<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VKm66RSmnCw6Q3vVMqFrL8b</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000400300</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180066</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mauricio Scanavacca,</bold> Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas do Incor-HC-FMUSP AV. Dr Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Postal code: CEP: 05403-000; S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>300</fpage>
      <lpage>302</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation / trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Amiodarone</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>In the last years, atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) have been the two major epidemic syndromes in cardiology and they frequently coexist.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> HF increases mean right and left atria pressures promoting their progressive dilation. Such mechanical electro-anatomic remodeling predisposes to atrial fibrosis and electrical heterogeneity, increases ectopic rhythm formation and ultimately induces AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>A new AF episode, in turn, immediately induces loss of atrial contraction, increases mean heart rate and provokes an important irregularity on ventricular contractions decreasing the heart&#8217;s pump function performance. Therefore, around 50% of patients who present with new-onset congestive HF have atrial fibrillation and up to one-third of patients with new-onset AF have congestive heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The Framingham study demonstrated that in AF patients, occurrence of HF was associated with significant increase in mortality, as well as in HF patients, a new AF development was associated with significant rise on mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Therefore, there is a biological rationale for the prevention and treatment of AF associated with HF. The targets would be ventricular control, especially rhythm control.</p>
    <p>Several pharmacological studies have failed to demonstrate clinical benefits in maintaining sinus rhythm compared to rate control in patients with normal or abnormal left ventricle function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In the AFFIRM trial, the management of atrial fibrillation with rhythm-control strategy offered no survival advantage over the rate-control strategy, and patients had higher rate of hospitalization. The potential explanation for that was the antiarrhythmic drugs&#8217; adverse effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In patients with left ventricle dysfunction, the use of antiarrhythmic drugs safely recommended for this condition, such as dofetilide and amiodarone, also did not show any hard endpoint benefits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Catheter ablation for AF has emerged as the most effective strategy to maintain the sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF and has been used worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, there is a paucity of studies investigating hard endpoints as mortality reduction in patients with HF with catheter ablation. The study &#8220;A randomized controlled trial of catheter ablation versus medical treatment of atrial fibrillation in heart failure (the CAMTAF trial)&#8220; was able to demonstrate an improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with ablation in patients with persistent AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Additional advantages were observed in the <italic>&#8220;Ablation versus Amiodarone for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure and an Implanted ICD (The AATAC) trial&#8221;.</italic> Di Biase et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> showed that ablation was superior to amiodarone in maintaining sinus rhythm, improving LVEF, improving survival rates and decreasing hospitalization for HF.</p>
    <p>More recently, an additional enthusiasm comes up with the report of <italic>&#8220;Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure (Castle-AF) trial&#8221;.</italic> Marrouche et al confirmed observations of the AATAC trial, showing that catheter ablation of AF significantly reduces mortality in patients with HF, as compared with medical therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p><italic>CASTLE-AF</italic> is a multicenter study, conducted from January 2008 through January 2016, and involving a total 33 sites in Europe, Australia, and the United States. In this study, 263 patients with symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF were randomly assigned to undergo AF catheter ablation (179) or medical treatment (184), using rate or rhythm control strategies. All the patients had New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II, III, or IV HF, a LVEF of 35% or less, and an implanted defibrillator. The primary end point was notably hard, a composite of death from any cause and hospitalization for worsening HF. The final results were obtained after a median follow-up of 37.8 months and favored catheter ablation comparing to medical therapy. In the ablation group, 63% of patients were in sinus rhythm at 60 months versus 22% in the medical-therapy group. The primary composite end point occurred in 51 (28.5%) patients in the ablation group and in 82 (44.6%) patients in the medical therapy group (HR = 0.62; P = 0.007).</p>
    <p>There was a significant reduction of all-cause mortality in the ablation group (13.4% vs. 25.0%), HR = 0.53, P = 0.01 and from cardiovascular causes (11.2% vs. 22.3%); HR = 0.49; P = 0.009. Additionally, patients undergoing catheter ablation showed reduced hospitalization rate in consequence of worsening heart failure (20.7%) comparing to medical treatment (35.9%), HR = 0.56, P = 0.004. Furthermore, catheter ablation reduced the burden of AF, increased the distance walked in 6 minutes, and improved the LVEF (8%). An important detail from this study was the observation that the mortality benefit of ablation emerged just after 3 years of follow-up.</p>
    <p>These observations are unique since it is the first trial on catheter ablation field designed to show both, superiority in maintaining the sinus rhythm and mortality reduction comparing to medical therapy. However, CASTLE-AF trial has some important limitations as highly patient selection - from 3,013 patients assessed for eligibility, just 263 were finally included in the primary analysis. Investigators were not blinded treatment randomization, and a number of patients crossed over to the other treatment group. Additionally, the procedures were performed in high-volume medical centers with very experienced operators. Also, inclusion criteria of patients to the CASTLE-AF trial included absence of response to (45-47%), unacceptable side effects from (12-14%), and unwillingness to take antiarrhythmic drugs (40-43%). In fact, in the CASTLE-AF study the AF ablation was not tested in patients under acceptable rate control or rhythm control. So, new studies are needed to confirm such important observations.</p>
    <p>Benefits of catheter ablation of AF have also been suggested in a recent retrospective study evaluating HF patients with preserved ejection fraction HFpEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Two hundred-thirty AF patients with HF, 133 HFpEF and 97 patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) underwent catheter ablation. After a mean follow-up of 12 months, postablation outcomes as in-hospital adverse events, symptoms according to the Mayo AF Symptom Inventory (MAFSI), NYHA functional class, and freedom from atrial arrhythmia] were recorded. Ablation procedure (pulmonary vein isolation, pulmonary vein isolation with roof line, complex fractionated atrial electrograms), procedural time, fluoroscopy duration, and radiofrequency time were comparable between these groups.</p>
    <p>After ablation, the incidence of acute HF across these groups was similar. Both groups improved in MAFSI and NYHA functional class. Before ablation most of the patients were in NYHA functional class II, but after ablation the majority of patients shifted to class I from the more advanced classes. Preablation LVEF showed no correlation with freedom from atrial arrhythmia or repeat ablation rate. These results remained the same even after stratification based on AF phenotype. At 12 months postablation, all-cause hospitalization and cardiovascular hospitalization were similar for these patients. Also, previous study on AF ablation in HFpEF has suggested that AF can be effectively and safely treated with a composite of repeat procedures and pharmaceuticals. However, larger randomized controlled studies are also needed to confirm the benefits of AF ablation in HFpEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In conclusion, HF and AF are widely distributed diseases and difficult-to-treat conditions due to their synergistic effect. Once installed, a vicious circle is established, which significantly worsens the patient&#8217;s prognosis. No mortality or hard endpoint benefits have been demonstrated with the most commonly used antiarrhythmic drugs. Evidence has been generated in the last decade in favor of AF ablation in selected patients with AF with preserved or reduced LVEF.</p>
    <p>Based on these new data, catheter ablation has already been considered as first-line therapy in patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF and HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Evident benefit can be obtained in patients in which AF is the main cause for HF (tachycardiomyopathy).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> However, we still need to develop new markers and tools to better define ideal ablation techniques and candidates, especially for patients under acceptable rhythm or rate control.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial por Cateter em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio Scanavacca,</bold> Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas do Incor-HC-FMUSP Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodelamento Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Amiodarona</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) t&#234;m sido as duas principais s&#237;ndromes epid&#234;micas em cardiologia, e frequentemente coexistem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A IC aumenta valores m&#233;dios da press&#227;o atrial direita e esquerda, promovendo sua dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva. Esse remodelamento eletroanat&#244;mico predisp&#245;e &#224; fibrose atrial e &#224; heterogeneidade el&#233;trica, e aumenta o desenvolvimento de ritmo ect&#243;pico, induzindo FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Um novo epis&#243;dio de FA, por sua vez, induz a perda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, provoca um aumento na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e causa uma importante irregularidade nas contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares, diminuindo a capacidade de bombeamento do cora&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, 50% dos pacientes com IC congestiva de in&#237;cio recente apresentam FA, e at&#233; um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com FA de in&#237;cio recente apresentam IC congestiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O estudo Framingham mostrou um aumento sigificativo da mortalidade no pacientes com FA que desenvolveram IC, assim como naqueles com IC que desenvolveram um novo epis&#243;dio de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Portanto, existe um fundamento biol&#243;gico para a preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da FA associada &#224; IC. Os alvos seriam o controle ventricular, em especial o controle do ritmo card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>Estudos farmacol&#243;gicos falharam em demonstrar benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos na manuten&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal comparado ao controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal e anormal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No estudo AFFIRM, a estrat&#233;gia de controle do ritmo card&#237;aco no manejo da FA n&#227;o ofereceu melhora na sobrevida em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia de controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e os pacientes apresentaram maior taxa de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esse fato s&#227;o os efeitos adversos dos medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos. Em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, o uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas recomendadas para essa condi&#231;&#227;o, tais como dofetilide e amidoarona, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostrou nenhum benef&#237;cio quanto aos desfechos analisados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para o tratamento de FA surgiu como a estrat&#233;gia mais eficaz para manter o ritmo sinusal em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica e FA persistente, e tem sido utilizada em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Contudo, existem poucos estudos investigando desfechos como redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em pacientes com IC com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. O estudo &#8220;<italic>A randomized controlled trial of catheter ablation versus medical treatment of atrial fibrillation in heart failure (the CAMTAF trial</italic>&#8221; demonstrou melhora na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) com abla&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com FA persistente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Outras vantagens foram observadas no estudo &#8220;<italic>Ablation versus Amiodarone for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure and an Implanted ICD (The AATAC) trial</italic>&#8221;. Di Biase et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> mostraram superioridade da abla&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; amiodarona na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, melhora nas taxas de sobrevida e diminui&#231;&#227;o da taxa de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC.</p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, resultados animadores surgiram do estudo &#8220;<italic>Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure (Castle-AF) trial</italic>&#8221;. Marrouche et al confirmaram as observa&#231;&#245;es do estudo AATAC, mostrando que a abla&#231;&#227;o FA por cateter reduz significativamente a mortalidade nos pacientes com FA, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia medicamentosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>CASTLE-AF &#233; um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, conduzido de janeiro de 2008 a janeiro de 2016, envolvendo um total de 33 localidades na Europa e Estados Unidos. Nesse estudo, 263 pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica e FA persistente, sintom&#225;ticos, foram aleatoriamente alocados para se submeterem &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o da FA por cateter (179) ou ao tratamento medicamentoso (184), utilizando-se estrat&#233;gias de controle da frequ&#234;ncia e de controle do ritmo. Todos os pacientes eram classificados em classe funcional II, III ou IV segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), apresentavam FEVE menor ou igual a 35%, e implante de desfibrilador. O principal desfecho composto e consistiu em morte por todas as causas e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC. Os resultados finais foram obtidos ap&#243;s um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 37,8 meses e mostraram superioridade da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em compara&#231;&#227;o ao uso de medicamentos. No grupo abla&#231;&#227;o, 63% dos pacientes estavam em ritmo sinusal aos 60 meses, versus 22% no grupo medicamentos. O desfecho composto ocorreu em 51 (28,5%) pacientes do grupo abla&#231;&#227;o e em 82 (44,6%) pacientes do grupo medicamentos (HR = 0,62; p = 0,007).</p>
      <p>Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de morte por todas as causas no grupo abla&#231;&#227;o (13,4% vs. 25,0%), HR = 0,53, p = 0,01 e de morte por causas cardiovasculares (11,2% vs. 22,3%); HR = 0,49; p = 0,009. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter apresentaram menor taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC (20,7%) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia medicamentosa (35,9%), HR = 0,56, p = 0,004. Al&#233;m disso, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter aumentou a dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos, e melhorou a FEVE (8%). Um detalhe importante desse estudo foi a constata&#231;&#227;o de que a melhora na mortalidade s&#243; ocorreu ap&#243;s 3 anos de acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>Essas observa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o &#250;nicas, uma vez que esse foi o primeiro estudo com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter delineado para demonstrar, em uma mesma investiga&#231;&#227;o, superioridade na manuten&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal e redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o ao uso de medicamentos. No entanto, o estudo CASTLE-AF apresenta importantes limita&#231;&#245;es, tais como uma alta sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes - do total de 3013 pacientes avaliados quanto &#224; elegibilidade, somente 263 foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise principal. Os pesquisadores n&#227;o eram cegos quanto &#224; randomiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento, e muitos pacientes mudaram de grupo de tratamento durante o estudo. Al&#233;m disso, os procedimentos foram realizados em servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos com alto volume de procedimentos, e realizado por profissionais experientes; ainda, os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes no estudo CASTLE-AF inclu&#237;ram aus&#234;ncia de resposta (45-47%), presen&#231;a de alguns efeitos adversos (12-14%) e recusa em tomar medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos (40-43%). De fato, no estudo CASTLE-AF, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter n&#227;o foi testada em pacientes com controle desej&#225;vel da frequ&#234;ncia ou do ritmo card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>Os benef&#237;cios da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA por cateter tamb&#233;m foram sugeridos em um estudo retrospectivo recente em que foram avaliados pacientes com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (HFpEF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Duzentos e trinta pacientes com FA e IC, 133 HFpEF e 97 com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (HFrEF) foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Ap&#243;s um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 12 meses, foram registrados desfechos p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o incluindo eventos adversos durante interna&#231;&#227;o, sintomas (segundo <italic>Mayo AF Symptom Inventory</italic>, MAFSI), classe funcional segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA, e aus&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial. O procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o (isolamento da veia pulmonar, isolamento da veia pulmonar com linha do teto, eletrocardiograma fracionado - <italic>complex fractionated atrial electrograms</italic>), tempo de procedimento, dura&#231;&#227;o da fluoroscopia, e tempo de radiofrequ&#234;ncia foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, a incid&#234;ncia de IC aguda foi similar entre os grupos. Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora dos sintomas segundo MAFSI, e da classe funcional segundo NYHA. Antes da abla&#231;&#227;o, a maioria dos pacientes era classificada como NYHA classe II, e a maioria dos pacientes mudou de uma classe mais avan&#231;ada para classe I ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. A FEVE pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com aus&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial ou taxa de abla&#231;&#227;o recorrente. Esses resultados permaneceram o mesmo ap&#243;s a estratifica&#231;&#227;o baseada no fen&#243;tipo de FA. Aos 12 meses p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o, a interna&#231;&#227;o por todas as causas e a interna&#231;&#227;o por causas cardiovasculares foram similares entre os pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, um estudo pr&#233;vio sobre abla&#231;&#227;o da FA em pacientes HFpEF sugeriu que a FA pode ser tratada com efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a com uma combina&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos e medicamentos. Contudo, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios outros estudos randomizados mais amplos e controlados para verificar os benef&#237;cios da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA em pacientes com HFpEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a IC e a FA est&#227;o frequentemente associadas na popula&#231;&#227;o e o seu efeito sin&#233;rgico tornam os seus tratamentos mais dif&#237;cil. Uma vez instaladas, um ciclo vicioso &#233; estabelecido, o qual piora o progn&#243;stico do paciente. N&#227;o foram mostrados benef&#237;cios sobre a mortalidade ou sobre desfechos pr&#233;-estabelecidos com o uso das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas mais comuns. Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, evid&#234;ncias surgiram em favor da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA em pacientes com FA e FEVE preservado ou reduzida.</p>
      <p>Com base nesses novos dados, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter pode ser considerada tratamento de primeira linha em pacientes selecionados com FA parox&#237;stica e FA persistente e IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Benef&#237;cio claro pode ser obtido em pacientes nos quais a FA &#233; a principal causa de IC (taquicardiomiopatia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> No entanto, ainda &#233; preciso desenvolver novos marcadores e defini&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas ideais de abla&#231;&#227;o para identificar os pacientes que se beneficiam da abla&#231;&#227;o, especialmente para pacientes em tratamento com ritmo e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aceit&#225;veis.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
