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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7XZSb9qLk8stSRCKHZw84Cd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000300256</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005002107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180025</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Moderate Continuous Aerobic Exercise Training Improves Cardiomyocyte Contractility in &#914;<sub>1</sub> Adrenergic Receptor Knockout Mice</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Aurora Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Natali</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Daise Nunes Queiroz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Jayme Lopes Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Anselmo Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
            <suffix>Carneiro-J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>F&#233;lix</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Bonato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brum</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Chakur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#237;mola-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Thales Nicolau</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vi&#231;osa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa (UFV), Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Thales Nicolau Pr&#237;mola Gomes</bold> Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Av. Ph. Rolfs, s/n. Postal Code 36570-000, Campus Universit&#225;rio, Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>thales.gomes@ufv.br</email>, <email>thalesprimola@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Rodrigues AC, Natali AJ, Brum PC, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Acquisition of data: Rodrigues AC, Cunha DNQ, Costa AJLD, Moura AG; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Rodrigues AC, Natali AJ, Carneiro-J&#250;nior MA, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Statistical analysis: Rodrigues AC, F&#233;lix LB; Writing of the manuscript: Rodrigues AC, Natali AJ, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Natali AJ, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>256</fpage>
      <lpage>262</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The lack of cardiac &#946;<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors (&#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR) negatively affects the regulation of both cardiac inotropy and lusitropy, leading, in the long term, to heart failure (HF). Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MCAE) is recommended as an adjunctive therapy for patients with HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We tested the effects of MCAE on the contractile properties of left ventricular (LV) myocytes from &#946;<sub>1</sub> adrenergic receptor knockout (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO) mice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Four- to five-month-old male wild type (WT) and &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice were divided into groups: WT control (WTc) and trained (WTt); and &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO control (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc) and trained (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt). Animals from trained groups were submitted to a MCAE regimen (60 min/day; 60% of maximal speed, 5 days/week) on a treadmill, for 8 weeks. P &#8804; 0.05 was considered significant in all comparisons.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO and exercised mice exhibited a higher (p &lt; 0.05) running capacity than WT and sedentary ones, respectively. The &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice showed higher body (BW), heart (HW) and left ventricle (LVW) weights, as well as the HW/BW and LVW/BW than WT mice. However, the MCAE did not affect these parameters. Left ventricular myocytes from &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice showed increased (p &lt; 0.05) amplitude and velocities of contraction and relaxation than those from WT. In addition, MCAE increased (p &lt; 0.05) amplitude and velocities of contraction and relaxation in &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>MCAE improves myocyte contractility in the left ventricle of &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice. This is evidence to support the therapeutic value of this type of exercise training in the treatment of heart diseases involving &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR desensitization or reduction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Contraction</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocytes, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Adrenergic beta 1 Receptor Antagonists</kwd>
        <kwd>Mice</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chronic sympathetic hyperactivity resulting from altered autonomic nervous system balance is common in many cardiovascular disease states, ending up in heart failure (HF), and is related to a higher incidence of morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Such hyperactivity is paralleled by a decrease in b-adrenergic receptors (b-AR) density and desensitization of the remaining b-AR, thus leading to a reduced cardiac contractile response to b-AR activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In this framework, &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR, predominant in the heart, is selectively reduced, resulting in a modified ratio of &#946;<sub>1</sub> to &#946;<sub>2</sub> subtypes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and &#946;<sub>2</sub>-AR are markedly coupled to inhibitory G protein. Consequently, inasmuch as the &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR phosphorylates several Ca<sup>2+</sup> regulatory proteins involved in cardiomyocyte excitation-contraction coupling,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> cardiac chronotropism, inotropism and lusitropism are impaired under adrenergic stimulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Exercise training in cardiac rehabilitation is very important in several cardiovascular diseases, including chronic HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Continuous moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MCAE) is, at present, the best-established form of exercise for this population because of its efficacy and safety.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> For example, aerobic exercise training recovers the resting autonomic balance in HF patients by reducing the resting sympathetic nerve activity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and restoring the parasympathetic tone to the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In the myocardium, aerobic exercise training increases stroke volume and, hence, cardiac output in patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and in animal models of HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> although some studies failed to confirm such benefits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> At the cellular level, studies on animal models for sympathetic hyperactivity have demonstrated aerobic exercise training improves the net balance of cardiac Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling proteins either alone<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> or in combination with b-blockers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Nevertheless, whether MCAE training affects mechanical properties of single myocytes in a heart lacking &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR remains to be elucidated.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effects of an MCAE program on mechanical properties of single left ventricular (LV) myocytes in &#946;<sub>1</sub>AR knockout (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO) mice. We hypothesized that MCAE training positively affects mechanical properties of LV myocytes from &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental animals</title>
        <p>A cohort of 4- to 5-month-old male wild type (WT) and congenic &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice in the C57Bl6/J genetic background were studied. Mice were maintained in cages under a 12:12-h light-dark cycle in a temperature-controlled room (22&#186;C), with free access to water and standard rodent diet. WT and &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice were randomly assigned into one of the following groups by using the simple random sampling: WT control (WTc), WT trained (WTt), &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO control (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc) and &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO trained (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt). The sample size was defined by convenience. All groups initiated the experimental period with eight animals, however, during the cardiomyocyte isolation procedure, some animals/hearts were lost. Thus, the final number of animals in each group is specified in figures and table. Body weight (BW) was measured every week. The experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Use at the Vi&#231;osa Federal University (protocol #59/2012) in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals/2011.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise training protocol and graded treadmill exercise test</title>
        <p>MCAE was performed on a motor treadmill (Insight Equipamentos Cient&#237;ficos, Brazil) 5 days/week (Monday to Friday), 60 min/day, for 8 weeks. Over the first week, the duration and running speed of exercise were progressively increased from 10 minutes and 10% of the maximal speed until 60 minutes and 60% of the maximal speed, achieved during a graded treadmill exercise test. At the end of the fourth week of aerobic exercise training, graded treadmill exercise tests were repeated to readjust the running speed. This intensity was maintained during the rest of the training period. During the training period, animals from the untrained groups were handled every day and subjected to a short period of mild exercise (5 min, 0% grade, 5 m/min, 3 days/week). The exercise capacity estimated by total distance run was evaluated using a graded treadmill exercise protocol for mice (Panlab/Harvard Apparatus, Spain), as described previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Briefly, after being adapted to the treadmill for 1 week (10 min/day, 0% grade, 0.3 km/h), mice were placed in the exercise streak and allowed to acclimatize for at least 30 minutes. The graded treadmill exercise test began at 6 m/min with no grade and increased by 3 m/min every 3 minutes until fatigue, which was defined as when the test was interrupted because the animals could no longer keep pace with the treadmill speed. The graded treadmill exercise test was performed in WT and b1ARKO untrained and exercise-trained groups before and after the exercise training period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiomyocyte isolation</title>
        <p>Forty-eight hours after the last exercise training session, mice were weighed and killed by decapitation, and their hearts were removed quickly. Left ventricular myocytes were enzymatically isolated as described previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Briefly, hearts were mounted onto a Langendorff system and perfused with calcium-free HEPES-Tyrode solution for 6 minutes with the following composition (in mM): 130 NaCl, 1.43 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 5.4 KCl, 0.4 NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 0.75 CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 25 HEPES, 22 glucose, 0.01 &#181;g/ml insulin, 0.1 EGTA, pH 7.4, at 37&#186;C. Afterwards, the hearts were perfused for 7-10 minutes with a solution containing 1 mg/ml collagenase type II (Worthington, USA) and CaCl<sub>2</sub> (0.8 &#181;M). The digested heart was then removed from the perfusion apparatus and the heart and left ventricle were carefully weighed. Left ventricle was cut into small pieces and placed into conical flasks with collagenase-containing solution. The cells were dispersed by agitating the flasks for periods of 3 minutes at 37&#186;C. Single cells were separated from the non-dispersed tissue by filtration. The resulting cell suspension was centrifuged and resuspended in HEPES-Tyrode solution containing CaCl<sub>2</sub> (2.5 and 5 &#181;M, subsequently). The isolated cells were stored in HEPES-Tyrode solution containing 10 &#181;M CaCl<sub>2</sub> at room temperature until use. Only calcium-tolerant, quiescent, rod-shaped cardiomyocytes showing clear cross-striations were studied. The isolated cardiomyocytes were used within 2-3 hours of isolation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cell contractility measurement</title>
        <p>Cell contractility was evaluated as described previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Briefly, the isolated cells were placed in a chamber with a glass coverslip base mounted onto the stage of an inverted microscope (Nikon Eclipse, TS100). The chamber was perfused with HEPES-Tyrode solution plus 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>M CaCl<sub>2</sub> at 37&#186;C. Steady-state 1-Hz contractions were elicited via platinum bath electrodes (Myopacer, Field Stimulator, IonOptix) with 5-ms voltage pulses and an intensity of 40 V. The cells were visualized on a personal computer monitor with a NTSC camera (MyoCam, IonOptix) in partial scanning mode. The image was used to measure cell shortening (our index of contractility) in response to electrical stimulation using a video motion edge detector (IonWizard, IonOptix). The cell image was sampled at 240 Hz. Cell shortening was calculated from the output of the edge detector using an A/D converter (IonOptix, Milton, MA). Cell shortening (expressed as percentage of resting cell length) and the velocities of shortening and relaxation were calculated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistics</title>
        <p>Data were subjected to Shapiro-Wilk or Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests as appropriate. Paired <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare initial and final BW in each group. The comparisons among groups of the values of BW, heart weight (HW), left ventricular weight (LVW) and ratios, as well as cell contraction were made using a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test using software SigmaPlot&#174;, 12.5 version (Systat Software, San Jose, CA). Data are presented as means &#177; SD. A statistical significance level of 5% was adopted. Numbers of mice, hearts, and myocytes used are given in the relevant table and figure legends.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows BW and LVW. The initial BW of &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO animals was higher as compared to their respective control WT animals. As expected, the final BW of each group was higher, compared to their respective initial BW. The final BW was higher (p &lt; 0.05) in &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc + &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt), compared to WT mice (WTc + WTt). However, the final BW was not affected (p &gt; 0.05) by the MCAE. Likewise, HW was higher in &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO than in WT mice, but no effect of MCAE was observed (p &gt; 0.05). Regarding LVW, &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO presented higher values than WT mice; nevertheless, no effect of MCAE was found (p &gt; 0.05). As for the ratios, &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice presented higher HW to BW ratio than WT mice. However, it was not affected by MCAE (p &gt; 0.05). The LVW to BW ratio was higher in &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice, compared to WT mice, but there was no effect of MCAE.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Body and left ventricular weights</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">WTc (n = 7)</th>
              <th align="center">WTt (n = 6)</th>
              <th align="center">&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc (n = 7)</th>
              <th align="center">&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt (n = 6)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Initial BW, g</td>
              <td align="center">27.43 &#177; 2.46</td>
              <td align="center">26.50 &#177; 2.45</td>
              <td align="center">33.86 &#177; 2.46</td>
              <td align="center">32.67 &#177; 2.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Final BW, g</td>
              <td align="center">29.86 &#177; 2.64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">28.67 &#177; 2.64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">37.14 &#177; 2.64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">34.33 &#177; 2.55<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HW, mg</td>
              <td align="center">231.00 &#177; 37.57</td>
              <td align="center">226.00 &#177; 37.48</td>
              <td align="center">302.00 &#177; 37.57</td>
              <td align="center">317.00 &#177; 37.48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVW, mg</td>
              <td align="center">146.00 &#177; 20.82</td>
              <td align="center">141.00 &#177; 20.82</td>
              <td align="center">184.00 &#177; 20.82</td>
              <td align="center">194.00 &#177; 20.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HW/BW, mg/g</td>
              <td align="center">7.73 &#177; 0.85</td>
              <td align="center">7.86 &#177; 0.86</td>
              <td align="center">8.12 &#177; 0.85</td>
              <td align="center">9.22 &#177; 0.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVW/BW, mg/g</td>
              <td align="center">4.89 &#177; 0.48</td>
              <td align="center">4.94 &#177; 0.49</td>
              <td align="center">4.96 &#177; 0.48</td>
              <td align="center">5.66 &#177; 0.49</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values are means &#177; SD; WTc: wild-type control; WTt: wild-type trained; &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc: knockout &#946;<sub>1</sub>-ARs control; &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt: knockout &#946;<sub>1</sub>-ARs trained; BW: body weight; HW: heart weight; LVW: left ventricular weight; N: number of animals;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. initial BW within the same group. Statistical differences were determined by paired t test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the physical capacity. &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO animals (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc + &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt) exhibited a longer running distance, compared to WT animals (WTc + WTt). In addition, trained animals presented a longer running distance, compared to their respective controls.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Total distance run. Values are means &#177; SD of 8 mice in each group. *p &lt; 0.05 vs. WTc group; &#167;p &lt; 0.05 vs. WTt group; #p &lt; 0.05 vs. &#946;1ARKOc group.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0256-80025-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The contractile properties of single LV myocytes are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO myocytes (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc + &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt) had higher shortening amplitude that WT cells (WTc + WTt). The amplitude of shortening in &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt myocytes was higher, compared to &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc and WTt cells; and in WTc cells, compared to WTt cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>A). Regarding the contractile time course, &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc myocytes exhibited higher velocity of shortening than WTc cells. In addition, &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt myocytes exhibited higher velocity of shortening than &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc and WTt cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>B). As for the velocity of relaxation, &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc myocytes exhibited higher values than WTc cells. Moreover, &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt myocytes exhibited higher velocity of relaxation than &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc and WTt cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>C).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cell contractility. A) Shortening. B) Velocity of shortening. C) Velocity of relaxation. WTc, wild-type control (n = 7; N = 14-39 cells from each mouse); WTt, wild-type trained (n = 6; N = 8-27 cells from each mouse); &#946;1ARKOc, knockout &#946;1-AR control (n = 7; N = 24-31 cells from each mouse); &#946;1ARKOt, knockout &#946;1-AR trained (n = 6; N = 17-29 cells from each mouse). Values are means &#177; SD.*p &lt; 0.05 vs. WTc group; &#167;p &lt; 0.05 vs. WTt group; #p &lt; 0.05 vs. &#946;1ARKOc group.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0256-80025-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we tested the effects of MCAE on mechanical properties of LV myocytes from &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice. The main finding was that MCAE increased the amplitude of shortening and velocities of shortening and relaxation in &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice myocytes.</p>
      <p>The initial and final BWs were higher in &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO than in WT mice. Similar results have been observed elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> b-AR activation in adipose tissue leads to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, which activates protein kinase A (PKA) and stimulates lipolysis. Even though &#946;<sub>3</sub>-AR is the predominant receptor in rodent adipose tissue, mice overexpressing &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR exhibit increased adipocyte lipolytic activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Therefore, &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice may have reduced lipolysis, which would influence the amount of body fat and, consequently, BW.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Nevertheless, our MCAE did not affect the final BW. Regarding HW, &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice exhibited heavier hearts and left ventricles than WT mice, as well as higher HW to BW and LVW to BW ratios. Our MCAE, nevertheless, did not modify these cardiac parameters. Exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy in WT mice has been demonstrated elsewhere;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> nevertheless in &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice, as far as we know, no data have been reported.</p>
      <p>We observed that trained mice (WTt and &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt) showed longer total running distance than their respective controls (WTc and &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc). This MCAE-induced increase may be associated with cardiovascular adaptations, which are known features of aerobic exercise training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Previous studies using the same aerobic exercise training protocol also observed increased exercise capacity in trained animals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Specifically, the &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO groups showed longer total running distance than the WT groups. It is known that sympathetic activation during aerobic exercise promotes glycogenolysis by b-AR pathway.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Probably, the &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice have compensatory mechanisms in the skeletal muscle, such as modified &#946;<sub>2</sub> and &#945;<sub>1</sub> adrenergic signaling pathways, which could improve glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, insulin-independent glucose uptake and lipolysis in the skeletal muscles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> These compensatory mechanisms may have led to increased exercise performance in &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice. However, inasmuch as this issue is not the focus of this study, further investigations are needed to test the hypothesis that &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice increase exercise performance by altering &#946;<sub>2</sub> and &#945;<sub>1</sub> adrenergic signaling pathways.</p>
      <p>Although myocytes from &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice had a higher amplitude of shortening than cells from WT mice, an independent factor effect, LV myocytes from &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc and WTc groups had similar contractile properties. Although &#946;<sub>1</sub>AR is the predominant adrenergic receptor subtype expressed in the heart in terms of density and modulation of cardiac contraction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> its deletion had little impact on resting cardiac function, but had significant effects on cardiac function after b-agonist stimulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Other studies did not observe changes in cardiomyocyte contractility upon loss of &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> or &#946;<sub>1/2</sub>-AR under basal conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Therefore, the similarity between &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc and WTc groups suggests that &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR has little impact on the contractile properties of cardiomyocytes under basal conditions.</p>
      <p>More important, the MCAE program increased the amplitude of shortening of LV myocytes from &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice. The MCAE may have triggered two compensatory mechanisms in the heart of &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice. First, an increase in &#945;<sub>1</sub>-ARs signaling is common under situations of &#946;<sub>1</sub>-ARs desensitization when the reduction of &#946;<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic signaling is compensated by an increase in &#945;<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic signaling pathway, which could help preserve cardiac function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Although not evaluated here, an increased inotropic responsiveness of rat cardiomyocytes via &#945;<sub>1</sub>-AR stimulation was found as an adaptation to aerobic exercise training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Moreover, the potential therapeutic role of &#945;<sub>1</sub>-ARs to maintain normal cardiac function, especially in terms of commitment of the &#946;<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic signaling pathway, has been proposed in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Second, MCAE may have reduced the responsiveness of &#946;<sub>2</sub>-AR in myocytes of &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice. When &#946;<sub>2</sub>-AR coupling to G<sub>i</sub> protein is reduced, the inhibitory effect of the receptor to adenylate cyclase activation is also reduced,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> which causes an increased cAMP production and phosphorylation of proteins involved in cardiomyocyte excitation-contraction coupling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The time courses of &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO LV myocyte contraction and relaxation were also improved by MCAE, indicating enhanced systolic and diastolic functions. The Ca<sup>2+</sup> regulatory proteins modulate cardiomyocyte mechanical properties. While faster myocyte contraction is associated with increased density and or activity of L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels and RyR<sub>2</sub>, quicker relaxation is dependent on the increased activity and or density of SERCA2a, PLB and NCX.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Although not measured in the present study, MCAE may have improved the net balance of cardiac Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling proteins in &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice. Such adaptations have been demonstrated previously in a different model for sympathetic hyperactivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In addition, endurance-exercise training may have reduced the b/a-MHC ratio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> which would also help explain the increased velocities of LV myocyte contraction and relaxation.</p>
      <p>In recent years, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as the method that leads to significant benefits to cardiac function. For instance, mice submitted to HIIT presented higher cardiomyocyte contractile function by increasing the expression and activity of calcium cycle regulatory proteins, as compared to those submitted to MCAE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Thus, it is possible that cardiomyocytes from &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice might be more responsive to HIIT. However, in the present study, we chose the MCAE because the effects of such exercise protocol on the single cardiomyocyte contractility in &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice are not known. We believe that future studies using HIIT would provide interesting findings in this animal model.</p>
      <p>This study has limitations. First, we used global KO mice and systemic alterations confounding the exercise effects may have occurred, thus these results have to be interpreted with caution. Second, although WTt animals had improved their exercise capacity, unexpectedly their LV myocytes presented lower cell shortening than WTc mice. This finding really intrigued us, and, unfortunately, we cannot explain it.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, MCAE training improves myocyte contractility in the left ventricle of &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO mice. This finding has potential clinical implications and supports the therapeutic value of this type of exercise training in the treatment of heart diseases involving &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR desensitization or reduction.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq, Fapemig, Capes and Fapesp.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Aurora Corr&#234;a Rodrigues, from Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa under the protocol number #59/2012.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
            <suffix>Carneiro-J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>F&#233;lix</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Bonato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brum</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Chakur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#237;mola-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Thales Nicolau</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa (UFV), Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thales Nicolau Pr&#237;mola Gomes</bold> Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Av. Ph. Rolfs, s/n. CEP 36570-000, Campus Universit&#225;rio, Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>thales.gomes@ufv.br</email>, <email>thalesprimola@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rodrigues AC, Natali AJ, Brum PC, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rodrigues AC, Cunha DNQ, Costa AJLD, Moura AG; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Rodrigues AC, Natali AJ, Carneiro-J&#250;nior MA, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rodrigues AC, F&#233;lix LB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rodrigues AC, Natali AJ, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Natali AJ, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A falta de receptores &#946;<sub>1</sub>-adren&#233;rgicos (&#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR) card&#237;acos afeta negativamente a regula&#231;&#227;o de inotropismo e lusitropismo card&#237;acos, levando, no longo prazo, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Recomenda-se exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada (EACM) como adjuvante no tratamento de pacientes com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Testar os efeitos do EACM nas propriedades contr&#225;teis de mi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) de camundongos com nocaute para o receptor &#946;<sub>1</sub>-adren&#233;rgico (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Camundongos machos com 4 a 5 meses de idade, <italic>wild-type</italic> (WT) e &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO foram divididos em grupos: WT controle (WTc) e treinado (WTt); e &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO controle (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc) e treinado (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt). Os grupos treinados foram submetidos a regime de EACM (60 min/dia; 60% da velocidade m&#225;xima, 5 dias/semana) em esteira rolante, por 8 semanas. Adotou-se P &#8804; 0,05 como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os animais &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc + &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt) correram uma dist&#226;ncia maior do que os animais WT (WTc + WTt) (p &lt; 0,05). Os camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO apresentaram maiores pesos corporal (PC), do cora&#231;&#227;o (PCo) e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PVE), assim como PCo/PC e PVE/PC do que os camundongos WT. Entretanto, o EACM n&#227;o afetou tais par&#226;metros. Os mi&#243;citos do VE de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO apresentaram maiores (p &lt; 0,05) amplitude e velocidades de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento do que os dos camundongos WT. Al&#233;m disso, o EACM aumentou (p &lt; 0,05) a amplitude e as velocidades de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento nos camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O EACM melhora a contratilidade do mi&#243;cito do VE de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO. Tal achado confirma o valor terap&#234;utico desse tipo de treinamento f&#237;sico para o tratamento de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas envolvendo dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o de &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Contra&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Antagonistas de Receptores Adren&#233;rgicos beta 1</kwd>
        <kwd>Camundongos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Hiperatividade simp&#225;tica cr&#244;nica resultante de altera&#231;&#227;o do equil&#237;brio do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo &#233; comum em muitas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, levando a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e estando relacionada a maior incid&#234;ncia de morbimortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Tal hiperatividade acompanha-se de diminui&#231;&#227;o da densidade dos receptores b-adren&#233;rgicos (b-AR) e dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o dos b-AR restantes, levando a redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta card&#237;aca contr&#225;til &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o dos b-AR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Nesse contexto, o &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR, predominante no cora&#231;&#227;o, &#233; seletivamente reduzido, resultando em uma modifica&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre os subtipos &#946;<sub>1</sub> e &#946;<sub>2</sub>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> estando o &#946;<sub>2</sub>-AR acentuadamente acoplado &#224; prote&#237;na G inibit&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Como consequ&#234;ncia, como o &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR fosforila v&#225;rias prote&#237;nas reguladoras do Ca<sup>2+</sup> envolvidas na excita&#231;&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o do cardiomi&#243;cito,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> o cronotropismo, o inotropismo e o lusitropismo card&#237;acos acham-se comprometidos na estimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Treinamento f&#237;sico na reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; muito importante em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo IC cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada (EACM) &#233;, atualmente, a melhor forma de exerc&#237;cio para aquela popula&#231;&#227;o, devido &#224; sua efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Por exemplo, o treinamento aer&#243;bico recupera o equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico de repouso em pacientes com IC ao reduzir a atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica de repouso,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> restaurando o t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico ao cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No mioc&#225;rdio, o treinamento aer&#243;bico aumenta o volume de eje&#231;&#227;o, e, portanto, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em pacientes com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e modelos animais de IC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> embora alguns estudos n&#227;o tenham conseguido confirmar tais benef&#237;cios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> No n&#237;vel celular, estudos em modelos animais de hiperatividade simp&#225;tica demonstraram que o treinamento aer&#243;bico melhora o saldo das prote&#237;nas envolvidas na mobiliza&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sup>2+</sup> card&#237;aco isoladamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> ou em combina&#231;&#227;o com betabloqueadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Entretanto, se o treinamento com EACM afeta as propriedades mec&#226;nicas de mi&#243;citos isolados em um cora&#231;&#227;o desprovido de &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR precisa ser elucidado.</p>
        <p>Este estudo visou a testar os efeitos de um programa de EACM nas propriedades mec&#226;nicas de mi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) isolados em camundongos com nocaute para o receptor &#946;<sub>1</sub>-adren&#233;rgico (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO). Levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que o treinamento com EACM afeta positivamente as propriedades mec&#226;nicas dos mi&#243;citos do VE de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais experimentais</title>
          <p>Estudou-se uma coorte de camundongos machos com 4 a 5 meses de idade, <italic>wild-type</italic> (WT) e &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO cong&#234;nicos no marcador gen&#233;tico C57Bl6/J. Os camundongos foram mantidos em gaiolas com ciclos de claro/escuro de 12 horas, em ambiente com temperatura controlada (22&#186;C) e livre acesso a &#225;gua e dieta padr&#227;o para roedores. Os camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO e WT foram aleatoriamente designados para um dos seguintes grupos usando-se amostragem aleat&#243;ria simples: WT controle (WTc), WT treinado (WTt), &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO controle (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc) e &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO treinado (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt). O tamanho da amostra foi definido por conveni&#234;ncia. Em todos os grupos, iniciou-se o per&#237;odo experimental com oito animais, mas, durante o procedimento de isolamento do cardiomi&#243;cito, alguns animais/cora&#231;&#245;es foram perdidos. Assim, o n&#250;mero final de animais em cada grupo acha-se especificado nas figuras e tabela. O peso corporal (PC) foi medido toda semana. Os protocolos experimentais foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica para Uso de Animais da Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa (protocolo #59/2012) conforme o Manual de Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio/2011.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de treinamento f&#237;sico e teste de esfor&#231;o em esteira rolante</title>
          <p>O EACM foi realizado em esteira rolante motorizada (Insight Equipamentos Cient&#237;ficos, Brasil), 5 dias/semana (segunda a sexta-feira), 60 min/dia, por 8 semanas. Ao longo da primeira semana, a dura&#231;&#227;o e a velocidade do exerc&#237;cio foram progressivamente aumentadas de 10 minutos e 10% da velocidade m&#225;xima at&#233; 60 minutos e 60% da velocidade m&#225;xima obtida durante teste de esfor&#231;o em esteira rolante. Ao final da quarta semana de treinamento aer&#243;bico, repetiu-se o teste de esfor&#231;o em esteira rolante para reajuste da velocidade da corrida. Essa intensidade foi mantida durante o resto do per&#237;odo de treinamento. Os animais dos grupos n&#227;o treinados foram manipulados diariamente e submetidos a curto per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cio leve (5 min, inclina&#231;&#227;o de 0%, 5 m/min, 3 dias/semana) durante o per&#237;odo de treinamento. A capacidade de exerc&#237;cio estimada pela dist&#226;ncia total corrida foi avaliada usando-se um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio em esteira rolante para camundongos (Panlab/Harvard Apparatus, Espanha), como j&#225; descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Resumidamente, ap&#243;s adapta&#231;&#227;o em esteira rolante por uma semana (10 min/dia, inclina&#231;&#227;o de 0%, 0,3 km/h), os camundongos foram colocados na faixa de exerc&#237;cio para aclimata&#231;&#227;o por pelo menos 30 minutos. O teste de esfor&#231;o em esteira rolante come&#231;ou com 6 m/min e nenhuma inclina&#231;&#227;o, aumentando 3 m/min a cada 3 minutos at&#233; a fadiga, que foi definida como a interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste porque os animais n&#227;o conseguiam mais acompanhar a velocidade da esteira rolante. O teste de esfor&#231;o em esteira rolante foi realizado nos grupos WTc, WTt, &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc e &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt antes e depois do per&#237;odo de treinamento f&#237;sico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolamento do cardiomi&#243;cito</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 48 horas da &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de treinamento f&#237;sico, os camundongos foram pesados e sacrificados por decapita&#231;&#227;o, sendo seus cora&#231;&#245;es removidos rapidamente. Os mi&#243;citos do VE foram enzimaticamente isolados como descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Resumidamente, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram montados em um sistema Langendorff e perfundidos com solu&#231;&#227;o HEPES-Tyrode sem c&#225;lcio por 6 minutos com a seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o (em mM): 130 NaCl, 1,43 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 5,4 KCl, 0,4 NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 0,75 CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 25 HEPES, 22 glicose, 0,01 &#181;g/ml insulina, 0,1 EGTA, pH 7,4, a 37&#186;C. Em seguida, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram perfundidos por 7-10 minutos com uma solu&#231;&#227;o contendo 1 mg/ml de colagenase tipo II (Worthington, EUA) e CaCl<sub>2</sub> (0,8 &#181;M). O cora&#231;&#227;o digerido foi ent&#227;o removido do aparelho de perfus&#227;o, sendo o cora&#231;&#227;o e o VE cuidadosamente pesados. O VE foi cortado em pequenos peda&#231;os e colocado em frascos c&#244;nicos com solu&#231;&#227;o contendo colagenase. As c&#233;lulas foram dispersadas ao se agitarem os frascos por per&#237;odos de 3 minutos a 37&#186;C. As c&#233;lulas isoladas foram separadas do tecido n&#227;o dispersado por filtra&#231;&#227;o. A suspens&#227;o de c&#233;lulas resultante foi centrifugada e novamente suspensa em solu&#231;&#227;o HEPES-Tyrode contendo CaCl<sub>2</sub> (2,5 e 5 &#181;M, subsequentemente). As c&#233;lulas isoladas foram armazenadas em solu&#231;&#227;o HEPES-Tyrode contendo 10 &#181;M CaCl<sub>2</sub> em temperatura ambiente at&#233; o uso. Estudaram-se apenas os cardiomi&#243;citos tolerantes ao c&#225;lcio, quiescentes, em forma de bast&#227;o e com estria&#231;&#245;es transversais n&#237;tidas. Os cardiomi&#243;citos isolados foram usados em at&#233; 2-3 horas de isolamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida da contratilidade celular</title>
          <p>A contratilidade celular foi avaliada como j&#225; descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Resumidamente, as c&#233;lulas isoladas foram colocadas em uma c&#226;mara com uma base de lam&#237;nula de vidro montada em uma platina de microsc&#243;pio invertido (Nikon Eclipse, TS100). A c&#226;mara foi perfundida com solu&#231;&#227;o HEPES-Tyrode contendo 10 &#181;M CaCl<sub>2</sub> a 37&#186;C. Contra&#231;&#245;es de 1 Hz est&#225;veis foram provocadas com eletrodos de platina em banho (Myopacer, Field Stimulator, IonOptix) com pulsos de voltagem de 5ms e intensidade de 40 V. As c&#233;lulas foram visualizadas em um monitor de computador com c&#226;mara NTSC (MyoCam, IonOptix) em modo de <italic>scanning</italic> parcial. A imagem foi usada para medir o encurtamento celular (nosso &#237;ndice de contratilidade) em resposta &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica usando um detector de borda de movimento com v&#237;deo (IonWizard, IonOptix). A imagem da c&#233;lula foi obtida a 240 Hz. Calculou-se o encurtamento celular a partir do <italic>output</italic> do detector de borda usando um conversor A/D (IonOptix, Milton, MA). O encurtamento celular, expresso como porcentagem do comprimento celular em repouso, e as velocidades de encurtamento e relaxamento foram calculados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram submetidos aos testes de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk ou Kolmogorov-Smirnov, quando apropriado. Usou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> pareado para comparar o PC inicial e final em cada grupo. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos dos valores de PC, de peso do cora&#231;&#227;o (PCo), de peso do VE (PVE) e das raz&#245;es entre esses pesos, assim como da contra&#231;&#227;o celular, foram feitas usando ANOVA de duas vias seguida de teste de Tukey com o programa SigmaPlot&#174;, vers&#227;o 12.5 (Systat Software, San Jose, CA). Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%. Os n&#250;meros de camundongos, cora&#231;&#245;es e mi&#243;citos usados s&#227;o apresentados nas figuras e tabela.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> mostra o PC e o PVE. O PC inicial dos animais &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO foi mais alto do que os dos respectivos animais WT controle. Como esperado, o PC final de cada grupo foi mais alto do que os respectivos PC iniciais. O PC final foi mais alto (p &lt; 0,05) nos camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc + &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao dos WT (WTc + WTt). Entretanto, o PC final n&#227;o foi afetado (p &gt; 0,05) pelo EACM. Da mesma forma, o PCo foi mais alto nos camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO do que nos WT, mas n&#227;o se observou nenhum efeito do EACM (p &gt; 0,05). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao PVE, camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO apresentaram valores mais altos do que os WT; entretanto, n&#227;o se observou qualquer efeito do EACM (p&gt;0,05). Quanto &#224;s raz&#245;es, camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO exibiram uma raz&#227;o entre PCo e PC mais alta do que camundongos WT. Entretanto, isso n&#227;o foi afetado pelo EACM (p &gt; 0,05). A raz&#227;o entre PVE e PC foi mais alta em camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO do que em camundongos WT, mas sem efeito do EACM.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pesos corporal e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em camundongos WT e &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">WTc (n = 7)</th>
                <th align="center">WTt (n = 6)</th>
                <th align="center">&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc (n = 7)</th>
                <th align="center">&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt (n = 6)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PC inicial, g</td>
                <td align="center">27,43 &#177; 2,46</td>
                <td align="center">26,50 &#177; 2,45</td>
                <td align="center">33,86 &#177; 2,46</td>
                <td align="center">32,67 &#177; 2,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PC final, g</td>
                <td align="center">29,86 &#177; 2,64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">28,67 &#177; 2,64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">37,14 &#177; 2,64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">34,33 &#177; 2,55<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCo, mg</td>
                <td align="center">231,00 &#177; 37,57</td>
                <td align="center">226,00 &#177; 37,48</td>
                <td align="center">302,00 &#177; 37,57</td>
                <td align="center">317,00 &#177; 37,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PVE, mg</td>
                <td align="center">146,00 &#177; 20,82</td>
                <td align="center">141,00 &#177; 20,82</td>
                <td align="center">184,00 &#177; 20,82</td>
                <td align="center">194,00 &#177; 20,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCo/PC, mg/g</td>
                <td align="center">7,73 &#177; 0,85</td>
                <td align="center">7,86 &#177; 0,86</td>
                <td align="center">8,12 &#177; 0,85</td>
                <td align="center">9,22 &#177; 0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PVE/PC, mg/g</td>
                <td align="center">4,89 &#177; 0,48</td>
                <td align="center">4,94 &#177; 0,49</td>
                <td align="center">4,96 &#177; 0,48</td>
                <td align="center">5,66 &#177; 0,49</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Valores expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; DP; WTc: wild-type controle; WTt: wild-type treinado; &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc: nocaute para &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR controle; &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt: nocaute para &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR treinado; PC: peso corporal; PCo: peso do cora&#231;&#227;o; PVE: peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; N: n&#250;mero de animais;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. PC inicial dentro do mesmo grupo. Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas foram determinadas por teste t pareado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> mostra a capacidade f&#237;sica. Os animais &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc + &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt) correram uma dist&#226;ncia maior do que os animais WT (WTc + WTt). Al&#233;m disso, os animais treinados correram uma dist&#226;ncia maior do que seus respectivos controles.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dist&#226;ncia total corrida. Valores expressos em m&#233;dias &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o de oito camundongos em cada grupo. *p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo WTc; &#167;p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo WTt; #p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo &#946;1ARKOc.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0256-80025-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As propriedades contr&#225;teis de um &#250;nico mi&#243;cito de VE s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>. Os mi&#243;citos de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO (&#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc + &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt) apresentaram maior amplitude de encurtamento do que os dos WT (WTc + WTt). A amplitude de encurtamento dos mi&#243;citos de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt foi maior do que a dos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc e WTt, e a amplitude de encurtamento dos mi&#243;citos de camundongos WTc foi maior do que a dos WTt (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>A). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o, os mi&#243;citos de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc exibiram maior velocidade de encurtamento do que os de camundongos WTc. Al&#233;m disso, os mi&#243;citos de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt apresentaram maior velocidade de encurtamento do que os de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc e WTt (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>B). Quanto &#224; velocidade de relaxamento, os mi&#243;citos de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc mostraram valores maiores do que os de WTc. Al&#233;m disso, os mi&#243;citos de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt apresentaram maior velocidade de relaxamento do que os de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc e WTt (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>C).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Contratilidade celular. A) Encurtamento. B) Velocidade de encurtamento. C) Velocidade de relaxamento. WTc, wild-type controle (n = 7; N = 14-39 c&#233;lulas de cada camundongo); WTt, wild-type treinado (n = 6; N = 8-27 c&#233;lulas de cada camundongo); &#946;1ARKOc, nocaute para &#946;1-AR controle (n = 7; N = 24-31 c&#233;lulas de cada camundongo); &#946;1ARKOt, nocaute para &#946;1-AR treinado (n = 6; N = 17-29 c&#233;lulas de cada camundongo). Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. *p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo WTc; &#167;p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo WTt; #p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo &#946;1ARKOc.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0256-80025-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo testou os efeitos do EACM nas propriedades mec&#226;nicas dos mi&#243;citos do VE de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO. O principal achado foi que o EACM aumentou a amplitude de encurtamento e as velocidades de encurtamento e relaxamento nos mi&#243;citos de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO.</p>
        <p>Os PCs inicial e final foram mais altos em camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO do que nos WT. Resultados semelhantes foram relatados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A ativa&#231;&#227;o de b-AR no tecido adiposo leva &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de adenosina monofosfato c&#237;clico (AMPc), que ativa a prote&#237;na quinase A (PKA) e estimula a lip&#243;lise. Embora o &#946;<sub>3</sub>-AR seja o receptor predominante no tecido adiposo de roedores, os camundongos com superexpress&#227;o de &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR exibem aumento da atividade lipol&#237;tica de adip&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Portanto, camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO podem apresentar diminui&#231;&#227;o da lip&#243;lise, que influenciaria a quantidade de gordura corporal e, consequentemente, o PC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Entretanto, no nosso estudo, o EACM n&#227;o afetou o PC final. Quanto ao PCo, camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO apresentaram cora&#231;&#245;es e VEs mais pesados do que os camundongos WT, assim como raz&#245;es entre PCo e PC e entre PVE e PC mais altas. Entretanto, no nosso estudo, o EACM n&#227;o modificou esses par&#226;metros card&#237;acos. Hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida por exerc&#237;cio em camundongos WT j&#225; foi demonstrada;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> entretanto, em camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO, at&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o h&#225; relato.</p>
        <p>Observamos que os camundongos treinados (WTt e &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOt) correram uma maior dist&#226;ncia total do que seus respectivos controles (WTc e &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc). Esse aumento induzido por EACM pode estar associado a adapta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, que s&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas conhecidas do treinamento aer&#243;bico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios usando o mesmo protocolo de treinamento aer&#243;bico relataram maior capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em animais treinados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Especificamente, os grupos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO correram uma dist&#226;ncia total maior do que os grupos WT. Sabe-se que a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica durante exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico promove glicogen&#243;lise pela via dos b-AR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Provavelmente, os camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO t&#234;m mecanismos compensat&#243;rios no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, como vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica &#946;<sub>2</sub> e &#945;<sub>1</sub> modificadas, que poderiam melhorar glicogen&#243;lise, gliconeog&#234;nese, capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose independente de insulina e lip&#243;lise no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Tais mecanismos compensat&#243;rios podem ter levado &#224; melhora no desempenho do exerc&#237;cio nos camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO. Entretanto, ainda que esse n&#227;o seja o foco deste estudo, investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para testar a hip&#243;tese de que camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO melhoram seu desempenho do exerc&#237;cio quando se alteram as vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica &#946;<sub>2</sub> e &#945;<sub>1</sub>.</p>
        <p>Embora os mi&#243;citos dos camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO tivessem maior amplitude de encurtamento do que os dos camundongos WT, um efeito de fator independente, os mi&#243;citos do VE dos grupos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc e WTc apresentaram propriedades contr&#225;teis similares. Embora o &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR seja o subtipo predominante de receptor adren&#233;rgico expresso no cora&#231;&#227;o em termos de densidade e modula&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> sua dele&#231;&#227;o teve pouco impacto na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de repouso, mas apresentou efeitos significativos na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o b-agonista.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Outros estudos n&#227;o observaram altera&#231;&#245;es na contratilidade do cardiomi&#243;cito quando da perda de &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> ou &#946;<sub>1/2</sub>-AR em condi&#231;&#245;es basais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Portanto, a semelhan&#231;a entre os grupos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKOc e WTc sugere que os &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR tenham pouco impacto nas propriedades contr&#225;teis de cardiomi&#243;citos em condi&#231;&#245;es basais.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante notar que o programa de EACM aumentou a amplitude de encurtamento dos mi&#243;citos do VE de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO. O EACM pode ter desencadeado dois mecanismos compensat&#243;rios no cora&#231;&#227;o dos camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO. Primeiro, um aumento na sinaliza&#231;&#227;o &#945;<sub>1</sub>-AR &#233; comum em situa&#231;&#245;es de dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR quando a redu&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o &#946;<sub>1</sub>-adren&#233;rgica &#233; compensada por uma eleva&#231;&#227;o na via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o &#945;<sub>1</sub>-adren&#233;rgica, que poderia ajudar a preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Ainda que n&#227;o avaliado aqui, um aumento da responsividade inotr&#243;pica dos cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos atrav&#233;s de estimula&#231;&#227;o &#945;<sub>1</sub>-AR foi descoberto como uma adapta&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento aer&#243;bico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o potencial papel terap&#234;utico de &#945;<sub>1</sub>-AR para manter a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal, especialmente em termos de comprometimento da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o &#946;<sub>1</sub>-adren&#233;rgica, foi proposto em estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Segundo, o EACM pode ter reduzido a responsividade dos &#946;<sub>2</sub>-AR nos mi&#243;citos de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO. Quando h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o da liga&#231;&#227;o de &#946;<sub>2</sub>-AR com a prote&#237;na G<sub>i</sub>, o efeito inibit&#243;rio do receptor para a ativa&#231;&#227;o da adenilato ciclase tamb&#233;m &#233; reduzido,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> aumentando a produ&#231;&#227;o de AMPc e a fosforila&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas envolvidas na excita&#231;&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o do cardiomi&#243;cito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os tempos de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento do mi&#243;cito do VE de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO foram tamb&#233;m melhorados pelo EACM, indicando melhores fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. As prote&#237;nas reguladoras do Ca<sup>2+</sup> modulam as propriedades mec&#226;nicas do cardiomi&#243;cito. Enquanto a contra&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida do mi&#243;cito est&#225; associada com maior densidade ou atividade dos canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> tipo L e RyR<sub>2</sub>, relaxamento mais r&#225;pido depende do aumento de atividade e/ou densidade de SERCA2a, PLB e NCX.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Ainda que n&#227;o medido no presente estudo, o EACM pode ter melhorado o saldo das prote&#237;nas envolvidas na mobiliza&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sup>2+</sup> card&#237;aco em camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO. Tais adapta&#231;&#245;es foram demonstradas anteriormente em um modelo diferente para hiperatividade simp&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Al&#233;m disso, treinamento f&#237;sico de resist&#234;ncia pode ter reduzido a raz&#227;o b/a-MHC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> que ajudaria a explicar o aumento das velocidades de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento dos mi&#243;citos do VE.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, o treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) surgiu como um m&#233;todo que traz significativos benef&#237;cios para a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Por exemplo, camundongos submetidos ao HIIT apresentaram maior fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do cardiomi&#243;cito ao aumentar a express&#227;o e a atividade das prote&#237;nas reguladoras do ciclo do c&#225;lcio, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles submetidos ao EACM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> &#201;, portanto, poss&#237;vel que cardiomi&#243;citos de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO sejam mais responsivos ao HIIT. No presente estudo, entretanto, escolhemos o EACM, pois seus efeitos sobre a contratilidade de cardiomi&#243;cito isolado em camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos. Acreditamos que estudos futuros usando HIIT obter&#227;o achados interessantes nesse modelo animal.</p>
        <p>Este estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, usamos camundongos com nocaute global e podem ter ocorrido altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas que confundam os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio; tais resultados, portanto, t&#234;m que ser interpretados com cautela. Segundo, embora os animais WTt tenham melhorado sua capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, inesperadamente seus mi&#243;citos do VE apresentaram menor encurtamento do que os dos camundongos WTc. Tal achado &#233; intrigante, e, infelizmente, n&#227;o podemos explic&#225;-lo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O treinamento com EACM melhora a contratilidade do mi&#243;cito do VE de camundongos &#946;<sub>1</sub>ARKO. Tal achado tem potenciais implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e confirma o valor terap&#234;utico desse tipo de treinamento f&#237;sico para o tratamento de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas envolvendo dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o de &#946;<sub>1</sub>-AR.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq, Fapemig, Capes e Fapesp.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Aurora Corr&#234;a Rodrigues pela Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo #59/2012.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
