<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Rct3kdKfnzDkFxjJn5vSxjc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400331</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180055</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Better Technology, More Spending, Worse Outcomes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Whady Hueb,</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar 44, AB, Sala 114, Cerqueira Cesar, 05403-000 S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>whady.hueb@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>331</fpage>
      <lpage>332</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization / economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary</kwd>
        <kwd>Robotic Surgical Procedures / trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Eluting Stents / economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Operating Rooms / trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Since its beginning, myocardial revascularization has suffered substantial technological changes. In fact, early techniques with no physiological basis were used to increase blood supply to the ischemic myocardium. These included pericardial talc insufflation, coronary sinus ligation, Beck surgical procedure, and the Vineberg procedure. Nevertheless, due to their frustrating results that did not meet the expectations, these techniques were abandoned.</p>
    <p>The emergence of a new, more rational technique - the coronary artery bypass surgery using venous grafts (later substituted with arterial grafts) - enabled the provision of greater blood flow to the ischemic myocardium.</p>
    <p>Due to surgical morbidity and high costs related to material and human resources, new percutaneous techniques for coronary artery obstruction were created, including percutaneous coronary angioplasty, initially performed with balloons and then by stent therapy. In this period, intra-arterial devices and techniques such as atherotomes, Rotablator&#8482; and laser ablation have been developed, with unsatisfactory results though. In addition, drug-eluting stents (or other stents) have been the technique of choice by interventional cardiologists. However, technological advances of these devices were accompanied by higher costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Besides, recent studies have shown that percutaneous revascularization does not decrease cardiovascular events as compared with conventional procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In addition, with technological progresses including the use of robots and hybrid operating rooms, the number of surgery options for myocardial revascularization have increased. However, despite their refinement and safety, these techniques did not decrease the occurrence of events and cardiovascular mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In fact, a recent meta-analysis of nine comparative studies of revascularization surgeries performed in conventional or hybrid rooms, robot-assisted or not, indicated a worse performance of the surgeries conducted in hybrid rooms regarding event and death rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Also, in this meta-analysis, there were disproportionate rates of reoperations (3.5%) and hemodynamic instability (9.5%) in surgeries performed in hybrid rooms, requiring the change of the surgical techniques to open procedures and extracorporeal circulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In addition, this study showed that conventional surgery had a better revascularization performance as compared with the technique performed in hybrid rooms. However, it is worth mentioning that the efficacy of complete and incomplete myocardial revascularization is still a matter of debate. Studies comparing the efficacy of complete, incomplete or no revascularization showed similar results between the procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Finally, 40 years has passed since the publication of the CASS Trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> which pointed out that regardless of the number and extension of arteries involved, clinical and surgical therapy have comparable results in patients with preserved ventricular function and stable angina, with an annual mortality rate of approximately 2%. Therefore, in the CASS Trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> considering that clinical therapy was based only in the use of beta-blockers and prolonged-action nitrates, one may consider that the surgery was compared with a control group (placebo).</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Swaminathan M, Phillips-Bute BG, Patel UD, Shaw AD, Stafford-Smith M, Douglas PS, et al. Increasing healthcare resource utilization after coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the United States. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2(4):305-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Swaminathan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phillips-Bute</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>UD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stafford-Smith</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douglas</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increasing healthcare resource utilization after coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the United States</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>305</fpage>
          <lpage>312</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, Siami FS, Dangas G, Mack M, et al; FREEDOM Trial Investigators. Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(25):2375-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Farkouh</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Domanski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sleeper</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siami</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dangas</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>FREEDOM Trial Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>367</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>2375</fpage>
          <lpage>2384</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, Colombo A, Holmes DR, Mack MJ, et al; SYNTAX Investigators. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(10):961-72. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2013;368(6):584.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Serruys</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morice</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kappetein</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colombo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>SYNTAX Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>360</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>961</fpage>
          <lpage>972</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2013;368(6):584</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Zhao DX, Leacche M, Balaguer JM, Boudoulas KD, Damp JA, Greelish JP, et al; Writing Group of the Cardiac Surgery, Cardiac Anesthesiology, and Interventional Cardiology Groups at the Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute. Routine intraoperative completion angiography after coronary artery bypass grafting and 1-stop hybrid revascularization results from a fully integrated hybrid catheterization laboratory/operating room. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(3):232-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>DX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leacche</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balaguer</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boudoulas</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damp</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greelish</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Writing Group of the Cardiac Surgery</collab>
            <collab>Cardiac Anesthesiology</collab>
            <collab>Interventional Cardiology Groups at the Vanderbilt Heart</collab>
            <collab>Vascular Institute</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Routine intraoperative completion angiography after coronary artery bypass grafting and 1-stop hybrid revascularization results from a fully integrated hybrid catheterization laboratory/operating room</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>232</fpage>
          <lpage>241</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Dong L, Kang YK, Xiang G Resultados cl&#237;nicos de curto e m&#233;dio prazo ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana h&#237;brida versus revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea: uma meta-an&#225;lise. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; 110(4):321-330.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dong</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>YK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xiang</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resultados cl&#237;nicos de curto e m&#233;dio prazo ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana h&#237;brida versus revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea: uma meta-an&#225;lise</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>321</fpage>
          <lpage>330</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Hueb WA, Ramires JA. Complete, incomplete or no myocardial revascularization. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;87(4):e144-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hueb</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramires</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Complete, incomplete or no myocardial revascularization</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>e144</fpage>
          <lpage>e146</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Bonatti JO, Zimrin D, Lehr EJ, Vesely M, Kon ZN, Wehman B, et al. Hybrid coronary revascularization using robotic totally endoscopic surgery: perioperative outcomes and 5-year results. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94(6):1920-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bonatti</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimrin</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lehr</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vesely</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kon</surname>
              <given-names>ZN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wehman</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hybrid coronary revascularization using robotic totally endoscopic surgery: perioperative outcomes and 5-year results</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1920</fpage>
          <lpage>1926</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS): a randomized trial of coronary artery bypass surgery: survival data. Circulation. 1983;68(5):939-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS): a randomized trial of coronary artery bypass surgery: survival data</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>939</fpage>
          <lpage>950</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Melhor Tecnologia, Mais Gastos Piores Resultados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Whady Hueb,</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar 44, AB, Sala 114, Cerqueira Cesar, 05403-000 S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>whady.hueb@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica / economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Rob&#243;ticos / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd><italic>Stents</italic> Farmacol&#243;gicos / economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Salas Cir&#250;rgicas / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio vem experimentando mudan&#231;as tecnol&#243;gicas substanciais desde o seu surgimento. De fato, t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas primitivas sem nenhum fundamento fisiol&#243;gico foram empregados para criar condi&#231;&#245;es de aumento da oferta de sangue ao mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico. Nessas t&#233;cnicas, inclu&#237;ram-se a &#8220;talcagem&#8221; do peric&#225;rdio, a ligadura do seio venoso, a cirurgia de Beck, a cirurgia de Vineberg dentre outras. Contudo, dados seus resultados frustrantes, e por n&#227;o corresponderem &#224;s expectativas, essas t&#233;cnicas foram abandonadas.</p>
      <p>O surgimento de uma nova t&#233;cnica, mais racional - o <italic>bypass</italic> aorto-coron&#225;rio com enxertos venosos, e posteriormente, com enxertos arteriais - permitiu maior fluxo de sangue no mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico.</p>
      <p>Por causa da morbidade cir&#250;rgica e do alto disp&#234;ndio de recursos materiais e humanos, assistiu-se ao surgimento de t&#233;cnicas percut&#226;neas direcionadas a desobstruir as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Nesse cen&#225;rio, a angioplastia coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, inicialmente por meio de bal&#227;o e posteriormente pela coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic>, parece ter cumprido sua tarefa. Nesse per&#237;odo, desenvolveram-se dispositivos intra-arteriais tais como cateter de aterectomia, rotablator, laser, por&#233;m com resultados n&#227;o satisfat&#243;rios. Adicionalmente, STENTS farmacol&#243;gicos ou n&#227;o, ganharam a prefer&#234;ncia dos cardiologistas intervencionistas. Todavia, o avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico desses dispositivos veio acompanhado de aumento de custos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Al&#233;m disso, estudos recentes revelaram que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea n&#227;o diminuiu a ocorr&#234;ncia e eventos cardiovasculares quando comparado com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica convencional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, incluindo o uso de rob&#244;s e sala cir&#250;rgica h&#237;brida, t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para o aumento de op&#231;&#245;es para revascularizar o mioc&#225;rdio. Ainda que esse avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico se mostrou um procedimento sofisticado e seguro, tal procedimento n&#227;o trouxe, em contrapartida, contribui&#231;&#227;o para diminui&#231;&#227;o de eventos ou decl&#237;nio de mortalidade cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> De fato, uma recente metan&#225;lise incluindo nove estudos comparativos entre cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o praticada em sala convencional ou em sala h&#237;brida, guiada ou n&#227;o por rob&#244;, sinalizou um pior desempenho em sala h&#237;brida em rela&#231;&#227;o aos eventos e tamb&#233;m em morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Adicionalmente, nessa metan&#225;lise, observou-se ocorr&#234;ncia desproporcional de reopera&#231;&#227;o (3.5%) e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica (9.5%) durante a interven&#231;&#227;o na sala h&#237;brida obrigando a mudan&#231;a de t&#233;cnica para cirurgia a &#8220;c&#233;u aberto&#8221; com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m disso, foi observado nesse estudo, que a cirurgia realizada com t&#233;cnica convencional alcan&#231;ou maior completude de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o quando comparada com aquela realizada em sala h&#237;brida.</p>
      <p>H&#225; que se considerar, todavia, que a efic&#225;cia da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica completa ou incompleta permanece, ainda, em debate. Estudos comparativos entre revasculariza&#231;&#227;o chamada completa, incompleta ou nenhuma revasculariza&#231;&#227;o alcan&#231;aram similaridade de resultados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Por fim, passaram-se 40 anos ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do CASS-Trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> o qual sinalizou que independentemente do n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias comprometidas, e do grau de comprometimento arterial, em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada e angina est&#225;vel, o tratamento cl&#237;nico ou cir&#250;rgico tem resultados semelhantes com mortalidade anual de aproximadamente 2%. Desta forma, no estudo CASS-Trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> considerando-se que o tratamento cl&#237;nico se baseava somente em betabloqueadores e nitratos de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada, podemos ponderar que a cirurgia foi comparada com grupo controle (placebo).</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
