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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dYhCJxJQCp4ZkRgnmnvK8cs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000300278</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180051</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Practical Implications of Myocardial Viability Studies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ker</surname>
            <given-names>Wilter dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Helena Peixoto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Setor de Medicina Nuclear</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Medicina Nuclear - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP) - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil1</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Radiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Radiologia - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP) - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil2</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Wilter dos Santos Ker</bold>, Rua Aroazes, 180, Apt 903. Postal Code 22775-060, Jacarepagu&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>wiltersker@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ker WS, Nunes THP, Nacif MS, Mesquita CT; Obtaining financing: Ker WS, Nacif MS, Mesquita CT</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>278</fpage>
      <lpage>288</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Many non-invasive methods, such as imaging tests, have been developed aiming to add a contribution to existing studies in estimating patients&#8217; prognosis after myocardial injury. This prognosis is proportional to myocardial viability, which is evaluated in coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction patients only.</p>
        <p>While myocardial viability represents the likelihood of a dysfunctional muscle (resulting from decreased oxygen supply for coronary artery obstruction), hibernation represents post-interventional functional recovery itself.</p>
        <p>This article proposes a review of pathophysiological basis of viability, diagnostic methods, prognosis and future perspectives of myocardial viability. An electronic bibliographic search for articles was performed in PubMed, Lilacs, Cochrane and Scielo databases, according to pre-established criteria.</p>
        <p>The studies showed the ability of many imaging techniques in detecting viable tissues in dysfunctional areas of left ventricle resulting from coronary artery injuries. These techniques can identify patients who may benefit from myocardial revascularization and indicate the most appropriate treatment.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Tissue Survival</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardium Stunning / physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Assessment of myocardial viability using non-invasive imaging techniques has motivated several studies in search of the most promising and sensitive tests. These tests highlight the importance of a correct evaluation of this condition for an appropriate risk stratification and selection of patients considered eligible for myocardial revascularization. Since cardiac function is not a dichotomous variable, some of its aspects measured by imaging techniques may not be measurable by another method. Useful parameters to guide therapeutic strategies include ejection fraction, scar size, ischemia and remodeling extension, as well as duration of cardiac dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Using a multimodal approach of viability, a pilot study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> showed higher values for these variables, which were analyzed in combination, providing a more reliable characterization of myocardial function. However, due to the lack of larger studies, imaging tests based on multimodal approach are not recommended yet. It is worth pointing out that even though the presence of a viable myocardium in a large heart area is important for revascularization, the decision for this procedure should be based on patient&#8217;s clinical status, evidence of ischemia, coronary anatomy and left ventricular global and regional function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Determination of myocardial viability is a common and clinically relevant challenge, that may be necessary in post-infarction patients receiving thrombolytic therapy. Also, it may be helpful for surgeons and cardiologists in choosing the best therapy from interventionist strategy, angioplasty and myocardial revascularization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> This is particularly important in cases when myocardial revascularization is considered, due to high mortality rate and perioperative morbidity in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In viability studies, while nuclear medicine techniques have high sensitivity, the techniques used to evaluate contractile reserve have higher specificity. Imaging methods, such as computed tomography (CT), positron-emission tomography (PET), myocardial scintigraphy, echocardiography with dobutamine and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) have been exhaustively investigated in attempt to establish the best method for myocardial study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pathophysiology</title>
        <p>Myocardial viability refers to myocardial cells that are alive after myocardial injury, according to cellular, metabolic and contractile functions. It describes ventricular dysfunction without tissue necrosis, which enables functional recovery after restoration of blood supply. In this context, although the definitions &#8220;stunned myocardium&#8221; and &#8220;hibernating&#8221; myocardium have distinct characteristics, the latter may represent the adaptation of repeated episodes of the former, as described by Chareonthaitawee et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Main feature of the physiopathology of stunned myocardium and hibernating myocardium [adapted from Chareonthaitawee et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0278-80051-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>&#8220;Stunned myocardium&#8221; results from a rapid, severe episode of coronary occlusion followed by recovery of coronary flow. An abrupt decrease in coronary flow causes contractile dysfunction, which persists even after its restoration. Despite minimal necrosis, ventricular dysfunction may be prolonged, from hours or even weeks. A group of researchers,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> investigating ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease, demonstrated that repeated episodes of ischemia may lead to cumulative stunning, which contributes to the development of chronic, post-ischemic, left ventricular dysfunction. Interestingly, similar degrees of left ventricular dysfunction in distinct patients may be associated with significant differences in the degree of myocardial viability. Besides, viability is not correlated with myocardial wall thickness, since ventricular wall thinning does not necessarily mean absence of myocardial viability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#8220;Hibernating myocardium&#8221; has been defined as the presence of severe systolic dysfunction with evidence of hypoperfusion at rest;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> it refers to a myocardium with preserved cellularity, but reduced blood flow, leading to depressed ventricular function, even at rest.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The first theory of hibernating myocardium characterized it as an adaptation to chronic hypoperfusion whose intensity was not sufficiently significant to cause infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> This was supported by CMR and PET studies on dysfunctional myocardial areas with reduced blood flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, pathogenesis of hibernating myocardium is still subject of studies and has not been elucidated yet,; it is believed, however, to be conditioned to a functional dysregulation related to mitochondrial impairment, in attempt to protect cardiac muscle cells from ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Hibernating is also known to have intrinsic cellular and extracellular changes, that may be associated with the time required for reversibility of the process,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> which may vary from days to 14 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical implications</title>
        <p>Assessment of viability may significantly contribute to the identification of patients who would benefit from revascularization, particularly by the improvement in ventricular function and survival. To demonstrate the clinical usefulness of viability, a meta-analysis was performed with 24 studies on different techniques on viability detection in patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial dysfunction. Annual mortality rate in the group of patients with myocardial viability and in drug treatment was 16%, in contrast with 3.2% in the group that underwent revascularization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In CAD patients, left ventricular dysfunction may be caused by areas of viable myocardium and fibrotic areas combined. Assessment of cardiac muscle using imaging methods enables the localization, quantification of viability in dysfunctional myocardium and possibility of anatomical revascularization, which is essential for treatment planning of these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>This article proposes a review of pathophysiological bases of myocardial viability, diagnostic methods available, prognosis and risk for this condition. A bibliographic search was performed on the electronic databases PubMed, Lilacs, Cochrane and Scielo, based on pre-established criteria.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>To achieve the objectives and results proposed, a descriptive review of scientific literature was conducted of studies on diagnostic accuracy of imaging tests used for the measurement of myocardial viability. We included both studies showing the superiority of certain method and those comparing the efficacy of the methods from the perspective of other authors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Inclusion criteria:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Types of study: as &#8220;review articles&#8221;, we included studies aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of imaging tests in measuring myocardial viability after ischemia.</p>
      <p>Population: heart disease patients with history of myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exclusion criteria:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Studies that did not provide a detailed description of the protocols of the diagnostic methods or of data statistical analysis, and studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Search on the databases</title>
        <p>
          <bold>The following databases were searched:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>&#8226; PubMed/MEDLINE: North-American database, one of the largest in health, with no limits of date.</p>
        <p>The following descriptors were used for the search on Pubmed: Myocardial viability; PET; CT; SPECT; Resonance Magnetic myocardial; Echocardiography.</p>
        <p>&#8226; LILACS: database that integrates the BIREME system and includes several scientific journals, dissertations and books.</p>
        <p>The following terms were used: Myocardial Viability ANS viability studies.</p>
        <p>&#8226; COCHRANE: database focused on systemic reviews. The terms used in this database were: Myocardial viability.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagnostic methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of myocardial viability by dobutamine stress echocardiography</title>
          <p>The use of dobutamine stress echocardiography for detection of myocardial viability is an efficient and safe method in both acute and chronic phases of CAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> with low incidence of significant events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> (around 0,5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> This method has favorable sensitivity (77-89%) and specificity (68-93%) not only in the post-infarction phase,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> but also in the chronic phase (82% and 92%, respectively), as shown by Marzullo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of myocardial viability using baseline-nitrate <sup>(99m)</sup>Tc-Sestamibi scintigraphy</title>
          <p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy using nitrate-augmented <sup>(99m)</sup>Tc-Sestamibi is a widely available method for assessment of myocardial viability. The use of nitrates enables the improvement of blood flow in narrowed and collateral vessels, responsible for irrigation of hypoperfused areas, which potentiates the ability of the method to detect viable tissues, especially when combined with <sup>(99m)</sup>Tc-Sestamibi.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> This is assured by the fact that both absorption and retention of sestamibi depend on perfusion, cell membrane integrity and membrane potential (mitochondrial function), which hence constitute the markers of viable tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Schinkel AF et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> reported a 81% sensitivity and 69% specificity of nitrate-enhanced <sup>(99m)</sup>Tc-Sestamibi scintigraphy to detect viability, which is lower than those reported with the use of PET-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>F-FDG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, we illustrate a case where rest perfusion defect, initially attributed to the infarction area, normalized after treatment of the coronary obstruction in the anterior descending artery, demonstrating a viable myocardium. These findings illustrate a practical limitation of imaging techniques using <sup>(99m)</sup>Tc-Sestamibi in the detection of myocardial fibrosis and viability.</p>
          <p>In most studies on baseline-nitrate <sup>(99m)</sup>Tc-Sestamibi scintigraphy, two patterns of images are commonly obtained: rest images and nitrate-enhanced images. Reversibility of the lesion (by filling) is indicative of viability. Sciagra et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> studied 105 patients with chronic CAD and left ventricular dysfunction who underwent baseline-nitrate sestamibi perfusion imaging and showed that the most powerful prognostic predictors of events were the number of nonrevascularized dysfunctional areas with viability in sestamibi imaging<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Images of rest (upper line) and nitrate-enhanced rest (lower line) myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, showing improvement of perfusion in anterior (apical, medial and basal) and anterolateral (medial and basal) segments.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0278-80051-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of myocardial viability with <sup>201</sup>T&#225;lio</title>
          <p><sup>201</sup>T&#225;lio has some limitations for routine use, due to its longer physical half-life, and relatively low photon energy and flow. This may yield images with low count-rates and possible attenuation artifacts and, consequently, suboptimal images.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					</p>
          <p>However, <sup>201</sup>T&#225;lio has the advantage of entering myocardial cells by active transportation, which increases its accuracy for detecting viable myocardium. For this purpose, two protocols are usually used - stress-redistribution-reinjection and rest-redistribution imaging. While the first is focused on data about stress-induced ischemia and viability, the second focuses only on viability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with <sup>201</sup>T&#225;lio for assessment of myocardial viability; stress imaging (upper line) and 24-hour redistribution imaging after injection of the radiotracer <sup>201</sup>T&#225;lio (lower line), showing improvement of perfusion in anterior (apical, medial and basal) and anterolateral (medial and basal) segments.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0278-80051-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><sup>201</sup>T&#225;lio perfusion scintigraphy may show different perfusion defects that vary within a range from totally reversible to irreversible, according to the degree of improvement in the activity of late images.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <p>In a meta-analysis, Schinkel et al. reported an 87% sensitivity and 54% specificity in predicting post-revascularization recovery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Some studies have suggested that improvement in systolic function is not a <italic>sine qua non</italic> for clinical benefits, with a better prognosis but no improvement in the ejection fraction of some patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of myocardial viability using positron emission tomography with fluorine-18-deoxyglucose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET)</title>
        <p>Among the methods available for assessment of myocardial viability, <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET is considered the gold standard method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Because <sup>18</sup>F-FDG is a glucose analog, it is used to evaluate the metabolism of cardiac glucose, and thereby the uptake of this marker is similar to glucose utilization by myocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In fasting conditions, myocardium uses preferentially free fatty acids as energy source, whereas in post-prandial phase, its metabolism is shifted to glucose (with increased levels of circulating insulin).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> As the metabolism of free fatty acids depends on oxygen, during myocardial ischemia, glucose is the preferred substrate (glycolytic pathway), which is the hallmark of myocardial viability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>PET with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>F-FDG has mean sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 63% in assessing the likelihood of functional improvement of the muscle in the after revascularization. Many studies have used comparative data of perfusion and <sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake, defining myocardial viability as hypoperfused areas with preserved glucose metabolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi (upper line) and <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET (lower line) for assessment of myocardial viability, showing improvement in perfusion/metabolism in anterior (apical, medial and basal), apical septal, anteroseptal (medial and basal) and inferoseptal (medial and basal) segments; &#8220;mismatch&#8221; pattern.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0278-80051-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Overall improvement of left ventricle may also be evaluated by <sup>18</sup>F-FDG. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improves from 37% to 47% (mean values) in patients with myocardial viability detected by <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET after revascularization. In patients without viable myocardium, LVEF remained almost unchanged (39% x 40%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of myocardial viability with computed tomography (CT)</title>
        <p>CT is the most recent and widely used method for coronary angiography. Three techniques are currently used for cardiac CT - coronary angiography, CT with iodinated and non-contrast CT - and all of them can provide information on myocardial viability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
				</p>
        <p>CT coronary angiography has high negative predictive value (&gt; 95%) in excluding epicardial CAD, with increasing role in the assessment of chest pain. It may also provide valuable information in the evaluation of patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, with suspected congenital heart disease or coronary anomaly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Delayed enhancement CT uses a similar principle to gadolinium-based magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for imaging studies of myocardial scarring. In CT, the use of iodinated contrast causes an increase in Hounsfield units in contrasted tissues, due to attenuation of X-rays, allowing the visualization of cardiac muscle in the early arterial phase, and discrimination of macro and microvascular obstruction. When evaluated 5-10 minutes after injection of iodinated contrast and increased enhancement, the obstruction is suggestive of infarction, due to extracellular contrast accumulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Finally, non-contrast CT can reveal calcified aneurysms in the left ventricle, for showing similar images to those obtained during attenuation correction scans or calcium scoring.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Some advantages of cardiac CT include the possibility of being performed in combination with coronary CT, requiring only the addition of some minutes to the angiography protocol; its high spatial resolution, being of great importance in evaluation of small infarctions; near-isotropic resolution and reliable 3D data reconstruction for the small slide thickness; possibility of inclusion of patients with pacemakers and other metallic devices. As disadvantages, we can mention the necessity of higher radioactive emission for acquisition of additional images following coronary images, and poorer localization ability and transmurality as compared with CMR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of myocardial viability with MR imaging</title>
        <p>MR is a highly efficient method for myocardial viability study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and has played an important role in the clinical practice. It has also been considered a gold standard method in the assessment of left ventricular function. MR allows assessment of left ventricular dysfunction associated with chronic ischemic disease by evaluation of contractile reserve using dobutamine at low dose and, most importantly, evaluation of fibrosis by late gadolinium enhancement. In a metanalysis, Romero et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> concluded that MR with low-dose dobutamine has high sensitivity and specificity (81% and 91%, respectively), whereas late gadolinium enhancement MR has 95% sensitivity and 51% specificity, and high accuracy in determining some parameters, including ejection fraction, left ventricular volume, regional wall motion, and myocardial thickness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> Left ventricular wall thickness at end diastole is important to exclude viability.</p>
        <p>The most notable characteristic of MR is its high spatial resolution, and, for this reason, the method stands out for its high imaging quality and capacity to diagnose ischemic areas that would not be detectable by other methods. MR may also be particularly useful in the assessment of myocardial blood flow at rest in hibernating areas of narrowed coronary artery and improvement of local myocardial contractility after coronary revascularization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The use of gadolinium as a contrast medium in MR allows the detection of the effects of perfusion, microvascular obstruction and differentiation between transmural and subendocardial necrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> Gadolinium has a low risk of nephrotoxicity, except for patients with end-stage renal disease, in which the risk of systemic toxicity is real. Although chelated-gadolinium compounds are distributed in the extracellular space, and do not penetrate in intact cells, they may accumulate in myocytes with ruptured cell membrane (e.g. acute myocardial infarction) and fibrotic areas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Patterns of transmurality of infarction in the presence and absence of viability by cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0278-80051-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The likelihood of functional recovery after revascularization is proportional to the transmurality of acute myocardial infarction. A very important marker of improvement of myocardial function is the amount of delayed enhancement by MR imaging since there is a progressive improvement in myocardial function with the increase of transmurality of scar tissue. Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> evaluated the ability of contrast-enhanced MR imaging to predict functional recovery after revascularization. Approximately 80% of segments with less than 25% of transmural fibrosis had functional recovery after revascularization, whereas only 10% of the segments with transmurality higher than 50% recovered after revascularization. Selvanayagam et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> showed that delayed-enhancement cardiovascular MR imaging is a strong predictor of myocardial viability after surgical revascularization.</p>
        <p>Left ventricular wall thickness may reveal valuable information about viability. Schinkel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> showed that segments with an end-diastolic wall thickness of less than 5 mm was associated with higher likelihood of recovery after revascularization.</p>
        <p>Taken together, these findings suggest that segments with an end-diastolic wall thickness of less than 5.5 mm never show recovery of function after revascularization, which may be related to the presence of nontransmural infarction. These segments contain subendocardial scar tissue, with residual viability in the epicardium. Therefore, significant wall thinning indicates scar tissue, with low likelihood of recovery after revascularization; nevertheless, evidence suggests that recovery of function may occur, but only when contrast-enhanced MR excludes scar tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Geber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> demonstrated that cardiac MR was important in identifying patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and severe left ventricular dysfunction who would benefit from myocardial revascularization. CMR can be performed in ischemic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dysfunction to characterize myocardial viability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> Limitations of this technique, however, include its high cost, difficulty of performing scans in patients with implanted devices, and limited availability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>PET-RM</title>
      <p>A new technique - PET-MR started to be studied, but still has limited availability. The method has the advantage of combining the high spatial resolution of MR with the sensitivity of PET, without excessive ionizing radiation. In contrast to PET-CT, however, the synergism between PET and MR still need to be evaluated.</p>
      <p>Comparison of left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness on MRI with glucose use on <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>F-FDG PET demonstrated that regions with an end-diastolic wall thickness of less than 5.5 mm had reduced glucose use, whereas regions with a wall thickness of 5.5 mm did not use this carbohydrate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> Studies on usefulness of PET-MR in cardiology are still ongoing, but it includes specific localization of lesions, contributing to therapeutic intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> Preliminary data indicate the possibility of PET-MR to measure inflammatory response to myocardial infarction and neoangiogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> While MR is helpful in the analysis of scar extension, PET provides characteristics of the subepicardium and likelihood of functional recovery of areas free of scars.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comparison between the techniques:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For practical purposes, the most appropriate methods for viability assessment are those in which the clinician or the institution have the highest experience. Echocardiography with dobutamine has, in general, high positive predictive value, and thus, is relatively more specific whereas nuclear medicine techniques are more sensitive to diagnosis, with a significative negative predictive value, as can be seen in the study by Panza et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> who compared the echocardiography and <sup>201</sup>T&#225;lio myocardial scintigraphy methods. Hakimeh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> evaluated viable kinetic segments by resting <sup>(99m)</sup>Tc-Sestamibi, and observed that the number of these segments was significantly greater than those showing a contractile response to dobutamine. Hence, due to its greater accessibility, echocardiography may be the method of choice in the screening for the presence of viability, and in a second line of investigation, a nuclear method could be used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>
			</p>
      <p><sup>(99m)</sup>Tc-Sestamibi has been used as an alternative to <sup>201</sup>T&#225;lio for its higher quality combined with lower exposure to radiation. In cases when <sup>(99m)</sup>Tc-Sestamibi imaging are not conclusive, or when greater viability is still clinically possible, the use of <sup>201</sup>T&#225;lio is indicated for its higher detection rate, especially in severe hypoperfusion areas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>An excellent method for assessment of hibernating myocardium is <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET, for its higher sensitivity in detecting dysfunctional, but viable, myocardium. Although a sensitivity of 93% was shown for this technique in a metanalysis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> other authors reported a lower specificity (58%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
			</p>
      <p>With respect to MR and nuclear medicine techniques, comparison of contrast MR imaging, with dobutamine echocardiography and <sup>201</sup>T&#225;lio rest-redistribution showed an agreement of 83% and 75%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref> Klein et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> showed a good agreement between contrast MR and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>F-FDG PET; in patients with CAD and severely reduced LVEF, MR imaging can identify fibrotic areas with results similar to those obtained by PET measurements, provided by comparison of flow and glucose metabolism. MR also provides other parameters of tissue viability, such as wall thickness, contractile reserve and delayed enhancement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, in comparison with CT, MR has higher contrast resolution for soft tissues, without requiring radiation exposure. CT and PET<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> may be an alternative test to MR for patients with pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillator or mechanical cardiac valve. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the comparison between these methods of assessment of myocardial viability.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between myocardial viability assessment methods</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Radiation dose</th>
              <th align="center">Contrast/tracer redistribution</th>
              <th align="center">Protocol duration</th>
              <th align="center">Contrast phases <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Sensitivity </th>
              <th align="center">Specificity</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dobutamine echocardiography</td>
              <td align="center">n/a</td>
              <td align="center">n/a</td>
              <td align="center">30 min</td>
              <td align="center">n/a</td>
              <td align="center">77-89%</td>
              <td align="center">68-93%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi SPECT</td>
              <td align="center">Moderate</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">90 a 120 min</td>
              <td align="center">Two injections</td>
              <td align="center">81%</td>
              <td align="center">69%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><sup>201</sup>T&#225;lio SPECT</td>
              <td align="center">High</td>
              <td align="center">Present</td>
              <td align="center">3h with additional 24h imaging if necessary</td>
              <td align="center">One injection</td>
              <td align="center">87%</td>
              <td align="center">54%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET</td>
              <td align="center">Moderate</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">1h</td>
              <td align="center">One injection</td>
              <td align="center">92%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Delayed enhancement /coronary computed tomography angiography</td>
              <td align="center">Moderate</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">25 minutes</td>
              <td align="center">Two injections</td>
              <td align="center">n/a</td>
              <td align="center">n/a</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac magnetic resonance</td>
              <td align="center">n/a</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">35 minutes</td>
              <td align="center">Two injections</td>
              <td align="center">92-95%</td>
              <td align="center">51-89%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>n/a: non-applicable; DS: dobutamine-induced stress; Gad: gadolinium delayed enhancement.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Contrast phases are correlated with better evaluation when the contrast is injected in the stress phase only or in both phases, stress and rest phases. SPECT: single-photon emission computed tomography; <sup>18</sup>F-FDG: fluorodeoxyglucose F18; PET: positron-emission tomography</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Prognosis:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Observational studies have suggested that the presence of viable myocardium is directly associated with favorable progress of left ventricular function and good prognosis after revascularization. Patients who seem to benefit more from surgical revascularization are those with ischemic symptoms and severe left ventricular dysfunction. A significant perioperative risk should be considered in relation to long-term benefits on mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Comparison of randomized studies of miocardial viability</title>
        <p>Today, there is little evidence of randomized studies on this theme, with conflicting results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Stich trial</title>
        <p>Randomized, multicenter study involving 1,212 patients, 601 assessed for myocardial viability by dobutamine echocardiography (130 patients), SPECT (321 patients) or both (150 patients).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> In the myocardial viability study, 298 patients were randomly allocated to receive conservative treatment plus surgical revascularization, and 303 patients to receive pharmacological therapy alone. Median follow-up period was 56 months (12 months - 100 months).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> No statistically significant benefit of surgical intervention on mortality, or of assessment of myocardial viability on surgical intervention, suggesting that investigation of a viable myocardium do not differentiate patients who would benefit from revascularization from those who would benefit from medical therapy alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Despite its limitations and biases, the STICH trial is, so far, the largest study on the influence of myocardial viability on clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic heart disease. Also, it is the first study to evaluate differential results of revascularization and pharmacological therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>PARR-2 Trial</title>
      <p>Study designed to evaluate the efficacy of <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, by risk stratification and identification of those who would benefit from myocardial revascularization. A total of 430 patients with LVEF &lt; 35% and CAD were allocated into two groups - standard care (n = 212) and treatment assisted by <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET (n = 218).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>
			</p>
      <p>At one year, the PARR-2 trial did not show a significant difference between the groups in the primary outcomes that included death for cardiac causes, acute myocardial infarction or hospital stays for cardiac cause (30% vs. 36% p = 0.15). In PET group, however, there was a significant decrease in primary outcome over the follow-up period (relative risk 0.62; 95% CI 0.42 - 0.93; p = 0.019).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Perspectives</title>
        <p>Myocardial viability is still a subject of clinical importance and a focus of clinical trials and translational science. Pathophysiological basis of left ventricular ischemic dysfunction seems to be correlated with myocardial stunning, hibernation or myocardial necrosis. Imaging methods used for assessment of viable muscular tissue have their own operational characteristics and should be appropriate to the patient&#8217;s individual characteristics. The detection of myocardial viability may be a valuable predictor of the response to revascularization and long-term prognostic and, thereby, contribute to the decision-making in the medical practice.</p>
        <p><sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET and CMR are considered first-choice methods for detection of viability due to their high sensitivity and specificity rates, whereas both echocardiography and myocardial scintigraphy considered acceptable methods for their wide availability and accessibility. With respect to the impact on medical practice, there are no definite studies showing the benefits of myocardial viability assessment on patients&#8217; prognosis, which reinforce the necessity of larger studies, considering the great relevance of the theme.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Wilter dos Santos Ker, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implica&#231;&#245;es Pr&#225;ticas da Pesquisa de Viabilidade Mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ker</surname>
            <given-names>Wilter dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Helena Peixoto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Medicina Nuclear - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP) - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Radiologia - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP) - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Wilter dos Santos Ker</bold>, Rua Aroazes, 180, Apt 903. CEP 22775-060, Jacarepagu&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>wiltersker@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ker WS, Nunes THP, Nacif MS, Mesquita CT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ker WS, Nacif MS, Mesquita CT</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Diversos m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos, como novos exames de imagem, vem sendo aprimorados, a fim de somar esfor&#231;os com os atuais em estimar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes p&#243;s-inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica. Este progn&#243;stico &#233; proporcional &#224; viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, a qual tem sua avalia&#231;&#227;o reservada para pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda. Enquanto a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica se mostra como a capacidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional do m&#250;sculo com disfun&#231;&#227;o por redu&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio fornecido por art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias obstru&#237;das, a hiberna&#231;&#227;o consiste na pr&#243;pria recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Este artigo prop&#245;e uma revis&#227;o sobre as bases fisiopatol&#243;gicas do processo de viabilidade, m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos dispon&#237;veis, progn&#243;stico e perspectivas para o futuro acerca dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Realizou-se pesquisa de busca bibliogr&#225;fica informatizada em bases eletr&#244;nicas de dados, como PubMed, Lilacs, Cochrane e Scielo, onde foram selecionados os estudos de acordo com crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-determinados.</p>
        <p>Os estudos demonstram a capacidade de v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas de imagem de identificar tecido vi&#225;vel em regi&#245;es disfuncionais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em decorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Estas t&#233;cnicas podem identificar pacientes com potencial benef&#237;cio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e orientar o tratamento mais adequado.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Sobreviv&#234;ncia de Tecidos</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio Atordoado / fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica por m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos de imagem, fomenta atualmente diversas pesquisas, na busca pelos padr&#245;es de exames mais promissores e detentores de alta sensibilidade. Os resultados revelam a import&#226;ncia de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o correta dessa condi&#231;&#227;o, indispens&#225;vel para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes aptos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Por conta de a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o ser uma vari&#225;vel dicot&#244;mica, alguns de seus aspectos medidos por meio de uma imagem podem n&#227;o ser mensur&#225;veis por outro m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Quando observados isoladamente, par&#226;metros como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, tamanho de cicatriz, da isquemia e da remodela&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m da dura&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o &#250;teis na orienta&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo piloto,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> por&#233;m, trabalhou uma abordagem multimodal de viabilidade, o que demonstrou maior valor dessas vari&#225;veis quando analisadas em combina&#231;&#227;o, pois permitem caracteriza&#231;&#227;o mais fidedigna da fun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Por falta de maiores estudos, exames de imagem baseados em avalia&#231;&#227;o multimodal ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendados. Cabe ressaltar que, mesmo a presen&#231;a de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel em grande &#225;rea card&#237;aca sendo fator importante na decis&#227;o da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, essa deve ser baseada na cl&#237;nica apresentada pelo paciente, na evid&#234;ncia de isquemia, anatomia coron&#225;ria e na fun&#231;&#227;o global e regional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica &#233; um desafio frequente e de expressiva import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, pois pode ser necess&#225;ria em pacientes com o uso de terapia trombol&#237;tica p&#243;s-infarto, al&#233;m de auxiliar certos cirurgi&#245;es e cardiologistas no estabelecimento de melhor conduta terap&#234;utica entre estrat&#233;gia intervencionista, angioplastia ou uso de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Esta avalia&#231;&#227;o vem a ser especialmente importante nos casos em que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; considerada, haja vista as elevadas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade perioperat&#243;rias desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>T&#233;cnicas com base na Medicina Nuclear possuem grande sensibilidade na investiga&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade, enquanto as t&#233;cnicas respons&#225;veis por avaliar reserva contr&#225;ctil apresentam maior especificidade na avalia&#231;&#227;o. Alguns m&#233;todos de imagem, como tomografia computadorizada (TC), tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET), cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, ecocardiograma com dobutamina e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) t&#234;m seus resultados exaustivamente pesquisados, na tentativa de reconhecimento do melhor m&#233;todo para investiga&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Fisiopatologia</title>
          <p>A viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica refere-se aos cardiomi&#243;citos vivos ap&#243;s inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, de acordo com fun&#231;&#227;o microsc&#243;pica celular, metab&#243;lica e contr&#225;til. O mioc&#225;rdio &#233; dito vi&#225;vel quando apresenta disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sem necrose tecidual, o que garante sua capacidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional ap&#243;s a normaliza&#231;&#227;o do suprimento vascular. Dentro desse contexto, &#8220;mioc&#225;rdio atordoado&#8221; e o &#8220;mioc&#225;rdio hibernante&#8221; s&#227;o subdivis&#245;es que, apesar de apresentarem caracter&#237;sticas diferentes, a hiberna&#231;&#227;o pode ser uma adapta&#231;&#227;o aos repetitivos epis&#243;dios do chamado &#8220;mioc&#225;rdio atordoado&#8221;, segundo Chareonthaitawee et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Caracter&#237;sticas principais da fisiopatologia do mioc&#225;rdio atordoado e hibernante [baseado em Chareonthaitawee et al.8]</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0278-80051-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O &#8220;mioc&#225;rdio atordoado&#8221; recebe esta denomina&#231;&#227;o, pois resulta de r&#225;pido epis&#243;dio de oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria grave, com posterior restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coron&#225;rio. A abrupta diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo causa disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til, que persiste, mesmo ap&#243;s este ser restaurado. H&#225;, geralmente, m&#237;nima necrose, mas a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode permanecer prejudicada por tempo prolongado, o que pode variar de horas a semanas. Um grupo de pesquisadores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> avaliando a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com coronariopatia, demonstraram que epis&#243;dios repetitivos de isquemia podem levar a um atordoamento cumulativo, que contribui para o desenvolvimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda cr&#244;nica p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mica. Um fator relevante &#233; que graus semelhantes de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em pacientes distintos podem estar associados a diferen&#231;as significativas da propor&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Al&#233;m disso, a viabilidade n&#227;o est&#225; relacionada com a espessura de parede mioc&#225;rdica, haja vista que afinamento de parede ventricular n&#227;o significa aus&#234;ncia de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>&#8220;Mioc&#225;rdio hibernante&#8221; tem sido definido como regi&#245;es com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica com evid&#234;ncia de hipoperfus&#227;o em repouso;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> representa um mioc&#225;rdio com celularidade preservada, por&#233;m com fluxo sangu&#237;neo reduzido, o que leva &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular deprimida, mesmo em repouso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O postulado inicial sobre mioc&#225;rdio hibernante caracterizava-o como adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipoperfus&#227;o cr&#244;nica, por&#233;m n&#227;o t&#227;o significativo a ponto de provocar infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e foi apoiado por estudos de &#225;reas mioc&#225;rdicas disfuncionais e com reduzido fluxo sangu&#237;neo, que foram analisadas por RMC e t&#233;cnicas de imagem PET.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A patog&#234;nese do mioc&#225;rdio hibernante, contudo, ainda n&#227;o foi elucidada e &#233; motivo de estudos; acredita-se, entretanto, estar condicionada a uma poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o da regula&#231;&#227;o funcional por comprometimento mitocondrial, a fim de proteger a c&#233;lula muscular card&#237;aca do fen&#244;meno isqu&#234;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Sabe-se, por&#233;m, que a hiberna&#231;&#227;o carrega consigo altera&#231;&#245;es celulares e extracelulares, que podem estar ligadas ao tempo de reversibilidade do processo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> que pode variar de dias at&#233; 14 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade pode contribuir de modo significativo na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes nos quais o procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pode levar &#224; benef&#237;cio, em especial melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e da sobrevida. Para demonstrar a utilidade cl&#237;nica da demonstra&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade, uma metan&#225;lise foi feita com 24 estudos que avaliavam diferentes t&#233;cnicas de detec&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade nos portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) cr&#244;nica e disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A taxa de mortalidade anual no grupo com viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica e em tratamento medicamentoso foi de 16%, contrastando com a taxa de mortalidade anual de 3,2% do grupo submetido &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Nos pacientes portadores de DAC, a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pode ser causada por uma combina&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;veis e &#225;reas de fibrose. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco com m&#233;todos de imagem oferece a possibilidade de identificar a localiza&#231;&#227;o, a quantidade de viabilidade presente no mioc&#225;rdio disfuncional e a exequibilidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, o que &#233; essencial no planejamento terap&#234;utico desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Esta revis&#227;o prop&#245;e-se a abordar as bases fisiopatol&#243;gicas do processo de viabilidade, m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos dispon&#237;veis, progn&#243;stico e perspectivas de desenvolvimento dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Realizou-se pesquisa de busca bibliogr&#225;fica informatizada nas bases eletr&#244;nicas de dados: PubMed, Lilacs, Cochrane e Scielo, em que foram selecionados os estudos de acordo com crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-determinados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Para satisfazer o objetivo do estudo e atingir o resultado proposto, foi realizada uma revis&#227;o descritiva da literatura cient&#237;fica com os estudos que avaliaram a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica dos mais diversos exames de imagem para mensura&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Foram inclu&#237;dos tanto demonstrando superioridade singular de determinado m&#233;todo de visualiza&#231;&#227;o por alguns, quanto comparando efetividade de m&#233;todos de imagem entre si, a partir da an&#225;lise de outros autores.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Tipos de estudo: Foram inclu&#237;dos como artigos de revis&#227;o, os estudos que objetivaram mostrar a efetividade de exames de imagem em mensurar a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Popula&#231;&#227;o: os estudos selecionados envolvem pacientes cardiopatas, com hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos estudos sem a descri&#231;&#227;o clara dos protocolos empregados para realiza&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos avaliados, estudos sem a descri&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica empregada e estudos que n&#227;o obedeciam aos crit&#233;rios supracitados.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Busca na base de dados:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Foram utilizadas as seguintes bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas para busca da literatura:</p>
        <p>&#8226; PubMed/MEDLINE: Base de dados norte-americana que representa uma das maiores na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, com refer&#234;ncias &#224;s revistas cient&#237;ficas sem limita&#231;&#227;o de data.</p>
        <p>Foram utilizados os seguintes descritores para a busca no portal Pubmed: Myocardial viability; PET; CT; SPECT; Resonance Magnetic myocardial; Echocardiography.</p>
        <p>&#8226; LILACS: Base de dados que integra o Sistema BIREME e envolve diversas revistas cient&#237;ficas, teses e livros.</p>
        <p>Para a busca na base LILACS, foram utilizados os termos: Viabilidade do Mioc&#225;rdio E estudos de viabilidade.</p>
        <p>&#8226; COCHRANE: Base de dados com foco principal em revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas.</p>
        <p>Na base COCHRANE, foram utilizados os termos &#8220;Myocardial viability&#8221;.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Viabilidade Mioc&#225;rdica com Ecocardiograma com Dobutamina</title>
            <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia de estresse com Dobutamina para a detec&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica &#233; um m&#233;todo eficaz nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica da DAC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e seguro, com baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos significativos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> (em torno de 0,5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Este m&#233;todo apresenta valores favor&#225;veis de sensibilidade (entre 77% e 89%) e de especificidade (entre 68% e 93%) n&#227;o s&#243; na fase p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> como tamb&#233;m na fase cr&#244;nica da DAC, 82% e 92%, respectivamente, conforme demonstrado por Marzullo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Viabilidade Mioc&#225;rdica com a cintilografia com Sestamibi-<sup>(99m)</sup>Tc e potencializa&#231;&#227;o com nitratos</title>
            <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica de rotina, uma t&#233;cnica amplamente dispon&#237;vel &#233; a cintilografia com Sestamibi-<sup>(99m)</sup>Tc utilizando nitratos para potencializa&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o. Os nitratos permitem melhorar o padr&#227;o do fluxo nos vasos estenosados e colaterais, respons&#225;veis pela irriga&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas hipoperfundidas, o que aumenta o potencial de detec&#231;&#227;o de tecido vi&#225;vel, em especial com o Sestamibi-<sup>(99m)</sup>Tc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Esse potencial de detec&#231;&#227;o &#233; garantido gra&#231;as ao fato de absor&#231;&#227;o e reten&#231;&#227;o de sestamibi serem dependentes de perfus&#227;o, integridade de membrana celular e potencial de membrana (fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial), sendo esses, portanto, os marcadores de tecido vi&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Schinkel AF et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> constataram que, ap&#243;s o uso de nitratos, a imagem com Sestamibi-<sup>(99m)</sup>Tc tem uma sensibilidade de 81% e especificidade de 69% para presen&#231;a de viabilidade, resultado que se mostra inferior &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo PET-FDG-<sup>18</sup>F.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, ilustramos um caso onde o defeito perfusional em repouso, atribu&#237;do inicialmente &#224; &#225;rea de infarto, apresentou normaliza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a abertura da oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria na art&#233;ria descendente anterior, demonstrando mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel. Estes achados demonstram a limita&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica da interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens com Sestamibi-<sup>(99m)</sup>Tc para detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e viabilidade.</p>
            <p>Na maioria dos estudos sobre Sestamibi-<sup>(99m)</sup>Tc adicionado &#224; nitrato, s&#227;o obtidos dois padr&#245;es de imagens: imagem de repouso e imagem nitrato-aumentada. A reversibilidade da les&#227;o (por preenchimento) &#233; considerada como indicativo de viabilidade. Sciagra et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> estudaram 105 pacientes com DAC cr&#244;nica e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda submetidos &#224; imagem por sestamibi com nitrato, demonstrando que o preditor mais importante de progn&#243;stico foi o n&#250;mero de &#225;reas disfuncionais n&#227;o revascularizadas com mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel, obtidas por imagens usando Sestamibi-<sup>(99m)</sup>Tc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f7">
                <label>Figura 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Cintilografia de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica com Sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc etapa repouso nas imagens da linha superior e Sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc etapa repouso com nitrato nas imagens da linha inferior, mostrando melhora do padr&#227;o perfusional nos segmentos anterior (apical, m&#233;dio e basal) e &#226;ntero-lateral (m&#233;dio e basal)</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0278-80051-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica com T&#225;lio<sup>201</sup></title>
            <p>O T&#225;lio<sup>201</sup>, tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es para o seu uso de rotina, pois tem maior meia-vida f&#237;sica, possui relativa baixa energia dos f&#243;tons e baixo fluxo de f&#243;tons, gerando imagens de menor taxa de contagens, o que pode acarretar mais artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, imagens de qualidade sub-&#243;tima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Entretanto, o T&#225;lio<sup>201</sup> tem a vantagem de apresentar um transporte ativo para interior da c&#233;lula mioc&#225;rdica, o que aumenta a sua acur&#225;cia para detec&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdico vi&#225;vel. Para tanto, dois protocolos s&#227;o mais frequentemente empregados: estresse-redistribui&#231;&#227;o-reinje&#231;&#227;o e o repouso-redistribui&#231;&#227;o. Enquanto o primeiro foca em dados sobre isquemia induzida pelo esfor&#231;o e viabilidade, o segundo se restringe a informa&#231;&#245;es restritas &#224; viabilidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f8">
                <label>Figura 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Cintilografia de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica para pesquisa de Viabilidade do Mioc&#225;rdio com T&#225;lio<sup>201</sup>, etapa stresse na linha superior e etapa de redistribui&#231;&#227;o 24 horas ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador T&#225;lio<sup>201</sup> nas imagens da linha inferior, revelando melhora da perfus&#227;o nos segmentos anterior (apical, m&#233;dio e basal) e &#226;ntero-lateral (m&#233;dio e basal), &#237;nfero-lateral (m&#233;dio e basal).</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0278-80051-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o por T&#225;lio<sup>201</sup> pode mostrar diferentes defeitos de perfus&#227;o, que variam numa faixa de totalmente revers&#237;veis &#224; irrevers&#237;veis. Essa classifica&#231;&#227;o varia de acordo com o grau de melhora na atividade das imagens tardias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Os crit&#233;rios de especificidade e sensibilidade do m&#233;todo foram analisados por Schinkel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> a partir de metan&#225;lise que apresentou sensibilidade de 87% e especificidade de 54% na predi&#231;&#227;o de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Alguns estudos sugerem que a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica n&#227;o &#233; obrigat&#243;ria para acarretar benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico, sendo observado melhor progn&#243;stico, apesar de n&#227;o se encontrar melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de alguns pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Viabilidade Mioc&#225;rdica com FDG-<sup>18</sup>F PET</title>
            <p>O FDG-<sup>18</sup>F PET &#233; considerado o padr&#227;o-ouro dentre as diversas modalidades de imagem dispon&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A fluordesoxiglicose (FDG) &#233; utilizada para avaliar o metabolismo de glicose card&#237;aco, por ser um an&#225;logo deste carboidrato. Dessa forma, a capta&#231;&#227;o do marcador nos mi&#243;citos &#233; similar &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de glicose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Em estados de jejum alimentar, o mioc&#225;rdio utiliza de modo preferencial &#225;cidos graxos livres como fonte de energia, enquanto no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-prandial, recorre &#224; glicose (com n&#237;veis maiores de insulina circulantes).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Como o metabolismo dos &#225;cidos graxos livres &#233; dependente de oxig&#234;nio, na vig&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, h&#225; prefer&#234;ncia por consumo de glicose (via glicol&#237;tica), sendo este consumo a marca do mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
						</p>
            <p>O PET com FDG-<sup>18</sup>F tem sensibilidade e especificidade m&#233;dias de 92% e 63%, respectivamente, quando avaliam a probabilidade de melhoria funcional do m&#250;sculo p&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Grande parte dos estudos utilizam dados comparativos de perfus&#227;o e da capta&#231;&#227;o de FDG-<sup>18</sup>F, sendo as &#225;reas hipoperfundidas que apresentam metabolismo de glicose preservado as &#225;reas de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f9">
                <label>Figura 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com Sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc na linha superior e PET FDG-<sup>18</sup>F para pesquisa de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica na linha inferior, revelando melhora da perfus&#227;o/metabolismo nos segmentos anterior (apical, m&#233;dio e basal), septo-apical, &#226;ntero-spetal (m&#233;dio e basal) e &#237;nfero-septal (m&#233;dio e basal), padr&#227;o &#8220;mismatch&#8220;.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0278-80051-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>A melhora global do VE tamb&#233;m pode ser verificada pelo FDG-<sup>18</sup>F. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) tem uma melhora m&#233;dia de 37% para 47% em pacientes com viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica detectada pelo PET com FDG-<sup>18</sup>F ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Naqueles que n&#227;o possu&#237;am essa condi&#231;&#227;o, a FEVE permaneceu praticamente inalterada (39% x 40%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Viabilidade Mioc&#225;rdica com tomografia computadorizada (TC)</title>
          <p>A TC &#233; a t&#233;cnica mais recente e amplamente utilizada para realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coronariana. Atualmente, h&#225; tr&#234;s t&#233;cnicas diferentes de TC card&#237;aca: angiografia coronariana, com contraste iodado e a n&#227;o contrastada. Todas apresentam capacidade de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A angiografia coronariana por TC apresenta elevado valor preditivo negativo (&gt;95%) na exclus&#227;o de DAC epic&#225;rdica, desenvolvendo papel crescente na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica. Pode ainda fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es importantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, na suspeita de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita ou de anomalia coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A TC com realce tardio utiliza princ&#237;pio similar &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) com gadol&#237;neo para estudo de imagem de cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica. O contraste iodado da TC acaba por aumentar as unidades de Hounsfield nos tecidos que apresentem contraste, gra&#231;as &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o dos raios X desse m&#233;todo de imagem. Assim, o m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco pode ser visualizado na fase arterial precoce sugerindo obstru&#231;&#227;o de natureza macro ou microvascular. Ao ser observado com 5 a 10 minutos ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste iodado com aumento do realce, a obstru&#231;&#227;o &#233; sugestiva de infarto, pelo ac&#250;mulo de contraste extracelular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Por &#250;ltimo, a TC n&#227;o contrastada pode revelar aneurismas calcificados do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, por obter imagens semelhantes &#224;s obtidas durante as varreduras de corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o ou escore de c&#225;lcio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Algumas vantagens que a TC card&#237;aca traz s&#227;o a possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o em conjunto com a TC coronariana, necessitando somente de acr&#233;scimo de alguns minutos ao protocolo da angiografia; alta resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial, sendo de grande valor na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pequenos infartos; resolu&#231;&#227;o praticamente isotr&#243;pica e reconstru&#231;&#227;o 3D fidedigna de dados, pela pequena espessura de cortes; possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame em pacientes portadores de marca-passos e outros dispositivos met&#225;licos. Como desvantagens, entretanto, pode-se citar a necessidade de maior carga radioativa para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens adicionais ap&#243;s imagem coronariana, e capacidade de localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto e transmuralidade pior quando comparada &#224; RMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica com RM</title>
          <p>A RM &#233; um m&#233;todo de grande efici&#234;ncia para pesquisa de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e vem desempenhando importante papel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, sendo considerado por muitos tamb&#233;m como padr&#227;o-ouro da avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. A RM permite avaliar a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica, por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o de reserva contr&#225;til com dobutamina de baixa dose e, mais importantemente, a presen&#231;a de fibrose pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio por gadol&#237;neo. Em sua meta-an&#225;lise, Romero et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> concluem que RM com dobutamina em baixa dose apresenta elevada sensibilidade e especificidade (81% e 91%, respectivamente), enquanto RM com realce tardio por gadol&#237;neo possui 95% de sensibilidade e 51% de especificidade, e alta precis&#227;o na determina&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros, como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, volume e massa do VE, movimento da parede regional e espessamento do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> A espessura da parede do VE ao final da di&#225;stole &#233; importante para o afastamento de viabilidade.</p>
          <p>A mais not&#225;vel caracter&#237;stica da RM &#233; a alta resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial. Por isso, ganha destaque no diagn&#243;stico de &#225;reas isqu&#234;micas que n&#227;o conseguem ser detectadas por outros m&#233;todos, gra&#231;as &#224; qualidade de imagem superior. A RM tamb&#233;m pode ser particularmente &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de fluxo sangu&#237;neo do mioc&#225;rdio em repouso nas regi&#245;es hibernantes de uma coron&#225;ria estenosada e na melhoria da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica local ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O uso do gadol&#237;neo como meio de contraste na RM possibilita a detec&#231;&#227;o de efeitos de perfus&#227;o, obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular e a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre necrose transmural e necrose subendorc&#225;dica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> O gadol&#237;neo tem baixo risco de nefrotoxicidade, exceto nos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia renal terminal, em que pode haver o risco de toxicidade sist&#234;mica. Os agentes gadol&#237;neo-quelados distribuem-se no espa&#231;o extracelular, n&#227;o penetram em c&#233;lulas com membranas intactas, por&#233;m podem se acumular nos mi&#243;citos com ruptura de membrana (por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, por exemplo) e em &#225;reas de fibrose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Padr&#245;es da transmuralidade do infarto na presen&#231;a e na aus&#234;ncia de viabilidade revelados pela reson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0278-80051-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A probabilidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; proporcional &#224; natureza transmural do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Um indicador muito importante sobre melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; a quantidade de realce tardio observado na RM, pois h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva da melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida que ocorre o aumento da origem transmural do tecido cicatricial. Kim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> avaliaram a capacidade do realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico avaliado pela RM prever a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Cerca de 80% dos segmentos com &lt; 25% de fibrose transmural apresentaram recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, enquanto que somente 10% dos segmentos com transmuralidade &gt; 50% recuperaram ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Selvanayagam et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> mostram a RM por realce tardio como um poderoso preditor de viabilidade p&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo import&#226;ncia para este m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de viabilidade.</p>
          <p>A espessura da parede do VE pode trazer informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre a presen&#231;a de viabilidade. Estudo de Schinkel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> apontou que espessura menor que 5 mm ao final da di&#225;stole est&#225; associada a uma menor probabilidade de n&#227;o recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Como consequ&#234;ncia destas an&#225;lises, pode-se predizer que segmentos com espessura de parede inferior &#224; 5,5 mm na fase final da di&#225;stole nunca mostram recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional ap&#243;s cirurgia. Al&#233;m disso, os segmentos com 5,5 mm de espessura nem sempre mostram melhora na sua fun&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, ficando dependentes da poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de infarto de caracter&#237;stica n&#227;o transmural. Esses segmentos cont&#234;m tecido cicatricial em camada subendoc&#225;rdica, com viabilidade residual no epic&#225;rdio. Dessa forma, um afinamento significativo da parede indica tecido cicatricial, com pouca probabilidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o; entretanto, evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a recupera&#231;&#227;o pode ocorrer, mas deve ser exclu&#237;do tecido cicatricial na RM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Gerber et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> demonstraram que a RM card&#237;aca foi de grande import&#226;ncia na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e disfun&#231;&#227;o grave de VE que se beneficiaria da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A RM card&#237;aca pode, definitivamente, ser realizada em toda miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> As grandes limita&#231;&#245;es dessa t&#233;cnica, entretanto, s&#227;o o elevado custo, a dificuldade em realizar o exame em pacientes com dispositivos implantados e a disponibilidade limitada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>PET-RM</title>
        <p>Uma nova t&#233;cnica - PET-RM come&#231;a a ser estudada, por&#233;m ainda com disponibilidade limitada. O m&#233;todo tem a vantagem de reunir a elevada resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial da RM com a sensibilidade do PET, sem excesso de radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante. Ao contr&#225;rio de PET-CT, entretanto, o sinergismo da combina&#231;&#227;o de PET e MR ainda precisa ser avaliado.</p>
        <p>Comparando-se espessura de parede do VE no final da di&#225;stole na RM com o uso da glicose pelo FDG-<sup>18</sup>F PET, demonstrou-se que as regi&#245;es com espessura de parede inferior &#224; 5,5 mm no final da di&#225;stole sofreram redu&#231;&#227;o da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da glicose, enquanto as regi&#245;es com espessura de 5,5 mm n&#227;o consumiram o carboidrato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> Apesar de ainda serem temas de estudo, as aplica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas do PET-RM incluem a localiza&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica das les&#245;es, e podem orientar a interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> Dados preliminares apontam para a possibilidade do PET-RM de mensura&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e da neoangiog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> A RM pode auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o da cicatriz, enquanto o PET caracteriza o subepic&#225;rdio e estima a probabilidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional das &#225;reas que n&#227;o s&#227;o portadoras de cicatrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as diversas t&#233;cnicas:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Para fins pr&#225;ticos, as t&#233;cnicas de pesquisa de viabilidade mais adequadas s&#227;o aquelas em que o cl&#237;nico ou a institui&#231;&#227;o tem maior experi&#234;ncia. A ecocardiografia com dobutamina apresenta, de modo geral, elevado valor preditivo positivo, mostrando-se, portanto, mais espec&#237;fica, enquanto as t&#233;cnicas de Medicina Nuclear s&#227;o mais sens&#237;veis ao diagn&#243;stico, com um significativo valor preditivo negativo, como pode ser visto no estudo de Panza et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> que avaliou, comparativamente, a ecocardiografia com cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica por T&#225;lio<sup>201</sup>. Sadeghian et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> avaliaram segmentos acin&#233;ticos vi&#225;veis por Sestamibi-<sup>(99m)</sup>Tc, em repouso, e viram que estes s&#227;o mais frequentes do que o n&#250;mero de segmentos com resposta contr&#225;til &#224; dobutamina. Dessa forma, tem sido proposto que a ecocardiografia, pela sua maior disponibilidade, poderia ser o primeiro exame na pesquisa de viabilidade e, como segunda linha de investiga&#231;&#227;o, poderia-se optar por m&#233;todo nuclear, a fim de rastrear pacientes com viabilidade adicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O uso de Sestamibi-<sup>(99m)</sup>Tc tem sido utilizado com alternativa ao T&#225;lio<sup>201</sup>, pela melhor qualidade de imagem associada e menor exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o com o primeiro. Em casos em que as imagens com Sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc n&#227;o sejam conclusivas, ou em que haja possibilidade cl&#237;nica de maior extens&#227;o de viabilidade, o uso do T&#225;lio<sup>201</sup> &#233; indicado por sua maior taxa de detec&#231;&#227;o, em especial em regi&#245;es de grave hipoperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um excelente m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio hibernante &#233; o FDG-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>F PET, pela sensibilidade superior na detec&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio disfuncional, mas vi&#225;vel. Uma meta-an&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> demonstrou uma sensibilidade de 93% para essa t&#233;cnica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Apresenta, entretanto, menor especificidade de 58%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RM e t&#233;cnicas de medicina nuclear, a compara&#231;&#227;o da RM com contraste, ecocardiograma com dobutamina e T&#225;lio<sup>201</sup> repouso-redistribui&#231;&#227;o, obteve concord&#226;ncia de 83% e 75%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref> Klein et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> comparando RM com contraste e o FDG-<sup>18</sup>F PET, demonstraram boa concord&#226;ncia entre as duas t&#233;cnicas, de modo que, nos pacientes com DAC e FEVE muito reduzida, a t&#233;cnica de RM pode identificar &#225;reas de fibrose com resultados muito pr&#243;ximos aos obtidos por PET, a partir da compara&#231;&#227;o de fluxo e metabolismo de glicose. A RM oferece, ainda, outros par&#226;metros de viabilidade tecidual, como espessura da parede, reserva contr&#225;til e realce tardio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Comparativamente com a TC, a RM apresenta ainda, maior resolu&#231;&#227;o de contraste para tecidos moles, sem a necessidade de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes que n&#227;o podem ser abordados por RM por conta de marca-passos, cardioversores implant&#225;veis ou v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas mec&#226;nicas podem encontrar na TC uma op&#231;&#227;o. Nesses casos, o PET tamb&#233;m &#233; uma boa alternativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> resume o comparativo sobre os m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos na avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Dose de radia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Redistribui&#231;&#227;o do contraste/tra&#231;ador</th>
                <th align="center">Tempo de protocolo</th>
                <th align="center">Fases de contraste<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Sensibilidade</th>
                <th align="center">Especificidade</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ecocardiograma com Dobutamina</td>
                <td align="center">n/a</td>
                <td align="center">n/a</td>
                <td align="center">30 min</td>
                <td align="center">n/a</td>
                <td align="center">77-89%</td>
                <td align="center">68-93%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc SPECT</td>
                <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o ocorre</td>
                <td align="center">90 a 120 min</td>
                <td align="center">Duas inje&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">81%</td>
                <td align="center">69%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T&#225;lio<sup>201</sup> SPECT</td>
                <td align="center">Alta</td>
                <td align="center">Ocorre</td>
                <td align="center">3h com imagens adicionais em 24h se necess&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">Uma inje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">87%</td>
                <td align="center">54%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FDG-<sup>18</sup>F PET</td>
                <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o ocorre</td>
                <td align="center">1h</td>
                <td align="center">Uma inje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">92%</td>
                <td align="center">63%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AngioTC coron&#225;ria / realce tardio</td>
                <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o ocorre</td>
                <td align="center">25 minutos</td>
                <td align="center">Duas inje&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">n/a</td>
                <td align="center">n/a</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">n/a</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o ocorre</td>
                <td align="center">35 minutos</td>
                <td align="center">Duas inje&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">92-95%</td>
                <td align="center">51-89%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>n/a: n&#227;o aplicado; ED: estresse induzido por Dobutamina; Gad - Realce Tardio por Gadol&#237;neo.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>As fases de contraste est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o quando se faz o protocolo com inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste apenas na fase de estresse ou nas duas fases, estresse e repouso. SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico; FDG-<sup>18</sup>F: fluordesoxiglucose; PET: tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <bold>Progn&#243;stico:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Os estudos observacionais sugerem que a presen&#231;a de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel est&#225; diretamente relacionada &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e a um bom progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes que parecem se beneficiarem mais da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica s&#227;o aqueles portadores de sintomas isqu&#234;micos e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave. Dessa forma, deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o um significativo risco perioperat&#243;rio contra uma melhora na mortalidade tardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o com estudos randomizados de viabilidade mio&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>Atualmente, h&#225; poucas evid&#234;ncias sobre estudos randomizados abordando o tema, com resultados conflitantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo stich</title>
          <p>Estudo multic&#234;ntrico, randomizado, no qual 1212 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, sendo que 601 foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Os exames de imagem adotados foram ecocardiografia com dobutamina (130 pacientes) ou SPECT (321 pacientes), ou ainda, ambos os m&#233;todos (150 pacientes).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> No estudo de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica do STICH, 298 participantes foram aleatoriamente escolhidos para receber tratamento conservador e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e 303 pacientes receberam tratamento farmacol&#243;gico isoladamente. A mediana do tempo de acompanhamento foi de 56 meses (m&#237;nimo 12 meses-m&#225;ximo 100 meses).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> Como resultado, n&#227;o foi encontrado benef&#237;cio estatisticamente significativo sobre mortalidade com a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, nem a avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica mostrou benef&#237;cio importante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, o que leva a crer que a avalia&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel n&#227;o diferencia os pacientes que se beneficiariam da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, comparando com os adeptos &#224; terapia m&#233;dica isolada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O estudo STICH, mesmo com suas limita&#231;&#245;es e vieses, representa, at&#233; ent&#227;o, a maior an&#225;lise sobre a influ&#234;ncia da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica sobre os desfechos cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica, al&#233;m de ser pioneiro na avalia&#231;&#227;o do resultado diferencial entre revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e terapia m&#233;dica farmacol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo PARR-2</title>
        <p>Estudo desenhado para avaliar a efic&#225;cia do FDG-<sup>18</sup>F PET em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE, a partir da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e da identifica&#231;&#227;o daqueles que mais se beneficiariam com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Foram inclu&#237;dos 430 pacientes com FEVE &lt; 35% e DAC, separados em dois grupos: tratamento padr&#227;o (n = 212) e tratamento assistido por PET-FDG (n = 218).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No primeiro ano, o estudo PAAR-2 n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto aos desfechos prim&#225;rios, como morte por causa card&#237;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por causa card&#237;aca (30% vs. 36% p = 0.15). No grupo em que se utilizou o PET, no entanto, houve posteriormente redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no desfecho prim&#225;rio, ao longo do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (Raz&#227;o de Risco 0,62, IC 95% 0,42 a 0,93; p = 0,019).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Perspectivas</title>
          <p>A viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica ainda &#233; um tema de import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e motivos de estudos cl&#237;nicos e de ci&#234;ncia translacional. A base fisiopatol&#243;gica da disfun&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica do VE parece estar correlacionada com os eventos de atordoamento mioc&#225;rdico, hiberna&#231;&#227;o ou necrose mioc&#225;rdica. Os m&#233;todos de imagem para avalia&#231;&#227;o de tecido muscular card&#237;aco vi&#225;vel tem caracter&#237;sticas operacionais pr&#243;prias e que devem ser adequadas ao paciente e suas caracter&#237;sticas individuais. A detec&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica pode ser um importante preditor da resposta &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, da determina&#231;&#227;o de progn&#243;stico em longo prazo e auxiliar, desta forma, a tomada de decis&#227;o sobre a conduta m&#233;dica.</p>
          <p>FDG-<sup>18</sup>F PET e RMC s&#227;o as modalidades consideradas de elei&#231;&#227;o para a detec&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade em virtude de suas elevadas taxas de sensibilidade e especificidade, sendo a ecocardiografia e a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica m&#233;todos aceit&#225;veis pela sua ampla disponibilidade e acessibilidade. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao impacto na conduta m&#233;dica, n&#227;o existem estudos definitivos que demonstrem benef&#237;cio da pesquisa de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica na mudan&#231;a do progn&#243;stico dos pacientes, o que ressalta a necessidade e a oportunidade de maiores pesquisas na &#225;rea, pois o tema &#233; de grande relev&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Wilter dos Santos Ker pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
