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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">j8xnfcJ5cMppfTYJyjm53JF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005004102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180043</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Rate and its Variability Assessed by Spectral Analysis in Elderly Subjects with Orthostatic Hypotension: A Case-Control Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maira Tonidandel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bicalho</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Aparecida Camargos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
            <state>MG</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva</bold>, Avenida Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 246, Centro, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>roselisboa@cardiol.br</email>, <email>roselisboa@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Silva RMFL; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva RMFL, Miranda CES, Barbosa MT, Bicalho MAC; Writing of the manuscript: Silva RMFL, Miranda CES; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva RMFL, Miranda CES, Barbosa MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>303</fpage>
      <lpage>311</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of orthostatic hypotension (OH) increases with age and is associated with changes in autonomic regulation of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to assess HR and HR variability (HRV) in elderly subjects with OH and determine OH predictors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>a total of 105 patients aged &#8805; 60 years, 39 with OH (case group) and 66 without OH (control group) (age-matched) were studied. Patients underwent clinical assessment, electrocardiogram, biochemistry tests and Holter monitoring for spectral analysis of HRV (Fourier transform) in the supine and orthostatism positions to identify low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) components, as well as the LF/HF ratio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>median age was 73.0 years, 64 patients were women. In all participants, there was a reduction in HF (133.0 versus 76.0 ms<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.001) and increase in LF/HF (1.6 vs 2.1; p &lt; 0.001) and no change in LF (233.0 versus 218.0 ms<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.080). Between-group comparisons revealed significant differences in the median values of HR in the supine position (62.0 vs. 69.0 bpm, p = 0.001) and LF in the supine position (157.0 in case group vs. 275.0 ms<sup>2</sup> in the control group, p = 0.014). Spearman&#8217;s correlation coefficient of 0.27 was found between the groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that HR in the supine position was an independent variable for OH (p = 0.001- 95%CI = -0.022 and -0.006). Using the operating characteristic curve, the best cutoff point was 61 bpm, with a sensitivity of 77.3% and specificity of 51.3%, positive predictive value of 61.3%, and negative predictive value 69.3%. Odds ratio was 3.23 for OH in patients with a HR lower than 61 bpm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>lower LF and HR in the supine position were found in patients with OH, regardless of age and gender. The independent predictor for OH was HR in the supine position, with an odds ratio of 3.23 for values lower than 61 bpm.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypotension, Orthostatic</kwd>
        <kwd>Accidental Falls</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Dizziness</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Orthostatic hypotension (OH), also known as postural hypotension is defined as a sustained fall in blood pressure (of at least 20 mm Hg in systolic pressure and/or at least 10 mm Hg in diastolic pressure) occurring within 3 minutes of standing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> OH has been associated with falls, presyncope, syncope, functional impairment in the elderly, cardiovascular events, and increased mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Its prevalence varies from 6 to 35%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and can achieve 41% in individuals aged 80 years or older.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>With aging, there are changes in autonomic regulation of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure. Middle-aged women have a more dominant parasympathetic whereas men have a more sympathetic regulation of heart rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In addition, increased levels of norepinephrine and reduced sensitivity of beta-adrenergic receptors are found in elderly subjects. There is a decrease in vasomotor response mediated by alpha receptors, with decline in venous capacitance response of the lower limbs and in baroreflex response, which is also due to artery stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> This altered regulation lead to autonomic dysfunction and may cause OH. Autonomic nervous system, involved in the physiopathology of OH, may be examined by measurements of the heart rate variability (HRV) by Holter monitoring,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> a non-invasive, low-cost method.</p>
      <p>Studies on the autonomic nervous system, including those on baroreflex sensitivity and head-up tilt test have been performed in hypertensive and normotensive elderly patients who were compared with young subjects. These studies included up to 80 elderly subjects, 64 with hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In the largest study, involving 362 volunteers, there were 38 men and 51 women aged between 57 and 88 years,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> but the authors did not specify the exact number of older patients. In light of this, this study aimed to assess HR and HRV by spectral analysis during postural tilt in elderly patients, and evaluate OH predictors.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was an observational, prospective, cross-sectional study. Our sample was composed of 105 outpatients aged 60 years or older, included during the period from February 2013 to August 2014. Patients with dementia, autonomic dysfunction-related neurologic diseases, persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation, pacemakers, institutionalized patients, and those using antiarrhythmic agents (Class I, III or IV agents according to Vaughan Williams classification) or digoxin were excluded.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the local Research Ethics Committee and all participants signed the informed consent form.</p>
      <p>For sample estimation, a one-tailed test was used, with significance level at 5%, power of 90%, two controls per case, frequency of OH of 30%. Two groups, age matched, were studied - a case group (n = 39) with OH, and a control group (n = 66) without OH.</p>
      <p>Participants underwent clinical assessment, clinical pathology tests, 12-lead electrocardiography, measurements of blood pressure (BP) at supine position at the 5<sup>th</sup> minute of rest and at the 3<sup>rd</sup> minute of orthostatism or before, in case they had OH symptoms according to well-established conditions,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> monitored by the Holter system. Measurements were performed at a temperature-controlled room, in the afternoon, at least two hours after lunch to exclude the possibility of post-prandial hypotension. Holter monitoring was performed using a three-channel digital recorder (Cardioflash) (modified V1 and V5 and DIII) version 1.0, at supine and orthostatic positions for 15 and 10 minutes, respectively, for analysis of HRV in the frequency domain by the fast Fourier transform method. Measurements of high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) components that indicate parasympathetic and sympathetic activities, respectively, as well as the LF/HF ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> were calculated. This analysis was performed after manual edition of recordings to remove artifacts and correct arrhythmias. Measures were obtained during 5 minutes at 10<sup>th</sup> minute of supine position and 5<sup>th</sup> minute of orthostatic position. Results of the spectral analysis were expressed in ms<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Framingham<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and the PROCAM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> risk scores were also calculated using clinical and laboratory data, which included plasma levels of cholesterol and its fractions, triglycerides, and fasting glucose levels.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>For data analysis, we used the International Business Machines (IBM) Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics 19. Results were expressed as numbers and proportions for categorical variables and as central tendency (mean and median) and dispersion measures for continuous variables. Associations between categorical variables were assessed by the chi-square test or the Fisher&#8217;s exact test, as appropriate. Data normality was not tested. The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparisons between continuous variables, and correlations between categorical variables were assessed by the Spearman's rank correlation test. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the two periods HRV components in the spectral analysis (supine and orthostatic positions). Stepwise multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate predicting values of OH, considering the variables with a p &#8804; 0.10 in the univariate analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve was analyzed for the stable variable postural response. The level of significance was set at 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>General characteristics of the population</title>
        <p>Mean and median age were 71.9 and 73.0 years, respectively; 64 (61%) were women. Clinical variables of the study population are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Anthropometric and clinical variables of studied patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Median</th>
                <th align="center">Interquartile range Q1 - Q3</th>
                <th align="center">Minimum value</th>
                <th align="center">Maximum value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">73.0</td>
                <td align="center">65.5 - 77.0</td>
                <td align="center">60.0</td>
                <td align="center">91.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">62.0</td>
                <td align="center">56.0 - 72.0</td>
                <td align="center">44.0</td>
                <td align="center">102.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1.58</td>
                <td align="center">1.51 - 1.62</td>
                <td align="center">1.41</td>
                <td align="center">1.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25.7</td>
                <td align="center">22.5 - 29.7</td>
                <td align="center">17.8</td>
                <td align="center">40.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">87.3</td>
                <td align="center">80.3 - 96.0</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR supine position (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">68.0</td>
                <td align="center">60.0 - 76.0</td>
                <td align="center">38.0</td>
                <td align="center">105.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR orthostatic (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">72.0</td>
                <td align="center">64.0 - 80.0</td>
                <td align="center">44.0</td>
                <td align="center">109.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAP supine position (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">140.0</td>
                <td align="center">127.0 - 152.0</td>
                <td align="center">92.0</td>
                <td align="center">196.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAP supine position (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80.0</td>
                <td align="center">75.0 - 87.0</td>
                <td align="center">60.0</td>
                <td align="center">104.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAP orthostatic position (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">130.0</td>
                <td align="center">120.0 - 142.0</td>
                <td align="center">60.0</td>
                <td align="center">220.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAP orthostatic position (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80.0</td>
                <td align="center">70.0 - 90.0</td>
                <td align="center">30.0</td>
                <td align="center">100.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAP seated position (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">135.0</td>
                <td align="center">120.0 - 150.0</td>
                <td align="center">100.0</td>
                <td align="center">194.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAP seated position (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80.0</td>
                <td align="center">70.0 - 90.0</td>
                <td align="center">60.0</td>
                <td align="center">106.0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute; SAP: systolic arterial pressure; DAP: diastolic arterial pressure; mmHg: millimeter of mercury; Q1: 25<sup>th</sup> percentile; Q3: 75<sup>th</sup> percentile</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>With respect to cardiovascular risk factors, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and dyslipidemia were the most frequent, found in 80 (76.2%) and 42 (40%) patients, respectively. Diabetes was found in 17.1% of patients.</p>
        <p>Thiazide diuretics were the most used antihypertensive drugs; 42 patients (40%) used them isolated or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. Following thiazide diuretics, angiotensin II receptor blockers (29.8%), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE inhibitor) (28.6%) and beta-blockers (27.6%) were the most common, with similar frequencies of use. Also, 14.3% of patients were using calcium antagonists (amlodipine or nifedipine).</p>
        <p>Symptoms characterized by previous history of dizziness, falls, and presyncope and/or syncope were reported by 64 patients (61%).</p>
        <p>Impaired conduction in the left bundle branch was detected at electrocardiography in 9.5% of patients, with mean PR and QT intervals of 166.9 ms (120-280) and 403.0 ms (320-520), respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comparison between case and control groups</title>
        <p>No difference was found in age (mean of 73.5 &#177; 8.0 years; median of 74.0 in the case group and 71.0 &#177; 6.8 years and 72.0 years in the control group, p = 0.119), but a significant difference in sex was observed between the groups (56.4% of men in the case group and 27.8% of men in the control group, p = 0.005). No correlation was found between these two variables (Spearman&#8217;s coefficient correlation of 0.274).</p>
        <p>Results of other comparisons between the two groups are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. No patient had dizziness, presyncope or syncope in orthostatism when BP was measured. No difference considered abnormal in BP between the upper limbs was detected in seated position.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Between-group comparison of heart rate, blood pressure and cardiovascular risk scores</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Case group Median (Q1 - Q3)</th>
                <th align="center">Control group Median (Q1 - Q3)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR supine position (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">62.0 (57.0 - 72.0)</td>
                <td align="center">69.0 (63.5 - 76.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR orthostatism (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">67.0 (60.0 - 76.0)</td>
                <td align="center">75.0 (68.0 - 80.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAP supine position (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">140.0 (130.0 - 160.0)</td>
                <td align="center">135.0 (125.8 - 150.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.189</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAP supine position (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80.0 (70.0 - 90.00</td>
                <td align="center">80.0 (78.0 - 86.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.543</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAP orthostatism (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">120.0 (110.0 - 135.0)</td>
                <td align="center">136.5 (120.0 - 146.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAP orthostatism (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">72.0 (60.0 - 84.0)</td>
                <td align="center">80.0 (77.3 - 90.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Framingham score</td>
                <td align="center">15.5 (6.0 - 24.3)</td>
                <td align="center">12.0 (6.0 - 17.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PROCAM score</td>
                <td align="center">10.6 (5.01 - 21.4)</td>
                <td align="center">11.0 (5.0 - 16.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.537</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>SD: standard deviation; HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute; SAP: systolic arterial pressure; DAP: diastolic arterial pressure; mmHg: millimeter of mercury. Mann&#8209;Whitney test; Q1: 25<sup>th</sup> percentile; Q3: 75<sup>th</sup> percentile</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Significant differences were found in the frequency of previous symptoms (dizziness, prepsyncope and syncope) - 77% in the case group <italic>versus</italic> 51.5% in the control group (p &lt; 0.001). However, no difference between patients with and without previous symptoms were found in age (mean or median) - 71.4 &#177; 7.4 years; 72.0 years <italic>versus</italic> 72.7 &#177; 7.8 years, 74.0 years; respectively (p = 0.38) - nor in BP measured in the supine position.</p>
        <p>With respect to hypertension, no difference was found between the case and control groups (p = 0.54). Forty-nine patients (74.2%) in the control group and 31 in the case group were hypertensive (79.4%). There was no difference in the frequency of diabetes (7 patients in the case group and 11 in the control group; p = 0.86) or coronary arterial disease (5% in the case group and 9% in the control group) between the groups. All patients were stable, without chest pain.</p>
        <p>Regarding the main groups of antihypertensives, higher percentage of users of ACE inhibitors was observed in the case group (41.0%) than in the control group (21.2%) (p = 0.030). No difference was found in other antihypertensive agents.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Heart rate variability</title>
        <p>Medians and interquartile ranges of HRV components in supine position were - LF 233.0 ms<sup>2</sup> (130.5 - 422.5), HF 133.0 ms<sup>2</sup> (62.0 - 347.5), LF/HF 1.6 (0.8 - 3.0) - and in orthostatic position were - LF 218.0 ms<sup>2</sup> (110.5 - 359.7), HF 76.0 ms<sup>2</sup> (32.0 - 227.0) and LF/HF 2.1 (1.1 e 4.8). Comparisons of HRV components between supine and orthostatic positions performed by the Wilcoxon test showed no difference in LF (p = 0.080), but significant differences in HF (p = 0.01) and LF/HF (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>When HRV absolute values were compared between case and control groups by the Mann-Whitney test, significant difference was found in LF in supine position (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). No difference between the groups was found in other components. Due to HRV data interval, a logarithmic transformation of HRV components was performed, and the same p-values were maintained. For analysis of HRV with change of position, median differences in LF component were compared between case and control groups (i.e. between the supine and the orthostatic position, median -0.27 ms<sup>2</sup>) by the Mann Whitney test (p = 0.43). Median differences of HF and LF/HF components were 33.0 ms<sup>2</sup> and 0.53, respectively, and p-values of respective comparisons were 0.74 and 0.94.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of heart rate spectral analysis between case and control groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Case group Median (Q1 - Q3)</th>
                <th align="center">Control group Median (Q1 - Q3)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF supine position (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">157.0 (83.6 - 323.3)</td>
                <td align="center">275.0 (164.0 - 439.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF supine position (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">111.0 (50.5 - 368.5)</td>
                <td align="center">141.0 (65.0 - 342.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.873</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF supine position (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 (0.7 - 2.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 (0.9 - 4.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF orthostatism (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">161.5 (71.5 - 333.6)</td>
                <td align="center">242.0 (128.5 - 375.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.075</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF orthostatism (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">66.0 (29.0 - 229.5)</td>
                <td align="center">91.0 (33.5 - 247.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.898</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF orthostatism (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 (1.0 - 3.3)</td>
                <td align="center">2.4 (1.2 - 6.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.096</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>SD: standard deviation; LH: low frequency; HF: high frequency; LH/HF: low frequency/high frequency ratio; ms: milliseconds. Mann-Whitney test; Q1: 25<sup>th</sup> percentile; Q3: 75<sup>th</sup> percentile</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> depict the analysis of HRV components of a patient with OH in the supine and orthostatic positions, respectively. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref> show the analysis of HRV components of a patient without OH in the supine and orthostatic positions, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Spectral analysis of a male patient (67 years of age) with orthostatic hypotension in supine position. RR: number of QRS in sinus rhythm; VLF: very low frequency; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; HFnu: HF normalized unit.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0303-80043-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Spectral analysis of a male patient (67 years of age) with orthostatic hypotension (same of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) in orthostatic position, showing a decrease in low frequency (LF) component and in the LF/high frequency (HF) ratio, in relation to supine position. RR: number of QRS in sinus rhythm; VLF: very low frequency; HFnu: HF normalized unit.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0303-80043-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Spectral analysis of a female patient (62 years of age) without orthostatic hypotension in supine position. RR: number of QRS in sinus rhythm; VLF: very low frequency; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; HFnu: HF normalized unit.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0303-80043-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Spectral analysis of a female patient (62 years of age) without orthostatic hypotension (the same of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) in orthostatic position, showing an increase in low frequency (LF) component and in the LF/high frequency (HF) ratio, in relation to supine position. VLF: very low frequency; RR: number of QRS in sinus rhythm; VLF: very low frequency; HFnu: HF normalized unit.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0303-80043-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Stepwise multivariate analysis</title>
        <p>Variables with a p &#8804; 0.10 in the univariate analysis - sex, use of ACE inhibitors, presence of previous symptoms, HR, LF and LF/HF in supine and orthostatic positions, and Framingham score - were considered for the multivariate analysis. The independent variable with statistical significance was HR in the supine position, with p = 0.001, 95% confidence interval of -0.0022 - -0.006.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve</title>
        <p>Using the receiver operating characteristic curve for the stable variable postural response without OH, and considering the variable HR in the supine position, an area under the curve of 0.70 was obtained (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>), with a p = 0.001 (95% confidence interval of 0.595-0.796). The best cutoff point was 61 bpm, with a sensitivity of 77.3% and specificity of 51.3%. Positive predictive value was 61.3%, and negative predictive value 69.3%. Odds ratio was 3.23 for OH in patients with a HR lower than 61 bpm.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Receiver operating characteristic curve of heart rate in the supine position (blue line), considering the stable variable postural response without orthostatic hypotension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0303-80043-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main finding of this study was that, in contrast to HRV components, HR in the supine position was an independent predictor for the occurrence of OH in the study population. Median HR in the supine position was significantly lower in the case group than in the control group in the same position. Although this variable was a predictor of OH, with an odds ratio of 3.23 for patients with HR &lt; 61 bpm, it was not considered a good diagnostic test, as confirmed by the analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve.</p>
      <p>Aging is one of the main predicting factors for OH, which may be explained by changes in the autonomic regulation of BP and HR. Increases in norepinephrine plasma levels, decreased sensitivity of beta-adrenergic receptors, decreased vasomotor response mediated by alpha receptors, and reduced baroreflex response and parasympathetic tone contribute to the occurrence of OH in the elderly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Therefore, while approximately 5% of middle-aged adults have OH,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> the prevalence increases to nearly 41% in those aged 80 years or older.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In the present study, patients with and without OH were age-matched and all of them were younger than 60 years, and hence results were not affected by age.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have shown different results in the prevalence of OH and its association with gender, according to age and study setting. In a study conducted in the 90&#8217;s decade, Rutan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> evaluated a population of 5,201 elderly subjects (&#8805;65 years), with an OH prevalence of 18.2% and no difference between the sexes. In patients hospitalized for OH, the prevalence was higher in men (55.3% in the age range of 65 - 74 years), although 54% of patients aged 75 years or older were women, with a total of 15,858 admissions for OH in a year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In our population, there was a predominance of men in the group of patients with OH; however, Spearman&#8217;s correlation coefficient was 0.27, i.e., of small magnitude, which suggest that there was no statistical difference in sex between the groups. Also, sex was not an OH predictor in multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>Studies have demonstrated the importance of rises in HR in the orthostatic position, its association with increased sympathetic activity and higher orthostatic tolerance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Nevertheless, the role of HR in the supine position in OH patients has not been well established yet. Changes in autonomic tone<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and sinus node dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> may be associated with reduced HR in supine position in elderly patients, regardless of OH. In the study population, when this variable was analyzed, median HR in supine position in the case group was significantly lower than in control group. In addition to the changes already described, another factor that may be associated with differences between the groups would be the use of beta-blockers. These medications have a negative chronotropic effect on HR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, in the present study, no difference was found in the use of most of these drugs between the groups. Significant difference was found in the use of ACE inhibitors, which decrease vascular resistance but have no substantial effect on HR, despite restoration of parasympathetic tone with the use of the drug in hypertensive patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In light of this, analysis of HRV was important for the study of HR profile in elderly subjects with OH in supine position. With change of position, as expected,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> there was a decrease in HF and increase in LF/HF in all patients, without an increase in the LF component. There is a decline in baroreflex and HRV with age in both sexes, resulting in autonomic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A U-curve has been used to describe the progressive decrease of HRV with aging, which reaches its nadir in the sixth or seventh decade of life, followed by progressive increase, which is determinant for longevity from those decades on.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Therefore, to avoid age bias, the case and control groups were matched by age. Although previous studies on OH and HRV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> have shown different results, it is possible to infer from their results that autonomic system and baroreflex dysfunction are associated with OH. Harrington et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> evaluated baroreflex sensitivity by digital plethysmography in the elderly - 75 normotensive and 64 hypertensive patients, without medications. The authors reported reduced baroreflex, with impairment of HF component. Kawaguchi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> shown a decrease in the LF/HF ratio and decreased cerebral perfusion measured by infrared spectroscopy in a group of 80 elderly subjects after passive standing. A more recent study on hypertensive patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> 18 with OH and 64 without OH (mean age of 74.2 years), demonstrated that, despite lower systolic volume in those with OH, no significant differences in change in the LF/HF ratio after orthostatism were found, which is in agreement with our results. Barantke et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> demonstrated a decline in all components of HRV with age, and an association between LF and baroreflex sensitivity in orthostatic position. This evidence that LF reflects baroreflex function rather than sympathetic innervation measured by 6-[18F] fluorodopamine has also been demonstrated by other authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Consequently, our findings suggest the hypothesis that the lack of increase in HR and LF with orthostatism may be related to baroreflex dysfuntion,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> which predisposes to OH.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure may also influence the prevalence of OH. Studies on hypertensive elderly patients demonstrated higher prevalence of OH in those with higher BP levels. Gangavati et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> followed 722 elderly patients and found a prevalence of OH of 19% in participants with uncontrolled hypertension (BP &#8805; 140/90 mmHg) and of 5% in those with controlled hypertension (BP &lt; 140/90 mmHg). Mean age was 78 years in both groups. Valbusa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> reported similar findings but with different OH prevalence - the authors evaluated 994 patients with mean age of 88 years; the prevalence of OH was 13% in hypertensive patients with BP &#8804; 140/90 mmHg and 23% in those with BP &gt; 140 mmHg. In the present study, no difference between the groups was found in baseline BP in the supine position or in the prevalence of hypertension.</p>
      <p>Regarding the association of OH with the use of medications, in a study with 189 patients aged 75 or older with OH, the prevalence of OH was of 35%, 58%, 60% and 65% in those patients using none, one, two, three or more medications, respectively. Although the study included medications other than anti-hypertensive agents, hydrochlorothiazide was associated with higher prevalence of OH (65%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Analysis of a cohort of 3,775 women aged between 60 and 80 years demonstrated that the use of three or more anti-hypertensive agents had a 2.2 greater chance of developing OH in comparison with patients taking no medications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> In the present study, although the use of ACE inhibitors was significantly higher in patients with OH, this drug was not a predictor of this condition, which may be explained by its role on autonomic modulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus may also result in autonomic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In our study, its prevalence was 17.1% in the population, with no difference between the groups and, thereby, had no influence on the results.</p>
      <p>As previously reported, clinical manifestations of OH that may lead to falls, fractures, presyncope and syncope cause functional impairment in the elderly, which is known as frailty syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In the current study, previous symptoms including dizziness, presyncope and syncope were more frequent in patients in the case group and, according to the literature, these symptoms may be associated with frailty syndrome and lower BP values after orthostatism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Data in the literature on the association between frailty and risk for cardiovascular disease are scarce. A study on 1,622 elderly men aged between 71 and 92 years showed an association between frailty and increased risk factors, including waist circumference, lipid profile and SAH, despite similar prevalence of these factors between frail and non-frail elderly persons. Cardiovascular risk scores were not calculated, but this association was independent of established cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> In the present study, patients were assessed for cardiovascular risk using the Framingham<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and PROCAM scores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> with no difference between the groups. It is worth mentioning that 75 years is the age limit for the use of these scores.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The main limitations of this study were the number of patients and the fact that they were assessed only once, which made the evaluation of reproducibility of results impossible. The use of digital plethysmography for measurement of BP levels in orthostatic position would enable the early detection of OH. Besides, we did not evaluate the very low frequency (VLF) component of HRV, associated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, thermoregulation and peripheral vasomotor tone.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In the study population, lower LF and HR in the supine position was found in patients with OH, regardless of gender, BP in supine position and use of beta-blockers. HR in the supine position was an independent predictor for OH with an odds ratio of 3.23 for values lower than 61 bpm.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Carlos Eduardo de Souza Miranda, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais under the protocol number 01933812.0.0000.5149. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e sua Variabilidade por Meio da An&#225;lise Espectral em Idosos com Hipotens&#227;o Ortost&#225;tica: Estudo de Caso-Controle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maira Tonidandel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bicalho</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Aparecida Camargos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva</bold>, Avenida Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 246, Centro, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>roselisboa@cardiol.br</email>, <email>roselisboa@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva RMFL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva RMFL, Miranda CES, Barbosa MT, Bicalho MAC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva RMFL, Miranda CES; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva RMFL, Miranda CES, Barbosa MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (HO) aumenta com a idade e est&#225; relacionada a altera&#231;&#245;es da regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica da press&#227;o arterial (PA) e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a FC e variabilidade da FC (VFC) em idosos com HO e verificar os preditores de HO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>foram avaliados 105 pacientes, com idade &#8805; 60 anos, 39 com HO (grupo caso) e 66 sem HO (grupo controle), pareados por idade. Foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, eletrocardiograma, exames de bioqu&#237;mica e monitoramento pelo Holter para an&#225;lise espectral da VFC (transforma&#231;&#227;o de Fourier), na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e em ortostatismo, para detectar os componentes de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF), de alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF) e sua rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A mediana de idade foi de 73,0 anos, 64 dos pacientes eram mulheres. Em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o, com a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o, houve redu&#231;&#227;o do HF (133,0 <italic>versus</italic> 76,0 ms<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,001) e aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF (1,6<italic>vs</italic>2,1; p &lt; 0,001), sem altera&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; mediana do componente LF (233,0 versus 218,0 ms<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,080). Quando comparado o grupo caso ao grupo controle, houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224;s medianas da FC nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina (62,0 <italic>vs</italic> 69,0 bpm, p = 0,001) e do componente LF na posi&#231;&#227;o supina (157,0 no grupo caso <italic>vs</italic> 275,0 ms<sup>2</sup> no grupo controle, p = 0,014). Quanto ao g&#234;nero, o coeficiente de Spearman foi de 0,27 entre os grupos. Pela an&#225;lise multivariada, a FC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina foi a vari&#225;vel independente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de HO (p = 0,001- IC95% = -0,022 e -0,006). Pela curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica, o melhor ponto de corte para FC foi de 61 bpm, com sensibilidade de 77,3%, especificidade de 51,3%, valor preditivo positivo de 61,3%, e o valor preditivo negativo de 69,3%. A raz&#227;o de chance foi de 3,23 para HO entre os pacientes com FC &lt; 61 bpm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Houve menor valor do LF e da FC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina entre os pacientes com HO, sem influ&#234;ncia da idade e do g&#234;nero. O preditor independente para HO foi a FC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, a qual apresentou uma raz&#227;o de chance de 3,23 se inferior a 61 bpm.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipotens&#227;o Ortost&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidentes por Quedas</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Tontura</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (HO) ou postural cl&#225;ssica &#233; definida como a queda sustentada de pelo menos 20 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e/ou a queda de pelo menos 10 mmHg na diast&#243;lica dentro de tr&#234;s minutos ao assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A HO tem sido associada a quedas, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, s&#237;ncope, comprometimento funcional dos idosos, e a eventos cardiovasculares, com aumento da mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; de 6 a 35%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> atingindo 41% naqueles com pelo menos 80 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com o avan&#231;ar da idade, h&#225; altera&#231;&#245;es na regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. Mulheres de meia idade apresentam uma domin&#226;ncia parassimp&#225;tica e homens apresentam domin&#226;ncia simp&#225;tica, por&#233;m estas diferen&#231;as desaparecem ap&#243;s os 50 anos, com predom&#237;nio do simp&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Os idosos tamb&#233;m apresentam um aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de noreprinefrina e diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade dos receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos. H&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta vasomotora mediada pelos receptores alfa, com menor capacit&#226;ncia venosa dos membros inferiores, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta do barorreflexo, tamb&#233;m atribu&#237;da &#224; perda da elasticidade com rigidez das art&#233;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Toda essa complexa altera&#231;&#227;o da regula&#231;&#227;o resulta em disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e pode causar HO.</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, o qual est&#225; implicado na fisiopatologia da HO, pode ser feita a mensura&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da FC (VFC) pelo sistema Holter,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo e de baixo custo.</p>
        <p>Estudos sobre o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, como o estudo de barorreflexo utilizando o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, foram realizados em idosos hipertensos e normotensos, sem comprometimento cognitivo, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de jovens. Esses estudos inclu&#237;ram at&#233; 80 idosos, com 64 entre os hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O estudo maior, com popula&#231;&#227;o de 362 volunt&#225;rios, incluiu 38 homens e 51 mulheres entre 57 e 88 anos de idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> mas os autores n&#227;o especificaram o exato n&#250;mero de idosos. &#192; vista disso, este estudo tem como objetivos verificar o comportamento da FC e de sua variabilidade, por meio da an&#225;lise espectral, com a mudan&#231;a de postura em idosos, e analisar os preditores de HO.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, prospectivo e transversal. A popula&#231;&#227;o foi constitu&#237;da por 105 pacientes, com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, inclu&#237;dos entre fevereiro de 2013 a agosto de 2014, provenientes do ambulat&#243;rio. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com dem&#234;ncia, doen&#231;as neurol&#243;gicas associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, institucionalizados, pacientes em ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente ou permanente, em ritmo de marca-passo artificial e em uso de f&#225;rmaco antiarr&#237;tmico das classes I, III e IV da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Vaughan Williams, al&#233;m de digoxina.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o e todos pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Para planejamento amostral, foram considerados os dados de teste monocaudal, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e poder de teste de 90%, n&#250;mero de controles por caso de 2:1 e propor&#231;&#227;o de HO de 30%, e com pareamento por idade entre os grupos com e sem HO. Foram constitu&#237;dos dois grupos; o grupo-caso, composto de 39 pacientes com HO, e o grupo-controle, composto de 66 pacientes sem HO.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, a exames de patologia cl&#237;nica, ao eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, e &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, no 5&#186; min de repouso, e ao 3&#186; min do ortostatismo ou antes, caso apresentassem sintomas de HO (segundo condi&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas pela literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>), sob monitoramento pelo sistema Holter. As medidas foram realizadas em uma sala climatizada, no per&#237;odo da tarde, com intervalo de pelo menos duas horas ap&#243;s o almo&#231;o, excluindo, assim, hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial. O monitoramento pelo sistema Holter foi feito por meio de multicardi&#243;grafo digital marca Cardioflash, modelo com tr&#234;s canais (V1 e V5 modificados e DIII), vers&#227;o 1.0, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e em ortostatismo, durante o per&#237;odo de 15 e 10 minutos, respectivamente, para an&#225;lise da VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia pela transforma&#231;&#227;o de Fourier. Foram calculadas as medidas dos componentes de alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF), que indica a atividade parassimp&#225;tica, e de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF), que indica, principalmente, a atividade simp&#225;tica, e a rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Tal avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita ap&#243;s adequada edi&#231;&#227;o manual dos registros, com elimina&#231;&#227;o dos artefatos e corre&#231;&#227;o das arritmias. As medidas foram obtidas durante cinco minutos, no 10&#186; min da posi&#231;&#227;o supina e no 5&#186; min da posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. Os resultados da an&#225;lise espectral foram expressos em ms<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>Foram tamb&#233;m calculados os escores de risco cardiovascular de Framingham<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e de PROCAM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> a partir de dados cl&#237;nicos e de exames laboratoriais. Estes &#250;ltimos inclu&#237;ram as dosagens plasm&#225;ticas do colesterol e suas fra&#231;&#245;es, dos triglicer&#237;deos, al&#233;m da glicemia de jejum.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise dos dados, foi utilizado o programa <italic>International Business Machines</italic> (IBM) <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) <italic>Statistics</italic> 19. Os resultados foram expressos em n&#250;meros e propor&#231;&#227;o, para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e em medidas de tend&#234;ncia central (m&#233;dia e mediana) e de dispers&#227;o, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. O teste do qui-quadrado e o de Fisher, quando apropriado, foram utilizados para estudar poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. N&#227;o foi feito teste para verificar a normalidade dos dados. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. Com o objetivo de verificar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi utilizado o coeficiente de Spearman. O teste de Wilcoxon foi empregado para comparar os dois per&#237;odos dos componentes da an&#225;lise espectral da VFC (posi&#231;&#227;o supina e em ortostatismo). A an&#225;lise multivariada por <italic>stepwise</italic> foi utilizada para verificar as vari&#225;veis preditoras de HO, considerando-se as vari&#225;veis que na an&#225;lise univariada apresentaram valor de p &#8804; 0,10. Foi feita an&#225;lise da curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para a vari&#225;vel est&#225;vel resposta postural. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia e a mediana de idade dos pacientes foram de 71,9 e 73,0 anos, respectivamente, sendo 64 pacientes (61% da popula&#231;&#227;o) do g&#234;nero feminino. As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o dispostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes estudados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Mediana</th>
                  <th align="center">Intervalo interquartil Q1 - Q3</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor m&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor m&#225;ximo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,0</td>
                  <td align="center">65,5 - 77,0</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0</td>
                  <td align="center">91,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0</td>
                  <td align="center">56,0 - 72,0</td>
                  <td align="center">44,0</td>
                  <td align="center">102,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,58</td>
                  <td align="center">1,51 - 1,62</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41</td>
                  <td align="center">1,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,7</td>
                  <td align="center">22,5 - 29,7</td>
                  <td align="center">17,8</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CC (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,3</td>
                  <td align="center">80,3 - 96,0</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">116</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC supina (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,0</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0 - 76,0</td>
                  <td align="center">38,0</td>
                  <td align="center">105,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC ortost&#225;tica (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,0</td>
                  <td align="center">64,0 - 80,0</td>
                  <td align="center">44,0</td>
                  <td align="center">109,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS supina (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">140,0</td>
                  <td align="center">127,0 - 152,0</td>
                  <td align="center">92,0</td>
                  <td align="center">196,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD supina (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,0</td>
                  <td align="center">75,0 - 87,0</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0</td>
                  <td align="center">104,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS ortost&#225;tica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">130,0</td>
                  <td align="center">120,0 - 142,0</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0</td>
                  <td align="center">220,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD ortost&#225;tica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,0</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0 - 90,0</td>
                  <td align="center">30,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS sentado (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">135,0</td>
                  <td align="center">120,0 - 150,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">194,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD sentado (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,0</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0 - 90,0</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0</td>
                  <td align="center">106,0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; bpm: batimentos por minuto; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; mmHg: mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio; Q1: 25&#186; percentil; Q3: 75&#186; percentil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco cardiovascular, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e a dislipidemia foram os mais frequentes, presentes em 80 (76,2% da popula&#231;&#227;o) e em 42 (40%) pacientes, respectivamente. Diabetes esteve presente em 17,1% dos pacientes.</p>
          <p>Para o tratamento da HAS, os diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos foram os f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos mais utilizados; 42 pacientes (40% da popula&#231;&#227;o) os utilizavam de forma isolada ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com outras medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas. Com distribui&#231;&#227;o semelhante de uso, seguiram-se os bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (29,8%), os inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina - IECA - (28,6%) e os betabloqueadores (27,6%). Estavam em uso de antagonistas de c&#225;lcio (amlodipina ou nifedipina) 14,3% dos pacientes.</p>
          <p>Sintomas caracterizados pela hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de tontura, queda, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope e/ou s&#237;ncope foram relatados por 64 pacientes (61% da popula&#231;&#227;o).</p>
          <p>Ao eletrocardiograma, foi detectado dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito em 9,5% dos pacientes, com m&#233;dia dos intervalos PR de 166,9 ms (variando de 120 a 280) e do QT de 403,0 ms (variando de 320 a 520).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos caso e controle</title>
          <p>Considerando a m&#233;dia e a mediana de idade, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (73,5 &#177; 8,0 anos e 74,0 anos, respectivamente, no grupo-caso <italic>versus</italic> 71,0 &#177; 6,8 anos e 72,0 anos, no grupo-controle, com p = 0,119). Quanto ao g&#234;nero, houve diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos (56,4% de homens no grupo-caso <italic>versus</italic> 27,8% de homens no grupo-controle, p = 0,005). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre essas duas vari&#225;veis (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman de 0,274).</p>
          <p>Outros dados de compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos caso e controle est&#227;o dispostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. Nenhum paciente apresentou tontura, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou s&#237;ncope em ortostatismo por ocasi&#227;o da medida da PA. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a considerada anormal na medida da PA entre os membros superiores na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos quanto &#224;s frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas, &#224;s press&#245;es arteriais e aos escores de risco cardiovascular</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo-caso Mediana (Q1 - Q3)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo-controle Mediana (Q1 - Q3)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC supina (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0 (57,0 - 72,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">69,0 (63,5 - 76,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC ortostatismo (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,0 (60,0 - 76,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,0 (68,0 - 80,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS supina (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">140,0 (130,0 - 160,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">135,0 (125,8 - 150,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,189</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD supina (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,0 (70,0 - 90,00</td>
                  <td align="center">80,0 (78,0 - 86,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,543</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS ortostatismo (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">120,0 (110,0 - 135,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">136,5 (120,0 - 146,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD ortostatismo (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,0 (60,0 - 84,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,0 (77,3 - 90,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore de Framingham</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5 (6,0 - 24,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0 (6,0 - 17,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,063</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore PROCAM</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6 (5,01 - 21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,0 (5,0 - 16,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,537</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; bpm: batimentos por minuto; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; mmHg: mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio. Teste de Mann-Whitney ; Q1: 25&#186; percentil; Q3: 75&#186; percentil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sintomas pr&#233;vios, caracterizados por tontura, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope e s&#237;ncope, houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (77% no grupo-caso <italic>versus</italic> 51,5% no grupo-controle, p &lt; 0,001). Entretanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na m&#233;dia ou mediana de idade entre os pacientes com e sem sintomas pr&#233;vios (71,4 &#177; 7,4 anos, 72,0 anos <italic>versus</italic> 72,7 &#177; 7,8 anos, 74,0 anos; respectivamente, com p = 0,38), assim como n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PA na posi&#231;&#227;o supina.</p>
          <p>No tocante &#224; comorbidade HAS, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos caso e controle (p = 0,54). No grupo-controle, 49 pacientes (74,2%) eram hipertensos e no grupo-caso, 31 pacientes (79,4%). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de diabete (sete pacientes do grupo-caso e 11 do grupo-controle eram diab&#233;ticos; p = 0,86). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, detectando-se 5% no grupo-caso e 9% no grupo-controle, todos est&#225;veis e sem dor tor&#225;cica.</p>
          <p>Quanto aos principais grupos de anti-hipertensivos utilizados, constatou-se diferen&#231;a apenas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de IECA (41,0% no grupo-caso versus 21,2% no grupo-controle, com p = 0,030).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>As medianas (com intervalos interquartis de 25% e 75%) dos componentes da VFC de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o supina foram LF 233,0 ms<sup>2</sup> (130,5 e 422,5), HF 133,0 ms<sup>2</sup> (62,0 e 347,5), LF/HF 1,6 (0,8 e 3,0), e na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica foram LF 218,0 ms<sup>2</sup> (110,5 e 359,7); HF 76,0 ms<sup>2</sup> (32,0 e 227,0) e LF/HF de 2,1 (1,1 e 4,8). Ap&#243;s compara&#231;&#227;o desses valores entre as posi&#231;&#245;es supina e ortost&#225;tica pelo teste de Wilcoxon, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao componente LF (p = 0,080), existindo, contudo, diferen&#231;a relacionada ao componente HF (p = 0,001) e &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores absolutos dos componentes da VFC entre os grupos caso e controle, feita pelo teste de Mann-Whitney, a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel que apresentou diferen&#231;a significante foi o LF na posi&#231;&#227;o supina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Devido ao intervalo dos dados da VFC, foi feita a transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica dos valores dos componentes da VFC, mantendo-se os mesmos valores de p. Para an&#225;lise do comportamento da VFC com a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o, foi feita a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as medianas das diferen&#231;as dos componentes LF entre os grupos caso e o controle (ou seja, entre a posi&#231;&#227;o supina e ortost&#225;tica - mediana de -0,27 ms<sup>2</sup>) pelo teste de Mann-Whitney (p = 0,43). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medianas das diferen&#231;as do componente HF e da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF, os valores foram 33,0 ms<sup>2</sup> e 0,53, respectivamente, e os valores de p das respectivas compara&#231;&#245;es 0,74 e 0,94.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos caso e controle quanto &#224; an&#225;lise espectral da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo-caso Mediana (Q1 - Q3)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo-controle Mediana (Q1 - Q3)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LF supina (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">157,0 (83,6 - 323,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">275,0 (164,0 - 439,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HF supina (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">111,0 (50,5 - 368,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">141,0 (65,0 - 342,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,873</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LF/HF supina (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 (0,7 - 2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 (0,9 - 4,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,054</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LF ortostatismo (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">161,5 (71,5 - 333,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">242,0 (128,5 - 375,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,075</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HF ortostatismo (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,0 (29,0 - 229,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">91,0 (33,5 - 247,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,898</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LF/HF ortostatismo (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 (1,0 - 3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4 (1,2 - 6,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,096</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; LH: low frequency; HF: high frequency; LH/HF: rela&#231;&#227;o entre os componentes; ms: milissegundos. Teste de Mann-Whitney; Q1: 25&#186; percentil; Q3: 75&#186; percentil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">2</xref> representam a an&#225;lise dos componentes da VFC nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e ortost&#225;tica, respectivamente, de um paciente com HO. As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">4</xref> representam a an&#225;lise dos componentes da VFC nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e ortost&#225;tica de um paciente sem HO.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise espectral de paciente masculino de 67 anos, com hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. RR: n&#250;mero de complexos QRS em ritmo sinusal; VLF: very low frequency; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; HFnu: HF normalized unit.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0303-80043-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise espectral de paciente masculino de 67 anos, com hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, (mesmo da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Fig. 1</xref>) na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, demonstrando queda do componente low frequency (LF) e da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/ high frequency (HF) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina. RR: n&#250;mero de complexos QRS em ritmo sinusal; VLF: very low frequency; HFnu: HF normalized unit.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0303-80043-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise espectral de paciente feminina de 62 anos, sem hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. RR: n&#250;mero de complexos QRS em ritmo sinusal; VLF: very low frequency; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequenc y; HFnu: HF normalized unit.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0303-80043-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise espectral de paciente feminina de 62 anos sem hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (mesma paciente da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>) na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, demonstrando aumento do componente low frequency (LF) e da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/ high frequency (HF) e diminui&#231;&#227;o do componente HF em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina. RR: n&#250;mero de complexos QRS em ritmo sinusal; VLF: very low frequency; HFnu: HF normalized unit.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0303-80043-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise multivariada por <italic>stepwise</italic></title>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise multivariada, foram consideradas as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p &#8804; 0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; HO. Assim, as vari&#225;veis consideradas foram g&#234;nero, uso de IECA, presen&#231;a de sintomas pr&#233;vios, FC, componente LF e rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e ortost&#225;tica, e escore de Framingham.</p>
          <p>A vari&#225;vel independente com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi a FC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, com p = 0,001 e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% com limite inferior de -0,022 e superior de -0,006.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Utilizando a an&#225;lise da curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para a vari&#225;vel est&#225;vel resposta postural sem HO e considerando a vari&#225;vel FC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, foi obtida a &#225;rea abaixo da curva de 0,70 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>), com p = 0,001 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,595-0,796). O melhor ponto de corte foi de 61 bpm, com sensibilidade de 77,3% e especificidade de 51,3%. O valor preditivo positivo foi de 61,3% e o valor preditivo negativo foi de 69,3%. A raz&#227;o de chance foi de 3,23 para HO entre os pacientes com FC &lt; 61 bpm.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica para a vari&#225;vel frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na posi&#231;&#227;o supina (linha em cor azul), considerando-se a vari&#225;vel est&#225;vel resposta postural sem hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-04-0303-80043-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi que a FC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina representou um preditor independente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de HO na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, n&#227;o o sendo qualquer dos componentes da VFC. A mediana da FC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina foi significativamente menor no grupo-caso quando comparada &#224; mediana da FC do grupo-controle, na mesma posi&#231;&#227;o. Apesar de essa vari&#225;vel ser preditora da ocorr&#234;ncia de HO, com raz&#227;o de chance de 3,23 para pacientes com FC &lt; 61 bpm, ela n&#227;o foi considerada bom teste diagn&#243;stico, conforme comprovado por meio da an&#225;lise da curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>O aumento da idade representa um dos principais fatores preditores para a ocorr&#234;ncia de HO. Altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica da PA e da FC explicam essa correla&#231;&#227;o. O aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de noreprinefrina, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade dos receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos e as redu&#231;&#245;es da resposta vasomotora mediada pelos receptores alfa, da resposta do barorreflexo e do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico resultam em mais ocorr&#234;ncia de HO na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Assim, enquanto aproximadamente 5% dos adultos de meia-idade apresentam HO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> a frequ&#234;ncia aumenta para at&#233; 41% naqueles com pelo menos 80 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No presente estudo, foi feito pareamento de idade entre os pacientes com e sem HO, e todos apresentavam pelo menos 60 anos. Dessa forma, n&#227;o ocorreu interfer&#234;ncia dessa vari&#225;vel nos resultados observados.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios apresentaram resultados distintos quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia de HO e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o g&#234;nero, conforme a faixa et&#225;ria e o cen&#225;rio de investiga&#231;&#227;o. Em pesquisa feita na d&#233;cada de 1990, Rutan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> avaliaram uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 5201 idosos (&#8805; 65 anos), na qual a preval&#234;ncia de HO foi de 18,2%, n&#227;o sendo identificada diferen&#231;a entre os g&#234;neros. Entre pacientes hospitalizados por HO, a propor&#231;&#227;o foi maior nos homens, com 55,3% na faixa et&#225;ria de 65 a 74 anos, por&#233;m houve 54% de mulheres entre os pacientes com idade &#8805; 75 anos, com n&#250;mero total de 15 858 interna&#231;&#245;es por HO durante um ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Na popula&#231;&#227;o analisada, houve predom&#237;nio de homens no grupo de pacientes com HO, por&#233;m o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi de 0,27, ou seja, de pequena magnitude, permitindo interpretar que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero. Al&#233;m disso, o g&#234;nero n&#227;o foi preditor de HO na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
        <p>Estudos demonstram a import&#226;ncia da eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com maior atividade simp&#225;tica e com maior toler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Contudo, o papel da FC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina em pacientes portadores de HO ainda n&#227;o foi bem estabelecido. Altera&#231;&#245;es do t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> assim como a disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> podem estar relacionadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da FC supina em pacientes idosos, independentemente da exist&#234;ncia de HO. Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, quando analisada essa vari&#225;vel, a mediana da FC supina do grupo caso foi significativamente menor do que a do grupo controle. Al&#233;m das poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es j&#225; descritas, outro fator que poderia estar relacionado &#224; diferen&#231;a entre os grupos seria o uso de betabloqueadores. Esses f&#225;rmacos apresentam efeito cronotr&#243;pico negativo, causando redu&#231;&#227;o da FC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Por&#233;m, no presente estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso da maioria desses f&#225;rmacos. Houve diferen&#231;a quanto ao uso de IECA, os quais diminuem a resist&#234;ncia vascular, entretanto, sem efeito importante sobre a FC, apesar da recupera&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico com o f&#225;rmaco em pacientes hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diante disso, a an&#225;lise da VFC foi importante para o estudo do comportamento da FC supina nos idosos com HO. Com a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o, em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o do componente HF e aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF, como esperado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> mas sem aumento do componente LF. H&#225; decl&#237;nio do barorreflexo e da VFC com a idade em ambos os g&#234;neros, o que resulta em disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Tem sido descrita a curva em &#8220;U&#8221; sobre o comportamento da VFC, com sua diminui&#231;&#227;o com a idade e nadir na 6&#170; ou 7&#170; d&#233;cada de vida, implicando em longevidade a partir daquelas d&#233;cadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Por isso, para evitar esse vi&#233;s da idade, os grupos caso e controle do presente estudo foram pareados por idade. H&#225; alguns estudos na literatura sobre HO e VFC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> com resultados distintos, por&#233;m com a infer&#234;ncia de que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e do barorreflexo est&#227;o relacionados com HO. Harrington et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> avaliaram o barorreflexo por meio de pletismografia digital em idosos, 75 normotensos e 64 hipertensos sem medica&#231;&#245;es, observando redu&#231;&#227;o do barorreflexo, com comprometimento do componente HF. Kawaguchi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> demonstraram que houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF e da perfus&#227;o cerebral realizada por espectroscopia no infravermelho entre 80 idosos, comparando com 9 jovens ap&#243;s ortostatismo passivo. Um estudo mais recente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> somente com pacientes hipertensos, 18 com HO e 64 sem HO, com m&#233;dia de idade de 74,2 anos, demonstrou que, apesar do menor volume sist&#243;lico entre aqueles com HO, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF com o ortostatismo, resultado concordante com o presente estudo. Entre 362 volunt&#225;rios, sendo 89 com idade entre 57 e 88 anos, sem precisar o n&#250;mero de idosos, Barantke et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> demonstraram o decl&#237;nio de todos os componentes da VFC com a idade e associa&#231;&#227;o entre o LF e a fun&#231;&#227;o de barorreflexo, tamb&#233;m na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. Esta evid&#234;ncia de que o LF reflete a fun&#231;&#227;o do barorreflexo, e n&#227;o a inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, a qual foi mensurada com 6-[18F] fluorodopamina, tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada por outros autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Por conseguinte, o achado do presente estudo leva &#224; hip&#243;tese de que a aus&#234;ncia de aumento da FC e do componente LF com o ortostatismo possa estar relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do barorreflexo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> a qual predisp&#245;e &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de HO.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos tamb&#233;m podem influenciar a preval&#234;ncia de HO. Estudos em idosos hipertensos comprovaram maior preval&#234;ncia de HO naqueles com PA basal mais elevada. Gangavati et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> acompanharam 722 idosos e observaram que a preval&#234;ncia de HO foi de 19% em hipertensos n&#227;o controlados (PA &#8805; 140/90 mmHg) e de 5% em hipertensos controlados (PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg), ambos os grupos com m&#233;dia de idade de 78 anos. Achado semelhante, por&#233;m com preval&#234;ncias distintas, foi demostrado por Valbusa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> ao avaliar 994 pacientes com m&#233;dia de idade de 88 anos. A preval&#234;ncia de HO foi de 13% em hipertensos com PAS &#8804; 140 mmHg e de 23% nos pacientes com PAS &gt; 140 mmHg. Na popula&#231;&#227;o do presente trabalho, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto aos valores basais da PA na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, e tampouco em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de pacientes hipertensos em ambos os grupos.</p>
        <p>Outra associa&#231;&#227;o relacionada com HO &#233; o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es. Estudo com 189 pacientes com &#8805; 75 anos e com HO, a preval&#234;ncia da mesma foi de 35, 58, 60 e 65% naqueles em uso de nenhum, um, dois, tr&#234;s ou mais medicamentos, respectivamente. Apesar de n&#227;o incluir apenas anti-hipertensivos, a hidroclorotiazida foi associada com maior preval&#234;ncia de HO (65%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> An&#225;lise de coorte de 3775 mulheres com idade entre 60 e 80 anos demonstrou que o uso de tr&#234;s ou mais anti-hipertensivos apresentou 2,2 vezes mais chance de HO em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem uso de medica&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> No presente estudo, houve diferen&#231;a apenas quanto &#224; porcentagem de uso de IECA naqueles com HO, por&#233;m, esse f&#225;rmaco n&#227;o foi um preditor de HO, o que pode ser explicado por sua a&#231;&#227;o na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diabete, que pode resultar em disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> na popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo, sua frequ&#234;ncia foi de 17,1%, sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos com e sem HO e, dessa forma, sem influ&#234;ncia nos resultados.</p>
        <p>Conforme relatado anteriormente, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da HO, que podem levar a quedas, fraturas, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope e s&#237;ncope, resultam em importante comprometimento funcional na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, quadro definido como s&#237;ndrome da fragilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, os sintomas pr&#233;vios, como tontura, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope e s&#237;ncope ocorreram em maior n&#250;mero de pacientes do grupo-caso e, segundo a literatura, podem ser associados com a s&#237;ndrome de fragilidade e menores valores de PA com o ortostatismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; escassa literatura sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre fragilidade e perfil de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Estudo com 1622 homens idosos, com idades entre 71 e 92 anos, demonstrou que a fragilidade esteve associada ao aumento de fatores de risco, como circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, perfil lip&#237;dico e HAS, apesar de semelhante preval&#234;ncia desses fatores entre idosos fr&#225;geis e n&#227;o fr&#225;geis. N&#227;o foram calculados os escores de risco cardiovascular, mas essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi independente de doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> No presente estudo, os idosos foram avaliados quanto ao risco cardiovascular, por meio dos escores de Framingham<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e de PROCAM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, destacando-se que h&#225; um limite m&#225;ximo de 75 anos para a pontua&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade pelos escores.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo s&#227;o o n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos e a sua avalia&#231;&#227;o em um &#250;nico momento, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel verificar a reprodutibilidade dos resultados quanto &#224; VFC. O uso de pletismografia digital para aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica poderia permitir a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de HO. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi avaliado o componente de muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia (Very Low Frequency - VLF), relacionado ao sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, &#224; termorregula&#231;&#227;o e ao t&#244;nus vasomotor perif&#233;rico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, houve menor valor do componente LF e da FC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina entre os pacientes com HO, sem influ&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero, dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e do uso de betabloqueador. O preditor independente para HO foi a FC na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, a qual apresentou raz&#227;o de chance de 3,23 se inferior a 61 bpm.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Carlos Eduardo de Souza Miranda pelo Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de do Adulto da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Pesquisa da UFMG sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 01933812.0.0000.5149. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
