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model B</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">T1 &#8804; 45.5 (n = 117)</th>
              <th align="center">45.5 &lt; T2 &#8804; 80.3 (n = 117)</th>
              <th align="center">T3 &gt; 80.3 (n = 117)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FRS</td>
              <td align="center">12.3</td>
              <td align="center">13.6</td>
              <td align="center">14.6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">198.2</td>
              <td align="center">201.0</td>
              <td align="center">216.0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">40.7</td>
              <td align="center">37.6</td>
              <td align="center">32.4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">139.6</td>
              <td align="center">136.1</td>
              <td align="center">136.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.514</td>
              <td align="center">0.660</td>
              <td align="center">0.770</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Apo AI (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">135.6</td>
              <td align="center">134.2</td>
              <td align="center">127.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
              <td align="center">0.062</td>
              <td align="center">0.073</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Apo B (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">97.5</td>
              <td align="center">103.8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">111.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NEFA (mEq/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.7<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">96.4</td>
              <td align="center">101.8</td>
              <td align="center">122.1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insulin (&#181;IU/ml)</td>
              <td align="center">15.1</td>
              <td align="center">19.0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">21.0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HOMA-IR</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">6.2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>Model A: adjusted by sex and age. Model B: adjusted by sex, age, smoking, statin, fibrate, and hypoglycemic drugs. FRS: Framingham Risk Score; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo AI: apolipoprotein AI: Apo B: apolipoprotein B; NEFA: non&#8209;esterified fatty acids; LAP: lipid accumulation product. Comparison between groups was performed by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparisons by Tukey test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>versus T1,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>versus T2. Significance level adopted for all analysis p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Also, central lipid accumulation was positively associated with the percentage of intermediate and small HDL subfractions in both total (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>) and sex-stratified sample (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1C</xref>) after adjustment for age, smoking, and use of statin, fibrate and hypoglycemic drugs. Similar results were found for small LDL, i.e., individuals in lowest, in the middle and in the highest tertile showed about 1.5%, 2.3% and 7.5% of small LDL, respectively (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2Aii</xref>). Higher differences were seen in men (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1Bi</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentages of large, intermediate, and small HDL (high density lipoprotein) particles, according to the LAP (lipid accumulation protein) tertiles. A) Adjusted by sex, age, smoking, statin, fibrate, and hypoglycemic drugs. B) Men, adjusted by age, smoking, statin, fibrate, and hypoglycemic drugs (n = 132). C) Women, adjusted by age, smoking, statin, fibrate, and hypoglycemic drugs (n = 219). i: Larger HDL. ii: Intermediate HDL. iii: Small HDL. Data are presented as mean and 95% confidence interval. Comparative analysis was performed using the linear trend test. LAP tertiles: T1 &#8804; 45.5; 45.5 &lt; T2 &#8804; 80.3; T3 &gt; 80.3. HDL - high-density lipoprotein, LAP: lipid accumulation product, % - percentage. Comparison between groups was performed by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparisons by Tukey test. <italic>*</italic>versus T1, <italic>&#167;</italic>versus T2. Significance level adopted for all analysis p &lt; 0.05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0339-80054-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentages of large and small LDL particles and LDL size, according to the LAP tertiles. A) Adjusted by sex, age, smoking, statin, fibrate, and hypoglycemic drugs. B) Men, adjusted by age, smoking, statin, fibrate, and hypoglycemic drugs (n = 132). C) Women, adjusted by age, smoking, statin, fibrate, and hypoglycemic drugs (n = 219). i: Large LDL. ii: Small LDL. iii: LDL size. Data are presented as mean and 95% confidence interval. Comparative analysis was performed using the linear trend test. LAP tertiles: T1 &#8804; 45.5; 45.5 &lt; T2 &#8804; 80.3; T3 &gt; 80.3. HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LAP: lipid accumulation product; %: percentage Comparison between groups was performed by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparisons by Tukey test. <italic>*</italic>versus T1, <italic>&#167;</italic>versus T2. Significance level adopted for all analysis p &lt; 0.05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0339-80054-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>LDL size and percentage of large HDL were both negatively associated with LAP. In total sample, this difference was nearly 10 points for large HDL - 34.2% in T1 and 24.5% in T3 (Figures 1Ai, Bi, Ci). Associations between LAP index and large LDL were found in men (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2Bi</xref>), but not in total sample nor in women, demonstrating a sex-dependent relationship for this subfraction.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Based on this cross-sectional study, LAP has a significant association with classical and new cardiovascular biomarkers. These associations were especially important when LAP index was corelated to size of the LDL and HDL particles.</p>
      <p>Previously, Kahn and Valdez<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> evaluated a cross-sectional sample from the NHANES III and reported that individuals with high WC and TG levels were more likely to show inadequate levels of HDL-C, Apo B, fasting insulin, and glucose. Later, Kahn<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> confirmed that the LAP was superior to BMI in indicating adults with diabetes mellitus and for predicting imbalance in glucometabolic variables (HOMA-IR, fasting glucose, and glycated hemoglobin). Similar results were found in studies conducted in other countries, in which LAP was a better marker of glucose imbalance and a stronger predictor of DM than BMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The present study confirms that LAP is sensitive to identify dysfunctions related to glucose metabolism, even after adjustment for drug use and multiple confounders.</p>
      <p>The relevance of LDL-C in the development of atherosclerosis has been recognized. However, some individuals with normal LDL-C levels have cardiovascular events, indicating that other risk factors related or not with LDL exert a role in the atherosclerotic process. Epidemiological evidence shows that an increased proportion of small and dense LDL particles is strongly associated with the risk of coronary heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Individuals with elevated plasma concentrations of small and dense LDL are at 3-7 times greater risk to develop coronary artery disease (CAD), independent of the LDL-C level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Smaller and denser LDL, known as phenotype B, has been proposed as a more atherogenic sub-fraction than large LDL. Smaller particles remain for a longer time in plasma and shows reduced affinity for the B/E receptor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Phenotype-B LDL is highly recognized by scavenger receptor, and therefore is more susceptible to migration to the subendothelial layer and oxidation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Despite that, the relationship between LAP and LDL size has not been described in the literature. Our results showed that small LDL particles and LDL size were positively and negatively associated with LAP, respectively, even if LDL-C was not related to LAP. Mirmiran et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> also didn&#8217;t find any correlation between LAP and LDL-C.</p>
      <p>Reinforcing the negative role of small and dense LDL, Kwon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> described that this particle was independently associated with the incidence and extension of CAD in a Korean population, confirmed by subsequent studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Studies have also reported a negative correlation between LDL size and risk of acute myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Similarly, small and dense LDL was associated with increased TG and decreased HDL-C levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Therefore, results presented in this study showed for the first time that the LAP was significantly and robustly associated with the more atherogenic small LDL particle in Brazilians subjects above 30 years of age and moderate cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>Contrary to high LDL-C level, low HDL-C level is accepted as an independent risk factor for CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Currently, it has been proposed that reverse cholesterol transport and other HDL properties such as antithrombotic action, endothelial function, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities depend on HDL size.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Larger HDL particles have a higher content of Apo AI and are described as more effective in reverse cholesterol transport.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Asztalos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> showed that a predominance of small, rather than large HDL particles, increased the risk of coronary heart disease. It was also suggested that small HDL particle size is associated with several features of the metabolic syndrome and risk of CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Our results showed a negative relationship of LAP with larger HDL and a positive relationship with smaller HDL particles. This profile is in agreement with the increased concentrations of HDL-C levels in subjects with lower LAP, although no correlation was found between LAP and Apo A1. Together with the LDL results, it reinforces the role of LAP as a surrogate marker for atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions.</p>
      <p>In addition, our findings also showed a positive linear trend between NEFA values and LAP. Epidemiological studies have reported an association between NEFA and the risk of diabetes mellitus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Increased concentrations of NEFA in individuals with visceral obesity contribute to the development of various disorders such as peripheral insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and b-cell apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Our data showed NEFA values similar to or higher than the values reported in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> This is compatible with the increased values also observed for glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR, independent of sex in our study. Linear trends between LAP and fasting glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR confirm that this index is associated with multiple glucose- and cardiovascular-related dysfunctions. Previously, Sambataro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> showed that insulin sensitivity is not limited to dysfunction of fasting glucose and insulin and that lipid metabolism may affect this sensitivity. Therefore, the ability of LAP to simultaneously identify changes in glucose and lipid metabolism can expand the clinical relevance of this index.</p>
      <p>This study had some limitations. The most significant one is that this study was conducted only in individuals with at least one cardiovascular risk factor, i.e., hypertension, diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia. This suggests that the association found here might not be valid for health people. On the other hand, unfortunately, early diagnosis of dyslipidemia and changes in glucose metabolism are common events in young adults. Thus, more individuals would benefit from the inclusion of LAP in screening and monitoring of cardiovascular risk. Second limitation is the evaluation of previous cardiovascular events by clinical data and changes in the ECG. Although it is known that these data do not necessarily reflect the absence of coronary disease, in clinical practice, individuals are not submitted to complementary tests, such as provocation test to detect myocardial ischemia, if the initial evaluation indicates low cardiovascular risk. In screening protocols, ECG, in combination with complementary clinical and biochemical data, is the first instrument used because of its low cost. However, we admit that cardiovascular disease cannot be excluded in these individuals. And third, individuals included in this study were under statin (27.9%) and fibrate (2.6%). These drugs exert direct and indirect actions in lipid metabolism promoting changes in TG, a component of LAP. Despite that, these individuals were receiving the same drug treatment (in terms of type and posology) for at least 30 days prior to the study.</p>
      <p>Methods for the measurement of emerging cardiovascular risk factors are generally complex and expensive, and hence could not be used in large-scale studies. LAP is a low-cost, easily measured variable that could be used to establish causal effects on clinical outcomes. So, the positive results from clinical trials and prospective cohort studies using this instrument are expected to encourage new approaches to estimate CVD risk.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In conclusion, our results showed that the LAP index was associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein profile in Brazilian subjects, such as TC, HDL-C, Apo B, small HDL, small LDL and LDL size. It is plausible to suggest that the LAP may be a useful and simple clinical marker for assessment of cardiometabolic risk factors.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by INCT-FCX, NAP-FCX-USP, FAPESP and CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Flavia De Conti Cartolano, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 1126/11 and Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero 2264. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Produto de Acumula&#231;&#227;o Lip&#237;dica est&#225; Associado a um Perfil Aterog&#234;nico de Lipoprote&#237;nas em Indiv&#237;duos Brasileiros?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cartolano</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia De Conti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pappiani</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Camila Prupper de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio M.</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carioca</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damasceno</surname>
            <given-names>N&#225;gila Raquel Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de Publica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de F&#237;sica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: N&#225;gila Raquel Teixeira Damasceno,</bold> Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715. CEP 01246-904. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>nagila@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cartolano FDC, Freitas MCP, Damasceno NRT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cartolano FDC, Pappiani C, Freitas MCP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cartolano FDC, Pappiani C, Figueiredo Neto AM, Carioca AAF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cartolano FDC, Carioca AAF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Figueiredo Neto AM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cartolano FDC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cartolano FDC, Freitas MCP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O produto de acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica (LAP), um instrumento simples e de baixo custo, &#233; um novo biomarcador de ac&#250;mulo de gordura central e representa um marcador substituto potencial para o perfil aterog&#234;nico de lipoprote&#237;nas. No entanto, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com subfra&#231;&#245;es de lipoprote&#237;nas ainda n&#227;o foi descrita na literatura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar se o LAP pode ser usado como um marcador de tamanho da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) e de alta densidade (HDL) em indiv&#237;duos brasileiros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo transversal incluiu 351 pacientes de ambos os sexos e idade entre 30 e 74 anos. Dados cl&#237;nicos e sociodemogr&#225;ficos e hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;as foram avaliados. O tamanho das lipoprote&#237;nas, e n&#237;veis de colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;nas, apolipoprote&#237;na AI e B (APO AI/APO B), glicose, &#225;cidos graxos n&#227;o esterificados (AGNEs) e insulina, e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (HOMA-IR) foram avaliados em amostras de sangue. O LAP foi calculado utilizando-se as f&#243;rmulas (circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura <sub>(cm]</sub>-58) &#215; (triglicer&#237;deos<sub>[mmol/L]</sub>) para mulheres e (circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura<sub>[cm]</sub>-65) &#215; (triglicer&#237;deos <sub>[mmol/L]</sub>) para homens. Associa&#231;&#245;es entre LAP e par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos foram testadas por tend&#234;ncia linear (modelo linear generalizado, GLM) antes e ap&#243;s ajustes por fatores de confus&#227;o (sexo, idade, tabagismo, uso de estatinas, fibratos e hipoglicemiantes) ao n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>LAP apresentou uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com CT, APO B, AGNEs, glicose, insulina, HOMA-IR, e uma associa&#231;&#227;o negativa com HDL-C. Maior ac&#250;mulo de gordura central correlacionou-se com maior porcentagem de HDL intermedi&#225;ria e de part&#237;culas pequenas de LDL e HDL, e menor porcentagem de HDL grande. O tamanho da LDL tamb&#233;m era reduzido em valores de LAP mais elevados. O impacto negativo do LAP foi mantido ap&#243;s ajuste para m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>o LAP esteve fortemente associado com o perfil aterog&#234;nico de subfra&#231;&#245;es de lipoprote&#237;nas, independetemente dos fatores de confus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas HDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Adultos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) &#233; a principal causa de morbidade e de mortalidade prematura no mundo, comprometendo significativos recursos privados e p&#250;blicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Programas de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas s&#227;o focados na preven&#231;&#227;o e na modifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco tradicionais (hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, tabagismo e diabetes mellitus), os quais s&#227;o a base de todos os modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular. No entanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de novos fatores de risco e/ou marcadores para DCV &#233; importante para melhor compreens&#227;o de alguns eventos cl&#237;nicos que n&#227;o podem ser explicados pelos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos.</p>
        <p>Novos biomarcadores envolvem par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos mensur&#225;veis no soro ou no plasma. Contudo, o colesterol associado &#224; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) e o colesterol associado &#224; lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) ainda s&#227;o as principais lipoprote&#237;nas monitoradas para estimar o risco cardiovascular em adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Atualmente, biomarcadores associados com funcionalidade e estrutura das lipoprote&#237;nas - tal como seu tamanho (pequeno, intermedi&#225;rio, grande, e fen&#243;tipos A e B) - antioxidantes (tocoferol, carotenoides), apolipoprote&#237;nas (Apo B, AI, CII, J, F) e enzimas (Lp-PLA<sub>2</sub>, ACAT) t&#234;m sido estudados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Particularmente, part&#237;culas pequenas e densas de LDL t&#234;m sido amplamente descritas por suas propriedades pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicas. Essa part&#237;cula migra para o espa&#231;o subendotelial mais facilmente, recruta e ativa macr&#243;fagos, causando sua transforma&#231;&#227;o em c&#233;lulas espumosas e gerando estrias gordurosas, uma marca da aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Ao contr&#225;rio dos mecanismos aterog&#234;nicos bem estabelecidos do LDL, o papel funcional do tamanho do HDL ainda &#233; controverso. Part&#237;culas pequenas de HDL s&#227;o descritas como mais antioxidantes, anti-inflamat&#243;rias e com maior capacidade de promover a sa&#237;da de colesterol das c&#233;lulas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Por outro lado, Woudberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> mostraram que a obesidade esteve associada com diminui&#231;&#227;o das subclasses de part&#237;culas grandes de HDL. Muitos desse biomarcadores s&#227;o caros, requerem m&#233;todos tecnicamente sofisticados e apresentam uso limitado na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de e na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as.</p>
        <p>O Produto da Acumula&#231;&#227;o Lip&#237;dica (LAP) foi proposto como um &#237;ndice simples, barato e preciso para estimar o risco cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e mortalidade por todas as causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Esse &#237;ndice combina par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos (circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, CC) e bioqu&#237;micos (triglicer&#237;deos de jejum, TG), conectando mudan&#231;as anat&#244;micas a mudan&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas associadas com ac&#250;mulo aumentado de gordura corporal em adultos. Kahn,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> observou no terceiro <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> (NHANES III) o efeito negativo da CC, possivelmente relacionado com part&#237;culas pequenas e densas de LDL, embora a medida do tamanho de sua part&#237;cula n&#227;o tenha sido diretamente realizada. A validade e a superioridade do LAP em identificar risco cardiovascular, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, e resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica foram comparadas com as do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), CC e rela&#231;&#227;o cintura quadril.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Apesar do impacto negativo do LAP no metabolismo de glicose, avaliado principalmente em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e mulheres com ov&#225;rio polic&#237;stico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o tamanho das lipoprote&#237;nas n&#227;o foi diretamente avaliada.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios baseados no LAP confirmaram sua associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi expandir o conhecimento existente sobre o LAP, avaliando-se o impacto desse par&#226;metro sobre o tamanho da LDL e da HDL, considerando a potencial influ&#234;ncia de fatores de confus&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sujeitos</title>
          <p>Um total de 351 adultos de ambos os sexos e m&#250;ltiplos fatores de riscos cardiovasculares foram recrutados para este estudo transversal ap&#243;s completa avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e eletrocardiograma (ECG). Esses indiv&#237;duos foram recrutados do centro de pesquisa localizado no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Utilizamos o m&#233;todo de amostragem n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos tinham idade entre 30 e 74 anos, e um ou mais fatores de risco para DCV - dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus e/ou hipertens&#227;o. Gestantes, lactantes, indiv&#237;duos que participaram em outros estudos, que apresentavam doen&#231;a renal ou hep&#225;tica grave, diabetes mellitus tipo 1, usu&#225;rios de drogas il&#237;citas, alco&#243;latras ou em uso de hipolipemiantes introduzidos ou trocados 30 dias antes da coleta de sangue n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do hospital (n&#250;mero 1126/11) e da Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (n&#250;mero 2264), e todos os procedimentos foram realizados segundo padr&#245;es da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki (1975, revisada em 2008). Todos os participantes deram seu consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Perfil cl&#237;nico-demogr&#225;fico</title>
          <p>Entrevistadores treinados avaliaram as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos participantes utilizando um question&#225;rio pr&#233;-estruturado que abordava sexo, idade e etnia. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica consistiu em obten&#231;&#227;o de dados atuais sobre hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica, hist&#243;ria familiar (pai e m&#227;e) de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, e uso regular de medicamentos. Tabagismo foi considerado quando relatado pelos indiv&#237;duos, independentemente da quantidade de cigarros. Hipertens&#227;o foi confirmada por hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) monitoradas ap&#243;s pelo menos cinco minutos em repouso, sendo que a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas foi usada para an&#225;lise. Hipertens&#227;o foi definida como PAS &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou PAD &#8805; 90 mmHg. Diabetes tipo 2 foi definido por diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de diabetes, uso de hipoglicemiantes e n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de glicose acima de 100 mg/dL. O escore de risco de Framingham (ERF) foi calculado conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos</title>
          <p>Peso (Kg) e altura (cm) foram medidos com precis&#227;o de 0,1 Kg e 0,1 cm, respectivamente, utilizando-se m&#233;todos e instrumentos padronizados. O IMC foi calculado como o peso (Kg) dividido pela altura ao quadrado (m<sup>2</sup>). A CC foi medida usando-se uma fita inel&#225;stica de 1,0 mm de precis&#227;o (TBW<sup>&#174;</sup>; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil), sem pression&#225;-la contra o corpo. A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foi avaliada por imped&#226;ncia bioel&#233;trica (BIA) (Analyzer&#174;, model Quantum II; RJL Systems; Michigan, USA). A porcentagem de gordura corporal foi calculada pelo programa Cyprus (Composition Analysis System, v. 2.5; RJL Systems&#174;; Detroit, MI, EUA), que considerou sexo, idade, peso, altura, atividade f&#237;sica, resist&#234;ncia e react&#226;ncia. Todas as medidas foram realizadas em duplicata por uma equipe treinada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostras de sangue</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas, foram coletadas amostras (20 mL) de sangue. Para an&#225;lises a partir do plasma, o sangue foi coletado em tubos Vacutainer contendo &#225;cido etilenodiamino tetra-ac&#233;tico (EDTA; 1,0 &#181;g/mL). Os inibidores de protease aprotinina (10,0 &#181;g/mL), benzamidina (10,0 &#181;M), e fluoreto de fenilmetilsulfonil (PMSF; 5,0 &#181;M) com o antioxidante hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT; 100,0 &#181;M) foram adicionados &#224;s amostras. O plasma e o soro foram separados por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o (3000 rpm; 10 minutos; 4&#186;C) e as amostras foram mantidas congeladas (-80&#186;C) at&#233; serem analisadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica</title>
          <p>N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de TG, colesterol total (CT) e HDL-C foram medidos usando-se kits comerciais (Labtest; Lagoa Santa, MG, Brasil). Concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-C foram calculadas usando a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald para indiv&#237;duos com TG menor de 400 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Apolipoprote&#237;nas B e AI (Apo B e Apo AI) foram determinadas por m&#233;todos padr&#245;es (APO A1 e APO B Autokits, Randox; Kearneysville, WV, EUA). &#193;cidos graxos n&#227;o esterificados (AGNEs) foram determinados utilizando o kit Free Fatty Acid Quantification (Wako Chemicals - USA Inc.; Richmond, VA, EUA). A resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica foi calculada pelo HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance): HOMA-IR = insulina de jejum (U/mL) x glicose de jejum (mmoL/L)/22,5.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup> Esses par&#226;metros foram analisados em duplicata pelo sistema autom&#225;tico Cobas (Hitachi High Technology, Minato-ku, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o).</p>
          <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das subfra&#231;&#245;es de HDL e de LDL foi determinada pelo sistema Lipoprint baseado em gel de poliacrilamida n&#227;o desnaturante. As sub-fra&#231;&#245;es LDL1 e LDL2 foram classificadas como LDL grande, e as subfra&#231;&#245;es LDL3 a LDL7 foram classificadas como part&#237;culas menores, de maior densidade. O tamanho do LDL (nm) foi determinado e, a partir dele, foram calculados os padr&#245;es fenot&#237;picos A (LDL grande, &gt; 25,6 nm, e menos densa) e n&#227;o A (LDL pequena, &#8804; 25,6 nm, e densa). Para o tamanho da part&#237;cula de HDL, foram identificadas dez subfra&#231;&#245;es, as quais foram classificadas em part&#237;culas grandes (HDL 1 ao HDL 3), intermedi&#225;rio (HDL 4 ao HDL 7), e pequena (HDL 8 ao HDL10).</p>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas em duplicata e os coeficientes de vari&#226;ncia entre (1-5,8%) e intrateste (0,5-15%) foram calculados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Produto de Acumula&#231;&#227;o Lip&#237;dica (LAP)</title>
          <p>O LAP foi calculado utilizando-se diferentes f&#243;rmulas para mulheres (CC <sub>[cm]</sub>-58) &#215; (TG <sub>[mmol/L]</sub>) e homens (CC <sub>[cm]</sub>-65) &#215; (TG <sub>[mmol/L]</sub>), que inclu&#237;ram os valores m&#237;nimos de CC espec&#237;ficos para cada sexo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS&#174;; v. 20.0). Valores de p &lt; 0,05 bicaudais foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (p &gt; 0,05) foi usado para avaliar a normalidade dos dados. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP), ao passo que os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram apresentados como mediana e percentis 25 e 75. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em valores absolutos (n) e porcentagens (%). Dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparados entre os grupos pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, e dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou pelo teste exato de Fisher. Os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em tercis do LAP e o perfil de lipoprote&#237;nas aterog&#234;nicas foi testado em um teste de tend&#234;ncia linear por modelos ajustados e n&#227;o ajustados: idade e sexo (Modelo A) e idade, sexo, tabagismo, uso de estatina, fibrato, e/ou drogas hipoglicemiantes (Modelo B). Al&#233;m disso, compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos foi realizada por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis) - com compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas pelo teste de Tukey) ap&#243;s todos os ajustes (Modelo B) com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos 351 indiv&#237;duos agrupados por sexo s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia dos indiv&#237;duos foi de 49,4 anos para homens (30-72 anos) e de 54,4 anos para mulheres (30-74 anos, p &lt; 0,001). As mulheres eram mais velhas e relataram maior uso de medicamentos que os homens (83,6 <italic>versus</italic> 69,8, respectivamente, p = 0,001), enquanto uma maior porcentagem de fumantes foi encontrada entre os homens (p = 0,026). Mais de 80% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentaram doen&#231;a pr&#233;via no momento do rastreamento. A hipertens&#227;o foi a doen&#231;a mais prevalente em ambos os g&#234;neros (56,9% em homens e 57,1% em mulheres), o que foi corroborado pela alta porcentagem de usu&#225;rios de drogas anti-hipertensivas. Esse perfil esteve em concord&#226;ncia com a alta frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o no pai e/ou na m&#227;e dos pais (62,9% nos homens e 66,2% nas mulheres).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos indiv&#237;duos por sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total (n = 351)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Homens (n = 132)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mulheres (n = 219)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">52,5</td>
                <td align="center">(10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">49,4</td>
                <td align="center">(11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">54,4</td>
                <td align="center">(9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold><italic>Tabagismo</italic></bold> N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">282</td>
                <td align="center">80,3</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">74,2</td>
                <td align="center">184</td>
                <td align="center">84,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;as atuais</td>
                <td align="center">306</td>
                <td align="center">87,2</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">86,4</td>
                <td align="center">192</td>
                <td align="center">87,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,723</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">20,2</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">17,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,146</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">200</td>
                <td align="center">57,0</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">56,8</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
                <td align="center">57,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,962</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">192</td>
                <td align="center">54,7</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">54,5</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">54,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,964</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medicamentos</td>
                <td align="center">274</td>
                <td align="center">78,1</td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">69,8</td>
                <td align="center">183</td>
                <td align="center">83,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">27,9</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">21,2</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">32,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anti-hipertensivos</td>
                <td align="center">181</td>
                <td align="center">51,6</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">48,5</td>
                <td align="center">117</td>
                <td align="center">53,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,370</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipoglicemiantes</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">20,8</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">22,0</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,674</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibratos <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,543</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;as</td>
                <td align="center">320</td>
                <td align="center">91,2</td>
                <td align="center">122</td>
                <td align="center">92,4</td>
                <td align="center">198</td>
                <td align="center">90,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,520</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">18,2</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">21,2</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">16,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,262</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">228</td>
                <td align="center">65,0</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">62,9</td>
                <td align="center">145</td>
                <td align="center">66,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,526</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">28,5</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">28,8</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">28,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,924</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">19,1</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">18,9</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">19,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,956</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">134</td>
                <td align="center">38,2</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">37,1</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">38,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,752</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica </td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,548</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>An&#225;lise comparativa das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas realizada pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>(&#167;)</label>
              <p> (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. An&#225;lise comparativa das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi realizada pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado (p &lt; 0,05)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta resultados do risco cardiovascular, avaliado pelo ERF, e das vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas e antropom&#233;tricas estratificadas por sexo. O ERF foi similar entre homens (13,6 pontos) e mulheres (13,5 pontos), indicando um risco cardiovascular moderado em ambos os grupos. Os homens apresentaram valores mais altos de CC e TG, com impacto direto sobre valores elevados de LAP em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres. Por outro lado, as mulheres apresentaram valores superiores de Apo AI, HDL-C e AGNEs. Ambos os grupos mostraram perfis similares de IMC e homeostase da glicose avaliada pela glicemia, insulina e HOMA-IR. A influ&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero sobre o metabolismo de lip&#237;dios foi confirmada pela elevada porcentagem de part&#237;culas pequenas de HDL e de LDL, e porcentagem reduzida de part&#237;culas grandes de HDL em homens. Esse perfil foi refor&#231;ado pelos n&#237;veis mais altos de LDL com o aumento do tamanho do LDL em homens (26,9 em homens <italic>versus</italic> 27,0 em mulheres, p = 0.001) e de fen&#243;tipo A em mulheres (52,3% em homens versus 70,8% em mulheres; p = 0.001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escore de risco Framingham, caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas e antropom&#233;tricas dos indiv&#237;duos segundo o sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Total (n = 351)</th>
                <th align="center">Homens (n = 132)</th>
                <th align="center">Mulheres (n = 219)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ERF (pontos)</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 (4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">13,6 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,941</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">37,0 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">32,0 (7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">40,0 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">139,0 (38,0)</td>
                <td align="center">133,0 (22,0)</td>
                <td align="center">41,0 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">128,0 (94,0 - 188,0)</td>
                <td align="center">145,0 (10,06 - 213,0)</td>
                <td align="center">121,0 (90,0 - 172,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apo AI (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">132,0 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">123,0 (33,0)</td>
                <td align="center">137,0 (26,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apo B (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">104,0 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">103,0 (23,0)</td>
                <td align="center">105,0 (26,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,400</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AGNEs (mEq/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 (0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL pequena (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (0,8 - 4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (1,0 - 6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (0,6 - 3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL grande (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26,3 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">26,6 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">26,1 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,491</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL pequena (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19,8 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">21,1 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">19,1 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL intermedi&#225;ria (%)</td>
                <td align="center">50,3 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">51,1 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">49,8 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL grande (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29,9 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">27,8 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">31,0 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tamanho da LDL* (nm)</td>
                <td align="center">27,0 (26,5 - 27,2)</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 (26,4 - 27,1)</td>
                <td align="center">27,0 (26,7 - 27,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fen&#243;tipo A (%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">63,8</td>
                <td align="center">52,3</td>
                <td align="center">70,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">97 (91,0 - 108,0)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (91,0 - 113,0)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (91,0 - 105,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,358</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insulina (&#181;IU/ml)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">16,3 (12,6 - 22,1)</td>
                <td align="center">15,6 (12,7 - 22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7 (12,4 - 22,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,791</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HOMA-IR <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 (2,9 -5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">4,2 (3,1 - 5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 (2,9 - 5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,596</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">77,9 (68,8 - 93,9)</td>
                <td align="center">89,7 (75,8 - 101,7)</td>
                <td align="center">72,9 (64,1 - 86,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">100,5 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">104,2 (12,7)</td>
                <td align="center">98,4 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gordura corporal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37,8 (25,2 - 46,0)</td>
                <td align="center">23,4 (20,7 - 26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">43,4 (38,4 - 49,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">30,8 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">30,6 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">30,9 (6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,628</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LAP <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">57,7 (35,4 - 87,2)</td>
                <td align="center">68,4 (40,5 - 105,0)</td>
                <td align="center">53,2 (35,2 - 81,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o) e mediana (p25-p75). An&#225;lise comparativa realizada pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou o teste de Mann-Whitney</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>e qui-quadrado de Pearson</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>(**)</label>
              <p>(p &lt; 0,05). ERF: escore de risco Framingham, CT: colesterol total, HDL-C: colesterol associado &#224; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, LDL-C: colesterol associado &#224; lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, TG: triglicer&#237;deos, Apo AI: apolipoprote&#237;na AI, Apo B: apolipoprote&#237;na B, AGNEs: &#225;cidos graxos n&#227;o esterificados, IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal, LAP: produto de acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Associa&#231;&#245;es ajustadas e n&#227;o ajustadas (dados brutos) entre LAP e outros par&#226;metros foram testadas por tercis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). O LAP foi positivamente associado com CT, Apo B, AGNEs, glicose, insulina, e HOMA-IR e, consequentemente, essa associa&#231;&#227;o aumentou com a pontua&#231;&#227;o do ERF. Surpreendentemente, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre LAP e LDL-C. Ap&#243;s v&#225;rios ajustes quanto a potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o (modelos A e B), as associa&#231;&#245;es entre LAP e par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foram mantidos, exceto para Apo AI.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de tend&#234;ncia linear do escore de risco Framingham e vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas nos tercis do produto de acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">LAP</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Dados brutos</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo A</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo B</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">T1 &#8804; 45,5 (n = 117)</th>
                <th align="center">45,5 &lt; T2 &#8804; 80,3 (n = 117)</th>
                <th align="center">T3 &gt; 80,3 (n = 117)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FRS score</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">14,6<sup>*&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">198,2</td>
                <td align="center">201,0</td>
                <td align="center">216,0<sup>*&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">40,7</td>
                <td align="center">37,6</td>
                <td align="center">32,4<sup>*&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">139,6</td>
                <td align="center">136,1</td>
                <td align="center">136,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,514</td>
                <td align="center">0,660</td>
                <td align="center">0,770</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apo AI (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">135,6</td>
                <td align="center">134,2</td>
                <td align="center">127,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apo B (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">97,5</td>
                <td align="center">103,8<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">111,9<sup>*&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AGNEs (mEq/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,7<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">96,4</td>
                <td align="center">101,8</td>
                <td align="center">122,1<sup>*&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insulina (&#181;IU/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">15,1</td>
                <td align="center">19,0<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">21,0<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,2<sup>*&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>Modelo A: ajustado por sexo e idade. Modelo B: ajustado por sexo, idade, tabagismo, uso de estatina, fibrato, e hipoglicemiantes e drogas hipoglicemiantes. ERF: Escore de risco Framingham; CT: colesterol total; HDL-C: colesterol associado &#224; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: colesterol associado &#224; lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; Apo AI: apolipoprote&#237;na AI; Apo B: polipoprote&#237;na B; AGNEs: &#225;cidos graxos n&#227;o esterificados; LAP: produto de acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos realizado pelo teste ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis, e compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas pelo teste de Tukey.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>versus T1,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>versus T2. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado de p &lt; 0.05 para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o ac&#250;mulo de gordura central e a porcentagem de subfra&#231;&#245;es de HDL intermedi&#225;rias e pequenas tanto na amostra total (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1A</xref>) como na amostra estratificada por sexo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">1C</xref>) ap&#243;s ajuste por idade, tabagismo e uso de estatina, fibrato e hipoglicemiantes. Resultados similares foram observados para subfra&#231;&#227;o de LDL pequena, isto &#233;, indiv&#237;duos nos tercis mais baixo, no meio e mais alto apresentaram, respectivamente, 1,5%, 2,3% e 7,5% de LDL pequena (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2Aii</xref>). Diferen&#231;as maiores foram observadas nos homens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1Bi</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Porcentagens de part&#237;culas de HDL (lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade), de acordo com tercis de LAP (produto de acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica). A) ajustado por sexo, idade, tabagismo, uso de fibratos e hipoglicemiantes. B) Homens, ajustado por idade, tabagismo, uso de estatina, fibrato, e drogas hipoglicemiantes (n = 132). C) Mulheres, ajustado por idade, tabagismo, uso de estatina, fibrato, e drogas hipoglicemiantes (n = 219). i: HDL grande. ii: HDL intermedi&#225;ria. iii: HDL pequena. Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. An&#225;lise comparativa realizada pelo teste de tend&#234;ncia linear. Tercis de LAP: T1 &#8804; 45,5; 45,5 &lt; T2 &#8804; 80,3; T3 &gt; 80,3. % - porcentagem. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos realizada por ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis e compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas pelo teste de Tukey. <italic>*</italic>versus T1, <italic>&#167;</italic>versus T2. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado de p&lt;0.05 para todas as an&#225;lises.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0339-80054-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Porcentagens de part&#237;culas grandes e pequenas de LDL (lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade), e do tamanho da part&#237;cula de LDL, de acordo com os tercis de LAP (produto de acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica). A) ajustado por sexo, idade, tabagismo, uso de fibratos e hipoglicemiantes. B) Homens, ajustado por idade, tabagismo, uso de estatina, fibrato, e drogas hipoglicemiantes (n = 132). C) Mulheres, ajustado por idade, tabagismo, uso de estatina, fibrato, e drogas hipoglicemiantes (n = 219). i: LDL grande. ii: LDL intermedi&#225;ria. iii: LDL pequena. Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. An&#225;lise comparativa realizada pelo teste de tend&#234;ncia linear. Tercis de LAP: T1 &#8804; 45,5; 45,5 &lt; T2 &#8804; 80,3; T3 &gt; 80,3. % - porcentagem. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos realizada por ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis e compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas pelo teste de Tukey. <italic>*</italic>versus T1, <italic>&#167;</italic>versus T2. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado de p &lt; 0.05 para todas as an&#225;lises.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0339-80054-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O tamanho da LDL e a percentagem de HDL grande estiveram negativamente associados com LAP. Na amostra total, essa diferen&#231;a foi de aproximadamente 10 pontos para HDL grande - 34,2% em T1 e 24,5% em T3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 1Ai</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Bi</xref>,<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Ci</xref>). Associa&#231;&#245;es entre LAP e LDL grande foram observadas entre os homens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2Bi</xref>), mas n&#227;o na amostra total ou nas mulheres, o que demonstra uma rela&#231;&#227;o sexo-dependente para essa subfra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com base neste estudo transversal, o LAP est&#225; significativamente associado tanto com biomarcadores cardiovasculares cl&#225;ssicos como novos. Essas associa&#231;&#245;es foram particularmente importantes quando o LAP foi correlacionado com o tamanho das part&#237;culas de LDL e HDL.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo pr&#233;vio, Kahn &amp; Valdez,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> avaliaram uma amostra transversal do NHANES III e relataram que indiv&#237;duos com CC e TG elevados eram mais propensos a apresentar n&#237;veis elevados de HDL-C, Apo B, insulina e glicose. Posteriormente, Kahn,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> confirmou que o LAP foi superior que o IMC para identificar adultos com diabetes mellitus e predizer desequil&#237;brio nas vari&#225;veis glicometab&#243;licas (HOMA-IR, glicose de jejum, e hemoglobina glicada). Resultados similares foram encontrados em estudos conduzidos em outros pa&#237;ses, nos quais LAP foi um melhor marcador de desequil&#237;brio da glicose e um melhor preditor de diabetes que o IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O presente estudo confirma que o LAP &#233; sens&#237;vel para identificar disfun&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao metabolismo da glicose, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para uso de medicamentos e fatores de confus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia do LDL-C no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose j&#225; foi reconhecida. No entanto, alguns indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis normais de LDL-C apresentam eventos cardiovasculares, indicando que outros fatores de risco relacionados ou n&#227;o com LDL exercem um papel no processo ateroscler&#243;tico. Evid&#234;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica mostra que uma propor&#231;&#227;o aumentada de part&#237;culas pequenas e densas de LDL est&#225; fortemente associada com o risco de doen&#231;a coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Indiv&#237;duos com concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas elevadas de LDL pequena e densa t&#234;m 3 a 7 vezes maior risco de desenvolverem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), independentemente do n&#237;vel de LDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Tem sido proposto que subfra&#231;&#245;es de LDL menores e mais densas, conhecidas como fen&#243;tipo B, t&#234;m propriedade mais aterog&#234;nica que LDL grandes. Part&#237;culas menores permanecem por mais tempo no plasma e apresentam afinidade reduzida pelo receptor B/E.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> LDL do fen&#243;tipo B &#233; altamente reconhecida por receptores varredores (<italic>scavenger</italic>) e, portanto, &#233; mais suscept&#237;vel &#224; migra&#231;&#227;o &#224; camada subendotelial e oxida&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Apesar disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o LAP e o tamanho da LDL n&#227;o foi descrita na literatura. Nossos resultados mostraram que part&#237;culas pequenas de LDL teve uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e o tamanho da part&#237;cula uma associa&#231;&#227;o negativa com LAP, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre LDL-C e LAP. Mirmiran et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o entre LAP e LDL-C.</p>
        <p>Refor&#231;ando o papel negativo da LDL pequena e densa, Kwon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> descreveram que essa part&#237;cula associou-se independentemente com a incid&#234;ncia e a extens&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em uma popula&#231;&#227;o na Coreia, o que foi confirmado por estudos subsequentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Outros estudos tamb&#233;m relataram uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o tamanho da LDL e o risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> LDL pequena e densa tamb&#233;m foi associada com TG aumentado e n&#237;veis reduzidos de HDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Assim, os resultados apresentados neste estudo mostraram, pela primeira vez, que o LAP foi significativamente e fortemente associado com a part&#237;cula pequena, mais aterog&#234;nica de LDL em brasileiros com idade superior a 30 anos de idade e risco cardiovascular moderado.</p>
        <p>Diferente de LDL-C elevado, um baixo n&#237;vel de HDL-C &#233; aceito como um fator de risco independente para DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Atualmente, prop&#245;e-se que o transporte reverso do colesterol e outras propriedades do HDL, tais como a&#231;&#227;o antitromb&#243;tica, fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e atividades antioxidante e anti-inflamat&#243;ria dependem do tamanho da part&#237;cula de HDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Part&#237;culas maiores de HDL possuem um maior teor de Apo AI e s&#227;o descritas como mais eficazes no transporte reverso do colesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Asztalos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> mostraram que a predomin&#226;ncia de part&#237;culas pequenas, e n&#227;o de part&#237;culas grandes de HDL, esteve associada com v&#225;rias caracter&#237;sticas da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Nossos resultados mostraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o negativa do LAP e part&#237;culas maiores de HD e uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva com part&#237;culas menores de HDL. Esse padr&#227;o est&#225; de acordo com concentra&#231;&#245;es aumentadas de HDL-C em indiv&#237;duos com LAP mais baixo, apesar de que nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o entre LAP e Apo A1 foi encontrada. Juntamente com resultados do LDL, esse fato refor&#231;a o papel do LAP como um marcador substituto para as subfra&#231;&#245;es de lipoprote&#237;nas aterog&#234;nicas.</p>
        <p>Ainda, nossos resultados mostraram uma tend&#234;ncia linear positiva entre valores de AGNEs e de LAP. Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre AGNEs e o risco de diabetes mellitus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Concentra&#231;&#245;es aumentadas de AGNEs em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade visceral contribuem para o desenvolvimento de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, tais como resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica &#224; insulina, dislipidemia, e apoptose de c&#233;lula beta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Nossos dados mostraram valores de AGNEs similares ou maiores que os encontrados na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Tal fato &#233; compat&#237;vel com os valores tamb&#233;m aumentados encontrados de glicose, insulina e HOMA-IR, independentemente de sexo em nosso estudo. Tend&#234;ncias lineares entre LAP e glicose de jejum, insulina e HOMA-IR confirmam a associa&#231;&#227;o desse index com v&#225;rias disfun&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; glicose e disfun&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Anteriormente, Sambataro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> mostraram que a sensibilidade &#224; insulina n&#227;o est&#225; limitada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o da glicose e insulina de jejum, e que o metabolismo de lip&#237;dios pode afetar essa sensibilidade. Portanto, a capacidade do LAP em identificar, simultaneamente, mudan&#231;as no metabolismo da glicose e de lip&#237;dios pode expandir a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica desse index.</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A limita&#231;&#227;o mais relevante foi o fato de que o estudo foi conduzido somente em indiv&#237;duos com pelo menos um fator de risco cardiovascular, isto &#233;, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus ou dislipidemia. Isso sugere que as associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas neste estudo podem n&#227;o ser v&#225;lidas para popula&#231;&#245;es sadias. Por outro lado, o diagn&#243;stico precoce de dislipidemia e mudan&#231;as no metabolismo da glicose infelizmente s&#227;o comuns em adultos jovens. Assim, mais indiv&#237;duos seriam beneficiados pela inclus&#227;o do LAP no rastreamento e no monitoramento do risco cardiovascular. A segunda limita&#231;&#227;o foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares pr&#233;vios por meio de dados cl&#237;nicos e mudan&#231;as no ECG. Apesar de se saber que esses dados n&#227;o refletem necessariamente a aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o s&#227;o submetidos a exames complementares, como o teste provocativo para se detectar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica quando a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial indica baixo risco cardiovascular. Em protocolos de rastreamento, o ECG, associado a dados cl&#237;nicos e bioqu&#237;micos complementares, &#233; o primeiro instrumento utilizado devido ao seu baixo custo. No entanto, n&#243;s admitimos que n&#227;o se pode excluir doen&#231;a cardiovascular nesses indiv&#237;duos. E terceiro, os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos neste estudo estavam usando estatina (27,9%) e fibrato (2,6%). Esses medicamentos t&#234;m efeito direto e indireto no metabolismo de lip&#237;dios, promovendo mudan&#231;as no TG, um componente do LAP. Apesar disso, esses indiv&#237;duos estavam recebendo o mesmo tratamento medicamentoso (tipo e posologia) por pelo menos 30 dias antes do estudo.</p>
        <p>M&#233;todos utilizados para a mensura&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovasculares s&#227;o geralmente complexos e caros e, por isso, n&#227;o podem ser usados em estudos de grande escala. O LAP &#233; uma vari&#225;vel cuja mensura&#231;&#227;o &#233; f&#225;cil e de baixo custo, e poderia ser usado para se estabelecer efeitos causais sobre desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Portanto, espera-se que os resultados positivos de ensaios cl&#237;nicos e estudos tipo coorte prospectivos possam encorajar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novas abordagens para estimar o risco de DCV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que o LAP associou-se com um perfil lipoproteico aterog&#234;nico em indiv&#237;duos brasileiros, incluindo CT, HDL-C, Apo B, subfra&#231;&#245;es pequenas de HDL e de LDL, e tamanho da LDL. &#201; plaus&#237;vel sugerir que o LAP possa ser um marcador cl&#237;nico simples e &#250;til para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo INCT-FCX, NAP-FCX-USP, FAPESP e CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Flavia De Conti Cartolano pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1126/11 e pela Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero 2264. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
