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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">W9LnyxXx5rG7f6HvYJ6sdpD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400333</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005003101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180034</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of Monocyte Count on Admission with the Angiographic Thrombus Burden in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Zuoyan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Na</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ren</surname>
            <given-names>Lihui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lei</surname>
            <given-names>Licheng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ye</surname>
            <given-names>Huiming</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peng</surname>
            <given-names>Jianjun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Capital Medical University</institution>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Beijing Shijitan Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="original">Beijing Shijitan Hospital - Capital Medical University</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jianjun Peng</bold>, Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Pequim Shijitan, Universidade M&#233;dica Capital. N&#176;.10 Road Tieyi, Distrito de Haidian, Pequim, 100038, China. E-mail: <email>pjj0630@163.com</email>, <email>zuoyanwang@163.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Wang Z, Peng J; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Wang Z, Liu N, Ren L, Lei L, Ye H; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Wang Z.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>333</fpage>
      <lpage>338</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The intracoronary high-thrombus burden during the primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) can lead to poor outcomes. Monocytes have been described to play an important role in thrombotic disorders.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between admission monocyte count and angiographic intracoronary thrombus burden in patients receiving primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 273 patients with acute STEMI who underwent PPCI were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups according to the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) thrombus grade: low-thrombus burden group with a grade of 0-2 and high-thrombus burden group with a grade of 3-4. The monocyte count and other laboratory parameters were measured on admission before PPCI. P-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There were 95 patients (34.8%) in the high-thrombus burden group, and 178 patients (65.2%) in the low-thrombus burden group. Patients with high-thrombus burden had significantly higher admission monocyte count (0.61 &#177; 0.29&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L vs. 0.53 &#177; 0.24&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L, p = 0.021). In multivariate analysis, monocyte count was the independent predictor of angiographic high-thrombus burden (odds ratio 3.107, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.199-7.052, p = 0.020). For the prediction of angiographic high-thrombus burden, admission monocyte count at a cut-off value of 0.48&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L yielded 0.59 ROC-AUC (71.9% sensitivity, 46.9% specificity).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Monocyte count on admission was an independent clinical predictor of high-thrombus burden in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI. Our findings suggest that admission monocyte count may be available for early risk stratification of high-thrombus burden in acute STEMI patients and might allow the optimization of antithrombotic therapy to improve the outcomes of PPCI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Thrombosis/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Monocytes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Complete thrombotic occlusion of a major epicardial coronary artery is the common pathophysiological mechanism of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) of the infarct-related artery in patients with STEMI is associated with prompt restoration of normal blood flow and improved clinical outcomes. However, clinical studies have shown that a high burden of peri-procedural intracoronary thrombus is an essential contributor of low thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade and impaired myocardial perfusion. Identification of relationships between blood cell-related biomarkers and blood flow state during PPCI procedure is one of the current research focuses. Studies have revealed that monocytes may be involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and elevated monocyte count is a risk factor for myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Previous studies have shown that monocytes play an important role in thrombotic disorders, not only via the secretion of pro-coagulant factors, such as tissue factor, but also by promoting inflammation processes. In our previous reports, monocyte counts on admission independently predict no-reflow following primary PPCI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In the current study, we aimed to investigate further the relationship between on admission monocyte count and angiographic intracoronary thrombus burden in patients receiving PPCI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>We enrolled 273 consecutive patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI within 12h from symptom onset between September 2013 and May 2016 at the Cardiology Department of Beijing Shijitan Hospital. STEMI was defined as: typical chest pain &gt; 30 minutes with ST elevation of &gt; 1 mm in at least two consecutive leads on the electrocardiogram, or new onset left bundle branch block and more than two-fold increase in serum cardiac markers. Exclusion criteria included cardiogenic shock on admission, active infections, systemic inflammatory disease history, known malignancy, liver disease, as well as renal failure. The study protocol was approved by the Beijing Shijitan Hospital Ethics Committee, Capital Medical University, and written informed consent was obtained from patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coronary angiography and PCI procedure</title>
        <p>Pharmacological treatment of all enrolled patients before PPCI included aspirin (300 mg loading dose), clopidogrel (600 mg loading dose) and an intravenous bolus of unfractionated heparin at a dose of 70 U/kg of body weight. PPCI was performed using the standard radial or femoral approach with a 6-or 7-French guiding catheter. The stent was deployed in all patients. The use of balloon pre-dilatation or post-dilatation, the type of stents (bare metal or drug-eluting), and the use of thrombus aspiration was left to the operator's decision. The glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor tirofiban was given by judgment of the operator and initiated during PCI procedure with 10 &#181;g/kg intracoronary bolus followed by 0.15 &#181;g/kg/min intravenous infusion. Technically successful stent implantation was defined as the residual stenosis &lt; 10% in the culprit lesion after the procedure as visually assessed by angiography, without occlusion of a significant side branch, flow-limiting dissection, distal embolization, or angiographic thrombus.</p>
        <p>To evaluate the intracoronary thrombus burden we performed TIMI thrombus scale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> in all patients after ante-grade flow achievement through guide wire crossing or small balloon dilatation (final TIMI thrombus grade). In TIMI thrombus grade 0, no cine-angiographic characteristics of thrombus are present; in TIMI thrombus grade 1, possible thrombus is present with such angiographic characteristics as decreased contrast density, haziness, irregular lesion contour, or a smooth convex "meniscus"at the site of total occlusion suggestive, but not diagnostic of thrombus; in TIMI thrombus grade 2, there is definite thrombus, with the largest dimensions &#8804; 1/2 the vessel diameter; in TIMI thrombus grade 3, there is definite thrombus with the largest linear dimension &gt; 1/2 but &lt; 2 vessel diameters; in TIMI thrombus grade 4, there is definite thrombus, with the largest dimension &#8805; 2 vessel diameters; and in TIMI thrombus grade 5, there is total occlusion. Patients were divided into two groups according to the final TIMI thrombus grade: low-thrombus burden group with a grade of 0-2, and high-thrombus burden group with a grade of 3-4.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory analysis and echocardiography</title>
        <p>In all patients, blood samples for measurements were performed according to our previous work.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> White blood cell (WBC) count, monocyte count, and other biochemical parameters were drawn into standard ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) containing tubes on admission in the emergency room before the administration of aspirin and clopidogrel. Common blood counting (CBC) parameters were measured by an automated blood cell counter (XS-1000i; Sysmex Co.). Creatinine and cardiac enzymes were also measured in all patients determined by the standard methods. Echocardiography investigation was routinely performed on admission before PPCI, using GE ViVidE7 ultrasound machine (GE Healthcare, America) with a 3.5-MHz transducer. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured by Simpson's method in the 2-dimensional echocardiographic apical 4-chamber view.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS 22.0 Statistical Package Program for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables are presented as a mean &#177; standard deviation or as medians and interquartile ranges. The differences between groups of continuous variables with a normal distribution (age, LVEF, creatinine, stent parameters and hematological parameters) were tested by independent samples t-test, while skewed distribution variable (peak cardiac troponin I (cTnI)) were compared by the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were summarized as percentages and compared with the chi-square test. A univariate analysis was first performed to test for the association of the high-thrombus burden and several potentially impacting variables (age, sex, history of diabetes mellitus, prior myocardial infarction (MI), LVEF, creatine level, time from symptom onset to PPCI, monocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count and hemoglobin level). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was then used to identify independent predictors of high thrombus burden using variables (prior MI, time from symptom onset to PPCI and monocyte count) that reached a trend-level effect (p &lt; 0.1) in the univariate analyses. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to determine the cut-off value of monocyte count to predict the high-thrombus burden. A two-sided p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 273 patients (mean age 62.2 &#177; 13.6 years; 81.0% male) who underwent PPCI were enrolled in our analysis. Stent implantation was technically successful in all patients. The comparison of baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics between thrombus burden groups are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. There were no significant differences between the low thrombus group and the high thrombus group in the age, sex distribution, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, current smoking, prior MI left ventricular ejection fraction and serum creatinine level. Compared with patients with low thrombus burden, patients with high-thrombus burden had higher peak cTnI.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics of the study population divided according to thrombus burden </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Low thrombus burden (n = 178)</th>
              <th align="center">High thrombus burden (n = 95)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">62.3 &#177; 13.2</td>
              <td align="center">62.0 &#177; 14.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.866<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">143 (80.3)</td>
              <td align="center">77 (81.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.482<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (31.5)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (32.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.716<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">106 (59.6)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.503<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">109 (61.2)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (68.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.395<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active smokers, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (42.1)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (49.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.200<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior MI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (3.4)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.145<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">53.4 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">52.9 &#177; 8.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.699<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, &#181;mol/L</td>
              <td align="center">76.9 &#177; 24.5</td>
              <td align="center">81.4 &#177; 25.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.167<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak cTnI (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">29.8 (1.2-86.6)</td>
              <td align="center">56.7 (16.4-100.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.037<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Independent samples t-test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Chi-square test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U test; MI: myocardial infarction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; cTnI: cardiac troponin I.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Comparison of the baseline angiographic and procedural characteristics of the groups based on thrombus burden is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Thrombus aspiration device and intracoronary tirofiban administration were used more frequently in the high thrombus burden group than low-thrombus burden group (62.1 vs. 10.1%, p = 0.000, 83.2 vs. 52.2%, p = 0.000, respectively). There were no significant differences of the time from pain to intervention, infarct-related coronary artery and other procedural characteristics between two groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline angiographic and procedural characteristics according to thrombus burden</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Low thrombus burden (n = 178)</th>
              <th align="center">High thrombus burden (n = 95)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time from symptom onset to PPCI</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.773<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 3 h (%)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (26.9)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (28.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3-6 h (%)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (37.1)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (40.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6-12 h (%)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (36.0)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (31.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anterior infarct location, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">95 (53.4)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (50.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.918<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Infarct-related coronary artery, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.788<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left main</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left anterior descending</td>
              <td align="center">95 (53.4)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (51.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left circumflex</td>
              <td align="center">22 (12.4)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (12.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right coronary artery</td>
              <td align="center">61 (34.2)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (35.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of used stent, n</td>
              <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.106<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total stent length, (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">36.7 &#177; 19.1</td>
              <td align="center">36.6 &#177; 17.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.164<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stent diameter, (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">3.2 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.164<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of thrombus aspiration, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18(10.1)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (62.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tirofiban use, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">93 (52.2)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (83.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Independent samples t-test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The comparison of admission hematological parameters is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. WBC counts, neutrophil counts, platelet count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean platelet volume, and lymphocyte count were similar in both groups. The patients in the high-thrombus burden group had significantly higher monocyte count when compared with the patients of low-thrombus burden group (0.61 &#177; 0.29&#215;109/L vs. 0.53 &#177; 0.24&#215;109/L, p = 0.021.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hematological parameters of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Low thrombus burden (n = 178)</th>
              <th align="center">High thrombus burden (n = 95)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White blood cell count &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 3.0</td>
              <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.326<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Neutrophil count&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">6.8 &#177; 2.8</td>
              <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.774<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin g/dL</td>
              <td align="center">14.4 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">14.4 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.707<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Platelet count&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">214.3 &#177; 60.5</td>
              <td align="center">218.8 &#177; 53.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.551<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hematocrit %</td>
              <td align="center">42.3 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">42.2 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.835<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean platelet volume fl</td>
              <td align="center">10.3 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">10.2 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.668<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lymphocyte count&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">2.23 &#177; 1.94</td>
              <td align="center">2.32 &#177; 1.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.827<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Monocyte count &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">0.53 &#177; 0.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.61 &#177; 0.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Independent samples t-test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of the association between the angiographic high thrombus burden and multiple parameters are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Independent predictors of high-thrombus burden in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction in logistic regression analyses</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Univariate</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Multivariate</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Odds ratio (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">Odds ratio (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">0.998(0.980-1.016)</td>
              <td align="center">0.829</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex</td>
              <td align="center">1.033(0.549-1.943)</td>
              <td align="center">0.921</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">0.932(0.547-1.588)</td>
              <td align="center">0.797</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior MI</td>
              <td align="center">1.869 (0.781-9.178)</td>
              <td align="center">0.092</td>
              <td align="center">1.745 (0.752-8.644)</td>
              <td align="center">0.495</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF</td>
              <td align="center">0.995 (0.968-1.022)</td>
              <td align="center">0.702</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time from symptom onset to PPCI</td>
              <td align="center">1.021 (1.008-1.208)</td>
              <td align="center">0.094</td>
              <td align="center">1.002 (0.979-1.195)</td>
              <td align="center">0.553</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
              <td align="center">1.007 (0.997-1.017)</td>
              <td align="center">0.194</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Neutrophil count</td>
              <td align="center">1.016 (0.935-1.104)</td>
              <td align="center">0.704</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin</td>
              <td align="center">0.998 (0.986-1.010)</td>
              <td align="center">0.780</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lymphocyte count</td>
              <td align="center">1.019 (0.886-1.173)</td>
              <td align="center">0.790</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Monocyte count</td>
              <td align="center">2.429 (1.022-5.776)</td>
              <td align="center">0.045</td>
              <td align="center">3.107 (1.199-7.052)</td>
              <td align="center">0.020</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>MI: myocardial infarction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PPCI: primary percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In multivariate analyses, on admission monocyte count was an independent predictor of angiographic high thrombus burden (odds ratio 3.107, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.199-7.052, p = 0.020). The most discriminative cut-off values of monocyte count were 0.48&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L, with a sensitivity of 71.9% and a specificity of 46.9% (AUC: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.515-0.654; p = 0.035).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Acute STEMI is characterized by complete thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery. The goal of PPCI in STEMI is the rapid restoration of coronary blood flow, maximum salvage of myocardium and improving patients' outcomes after STEMI. Studies have shown that intracoronary thrombi can lead to micro- and macro-vasculature embolization and is associated with poor outcomes in patients who underwent PPCI of culprit lesion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, management of thrombotic burden is still challenging during PPCI for STEMI. Early risk stratification to detect patients at high risk of high thrombus burden is very important for the individualized prevention and treatment of this condition. In the current study, elevated admission monocyte counts were found as an independent predictor of high thrombus burden of infarct-related artery (IRA) during PPCI in patients with STEMI.</p>
      <p>Inflammation and oxidative stress were found to play an important role in the pathogenesis of plaque rupture and subsequent thrombus formation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Monocyte comprises 10% of human blood leukocytes and is one of the major players of systemic inflammatory response. They are associated with the inflammatory response at the vulnerable plaque in patients with STEMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Tissue factor (TF) is an essential component of the extrinsic coagulation cascade and is critical in arterial thrombosis. Recent data have suggested that monocytes appear to be the major source of blood TF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Palmerini et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> conducted a histological evaluation of thrombi aspirated from coronary arteries of patients with STEMI and found that monocytes consistently stained strongly for tissue factor, while neutrophils had a weakly and irregular tissue factor staining. Another explanation for the relationship between monocytes and high thrombus burden may be the increased formation of monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPA). MPA is a useful marker of platelet activation in ACS patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and was found to be a significant predictor of no-reflow in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Involvement of monocytes in the prothrombotic state is not restricted to the above-mentioned mechanisms. Aleman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> showed that microparticles (MPs) from monocytes are associated with prothrombinase activity and faster fibrin formation. Furthermore, monocytes may induce thrombus generation by promoting inflammation processes. Mach et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> found that stimulation of human monocytes induced the expression of interstitial collagenase and stromelysin, which were associated with plaque destabilization and thrombotic events. Post-mortem investigation and histological studies of in vivo-obtained thrombus specimens of STEMI patients revealed that approximately 50% of the aspirated thrombi were days to even weeks old,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> which suggests that prothrombotic factors, such as elevated levels of circulating monocyte, may starts days or even weeks before symptom onset during STEMI.</p>
      <p>In the current study, admission monocyte count was evaluated regarding its potency to differ between high thrombus burden and low thrombus burden in STEMI patients underwent PPCI. However, admission monocyte count at cut-off value of 0.48&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L presented a low diagnostic performance with 71.9% sensitivity and 46.9% specificity. A combination of parameters, including monocyte count, may be needed to improve diagnostic abilities.</p>
      <p>The main limitations of this study were the retrospective design and relatively small number of patients. Also, the prior antithrombotic therapeutic profiles of the study population, which might affect intracoronary thrombotic status during PPCI, were not routinely available in the present study and not included in the risk factor analysis. Further large prospective cohort study with assessment of detailed information of prior antithrombotic therapy might be more illuminating.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In conclusion, we found that monocyte count on admission, which is cheaply and easily measurable laboratory data, is a predictor of high intracoronary thrombus burden in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University under the protocol number L08-002. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o da Contagem de Mon&#243;citos na Interna&#231;&#227;o com a Carga Tromb&#243;tica Angiogr&#225;fica em Pacientes com Infarto com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST Submetidos &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Zuoyan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Na</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ren</surname>
            <given-names>Lihui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lei</surname>
            <given-names>Licheng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ye</surname>
            <given-names>Huiming</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peng</surname>
            <given-names>Jianjun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Capital Medical University</institution>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Beijing Shijitan Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="original">Beijing Shijitan Hospital - Capital Medical University</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jianjun Peng</bold>, Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Pequim Shijitan, Universidade M&#233;dica Capital.No.10 Road Tieyi, Distrito de Haidian, Pequim, 100038, China. E-mail: <email>pjj0630@163.com</email>, <email>zuoyanwang@163.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Wang Z, Peng J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Wang Z, Liu N, Ren L, Lei L, Ye H; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Wang Z.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A carga tromb&#243;tica intracoron&#225;ria durante a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria em pacientes com Infarto com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (STEMI) pode levar a resultados negativos.Os mon&#243;citos foram descritos para desempenhar um papel importante nos dist&#250;rbios tromb&#243;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo investigou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a contagem de mon&#243;citos no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o e a carga tromb&#243;tica angiogr&#225;fica intracoron&#225;ria em pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 273 pacientes com STEMI agudo submetidos &#224; ICPP participaram. Os pacientes se dividiram em dois grupos de acordo com o grau tromb&#243;tico na tromb&#243;lise do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI): grupo baixa carga tromb&#243;tica, com graus de 0-2, e grupo alta carga tromb&#243;tica, com graus de 3-4. A contagem de mon&#243;citos e outros par&#226;metros laboratoriais foram medidos na interna&#231;&#227;o antes da ICPP. Consideramos o valor de p &lt; 0,05 significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Havia 95 pacientes (34,8%) no grupo alta carga tromb&#243;tica, e 178 pacientes (65,2%) no grupo baixa carga tromb&#243;tica. Pacientes com alta carga tromb&#243;tica apresentaram contagem de mon&#243;citos no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o mais alta (0,61 &#177; 0,29&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L vs. 0,53 &#177; 0,24&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L, p = 0,021). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a contagem de mon&#243;citos foi o indicador independente da alta carga tromb&#243;tica angiogr&#225;fica (odds ratio 3,107, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC] 1,199-7,052, p = 0,020). Para a previs&#227;o da alta carga tromb&#243;tica angiogr&#225;fica, a contagem de mon&#243;citos na interna&#231;&#227;o tinha ponto de corte de 0,48&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L, chegou a 0.59 ROC-AUC (71,9% sensibilidade, 46,9% especificidade).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>a contagem de mon&#243;citos na interna&#231;&#227;o foi um indicador cl&#237;nico independente da alta carga tromb&#243;tica em pacientes com STEMI submetidos &#224; ICPP. Nossos achados sugerem que a contagem de mon&#243;citos na interna&#231;&#227;o pode estar dispon&#237;vel para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco precoce da alta carga tromb&#243;tica em pacientes com STEMI agudo, e podem levar &#224; otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terapia antitromb&#243;tica para melhorar os resultados da ICPP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose Coron&#225;ria/diagnostic por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Mon&#243;citos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A oclus&#227;o tromb&#243;tica completa de uma grande art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica &#233; o mecanismo patofisiol&#243;gico comum do Infarto com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (STEMI). A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP) da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto em pacientes com STEMI est&#225; associada &#224; restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo normal e a melhorias nos resultados cl&#237;nicos. Por&#233;m, estudos mostram que uma alta carga no trombo intracoron&#225;rio peri-processual contribui muito para a baixa tromb&#243;lise no fluxo do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI) e na perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de rela&#231;&#245;es entre os biomarcadores sangu&#237;neos relacionados &#224;s c&#233;lulas e o estado do fluxo sangu&#237;neo durante o procedimento da ICPP &#233; um dos focos desta pesquisa. Estudos demonstraram que os mon&#243;citos podem estar envolvidos na patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria arterial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e a alta contagem de mon&#243;citos pode ser um fator de risco para o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Estudos anteriores demonstraram que os mon&#243;citos t&#234;m um papel importante nas doen&#231;as tromb&#243;ticas, n&#227;o somente pela secre&#231;&#227;o de fatores pr&#243;-coagulantes, como o fator tecidual, mas tamb&#233;m por promover processos inflamat&#243;rios. Em nossos relatos anteriores, as contagens de mon&#243;citos na interna&#231;&#227;o independentemente preveem o n&#227;o-refluxo ap&#243;s a ICPP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Neste estudo, investigamos mais a fundo a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a contagem de mon&#243;citos na interna&#231;&#227;o e a carga tromb&#243;tica intracoron&#225;ria angiogr&#225;fica em pacientes submetidos &#224; ICPP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o analisada</title>
          <p>Registramos 273 pacientes consecutivos com STEMI submetidos &#224; ICPP com sintomas h&#225; 12 horas entre setembro de 2013 e maio de 2016, no Departamento de Cardiologia do Beijing Shijitan Hospital. O STEMI foi definido como: dor t&#237;pica no peito por &gt; 30 minutos com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST de &gt; 1 mm em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es do eletrocardiograma, ou um novo in&#237;cio de bloqueio do ramo card&#237;aco esquerdo e um aumento de duas vezes nos marcadores s&#233;ricos card&#237;acos. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram choque cardiog&#234;nico no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o, infec&#231;&#245;es ativas, hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, condi&#231;&#227;o maligna, doen&#231;a no f&#237;gado, ou fal&#234;ncia renal. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, e os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiografia das coron&#225;rias e procedimento da IPC</title>
          <p>O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico de todos os pacientes participantes antes da ICPP inclu&#237;ram aspirina (dose de ataque de 300 mg), clopidogrel (dose de ataque de 600 mg), e um bolus intravenoso de heparina n&#227;o fracionada em uma dose de 70 U/kg de peso corporal. A ICPP foi realizada usando a abordagem padr&#227;o radial ou femoral, com um cateter-guia. O stent foi colocado em todos os pacientes. O uso de bal&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o, o tipo de stent (met&#225;lico ou medicamentoso) e o uso da aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombos foi decidido pelo cirurgi&#227;o. O inibidor do receptor da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, tirofiban, foi dado de acordo com o julgamento do cirurgi&#227;o, e iniciado durante o procedimento da ICP com 10 &#181;g/kg de bolus intracoron&#225;rio seguido de 0.15 &#181;g/kg/min de infus&#227;o intravenosa. Uma implanta&#231;&#227;o de stent tecnicamente bem-sucedida foi definida quando houve estenose residual &lt; 10% na les&#227;o culpada ap&#243;s o procedimento, visualmente observada pela angiografia, sem oclus&#227;o de nenhum ramo lateral significativo, dissec&#231;&#227;o causando limita&#231;&#227;o do fluxo, emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, ou trombo angiogr&#225;fico.</p>
          <p>Para avaliar a carga tromb&#243;tica intracoron&#225;ria, realizamos a escala tromb&#243;tica TIMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> em todos os pacientes ap&#243;s o alcance do fluxo anter&#243;grado por meio do cateter-guia de perfura&#231;&#227;o ou da dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o (classifica&#231;&#227;o final da trombose - TIMI). No n&#237;vel 0, n&#227;o h&#225; nenhuma caracter&#237;stica cineangiogr&#225;fica presente; no n&#237;vel 1, h&#225; poss&#237;veis trombos com algumas caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, como: densidade de contraste reduzida, imprecis&#227;o, contorno irregular da les&#227;o, ou um leve "menisco" convexo no local da oclus&#227;o total sugestiva, mas que n&#227;o levava ao diagn&#243;stico de trombose; no n&#237;vel 2, h&#225; um trombo definido, com as maiores dimens&#245;es sendo &#8804; 1/2 do di&#226;metro do vaso; no n&#237;vel 3, h&#225; um trombo definido com a maior dimens&#227;o linear &gt; 1/2 mas &lt; 2 do di&#226;metro dos vasos; no n&#237;vel 4, h&#225; um trombo definido, com a maior dimens&#227;o &#8805; 2 do di&#226;metro dos vasos; e no n&#237;vel 5, h&#225; total oclus&#227;o. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o final da trombose - TIMI: grupo baixa carga tromb&#243;tica, com n&#237;veis de 0-1, e grupo alta carga tromb&#243;tica, com n&#237;veis de 3-4.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise laboratorial e ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de todos os pacientes para an&#225;lise, de acordo com nosso trabalho anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A contagem de gl&#243;bulos brancos (CGB) e outros par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foram realizados com o &#225;cido etilenodiamino tetra-ac&#233;tico (EDTA) padr&#227;o, em tubos no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o, na emerg&#234;ncia, antes do uso de aspirina e do clopidogrel. Os par&#226;metros da contagem sangu&#237;nea completa (CBC) foram medidos por um contador autom&#225;tico de c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas (XS-1000i; Sysmex Co.). Creatinina e enzimas card&#237;acas foram tamb&#233;m medidas em todos os pacientes, de acordo com m&#233;todos padronizados. A investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada rotineiramente na interna&#231;&#227;o antes da ICPP, usando a m&#225;quina de ultrassom GE ViVidE7 (GE Healthcare, Am&#233;rica) com um transdutor de 3,5-MHz. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) foi medida com o m&#233;todo de Simpson na visualiza&#231;&#227;o apical das 4 c&#226;maras card&#237;acas de forma bidimensional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa SPSS 22.0 Statistical para Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas se apresentam como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou como medianas e intervalos interquartis. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (idade, FEVE, creatinina, par&#226;metros de stent e hematol&#243;gicos) foram testadas por amostras independentes em testes t, enquanto a vari&#225;vel distribui&#231;&#227;o inclinada (pico da troponina I card&#237;aca (cTnI)) foi comparada com o teste U de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram resumidas em porcentagem e comparadas com o teste qui-quadrado. Uma an&#225;lise univariada foi realizada para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o da alta carga tromb&#243;tica e v&#225;rias potenciais vari&#225;veis impactantes (idade, sexo, hist&#243;rico de diabetes, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) pr&#233;vio, FEVE, n&#237;vel de creatinina, tempo desde o in&#237;cio do sintoma ate a ICPP, contagem de mon&#243;citos, contagem de neutr&#243;filos, contagem de linf&#243;citos e n&#237;vel de hemoglobina). A an&#225;lise da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi utilizada para identificar os indicadores independentes da alta carga tromb&#243;tica usando vari&#225;veis (IM pr&#233;vio, tempo desde o aparecimento do sintoma at&#233; a ICPP e cont&#225;gem de mon&#243;citos) que atingissem um efeito de tend&#234;ncia (p&lt;0,1) nas an&#225;lises univariadas. A curva ROC foi usada para determinar o ponto de corte da contagem de mon&#243;citos para prever a alta carga tromb&#243;tica. Um valor de p bicaudal de &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 273 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia 62,2 &#177; 13,6 anos; 81,0% homens) que realizaram ICPP fizeram parte da nossa an&#225;lise. A implanta&#231;&#227;o do stent foi tecnicamente bem-sucedida em todos os pacientes. A compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas b&#225;sicas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais entre os grupos de carga tromb&#243;tica est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre o grupo de baixa e o de alta carga tromb&#243;tica em termos de idade, distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, hiperlipidemia, h&#225;bito de fumar atual, IM pr&#233;vio, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e n&#237;vel de creatinina. Em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com baixa carga tromb&#243;tica, aqueles com alta carga tinham pico maior de cTnI.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais b&#225;sicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada divididas de acordo com a carga tromb&#243;tica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Baixa carga tromb&#243;tica (n = 178)</th>
                <th align="center">Alta carga tromb&#243;tica (n = 95)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">62,3 &#177; 13,2</td>
                <td align="center">62,0 &#177; 14,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,866<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">143 (80,3)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (81,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,482<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (31,5)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (32,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,716<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (59,6)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,503<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (61,2)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (68,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,395<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumantes ativos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (42,1)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (49,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,200<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,145<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53,4 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">52,9 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,699<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, &#181;mol/L</td>
                <td align="center">76,9 &#177; 24,5</td>
                <td align="center">81,4 &#177; 25,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,167<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pico de cTnI (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">29,8 (11,2-86,6)</td>
                <td align="center">56,7 (16,4-100,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Amostras independentes, testes t;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste do Qui-Quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Teste U de Mann-Whitney; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; cTnI: troponina I card&#237;aca.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas b&#225;sicas angiogr&#225;ficas e de procedimentos dos grupos com base na carga tromb&#243;tica est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>. O dispositivo de aspira&#231;&#227;o tromb&#243;tica e a administra&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de tirofiban foram usados mais frequentemente no grupo de alta carga tromb&#243;tica do que no grupo de baixa carga (62,1 vs. 10,1%, p = 0,000, 83,2 vs. 52,2%, p = 0,000, respectivamente). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas do tempo entre a dor e a interven&#231;&#227;o, art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria relacionada ao infarto e outras caracter&#237;sticas de procedimentos entre os dois grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas e de procedimentos b&#225;sicas de acordo com a carga tromb&#243;tica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Baixa carga tromb&#243;tica (n = 178)</th>
                <th align="center">Alta carga tromb&#243;tica (n = 95)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo desde o sintoma at&#233; a ICPP</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,773<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 3 h (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (28,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3-6 h (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6-12 h (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (36,0)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (31,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (53,4)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (50,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,918<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria relacionada ao infarto, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,788<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Esquerda principal</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Esquerda descendente anterior</td>
                <td align="center">95 (53,4)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (51,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunflexa esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">22 (12,4)</td>
                <td align="center">12(12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita</td>
                <td align="center">61 (34,2)</td>
                <td align="center">34(35,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de stents usados, n</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,106<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comprimento total do stent, (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">36,7 &#177; 19,1</td>
                <td align="center">36,6 &#177; 17,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,164<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do stent, (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,2 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,164<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso da aspira&#231;&#227;o tromb&#243;tica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (10,1)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (62,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de tirofiban, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (52,2)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (83,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Amostras independentes, testes t;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste do Qui-quadrado. ICPP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos na interna&#231;&#227;o est&#225; na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>. A CGB, a contagem de neutr&#243;filos, de plaquetas, de hemoglobina, hemat&#243;critos, volume m&#233;dio de plaquetas e a contagem de linf&#243;citos foram similares em ambos os grupos. Os pacientes no grupo de alta carga tromb&#243;tica tinham contagem significativamente mais alta de mon&#243;citos em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes do grupo de baixa carga tromb&#243;tica (0,61 &#177; 0,29&#215;109/L vs. 0,53 &#177; 0,24&#215;109/L, p = 0,021).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Baixa carga tromb&#243;tica (n = 178)</th>
                <th align="center">Alta carga tromb&#243;tica (n = 95)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de gl&#243;bulos brancos &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,326<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de neutr&#243;filos&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,774<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">14,4 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">14,4 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,707<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de plaquetas&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">214,3 &#177; 60,5</td>
                <td align="center">218,8 &#177; 53,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,551<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemat&#243;critos %</td>
                <td align="center">42,3 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">42,2 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,835<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume m&#233;dio de plaquetas fl</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">10,2 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,668<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de linf&#243;citos&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">2,23 &#177; 1,94</td>
                <td align="center">2,32 &#177; 1,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,827<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de mon&#243;citos &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 &#177; 0,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Amostras independentes, testes t.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As an&#225;lises da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a alta carga tromb&#243;tica angiogr&#225;fica e diversos par&#226;metros est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>. Nas an&#225;lises multivariadas, durante a admiss&#227;o ao hospital, a contagem de mon&#243;citos foi um indicador independente da alta carga tromb&#243;tica angiogr&#225;fica (odds ratio 3,107, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95 [IC] 1,199-7,052, p = 0,020). Os valores de corte mais discriminat&#243;rios da contagem de mon&#243;citos foram 0,48&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L, com sensibilidade de 71,9% e especificidade de 46,9% (AUC: 0,59; IC95%: 0,515-0,654; p = 0,035).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Indicadores independents da alta carga tromb&#243;tica em pacientes com Infarto com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST em an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Univariada</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Odds ratio (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">Odds ratio (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,998 (0,980-1,016)</td>
                <td align="center">0,829</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">1,033 (0,549-1,943)</td>
                <td align="center">0,921</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes </td>
                <td align="center">0,932 (0,547-1,588)</td>
                <td align="center">0,797</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">1,869 (0,781-9,178)</td>
                <td align="center">0,092</td>
                <td align="center">1,745 (0,752-8,644)</td>
                <td align="center">0,495</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,995 (0,968-1,022)</td>
                <td align="center">0,702</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo desde o sintoma at&#233; a ICPP</td>
                <td align="center">1,021 (1,008-1,208)</td>
                <td align="center">0,094</td>
                <td align="center">1,002 (0,979-1,195)</td>
                <td align="center">0,553</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">1,007 (0,997-1,017)</td>
                <td align="center">0,194</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de neutr&#243;filos</td>
                <td align="center">1,016 (0,935-1,104)</td>
                <td align="center">0,704</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">0,998 (0,986-1,010)</td>
                <td align="center">0,780</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de linf&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center">1,019 (0,886-1,173)</td>
                <td align="center">0,790</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de mon&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center">2,429 (1,022-5,776)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
                <td align="center">3,107 (1,199-7,052)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ICPP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O STEMI agudo &#233; caracterizado pela complete oclus&#227;o tromb&#243;tica de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. O objetivo da ICPP no STEMI &#233; restaurar rapidamente o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coron&#225;rio, com salvamento m&#225;ximo do mioc&#225;rdio, melhorando os resultados dos pacientes ap&#243;s o STEMI. Estudos demonstraram que os trombos intracoron&#225;rios podem levar &#224; embolias micro e macrovasculares, e est&#227;o associados a resultados negativos em pacientes que passaram pela ICPP de les&#227;o culpada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Por&#233;m, a administra&#231;&#227;o da carga tromb&#243;tica ainda &#233; desafiadora durante a ICPP para o STEMI. A estratifica&#231;&#227;o precoce do risco para detectar pacientes com alto risco para a alta carga tromb&#243;tica &#233; importante para a preven&#231;&#227;o individualizada e para o tratamento desta condi&#231;&#227;o. Neste estudo, altas contagens de mon&#243;citos no momento da admiss&#227;o foram consideradas como um indicador independente da alta carga tromb&#243;tica na art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto durante a ICPP em pacientes com STEMI.</p>
        <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o e o stress oxidativo t&#234;m um papel importante na patog&#234;nese da ruptura da placa, e a subsequente forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Os mon&#243;citos comp&#245;em 10% dos leuc&#243;citos no sangue humano, e &#233; um dos principais atores da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica. Eles est&#227;o associados &#224; resposta inflamat&#243;ria na placa vulner&#225;vel em pacientes com STEMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O fator tecidual (FT) &#233; um componente essencial da cascata de coagula&#231;&#227;o extr&#237;nseca, e &#233; importante na trombose arterial. Dados recentes sugeriram que os mon&#243;citos aparentemente s&#227;o a principal fonte de sangue no FT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Palmerini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> realizaram uma avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica de trombos aspirados das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de pacientes com STEMI e descobriram que os mon&#243;citos se destacavam com o fator tecidual, enquanto os neutr&#243;filos se destacavam de maneira fraca e irregular. Outra explica&#231;&#227;o para a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os mon&#243;citos e a alta carga tromb&#243;tica pode ser a crescente forma&#231;&#227;o de agregados plaqueta-mon&#243;cito (APM). APM &#233; um marcador &#250;til para a ativa&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, al&#233;m de ser um importante indicador de n&#227;o refluxo em pacientes com STEMI passando por ICP prim&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O envolvimento de mon&#243;citos no estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico n&#227;o se restringe aos mecanismos mencionados anteriormente. Aleman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> mostrou que as micropart&#237;culas (MPs) dos mon&#243;citos est&#227;o associadas &#224; atividade da protrombinase e &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de fibrina acelerada. Al&#233;m disso, os mon&#243;citos podem levar &#224; gera&#231;&#227;o de trombos ao promover processos inflamat&#243;rios. Mach et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> descobriram que o est&#237;mulo de mon&#243;citos humanos induziu a express&#227;o da colagenase intersticial e da estromelisia, que est&#227;o associadas &#224; desestabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa e a eventos tromb&#243;ticos. A investiga&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-morte e estudos histol&#243;gicos in-vivo com esp&#233;cies de trombos dos pacientes com STEMI mostraram que aproximadamente 50% dos trombos aspirados tinham dias ou semanas de exist&#234;ncia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> o que sugere que os fatores pr&#243;-tromb&#243;ticos, como altos n&#237;veis de circula&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos, podem come&#231;ar dias ou at&#233; semanas antes do aparecimento do sintoma durante o STEMI.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, a contagem de mon&#243;citos na admiss&#227;o foi avaliada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua pot&#234;ncia para diferencias a alta e a baixa carga tromb&#243;tica em pacientes com STEMI que realizaram ICPP. Por&#233;m, a contagem de mon&#243;citos na admiss&#227;o com valor de corte de 0,48&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L teve baixa performance diagn&#243;stica, com 71,9% de sensibilidade e 46,9% de especificidade. Uma combina&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros, incluindo a contagem de mon&#243;citos, pode ser necess&#225;ria para melhorar as habilidades diagn&#243;sticas.</p>
        <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foram o desenho retrospectivo e o n&#250;mero de pacientes relativamente baixo. Al&#233;m disso, os perfis terap&#234;uticos anti-tromb&#243;ticos antecedentes na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, que podem afetar o status intracoron&#225;rio tromb&#243;tico durante a ICPP, n&#227;o estavam sempre dispon&#237;veis neste estudo e n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram a an&#225;lise do fator de risco. Outros estudos com um grande coorte prospectivo, avaliando informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas de terapias anti-tromb&#243;ticas anteriores, podem ser esclarecedores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Finalmente, descobrimos que a contagem de mon&#243;citos na admiss&#227;o, cujos dados s&#227;o f&#225;ceis e econ&#244;micos de se medir em laborat&#243;rio, &#233; um indicador da alta carga tromb&#243;tica intracoron&#225;ria em pacientes com STEMI passando por ICP prim&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo L08-002. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
