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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PLjJN9TKcWw7rVbjT9XBRgS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000300292</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180033</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Propafenone Overdose: From Cardiogenic Shock to Brugada Pattern</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gil</surname>
            <given-names>Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marmelo</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Ferreira dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Tondela</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Viseu</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Tondela, Viseu - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Julio Gil</bold>, Av. Rei D. Duarte, lote 12, 3&#186;Dto. Postal Code: 3500-643, Viseu - Portugal E-mail: <email>juliogilpereira@gmail.com</email>; <email>juliogilpereira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Gil J; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gil J, Marmelo B, Abreu L Antunes H; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos LF, Cabral JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>292</fpage>
      <lpage>294</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Anti-Arrhythmia Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Propafenone</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Channel Blockers</kwd>
        <kwd>Toxicity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Propafenone is a class IC antiarrhythmic drug used in the treatment of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It is primarily a potent sodium channel blocker, yet also exhibits beta-blocking and calcium channel blocking activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Propafenone is able to induce important ECG changes, namely prolongation of the PR interval, bundle branch block, wide QRS and QT intervals, as well as ventricular tachycardia or bradycardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> It may be associated with significant proarrhythmogenic effects, even at therapeutic doses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A fatal overdose on propafenone is usually attributed to conduction abnormalities, leading to asystole or electromechanical dissociation. The authors describe two clinical cases of propafenone intoxication with life-threatening ECG changes, but with a favorable final outcome.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 1</title>
        <p>Female patient, 44 years old, with no relevant medical history. The patient was brought to the Emergency Room (ER) following voluntary ingestion of 4500mg of propafenone. While being brought to the ER, the patient had a short-lasting seizure, later regaining consciousness. Upon arrival at the ER, she had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 10 (Eye-3, Motor-5, Verbal-2), bradycardic (55bpm) and hypotensive (Blood Pressure [BP] 85/30mmHg). Clinical examination was unremarkable. Gastric lavage was performed, with removal of what seemed to be pill residuals. Blood work revealed metabolic acidosis. The ECG at admission showed sinus arrhythmia, with right axis deviation, incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) and unspecific repolarization changes in DIII, V1 and V2. The PR, QRS and QT intervals were within normal range (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). BP did not respond to aggressive fluid therapy, thus a dopamine perfusion was started. After approximately an hour of beginning treatment, the patient suffered a tonic-clonic seizure accompanied by extreme bradycardia and widening of the QRS. Unfortunately, due to the urgency of the situation and the critical state of the patient, these electrical changes could not be recorded through standard 12-lead ECG. She was medicated with atropine and benzodiazepine. This resulted in a comatose state (Glasgow scale of 3), worsening of metabolic acidosis and respiratory failure. The patient was intubated, placed on continuous mechanical ventilation and admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ECG on admission from case 1.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0292-80033-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Upon admission to the ICU, rhythm strip monitoring revealed atrial fibrillation with occasional sinus activity, along with a widening of the QRS (200 milliseconds) interval. Three hours later, sinus rhythm was restored and QRS interval returned to normal values, with an almost complete disappearance of the RBBB pattern. In the first 6 hours after admission, there was a progressive hemodynamic and clinical stabilization, allowing for a gradual weaning from aminergic and ventilator support. On day two, the patient was conscious and hemodynamically stable. She was discharged after a psychiatric consultation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 2</title>
        <p>Female patient, 56 years old, with a history of Atrial Fibrillation and major depressive disorder medicated with propafenone 150 mg twice daily and duloxetine 60 mg once daily. The patient was first observed in a small community hospital after voluntarily ingesting 3000mg of propafenone. At that institution, on arrival, the patient was initially fully awake and gastric lavage was begun. However, shortly afterwards, she developed a tonic-clonic seizure, followed by two episodes of cardiac arrest due to extreme bradycardia. Resuscitation was achieved after less than 2 minutes of advanced life support and atropine administration. After ensuring hemodynamic and electrical stability, the patient was transported to a centralized hospital. Upon admission, she was bradycardic (50 bpm), normotensive (BP 139/89 mmHg), and with a GCS score of 14 (Eye 4, Motor 6, Verbal 4). ECG revealed a junctional rhythm, with a type-1 Brugada pattern in V1 to V3 leads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The patient was admitted to the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit for monitoring. After 24 hours of clinical, hemodynamic and electrical stability, a new ECG was performed, revealing sinus rhythm and disappearance of the Brugada pattern.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ECG from second clinical case revealing type-1 Brugada pattern.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0292-80033-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Propafenone is a Vaughan Williams Class IC antiarrhythmic agent, and thus a potent sodium channel blocker.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It also exhibits beta-blocking and calcium channel blocking activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>Nearly 100% of propafenone is absorbed. However, because of a first-pass hepatic elimination effect, its bioavailability is unpredictable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Propafenone is metabolized into two major metabolites: 5-hydroxypropafenone and norpropafenone, a process genetically determined by the CYP2D6 enzyme system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The propafenone elimination half-time varies depending on whether the patient is a poor or an extensive metabolizer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> There are several infrequent adverse reactions, such as hematologic (agranulocytosis), gastrointestinal, hepatic and neurological (convulsions, amnesia, peripheral neuropathy and exacerbation of myasthenia) reactions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A number of clinical signs and symptoms have been associated with propafenone intoxication, ranging from nausea and vomiting to seizures, coma, respiratory depression and cardiovascular collapse (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Propafenone may be responsible for several ECG changes, including sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, atrial fibrillation, prolongation of the PR interval, intraventricular conduction abnormalities (QRS and QT widening and right bundle branch block), Brugada pattern,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> ventricular tachycardia, ventricular flutter or fibrillation and cardiac arrest.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Propafenone Intoxication, adapted from Clarot et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nausea</td>
              <td align="center">Vomiting</td>
              <td align="center">Metabolic acidosis</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Blurred vision and sleepiness</td>
              <td align="center">Hypotonia</td>
              <td align="center">Seizure</td>
              <td align="center">Respiratory depression</td>
              <td align="center">Coma</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sinus Bradycardia</td>
              <td align="center">Sinus arrest</td>
              <td align="center">Atrial Fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">AV Block</td>
              <td align="center">Intraventricular conduction disorders (QRS widening, Right Bundle Block)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypotension</td>
              <td align="center">Acute load of the right ventricle</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiac failure</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiovascular collapse</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The authors describe two cases of voluntary ingestion of excessive doses of propafenone, both with successful outcomes. There is no specific treatment. A timely gastric lavage was attempted in both cases. When performed promptly, gastric lavage is the only effective way of eliminating excessive doses of propafenone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In both cases, tonic-clonic seizures were observed. This is an important neurological manifestation of propafenone intoxication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The reason for seizure occurrence is uncertain. Saz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and Clarot et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> suggest that it may be attributed either to a direct toxic effect of propafenone or to cerebral hypoperfusion caused by arrhythmia or conduction disturbance.</p>
      <p>In the first case, all the major clinical warning signs were observed: cardiac failure, conduction disturbance, and seizures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> There was a progressive worsening of the neurological and respiratory status. The patient eventually became comatose, requiring mechanical ventilation. Cardiac failure was also observed, resulting in arterial hypotension, and requiring catecholaminergic support with positive inotropic and vasoconstrictive drugs. After progressive elimination of the drug, weaning from supportive measures was fairly straightforward. Another important aspect is the dynamic ECG changes. The patient underwent rhythm changes (going from sinus arrhythmia to atrial fibrillation and finally returning to normal sinus rhythm) and intraventricular conduction disorders (with widening of the QRS interval and enhancement of the RBBB pattern). These changes occurred only in the first 3 hours after admission, corresponding to peak serum concentration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> This highlights the importance of close monitoring and prompt treatment in the first hours following propafenone overdose.</p>
      <p>In the second case, the ingestion of supratherapeutic levels of propafenone revealed a Brugada type 1 pattern on surface ECG. Concealed or intermittent forms of the Brugada Syndrome have been described in a few subset of patients, namely following hyperventilation, beta-adrenergic blockade and alpha-adrenergic stimulation, muscarinic receptors stimulation, and sodium channels blockade inducing or increasing ST elevation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In this particular case, propafenone is able to unmask the concealed Brugada phenomenon due to its sodium channel and beta-adrenergic blocking activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The appearance of the Brugada pattern in response to type IC antiarrhythmic drugs does not seem to be associated with a great risk for polymorphic arrhythmias; however, further investigation is needed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In this case, the Brugada pattern disappeared after drug elimination.</p>
      <p>Both patients were closely monitored for 36 to 48 hours. The propafenone elimination half-time ranges from 17 &#177; 8 hours for poor metabolizers to 5&#177;2 hours for extensive metabolizers,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> thus monitoring over that period of time is required. Peak serum concentration occurs between 2 and 3 h after ingestion,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> during which time the most life-threatening ECG changes may occur.</p>
      <p>Both cases are paradigmatic in how unpredictable propafenone overdosing can be. It can range from an almost benign set of symptoms to a catastrophic presentation resulting in death. The first case presented the most important clinical warning signs, namely cardiac failure, conduction disturbance, and seizures. However, thanks to immediate treatment, the patient survived. The second case was critical as well, considering the seizing and extreme bradycardia requiring advanced life support; however, after the initial catastrophic presentation, clinical stability was maintained throughout the following hours. Another interesting aspect was the fact that a type-1 Brugada pattern was revealed. In both cases, no direct treatment for propafenone intoxication was available. Close monitoring and prompt supportive measures are crucial in assuring a good outcome</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Intoxica&#231;&#227;o por Propafenona: desde Choque Cardiog&#233;nico a Padr&#227;o de Brugada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gil</surname>
            <given-names>Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marmelo</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Ferreira dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Tondela, Viseu - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Julio Gil</bold>, Av. Rei D. Duarte, lote 12, 3&#186;Dto. CEP: 3500-643, Viseu - Portugal E-mail: <email>juliogilpereira@gmail.com</email>; <email>juliogilpereira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gil J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gil J, Marmelo B, Abreu L Antunes H; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos LF, Cabral JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Antiarr&#237;tmicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Propafenona</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueadores dos Canais de C&#225;lcio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Propafenona &#233; uma droga antiarr&#237;tmica classe IC, utilizada no tratamento de arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &#201; principalmente um bloqueador de canal de s&#243;dio potente, mas tamb&#233;m exibe atividades betabloqueadoras e bloqueadoras de canal de c&#225;lcio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A propafenona &#233; capaz de induzir importantes mudan&#231;as de ECG, como o prolongamento do intervalo de PR, bloqueio atrioventricular do primeiro grau, aumento do QRS e intervalo QT, assim como taquicardia ventricular ou bradicardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Pode estar associada a efeitos pro-arritmog&#234;nicos significativos, mesmo em doses terap&#234;uticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Uma overdose fatal de propafenona costuma estar associada a anormalidades de condu&#231;&#227;o, levando a assistolia ou dissocia&#231;&#227;o eletromec&#226;nica. Os autores descrevem dois casos cl&#237;nicos de intoxica&#231;&#227;o por propafenona com mudan&#231;as de ECG potencialmente fatais, mas com um resultado final favor&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relat&#243;rio do Caso</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 1</title>
          <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 44 anos, sem hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico relevante. A paciente foi levada ao pronto-socorro ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o volunt&#225;ria de 4500mg de propafenona. Ao ser trazida ao pronto-socorro, a paciente teve uma convuls&#227;o de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, subsequentemente recobrando a consci&#234;ncia. Mediante sua chegada ao pronto-socorro, a doente desenvolveu uma Escala de Coma de Glasgow de 10 (GCS) (Olhos-3, Motor-5, Verbal-2), associado a bradicardia (55 bpm) e hipotens&#227;o (press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea [PS] 85/30 mmHg). Sem outras altera&#231;&#245;es relevantes ao exame objetivo. Uma lavagem g&#225;strica foi feita, com a remo&#231;&#227;o do que parecia ser res&#237;duos de p&#237;lulas. As an&#225;lises sangu&#237;neas mostraram acidose metab&#243;lica. O ECG de entrada mostrou arritmia sinusal, com desvio do eixo para a direita, bloqueio incompleto de ramo direito (RBBB) e altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o em DIII, V1 e V2. Ap&#243;s aproximadamente uma hora ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento, a paciente sofreu uma convuls&#227;o t&#244;nico-cl&#244;nica, devido a bradicardia extrema e alargamento do QRS. Infelizmente, devido &#224; urg&#234;ncia da situa&#231;&#227;o e ao estado cl&#237;nico da paciente, essas mudan&#231;as el&#233;tricas n&#227;o puderam ser registradas atrav&#233;s de um ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o. Ela foi medicada com atropina e benzodiazepina. Isso resultou em um estado comatoso (escala de Glasgow 3), piora da acidose metab&#243;lica e falha respirat&#243;ria. A paciente foi entubada, colocada em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica cont&#237;nua e levada para a Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo (UTI).</p>
          <p>Mediante sua entrada na UTI, o monitoramento das tiras de ritmo revelou uma fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com atividade sinusal ocasional, em conjunto com um alargamento do intervalo de QRS (200 milissegundos). Tr&#234;s horas depois, o ritmo sinusal foi restaurado, e o intervalo QRS voltou aos valores normais, com um quase que completo desaparecimento do padr&#227;o RBBB. Nas primeiras 6 horas ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, houve uma estabiliza&#231;&#227;o progressiva hemodin&#226;mica e cl&#237;nica, permitindo um retiro gradual do suporte amin&#233;rgico e ventilat&#243;rio. No segundo dia, a paciente estava consciente e hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel. Ela recebeu alta ap&#243;s uma consulta psiqui&#225;trica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 2</title>
          <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 56 anos, com hist&#243;rico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e depress&#227;o severa, medicada com propafenona 150mg duas vezes ao dia, e duloxetina 60 mg uma vez ao dia. A paciente foi primeiro observada em um pequeno hospital comunit&#225;rio, ap&#243;s ingerir voluntariamente 3000 mg de propafenona. Na referida institui&#231;&#227;o, mediante sua chegada, a paciente estava completamente acordada, e uma lavagem g&#225;strica foi iniciada. Contudo, logo depois, ela desenvolveu uma convuls&#227;o cl&#244;nica, seguida por dois epis&#243;dios de parada card&#237;aca, devido a bradicardia extrema. A ressuscita&#231;&#227;o foi conseguida ap&#243;s menos de 2 minutos de suporte avan&#231;ado de vida e administra&#231;&#227;o de atropina. Ap&#243;s assegurar estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e el&#233;trica, a paciente foi transportada para um hospital centralizado. Por ocasi&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o, ela estava bradic&#225;rdica (50 bpm), normotensiva (BP 139/89 mmHg), e com uma escala de Glasgow de 14 (Olhos 4, Motor 6, Verbal 4). Um ECG revelou um ritmo juncional, com um padr&#227;o de Brugada tipo 1 nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1 a V3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). A paciente foi internada na UTI para monitoramento. Ap&#243;s 24 horas de estabilidade cl&#237;nica, hemodin&#226;mica e el&#233;trica, um novo ECG foi realizado, revelando ritmo sinusal e o desaparecimento do padr&#227;o de Brugada.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>ECG por ocasi&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o, no caso 1.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0292-80033-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>ECG do segundo caso cl&#237;nico, relevando um padr&#227;o de Brugada do tipo 1.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0292-80033-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A propafenona &#233; um agente antiarr&#237;tmico Vaughan Williams de Classe IC e, deste modo, um bloqueador de canal de s&#243;dio potente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Tamb&#233;m exibe atividades betabloqueadoras e bloqueadoras de canal de s&#243;dio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Quase 100% da propafenona &#233; absorvida. Contudo, por causa de um efeito de elimina&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica por primeira passagem, sua biodisponibilidade &#233; imprevis&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Propafenona &#233; metabolizada em dois principais metabolitos: 5-hidroxipropafenona e norpropafenona, em um processo geneticamente determinado pelo sistema de enzima CYP2D6.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O tempo m&#233;dio para elimina&#231;&#227;o da propafenona varia dependendo se o paciente &#233; um metabolizador lento ou r&#225;pido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Diversos sinais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m sido associados com intoxica&#231;&#227;o por propafenona, que v&#227;o desde n&#225;usea e v&#244;mito at&#233; convuls&#245;es, comas, depress&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e colapso cardiovascular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A propafenona pode ser respons&#225;vel por diversas mudan&#231;as em ECG, incluindo bradicardia sinusal, parada sinusal, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, prolongamento do intervalo PR, anormalidades na condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular (alargamento de QRS e QT e bloqueio atrioventricular do primeiro grau), padr&#227;o de Brugada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> taquicardia ventricular, flutter ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e parada card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sinais e Sintomas Cl&#237;nicos de Intoxica&#231;&#227;o por Propafenona, adaptados de Clarot et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#225;usea</td>
                <td align="center">V&#244;mito</td>
                <td align="center">Acidose Metab&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vis&#227;o emba&#231;ada e sonol&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">Hipotonia</td>
                <td align="center">Convuls&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">Depress&#227;o Respirat&#243;ria</td>
                <td align="center">Coma</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bradicardia Sinusal</td>
                <td align="center">Parada Sinusal</td>
                <td align="center">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</td>
                <td align="center">Bloqueio AV</td>
                <td align="center">Desordens de Condu&#231;&#227;o Intraventricular (alargamento de QRS, padr&#227;o de bloqueio de ramo direito)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipotens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Press&#227;o aguda sobre o ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
                <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">Colapso Cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">Parada Card&#237;aca</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os autores descrevem dois casos de ingest&#227;o volunt&#225;ria de propafenona, ambos com resultados bem-sucedidos. N&#227;o h&#225; tratamento espec&#237;fico. Uma lavagem g&#225;strica tempestiva foi tentada em ambos os casos. Quando realizada imediatamente, a lavagem g&#225;strica &#233; o &#250;nico modo eficaz de se eliminar doses excessivas de propafenona.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em ambos os casos, convuls&#245;es t&#244;nico-cl&#244;nicas foram observadas. &#201; uma importante manifesta&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica de intoxica&#231;&#227;o por propafenona.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O motivo da ocorr&#234;ncia das convuls&#245;es &#233; incerto. Saz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e Clarot et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> sugerem que pode ser atribu&#237;do a um efeito t&#243;xico direto da propafenona ou a uma hipoperfus&#227;o cerebral causada por arritmia ou perturba&#231;&#245;es na condu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>No primeiro caso, todos os principais sinais de alarme cl&#237;nico foram observados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Houve uma piora progressiva da situa&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica e respirat&#243;ria. A paciente eventualmente entrou em coma, exigindo ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m foi observada, resultando em hipotens&#227;o arterial, e exigindo suporte catecolamin&#233;rgico, com drogas inotr&#243;picas e vasoconstritoras positivas. Ap&#243;s a elimina&#231;&#227;o progressiva da droga, e retirada gradual das medidas de suporte foi bastante simples. Outro aspecto importante s&#227;o as din&#226;micas mudan&#231;as em ECG. A paciente sofreu mudan&#231;as de ritmo (de arritmia sinusal para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, e finalmente voltando ao ritmo sinusal normal) e desordens na condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular (com um alargamento do intervalo QRS e um aumento do padr&#227;o RBBB). Essas mudan&#231;as ocorreram somente nas primeiras 3 horas ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, correspondendo ao pico da concentra&#231;&#227;o do soro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Isso ressalta a import&#226;ncia de um monitoramento de perto e tratamento imediato, nas primeiras horas ap&#243;s a overdose por propafenona.</p>
        <p>No segundo caso, a ingest&#227;o de n&#237;veis supraterap&#234;uticos de propafenona revelou um padr&#227;o de Brugada do tipo 1 no ECG superficial. Formas ocultas ou intermitentes de S&#237;ndrome de Brugada foram descritas em alguns subconjuntos de pacientes, principalmente ap&#243;s hiperventila&#231;&#227;o, bloqueio beta-adren&#233;rgico e estimula&#231;&#227;o alfa-adren&#233;rgica, estimula&#231;&#227;o dos receptores muscar&#237;nicos e bloqueio de canais de s&#243;dio, induzindo ou aumentando a eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Neste caso espec&#237;fico, a propafenona &#233; capaz de desmascarar o fen&#244;meno de Brugada oculto, devido a suas atividades bloqueadoras de canais de s&#243;dio e beta-adren&#233;rgicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O aparecimento do padr&#227;o de Brugada em resposta a drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas do tipo IC n&#227;o parece estar associado a um grande risco de arritmias polim&#243;rficas; contudo, uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada &#233; necess&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Neste caso, o padr&#227;o de Brugada desapareceu ap&#243;s a elimina&#231;&#227;o da droga.</p>
        <p>Ambas as pacientes foram monitoradas de perto, de 36 a 48 horas. O tempo m&#233;dio de elimina&#231;&#227;o da propafenona varia de 17 &#177; 8 horas, para metabolizadores lentos, a 5 &#177; 2, para metabolizadores r&#225;pidos. O pico da concentra&#231;&#227;o de soro ocorre entre 2 e 3 horas ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> durante qual per&#237;odo as mudan&#231;as de ECG mais potencialmente fatais podem ocorrer.</p>
        <p>Ambos os casos s&#227;o paradigm&#225;ticos devido a qu&#227;o imprevis&#237;vel uma overdose de propafenona pode ser. Pode variar de um conjunto de sintomas quase benignos, at&#233; uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o catastr&#243;fica, resultando em morte. O primeiro caso apresentou os sinais cl&#237;nicos mais importantes, quais sejam, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, perturba&#231;&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o e convuls&#245;es. Contudo, gra&#231;as a um tratamento imediato, a paciente sobreviveu. Os segundo caso tamb&#233;m foi cr&#237;tico, considerando as convuls&#245;es e bradicardia extrema, que exigiu suporte &#224; vida avan&#231;ado; contudo, ap&#243;s a apresenta&#231;&#227;o catastr&#243;fica inicial, estabilidade cl&#237;nica foi mantida ao longo das pr&#243;ximas horas. Outro aspecto interessante foi o fato de que um padr&#227;o de Brugada do tipo 1 foi revelado. Em ambos os casos, nenhum tratamento direto para intoxica&#231;&#227;o por propafenona estava dispon&#237;vel. Monitoramento de perto e medidas de suporte imediatas s&#227;o cruciais para garantir um resultado positivo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
