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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TN4QLtchqLZBgwZY54Gwm7G</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000300263</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180053</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Hypertension</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exercise Training Attenuates Sympathetic Activity and Improves Morphometry of Splenic Arterioles in Spontaneously Hipertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Marina de Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Ribeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marocolo</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sordi</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Cristina de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chriguer</surname>
            <given-names>Ros&#226;ngela Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Oct&#225;vio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Uberaba</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Juiz de Fora</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marina de Paiva Lemos</bold>, Rua dos Inconfidentes, 242 apt. 102. Postal Code 38025-410, Nossa Senhora da Abadia, Uberaba, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>marina_plemos@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Barbosa Neto O; Acquisition of data: Lemos MP, Sordi CC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lemos MP, Mota GR, Marocolo J&#250;nior M, Sordi CC, Chriguer RS, Barbosa Neto O; Statistical analysis: Lemos MP, Barbosa Neto O; Writing of the manuscript: Lemos MP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mota GR, Marocolo J&#250;nior M, Sordi CC, Chriguer RS, Barbosa Neto O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>263</fpage>
      <lpage>269</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Alterations in the structure of resistance vessels contribute to elevated systemic vascular resistance in hypertension and are linked to sympathetic hyperactivity and related lesions in target organs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the effects of exercise training on hemodynamic and autonomic parameters, as well as splenic arteriolar damages in male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Normotensive sedentary (WKY<sub>S</sub>) and trained (WKY<sub>T</sub>) rats, and hypertensive sedentary (SHR<sub>S</sub>) and trained (SHR<sub>T</sub>) rats were included in this study. After 9 weeks of experimental protocol (swimming training or sedentary control), arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in freely moving rats. We assessed the autonomic control of the heart by sympathetic and vagal autonomic blockade. Morphometric analyses of arterioles were performed in spleen tissues. The statistical significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Resting bradycardia was observed in both trained groups (WKY<sub>T</sub>: 328.0 &#177; 7.3 bpm; SHR<sub>T</sub>: 337.0 &#177; 5.2 bpm) compared with their respective sedentary groups (WKY<sub>S</sub>: 353.2 &#177; 8.5 bpm; SHR<sub>S</sub>: 412.1 &#177; 10.4 bpm; p &lt; 0.001). Exercise training attenuated mean AP only in SHR<sub>T</sub> (125.9 &#177; 6.2 mmHg) vs. SHR<sub>S</sub> (182.5 &#177; 4.2 mmHg, p &lt; 0.001). The WKY<sub>T</sub> showed a higher vagal effect (&#8710;HR: 79.0 &#177; 2.3 bpm) compared with WKY<sub>S</sub> (&#8710;HR: 67.4 &#177; 1.7 bpm; p &lt; 0.05). Chronic exercise decreased sympathetic effects on SHR<sub>T</sub> (&#8710;HR: -62.8 &#177; 2.8 bpm) in comparison with SHR<sub>S</sub> (&#8710;HR: -99.8 &#177; 9.2 bpm; p = 0.005). The wall thickness of splenic arterioles in SHR was reduced by training (332.1 &#177; 16.0 &#181;m<sup>2</sup> in SHR<sub>T</sub> vs. 502.7 &#177; 36.3 &#181;m<sup>2</sup> in SHR<sub>S</sub>; p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Exercise training attenuates sympathetic activity and AP in SHR, which may be contributing to the morphological improvement of the splenic arterioles.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterioles</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Essential hypertension is inwardly connected to the blood vessels and is characterized by chronic increases in peripheral vascular resistance, mainly resulting from functional and structural alterations of the microcirculation. These lesions can be both the cause and the consequence of the elevation of arterial pressure (AP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The major pathways that interact to develop morphological changes in arteriolar vessels in hypertension may compromise the splenic vessels (arteriolar hyalinosis, fibrinoid necrosis) and the interstitial space, causing fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The arteriolar hyalinosis occurs by filtration of plasma proteins through the endothelium. It is not exclusive of any disease, being observed in arterioles of normal aging, especially in arterioles of the spleen. However, it occurs earlier and more intense in arterial hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The autonomic nervous system plays a key role in the stabilization of AP control for maintaining homeostasis. In this respect, the literature data show that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) can reciprocate incisively in the development of some forms of hypertension. Evidence of the participation of this system in the control of normal cardiovascular and metabolic functions and its role in the genesis and maintenance of several diseases is broad. The importance of understanding the workings of the SNS and systems related to it is essential not only to elucidate the path physiology of some diseases, but to understand how drugs that act on the adrenergic system interfere with the evolution of pathologies significantly altering the prognosis of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Experimental evidence has shown that chronic exercise produces beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system via alterations in neural control of the circulation. These effects include reductions in AP, sympathetic activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and vascular resistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> concomitantly with attenuation in the target-organ damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> If there is relation between exercise training and decrease of vascular resistance, the mechanisms by which chronic exercise training improves splenic arteriolar morphometry are not well established. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of exercise training on sympathetic activity and arteriolar damages in spleens of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animal model and exercise training protocol</title>
        <p>Forty male SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) aged 45-50 weeks were randomly assigned into four experimental groups of 10 rats each: SHR<sub>T</sub> and WKY<sub>T</sub> (that were submitted to exercise training protocol by swimming) or SHR<sub>S</sub> and WKY<sub>S</sub> (that were kept sedentary for a similar period of time). The sample size (n) was determined based on studies that evaluated the effects of exercise training on hypertension. These studies served as the basis for the present study that investigates the cardiovascular effects of the accumulated exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> All animals were kept in grouped cages (n = 3) at room temperature around 23&#186;C, humidity of 40-70% and photoperiod of 12-hour light/dark cycle. Efforts were made to avoid any unnecessary distress to the rats, in accordance to the Brazilian Council for Animal Experimentation. All animal protocols were approved by the local Experimental Animal Use Committee (#271/2013), and were performed according to the regulations set forth by the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.</p>
        <p>The swimming exercise protocol was performed in a glass tank and ambient water temperature was kept at 30&#186; &#177; 1&#186;C. The trained animals received a 20-min adaptation period on the first day, with increases of 10 min each day until reaching 1 hour on the fifth day.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> After this period, the rats trained 5 days/week with a gradual progression toward a 2-hour session during nine weeks. This protocol is defined as an aerobic endurance and low-intensity training, as the animals swam without additional work load, this method corresponds the intensity below the anaerobic threshold in rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Sedentary animals were placed in the swimming apparatus for 10 min twice a week to mimic the water stress associated with the experimental protocol.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Surgical procedures and hemodynamic parameters recording</title>
        <p>Twenty-four hours after the last exercise training session, all animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg ip) and cannulas of polyethylene (PE-10) were implanted into the femoral artery for cardiovascular recording and into the femoral vein for drug infusion. Then, the polyethylene catheters were exteriorized at the posterior neck region of the animal. Rats received food and water <italic>ad libitum</italic> and were studied 1 day after catheter placement. Prophylactic treatment with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs were performed to prevent postsurgical infections and inflammation, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> After 48 hours of recovery from the anesthesia and surgery, the arterial cannula was connected to an AP transducer and a signal amplifier (Model 8805A, Hewlett-Packard, USA) was converted by the analog-digital signal plate (sampling frequency - 1000 Hz) by a computerized system data acquisition (Aqdados, Tec Lynx. Eletron. SA, Sao Paulo, Brazil) and stored on computer. The animals were maintained in a peaceful environment for a period of 15 minutes and adaptive later pulsatile AP was continuously recorded at baseline for 30 minutes. During the experimental procedure, systolic AP (SAP), diastolic AP (DAP), mean AP (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were derived from pulsatile AP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac autonomic tonus</title>
        <p>To evaluate the exercise training influence on the tonic autonomic control of the heart, we also performed the sympathetic and vagal autonomic blockade after propranolol (5 mg/kg, i.v.) and atropine (4mg/kg, i.v.) injections, respectively, to calculate the sympathetic and vagal effects, as well as the intrinsic HR (iHR) and tonic sympathovagal index.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The autonomic blockers were administered in a random sequence with a 15-min interval between them. After double blockade, the cardiovascular recordings lasted for 15 min. Briefly, the sympathetic effect was considered as the difference between the HR after sympathetic blockade and resting HR. Vagal effect was calculated as the difference between HR after vagal blockade and resting HR. The tonic sympathovagal index was obtained as the ratio between resting HR and iHR, considering that the iHR was the HR obtained after double autonomic blockade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of splenic arteriolar morphometry</title>
        <p>All animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and euthanatized with a lethal dose of potassium chloride. Their spleens were excised postmortem and immersed in saline (0.9%) to remove excess blood. Shortly after, the organs were placed on foil, previously treated and weighed in a semi-analytical Gehaka BG2000<sup>&#174;</sup>. Subsequently, the material was cut and placed inside a sterilized glass with 10% formaldehyde. Thereupon, the material was dehydrated using ethanol at concentrations of 80%, 90% and 95%. Diaphanization was performed with xylol. The material was placed in containers containing liquid paraffin at 60&#186;C. Then, the material was placed in blocks. Histological 2-&#181;m cuts were performed using a microtome and then the material were mounted in glass slides and stained with Masson's Trichrome Blue. The area of the inner and outer layers of each arteriole was quantified by using common light microscope for capturing the images and the imageJ program to check the area of each layer. At the end of the procedures for quantification of the area of each layer, the thickness of each arteriole was obtained.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Shapiro-Wilks and Levene's tests were used to evaluate the normality and homogeneity of the sample. Results were expressed as mean &#177; SD (for normally distributed variables) or median with upper and lower quartiles (for non-normally distributed variables). For parametric data, we used two-way ANOVA (etiology vs. intervention), with the Tukey as a post hoc test. The nonparametric data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. Pearson coefficient was used to test the correlation between sympathetic effect with area of outer wall thickness and total area thickness. Probability values of P &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SigmaStat&#174; v. 2.03 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The SHR<sub>S</sub> showed higher resting HR in comparison to WKY<sub>S</sub> (p &lt; 0.001). As expected, both trained groups presented higher resting bradycardia compared with their respective sedentary groups (p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline recording of heart rate (1A), systolic arterial pressure (1B), mean arterial pressure (1C) and diastolic arterial pressure (1D) in freely moving rats. WKY<sub>S</sub> (sedentary normotensive rats); WKY<sub>T</sub> (trained normotensive rats); SHR<sub>S</sub> (sedentary hypertensive rats); SHR<sub>T</sub> (trained hypertensive rats). Bars in figures 1A and 1C represent mean &#177; SD. Results in figures 1B and 1D are expressed as median (interquartile range). <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0.05 vs. WKY<sub>S;</sub> *p &lt; 0.001 vs. WKY<sub>S</sub>; <sup>&#8224;</sup>p &lt; 0.001 vs. WKY<sub>T</sub> and <sup>&#8225;</sup>p &lt; 0.001 vs. SHR<sub>S</sub>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0263-80053-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Exercise training also was able to decrease baseline SAP (p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>), MAP (p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>) and DAP (p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>) in hypertensive animals compared with their respective sedentary group. The SHR<sub>S</sub> presented higher pressure levels than WKY<sub>S</sub> (p &lt; 0.001) and WKY<sub>T</sub> (p &lt; 0.001) groups. After the 9-week training period, the AP was similar in WKY<sub>T</sub> and WKY<sub>S</sub>.</p>
      <p>To evaluate the influence of chronic exercise on the tonic autonomic control of the heart, we performed the vagal and sympathetic autonomic blockade with atropine and propranolol injections, respectively, to calculate the vagal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>) and sympathetic effects (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>), as well as the tonic sympathovagal index (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2C</xref>) and iHR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2D</xref>). No difference on vagal effect was observed between the hypertensive groups. However, the WKY<sub>T</sub> group evidenced a higher vagal effect than the WKY<sub>S</sub> group (p &lt; 0.05). Both hypertensive groups presented a lower vagal effect when compared with their respective normotensive groups (p &lt; 0.001). In addition, no difference in the sympathetic effect was observed between the normotensive groups (p = 0.563). On the other hand, the SHR<sub>T</sub> group showed a lower sympathetic effect as compared with SHR<sub>S</sub> group (p = 0.005). Both normotensive groups had a lower sympathetic effect when compared with their respective hypertensive groups (p &lt; 0.001). The sympathovagal index was lower in SHR<sub>T</sub> than in SHR<sub>S</sub> (p &lt; 0.05). No difference was observed between the groups regarding iHR.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effects of exercise training on the tonic autonomic control of the heart rate (HR) in non-anesthetized rats. (2A) vagal and (2B) sympathetic effects were obtained, respectively, by the difference between vagal blockade (by atropine) or sympathetic blockade (by propranolol) and resting HR. (2C) Sympathovagal balance was expressed by the tonic sympathovagal index, which is the ratio between resting and intrinsic HR (iHR). (2D) Intrinsic HR (bpm) obtained after autonomic double pharmacological blockade. Bars represent mean &#177; SD. *p &lt; 0.05 vs. WKY<sub>S;</sub>
							<sup>&#8224;</sup>p &lt; 0.05 vs. WKY<sub>T</sub> and <sup>&#8225;</sup>p &lt; 0.05 vs. SHR<sub>S</sub>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0263-80053-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Morphometric analysis after histological processing revealed profound changes in microcirculatory profile of spleen circulation induced by training in hypertensive animals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). As expected, hypertensive splenic arterioles had a thicker wall than normotensive arterioles (p &lt; 0.001). Despite this, exercise training was effective to normalize SHR arteriole wall/lumen ratio in spleen tissues analyzed when compared with that of SHR<sub>S</sub> (p &lt; 0.001). The SHR<sub>S</sub> also presented a greater area of outer wall thickness when compared to WKY<sub>S</sub> and WKY<sub>T</sub> (p &lt; 0.001). After exercise training protocol, the SHR<sub>T</sub> obtained a reduction in the area of the outer wall thickness compared to SHR<sub>S</sub> (p &lt; 0.001). Similar results were observed in the total area thickness. The SHR<sub>S</sub> had a higher total area thickness of the splenic arterioles than the normotensive groups (p &lt; 0.005). In addition, the SHR<sub>T</sub> evidenced an attenuation in total area thickness of splenic arterioles when compared with SHR<sub>S</sub> (p &lt; 0.005).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Values related to morphological analysis of the area of the wall thickness of splenic arterioles.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Thickness area</th>
              <th align="center">WKY<sub>S</sub> (n = 10)</th>
              <th align="center">WKY<sub>T</sub> (n = 10)</th>
              <th align="center">SHR<sub>S</sub> (n = 10)</th>
              <th align="center">SHR<sub>T</sub> (n = 10)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inner wall (&#181;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">60.5 &#177; 3.4</td>
              <td align="center">58.8 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">87.3 &#177; 3.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">58.0 &#177; 2.6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Outer wall (&#181;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">419.8 &#177; 29.3</td>
              <td align="center">405.6 &#177; 21.7</td>
              <td align="center">632.4 &#177; 29.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">418.8 &#177; 16.4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total area (&#181;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">335.6 &#177; 44.7</td>
              <td align="center">349.7 &#177; 35.8</td>
              <td align="center">502.7 &#177; 36.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">332.1 &#177; 16.0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD. Abbreviations: WKY<sub>S</sub>, sedentary normotensive rats; WKY<sub>T</sub>, trained normotensive rats; SHR<sub>S</sub>, sedentary hypertensive rats; SHR<sub>T</sub>, trained hypertensive rats. Data expressed as mean &#177; SEM</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. WKY<sub>S</sub>;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. WKY<sub>T</sub> and</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. SHR<sub>S</sub>.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Further analysis showed a significant association between sympathetic effect and area of outer wall thickness (r = 0.67, p &lt; 0.005; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>), sympathetic effect and total area thickness (r = 0.52, p &lt; 0.05; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>), sympathovagal index and area of outer wall thickness (r = 0.72, p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3C</xref>) and sympathovagal index and total area thickness (r = 0.64, p &lt; 0.005; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3D</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation coefficient between sympathetic effect and outer wall thickness (A), sympathetic effect and total area thickness (B), sympathovagal index and outer wall thickness (C), sympathovagal index and total area thickness (D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0263-80053-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our main findings confirmed the efficacy of exercise training to attenuate sympathetic overactivity and to lower AP in hypertensive animals, showing, in addition, that the training-induced, sympathetic-lowering effect was associated with normalization of abnormal splenic artery diameter, decreasing the degree of vascular injury in spleen. The morphometric analysis of small vessels employed in the present study revealed that the splenic vascular adjustments are specific for the SHR<sub>T</sub>. It is well documented that chronic physical exercise attenuates sympathetic hyperactivity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and arteriolar damage on hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> To our knowledge, however, this is one of the first reports to evidence association between a reduction in splenic arteriole injury and sympathetic activity.</p>
      <p>The cause-effect relation between hypertension and arteriolar damage (hypertrophy) is well established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In this sense, the literature evidences that an effective antihypertensive treatment should aim not only to reduce AP but also to correct injuries associated with hypertension, such as the altered vascular structure. A previous study has shown the efficacy of training to normalize arteriole wall/lumen ratio, evidencing that arteriolar response as well as vascular resistance reduction after exercise training were significantly correlated with AP reduction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Experimental study has found that arteriole wall/lumen ratios were reduced by increased internal and/or external diameter, which is a characteristic pattern for vascular remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Of importance is the demonstration that exercise training, by reversing lumen encroachment, normalizes enlarged wall/lumen ratio of small arterioles in hypertensive rats. These data are in accordance with the results found in our study.</p>
      <p>Results from studies with animal models indicate that a sustained elevation of sympathetic tonus stimulates smooth muscle cell hypertrophy, suggesting that sympathetic overactivity may contribute to changes in arterial wall thickness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In this way, an interesting finding in our study was a positive and significant correlation between sympathetic hyperactivity and splenic arterioles wall thickness in hypertensive rats, corroborating with results from other investigators who demonstrated that hypertension is associated with sympathetic overactivity that alters vasomotor control resulting in several abnormalities in tissue microcirculation, such as increased arteriolar wall-to-lumen ratio and decreased vessel density, which contribute to maintain an elevated total peripheral resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Another important finding in our research was that exercise training was able to attenuate sympathetic activity in SHR and that this effect was associated with a reduction in splenic arteriole wall thickness. Exercise training produces beneficial effects on cardiovascular system in normal and sick people via alterations (or modifications) in the neural control of circulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> These effects include reductions in AP, sympathetic outflow in humans,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> as well as in animal models,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> and vascular resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> In addition, there is evidence that exercise training improves the conditions of the small vessels in SHR subjected to swimming protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Although this study did not address the mechanisms responsible for training-induced effects, one might speculate that arteriole adjustments are group-specific (hypertensive rats) and probably not dependent on paracrine, autocrine, metabolic, and/or myogenic factors, since similar alterations were observed in a previous study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is well established that regular physical activity reduces AP in hypertensive individuals, without significant pressure changes in normotensive individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> In fact, several studies have suggested that exercise training intensity influences the pressure-lowering effect, with larger reductions being observed with lower exercise intensities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> We did not analyze the effect of training intensity, but our results clearly showed that the exercise protocol used caused an important AP decrease only in the SHR group. Pressure reduction was accompanied by both resting bradycardia and specific training-induced adjustment in splenic hypertensive arterioles. Resting bradycardia is considered to be an excellent hallmark for exercise training adaptation in humans and rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Thus, the bradycardia found in trained rats clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of the exercise protocol here used.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Considering our findings, we can conclude that exercise training was effective in reducing AP and improving splenic arteriolar morphometry in hypertensive rats. Briefly, these data strongly suggest that this improvement was associated with decreased sympathetic nerve activity. In addition, regression of hypertrophied splenic arteriole is the anatomic response to exercise training specific to the SHR group. These compensatory adjustments, by reducing local resistance and augmenting physical capacity, contribute to the training-induced, pressure-lowering effect observed in hypertensive individuals.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Capes, CNPq and Fapemig.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro under the protocol number #271/2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treinamento F&#237;sico Atenua a Atividade Simp&#225;tica e Melhora a Morfometria das Arter&#237;olas Espl&#234;nicas em Ratos Espontaneamente Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Marina de Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Ribeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marocolo</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sordi</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Cristina de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chriguer</surname>
            <given-names>Ros&#226;ngela Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Oct&#225;vio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marina de Paiva Lemos</bold>, Rua dos Inconfidentes, 242 apt. 102. CEP 38025-410, Nossa Senhora da Abadia, Uberaba, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>marina_plemos@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Barbosa Neto O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lemos MP, Sordi CC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:Lemos MP, Mota GR, Marocolo J&#250;nior M, Sordi CC, Chriguer RS, Barbosa Neto O; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lemos MP, Barbosa Neto O; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:Lemos MP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mota GR, Marocolo J&#250;nior M, Sordi CC, Chriguer RS, Barbosa Neto O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura dos vasos de resist&#234;ncia contribuem para elevar a resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica na hipertens&#227;o, estando ligadas &#224; hiperatividade simp&#225;tica e les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico nos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e aut&#244;nomos, assim como as les&#245;es arteriolares espl&#234;nica em ratos machos Wistar Kyoto (WKY) e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos normotensos sedent&#225;rios (WKY<sub>S</sub>) e treinados (WKY<sub>T</sub>), e ratos hipertensos sedent&#225;rios (SHR<sub>S</sub>) e treinados (SHR<sub>T</sub>) foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Ap&#243;s nove semanas de aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo experimental (treinamento de nata&#231;&#227;o ou controle sedent&#225;rio), registraram-se a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) dos ratos em movimento livre. Avaliamos o controle aut&#244;nomo do cora&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de bloqueio aut&#244;nomo simp&#225;tico e vagal. An&#225;lises morfom&#233;tricas das arter&#237;olas espl&#234;nicas foram realizadas. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de significado estat&#237;stico de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Observou-se bradicardia de repouso nos dois grupos treinados (WKY<sub>T</sub>: 328,0 &#177; 7,3 bpm; SHR<sub>T</sub>: 337,0 &#177; 5,2 bpm) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos seus respectivos grupos sedent&#225;rios (WKY<sub>S</sub>: 353,2 &#177; 8,5 bpm; SHR<sub>S</sub>: 412,1 &#177; 10,4 bpm; p &lt; 0,001). O treinamento f&#237;sico atenuou a PA m&#233;dia apenas no grupo SHR<sub>T</sub> (125,9 &#177; 6,2 mmHg vs. 182,5 &#177; 4,2 mmHg no SHR<sub>S</sub>; p &lt; 0,001). O grupo WKY<sub>T</sub> mostrou maior efeito vagal (&#8710;FC: 79,0 &#177; 2,3 bpm) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo WKY<sub>S</sub> (&#8710;FC: 67,4 &#177; 1,7 bpm; p &lt; 0,05). Exerc&#237;cio cr&#244;nico diminuiu os efeitos simp&#225;ticos em SHR<sub>T</sub> (&#8710;FC: -62.8 &#177; 2.8 bpm) em compara&#231;&#227;o a SHR<sub>S</sub> (&#8710;FC: -99,8 &#177; 9,2 bpm; p = 0,005). A espessura da parede das arter&#237;olas espl&#234;nicas nos SHR foi reduzida pelo treinamento (332,1 &#177; 16,0 &#181;m<sup>2</sup> nos SHR<sub>T</sub> vs. 502,7 &#177; 36,3 &#181;m<sup>2</sup> nos SHR<sub>S</sub>; p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico atenua a atividade simp&#225;tica e a PA em SHR, o que pode contribuir para melhorar a morfologia das arter&#237;olas espl&#234;nicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Arter&#237;olas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o essencial est&#225; intimamente relacionada aos vasos sangu&#237;neos, sendo caracterizada por eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, resultando principalmente de altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e estruturais da microcircula&#231;&#227;o. Tais les&#245;es podem ser tanto a causa quanto a consequ&#234;ncia da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As principais vias que interagem para desenvolver mudan&#231;as morfol&#243;gicas nas arter&#237;olas na hipertens&#227;o podem comprometer os vasos espl&#234;nicos (hialinose arteriolar, necrose fibrinoide), al&#233;m do espa&#231;o intersticial, causando fibrose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A hialinose arteriolar ocorre pela filtra&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas atrav&#233;s do endot&#233;lio. Isso n&#227;o &#233; exclusividade de nenhuma doen&#231;a, sendo observada em arter&#237;olas no envelhecimento normal, especialmente nas do ba&#231;o. Entretanto, ocorre de maneira mais precoce e intensa na hipertens&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo desempenha papel-chave na estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do controle da PA para manter a homeostase. Quanto a isso, a literatura mostra que o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico (SNS) pode contribuir de maneira incisiva no desenvolvimento de algumas formas de hipertens&#227;o. H&#225; larga evid&#234;ncia da participa&#231;&#227;o desse sistema no controle das fun&#231;&#245;es cardiovascular e metab&#243;lica normais, e ainda do seu papel na g&#234;nese e manuten&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as. A import&#226;ncia da compreens&#227;o de como funciona o SNS e os sistemas a ele relacionados &#233; essencial n&#227;o apenas para elucidar a fisiologia de algumas doen&#231;as, mas para entender como os f&#225;rmacos que atuam no sistema adren&#233;rgico interferem com a evolu&#231;&#227;o das patologias, alterando de maneira significativa o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncia experimental de que o exerc&#237;cio cr&#244;nico produza benef&#237;cios para o sistema cardiovascular atrav&#233;s de altera&#231;&#245;es no controle neural da circula&#231;&#227;o. Tais efeitos incluem redu&#231;&#245;es na PA, atividade simp&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e resist&#234;ncia vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> concomitantemente com a atenua&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Se existe rela&#231;&#227;o entre treinamento f&#237;sico e diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular, os mecanismos pelos quais o exerc&#237;cio cr&#244;nico melhora a morfometria arteriolar espl&#234;nica n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico na atividade simp&#225;tica e nas les&#245;es arteriolares no ba&#231;o de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelo animal e protocolo de treinamento f&#237;sico</title>
          <p>Este estudo avaliou 40 ratos machos [SHR e Wistar Kyoto (WKY)], com idade de 45-50 semanas, que foram aleatoriamente designados para quatro grupos experimentais de 10 ratos cada: SHR<sub>T</sub> e WKY<sub>T</sub> (ratos submetidos ao protocolo de treinamento com nata&#231;&#227;o); e SHR<sub>S</sub> e WKY<sub>S</sub> (ratos mantidos sedent&#225;rios pelo mesmo per&#237;odo de tempo). O tamanho da amostra (n) foi determinado com base em estudos que avaliaram os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico na hipertens&#227;o. Tais estudos serviram de base para a presente pesquisa para investigar os efeitos cardiovasculares do exerc&#237;cio acumulado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Todos os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas (n = 3) em temperatura ambiente, em torno de 23&#186;C, umidade de 40-70% e ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas. Procurou-se evitar desconforto desnecess&#225;rio aos animais, em conformidade com o Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal. Todos os protocolos foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de Uso de Animais de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o (#271/2013) local, sendo realizados de acordo com as Diretrizes para Cuidado e Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de Animais de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic>.</p>
          <p>O protocolo de nata&#231;&#227;o foi realizado em um tanque de vidro com &#225;gua &#224; temperatura ambiente mantida em 30&#186; &#177; 1&#186;C. Os animais treinados foram submetidos a um per&#237;odo de adapta&#231;&#227;o de 20 minutos no primeiro dia, com acr&#233;scimo de 10 minutos a cada dia at&#233; se alcan&#231;ar 1 hora no quinto dia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, os ratos treinaram 5 dias/semana com uma gradual progress&#227;o at&#233; sess&#245;es de 2 horas de dura&#231;&#227;o por 9 semanas. Esse protocolo &#233; definido como treinamento de resist&#234;ncia aer&#243;bica de baixa intensidade, pois os animais nadaram sem carga adicional, correspondendo a intensidade abaixo do limiar anaer&#243;bico de ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os animais sedent&#225;rios foram colocados no tanque de nata&#231;&#227;o por 10 minutos, duas vezes por semana para imitar o estresse associado com a &#225;gua no protocolo experimental.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e registro dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 24 horas da &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de treinamento f&#237;sico, todos os animais foram anestesiados com pentobarbital s&#243;dico (40 mg/kg ip) e c&#226;nulas de polietileno (PE-10) foram implantadas na art&#233;ria femoral, para registro cardiovascular, e na veia femoral, para infus&#227;o de f&#225;rmaco. Em seguida, as c&#226;nulas de polietileno foram exteriorizadas na regi&#227;o posterior do pesco&#231;o do animal. Os ratos receberam alimento e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>, sendo estudados um dia ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;nulas. Realizou-se tratamento profil&#225;tico com antibi&#243;ticos e anti-inflamat&#243;rios para prevenir infec&#231;&#245;es e inflama&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a cirurgia, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Ap&#243;s 48 horas da recupera&#231;&#227;o da anestesia e cirurgia, a c&#226;nula arterial foi conectada ao transdutor de PA e ao amplificador de sinal (Modelo 8805A, Hewlett-Packard, EUA), com convers&#227;o para a placa de sinal anal&#243;gico-digital (frequ&#234;ncia de amostragem - 1000 Hz) por um sistema computadorizado de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados (Aqdados, Tec Lynx. Eletron. SA, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e armazenamento no computador. Os animais foram mantidos em ambiente calmo por 15 minutos, com posterior registro cont&#237;nuo de PA puls&#225;til adaptativa basal por 30 minutos. Durante o procedimento experimental, os seguintes par&#226;metros foram derivados da PA puls&#225;til: PA sist&#243;lica (PAS), PA diast&#243;lica (PAD), PA m&#233;dia (PAM) e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#244;nus card&#237;aco aut&#244;nomo</title>
          <p>Para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do treinamento f&#237;sico no controle aut&#244;nomo do cora&#231;&#227;o, realizamos bloqueio aut&#244;nomo simp&#225;tico e vagal ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#245;es endovenosas de propranolol (5mg/kg) e atropina (4mg/kg), respectivamente, para calcular os efeitos simp&#225;tico e vagal, assim como a FC intr&#237;nseca (FCi) e o &#237;ndice simpatovagal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os bloqueadores aut&#244;nomos foram administrados em sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria a intervalos de 15 minutos. Ap&#243;s o duplo bloqueio, os registros cardiovasculares duraram 15 minutos. O efeito simp&#225;tico foi considerado como a diferen&#231;a entre a FC ap&#243;s bloqueio simp&#225;tico e a FC de repouso. O efeito vagal foi calculado como a diferen&#231;a entre a FC ap&#243;s bloqueio vagal e a FC de repouso. O &#237;ndice simpatovagal foi obtido como a raz&#227;o entre a FC de repouso e a FCi, considerando ser a FCi aquela obtida ap&#243;s duplo bloqueio aut&#244;nomo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da morfometria arteriolar espl&#234;nica</title>
          <p>Todos os animais foram anestesiados com pentobarbital s&#243;dico e sacrificados com uma dose letal de cloreto de pot&#225;ssio. Seus ba&#231;os foram ent&#227;o removidos e imersos em solu&#231;&#227;o salina (0,9%) para retirar o excesso de sangue. Logo depois, foram pesados em uma balan&#231;a semi-anal&#237;tica Gehaka BG2000<sup>&#174;</sup>, clivados e o material colocado em um recipiente de vidro esterilizado com solu&#231;&#227;o de formalde&#237;do a 10% e posteriormente desidratado em etanol a 80%, 90% e 95% e submetido a diafaniza&#231;&#227;o com xilol. A seguir, o material foi colocado em recipientes contendo parafina l&#237;quida a 60&#186;C e inclu&#237;do em blocos. Cortes histol&#243;gicos de 2 &#181;m foram realizados com um micr&#243;tomo, sendo o material montado em l&#226;minas de vidro e corado com tricr&#244;mico de Masson. As &#225;reas das camadas interna e externa de cada arter&#237;ola foram quantificadas usando-se o microsc&#243;pio &#243;tico comum para capturar as imagens e o programa imageJ para checar a &#225;rea de cada camada. Ao final da quantifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de cada camada, obteve-se a espessura de cada arter&#237;ola.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os testes de Shapiro-Wilks e Levene foram usados para avaliar a normalidade e a homogeneidade da amostra. Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (para vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou mediana com os quartis superior e inferior (para vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal). Para os dados param&#233;tricos, usou-se ANOVA de duas vias (etiologia vs. interven&#231;&#227;o), e ainda o teste de Tukey para uma an&#225;lise <italic>post-hoc</italic>. Os dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos foram analisados com o teste de Mann-Whitney. Utilizou-se o coeficiente de Pearson para testar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o efeito simp&#225;tico e a &#225;rea da espessura da camada externa da parede e a &#225;rea da espessura total. Valores de P &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando-se o programa SigmaStat&#174;, v. 2.03 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os SHR<sub>S</sub> apresentaram maior FC de repouso em compara&#231;&#227;o aos WKY<sub>S</sub> (p &lt;0,001). Como esperado, os dois grupos treinados apresentaram maior bradicardia de repouso do que os seus respectivos grupos sedent&#225;rios (p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Registro basal da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (1A), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (1B), press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (1C) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (1D) em ratos que se movem livremente. WKY<sub>S</sub> (ratos normotensos sedent&#225;rios); WKY<sub>T</sub> (ratos normotensos treinados); SHR<sub>S</sub> (ratos hipertensos sedent&#225;rios); SHR<sub>T</sub> (ratos hipertensos treinados). As barras nas figuras 1A e 1C representam m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. Os resultados nas figuras 1B e 1D s&#227;o expressos como mediana (intervalo interquartil). <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. WKY<sub>S</sub>; *p &lt; 0,001 vs. WKY<sub>S</sub>; <sup>&#8224;</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. WKY<sub>T</sub>; e <sup>&#8225;</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. SHR<sub>S</sub>. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0263-80053-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico tamb&#233;m reduziu a PAS basal (p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1B</xref>), a PAM (p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1C</xref>) e a PAD (p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1D</xref>) nos animais hipertensos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao seu respectivo grupo sedent&#225;rio. Os SHR<sub>S</sub> apresentaram n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos mais elevados do que os WKY<sub>S</sub> (p &lt; 0,001) e os WKY<sub>T</sub> (p &lt; 0,001). Ap&#243;s o treinamento de nove semanas, a PA foi similar nos WKY<sub>T</sub> e WKY<sub>S</sub>.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio cr&#244;nico no controle aut&#244;nomo do cora&#231;&#227;o, realizamos bloqueio aut&#244;nomo vagal e simp&#225;tico com inje&#231;&#245;es de atropina e propranolol, respectivamente, para calcular os efeitos vagal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2A</xref>) e simp&#225;tico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2B</xref>), assim como o &#237;ndice simpatovagal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2C</xref>) e FCi (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2D</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no efeito vagal entre os grupos hipertensos. No entanto, o grupo WKY<sub>T</sub> evidenciou um maior efeito vagal do que o grupo WKY<sub>S</sub> (p &lt; 0,05). Os dois grupos hipertensos apresentaram menor efeito vagal em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus respectivos grupos normotensos (p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no efeito simp&#225;tico entre os grupos normotensos (p = 0,563). Por outro lado, o grupo SHR<sub>T</sub> mostrou menor efeito simp&#225;tico do que o grupo SHR<sub>S</sub> (p = 0,005). Os dois grupos normotensos apresentaram menor efeito simp&#225;tico em compara&#231;&#227;o aos seus respectivos grupos hipertensos (p &lt; 0,001). O &#237;ndice simpatovagal foi mais baixo no grupo SHR<sub>T</sub> do que no SHR<sub>S</sub> (p &lt; 0,05). N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; FCi.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico no controle aut&#244;nomo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de ratos n&#227;o anestesiados. Obtiveram-se efeitos (2A) vagal e (2B) simp&#225;tico, respectivamente, pela diferen&#231;a entre a FC de bloqueio vagal (com atropina) ou de bloqueio simp&#225;tico (com propranolol) e a FC de repouso. (2C) Equil&#237;brio simpatovagal foi expresso pelo &#237;ndice simpatovagal, que &#233; a raz&#227;o entre a FC de repouso e a FC intr&#237;nseca (FCi). (2D) A FCi (bpm) foi obtida ap&#243;s duplo bloqueio aut&#244;nomo farmacol&#243;gico. As barras representam m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. *p &lt; 0,05 vs. WKY<sub>S</sub>; <sup>&#8224;</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. WKY<sub>T</sub>; e <sup>&#8225;</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. SHR<sub>S</sub>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0263-80053-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica ap&#243;s o processamento histol&#243;gico revelou profundas mudan&#231;as no perfil microcirculat&#243;rio do ba&#231;o induzidas pelo treinamento nos animais hipertensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Como esperado, as arter&#237;olas espl&#234;nicas dos hipertensos apresentaram parede mais espessa do que as arter&#237;olas dos normotensos (p &lt; 0,001). A despeito disso, nos ba&#231;os analisados dos SHR, o treinamento f&#237;sico mostrou-se efetivo para normalizar a rela&#231;&#227;o parede/l&#250;men da arter&#237;ola de SHR<sub>T</sub> em compara&#231;&#227;o com a de SHR<sub>S</sub> (p &lt; 0,001). O grupo SHR<sub>S</sub> tamb&#233;m apresentou maior espessura da camada externa da parede em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos WKY<sub>S</sub> e WKY<sub>T</sub> (p &lt; 0,001). Ap&#243;s o protocolo de treinamento f&#237;sico, o grupo SHR<sub>T</sub> mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura da camada externa da parede em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SHR<sub>S</sub> (p &lt; 0,001). Resultados similares foram observados na espessura total. O grupo SHR<sub>S</sub> teve maior espessura total das arter&#237;olas espl&#234;nicas do que os grupos normotensos (p &lt; 0,005). Al&#233;m disso, o grupo SHR<sub>T</sub> evidenciou uma atenua&#231;&#227;o na espessura total das arter&#237;olas espl&#234;nicas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SHR<sub>S</sub> (p &lt; 0,005).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores relacionados &#224; an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica da &#225;rea da espessura da parede das arter&#237;olas espl&#234;nicas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#193;rea da espessura</th>
                <th align="center">WKY<sub>S</sub> (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">WKY<sub>T</sub> (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">SHR<sub>S</sub> (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">SHR<sub>T</sub> (n = 10)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Camada interna (&#181;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">58,8 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">87,3 &#177; 3,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">58,0 &#177; 2,6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Camada externa (&#181;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">419,8 &#177; 29,3</td>
                <td align="center">405,6 &#177; 21,7</td>
                <td align="center">632,4 &#177; 29,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">418,8 &#177; 16,4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">335,6 &#177; 44,7</td>
                <td align="center">349,7 &#177; 35,8</td>
                <td align="center">502,7 &#177; 36,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">332,1 &#177; 16,0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. Abreviaturas: WKY<sub>S</sub>, ratos normotensos sedent&#225;rios; WKY<sub>T</sub>: ratos normotensos treinados; SHR<sub>S</sub>: ratos hipertensos sedent&#225;rios; SHR<sub>T</sub>: ratos hipertensos treinados. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05 vs. WKY<sub>S</sub>;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. WKY<sub>T</sub>; e</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. SHR<sub>S</sub>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>An&#225;lise adicional mostrou uma significativa associa&#231;&#227;o entre efeito simp&#225;tico e espessura da camada externa da parede (r = 0,67; p &lt; 0,005; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3A</xref>), efeito simp&#225;tico e espessura total (r = 0,52; p &lt; 0,05; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3B</xref>), &#237;ndice simpatovagal e espessura da camada externa da parede (r = 0,72; p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3C</xref>) e &#237;ndice simpatovagal e espessura total (r = 0,64; p &lt; 0,005; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3D</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre efeito simp&#225;tico e espessura da camada externa da parede (A), efeito simp&#225;tico e espessura total (B), &#237;ndice simpatovagal e espessura da camada externa da parede (C), &#237;ndice simpatovagal e espessura total (D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0263-80053-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos principais achados confirmam a efic&#225;cia do treinamento f&#237;sico para atenuar a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica e para reduzir a PA em animais hipertensos, mostrando, al&#233;m disso, que o efeito de redu&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica induzido pelo treinamento se associou com normaliza&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria espl&#234;nica anormal, diminuindo o grau de les&#227;o vascular no ba&#231;o. A an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica dos pequenos vasos empregada no presente estudo revelou que os ajustes vasculares espl&#234;nicos s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos para o grupo SHR<sub>T</sub>. Est&#225; bem documentado que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico cr&#244;nico atenua a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e a les&#227;o arteriolar na hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> At&#233; onde sabemos, entretanto, este &#233; um dos primeiros relatos a evidenciar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o na arter&#237;ola espl&#234;nica e a atividade simp&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o de causa-efeito entre hipertens&#227;o e les&#227;o arteriolar (hipertrofia) est&#225; bem estabelecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A literatura mostra que um efetivo tratamento anti-hipertensivo deve visar n&#227;o apenas a reduzir a PA, mas tamb&#233;m a corrigir as les&#245;es associadas com a hipertens&#227;o, como a altera&#231;&#227;o da estrutura vascular. Um estudo pr&#233;vio mostrou a efic&#225;cia do treinamento f&#237;sico para normalizar a rela&#231;&#227;o parede/l&#250;men da arter&#237;ola, evidenciando que tanto a resposta arteriolar quanto a redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular ap&#243;s treinamento f&#237;sico correlacionaram-se significativamente com a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Estudo experimental mostrou que as rela&#231;&#245;es parede/l&#250;men da arter&#237;ola foram reduzidas pelo maior di&#226;metro interno e/ou externo, que &#233; um padr&#227;o caracter&#237;stico para remodelamento vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Importante notar a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que o treinamento f&#237;sico, ao reverter a invas&#227;o do l&#250;men, normaliza a aumentada rela&#231;&#227;o parede/l&#250;men das arter&#237;olas em ratos hipertensos. Esses dados est&#227;o de acordo com os resultados do nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Estudos com modelos animais indicam que a eleva&#231;&#227;o sustentada do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico estimula a hipertrofia das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, sugerindo que a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica possa contribuir para mudan&#231;as na espessura da parede arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Assim, um achado interessante do nosso estudo foi a significativa correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre hiperatividade simp&#225;tica e espessura da parede de arter&#237;olas espl&#234;nicas em ratos hipertensos, corroborando resultados de outros investigadores que demonstraram que a hipertens&#227;o est&#225; associada com hiperatividade simp&#225;tica que altera o controle vasomotor, resultando em v&#225;rias anormalidades na microcircula&#231;&#227;o, como o aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o parede/l&#250;men arteriolar e a redu&#231;&#227;o da densidade vascular, que contribuem para manter uma elevada resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica total.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Outro importante achado do nosso estudo foi a capacidade de o treinamento f&#237;sico atenuar a atividade simp&#225;tica em SHR e que tal efeito associou-se com uma redu&#231;&#227;o na espessura da parede da arter&#237;ola espl&#234;nica. O treinamento f&#237;sico produz efeitos ben&#233;ficos no sistema cardiovascular em indiv&#237;duos normais e doentes atrav&#233;s de altera&#231;&#245;es (ou modifica&#231;&#245;es) no controle neural da circula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Tais efeitos incluem redu&#231;&#245;es na PA, na descarga simp&#225;tica em seres humanos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> assim como em modelos animais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> e na resist&#234;ncia vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de que o treinamento f&#237;sico melhora as condi&#231;&#245;es dos pequenos vasos em SHR submetidos ao protocolo de nata&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Embora este estudo n&#227;o tenha contemplado os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelos efeitos induzidos pelo treinamento f&#237;sico, pode-se especular que os ajustes da arter&#237;ola s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos do grupo (ratos hipertensos) e provavelmente n&#227;o dependentes de fatores par&#225;crinos, aut&#243;crinos, metab&#243;licos e/ou miog&#234;nicos, pois altera&#231;&#245;es similares foram observadas em estudo pr&#233;vio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>J&#225; foi bem estabelecido que a atividade f&#237;sica regular reduz a PA em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, sem significativas mudan&#231;as press&#243;ricas em indiv&#237;duos normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Na verdade, v&#225;rios estudos sugeriram que a intensidade do treinamento f&#237;sico influencia o efeito hipotensor, com maiores redu&#231;&#245;es sendo observadas com intensidades mais baixas de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> N&#227;o analisamos o efeito da intensidade do treinamento, mas nossos resultados mostraram claramente que o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio usado causou uma importante diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA apenas no grupo SHR. A redu&#231;&#227;o da PA foi acompanhada por bradicardia de repouso e ajuste induzido por treinamento espec&#237;fico das arter&#237;olas espl&#234;nicas de hipertensos. A bradicardia de repouso &#233; considerada um excelente marcador da adapta&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento f&#237;sico em humanos e ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Portanto, a bradicardia encontrada nos ratos treinados demonstra claramente a efetividade do protocolo de exerc&#237;cio usado neste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Considerando-se nossos achados, podemos concluir que o treinamento f&#237;sico foi eficaz para reduzir a PA e melhorar a morfometria arteriolar espl&#234;nica em ratos hipertensos. Tais dados sugerem fortemente que tal melhoria esteja associada com diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica. Al&#233;m disso, a regress&#227;o da hipertrofia da arter&#237;ola espl&#234;nica &#233; a resposta anat&#244;mica ao treinamento f&#237;sico espec&#237;fico para o grupo SHR. Tais ajustes compensat&#243;rios, ao reduzirem a resist&#234;ncia local e aumentarem a capacidade f&#237;sica, contribuem para o efeito hipotensor induzido pelo treinamento observado em hipertensos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Capes, CNPq e Fapemig.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo #271/2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
