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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RYZyMhBfqQQmLcTrk4r8QjR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000300248</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005002106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180024</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sports Practices and Cardiovascular Risk in Teenagers</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scherr</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fabiano</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Corr&#234;a Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Leborato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bel&#233;m</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Herman Juacaba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#226;mara</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Gurgel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243; Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243; Cora&#231;&#227;o - Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Scherr</bold> Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 595 Sl. 1204. Postal Code 22410-003, Ipanema, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cscherr@cardiol.br</email>, <email>scherr@all.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Scherr C; Acquisition of data: Scherr C, Fabiano LCC, Guerra RL, C&#226;mara ACG, Campos A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Scherr C, Fabiano LCC, Guerra RL, Bel&#233;m LHJ, C&#226;mara ACG, Campos A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>248</fpage>
      <lpage>255</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of deaths in the world, and many events could be prevented by healthy life habits.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare the occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents enrolled at public schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro, including a renowned school for sport practices.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study, convenience sampling of 422 students enrolled at the Experimental Olympic Gymnasium (EOG) and at Figueiredo Pimentel School (FP). Using descriptive analyses, continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile ranges, and the Student's t-test or the chi-square test, respectively, was used for comparisons. The sports were classified according to the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) (below or above 5).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We included 274 students enrolled at the EOG and 148 at FP. Mean age was similar between schools -12.5 &#177; 1.6 years at FP and 12.6 &#177; 0.9 at the EOG; 65.5% of the students at FP and 43.8% of the students at the EOG were female (p &lt; 0.01). Significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension (20% vs. 6.3%, p &lt; 0.01) and borderline cholesterol levels (27.7% vs. 17.3%, p = 0.01) were found between FP and EOG students, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>High prevalence of hypertension, overweight/obesity and altered blood lipid profile was found in this group of adolescents. Regular sports training program combined with little influence of their eating habits outside school may contribute to a better metabolic profile and reduction in cardiovascular risk factors in students. Public health measures are also need.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Preventive Health Services</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It was estimated that 17.5 million people died for cardiovascular diseases in 2012, accounting for 31% of global deaths. More than three-fourths of these deaths were registered in low- and middle-income countries. In addition, 37% of deaths by non-communicable diseases in individuals younger than 70 years are caused by cardiovascular diseases, 3.2 million of them attributed to a sedentary lifestyle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The majority of cardiovascular diseases may be prevented by strategies aimed at controlling behavioral risk factors, including smoking, unhealthy eating habits and alcohol abuse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Eating and physical exercise habits acquired during childhood and teenage years may be reflected in adulthood, since evidence indicates that atherosclerosis begins in the first years of life and slowly progresses to adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In an autopsy study of 100 young individuals who had died from causes unrelated to the cardiovascular system, intimal proliferations were observed in 95.3% of the coronary arterial segments in those aged between one and five years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In addition, aortic atherosclerosis and lesions in the target organs may be found in hypertensive children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies involving children and adolescents have shown that disturbances of blood pressure and other morphological risk indicators, such as distribution of body fat, may begin during adolescence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Eating habits and the routine of exercises of the adolescents, developed as they become independent, may potentiate or negatively affect their lifestyle and health in adult age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> It is worth pointing out that childhood is the ideal time to stimulate the practice of regular physical exercise, as this increases the likelihood that this practice will be maintained in adult life. Therefore, the adoption of measures aimed at early prevention of cardiovascular risk factors may enable the primary prevention of heart diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 2012, the public school network of Rio de Janeiro started a project aimed at integrating academic and sports education - the Experimental Olympics Gymnasium (EOG) - a full-time school focused on sports. Students from the sixth to the ninth grade of elementary school practiced sports for 2 hours, 5 times a week. The exercise program was adequate to each age range group, and followed a long-term athletic development model,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> which may contribute to the prevention of future cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare cardiovascular risk factors between adolescent students enrolled in an EOG and students of a public school in which the sports program was not performed.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Observational, cross-sectional study conducted with students enrolled in two Rio de Janeiro City public schools. The EOG was located at the district of Santa Teresa. The students were selected for their sports potential to participate in a special training program of different sports, 10 hours weekly, and had five meals a day. The program was started one year before the study. At Fernando Pimentel (FP) School, the students participated in usual physical education activities, one hour per week, and had one meal a day at school.</p>
      <p>Students at the sixth to ninth grade of elementary school of both schools were recruited. Students who had the informed consent form signed by their parents or guardians, and who met the criterion of a 12-hour fast before blood collection, were included in the study. The students underwent an interview, physical examination and capillary blood sampling by trained professionals. Blood pressure was measured (in mmHg) with the children comfortably seated, on the right arm, using a calibrated aneroid sphygmomanometer (Welch Allyn Tycos, modelo DS 58-MC). Waist circumference was measured using a measuring tape the midpoint between the iliac crest and the lowest rib. The Accutrend Plus System kit (Roche Diagnostics) was used for determination of glucose, total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) levels in the samples of capillary blood. Echocardiography was performed using a Vscan portable ultrasound model 1.0 (GE Healthcare, series number (VH01688751) by a trained technician and all reports were written by a qualified physician. The test results were recorded on the data collection form immediately after the tests were performed.</p>
      <p>Each sport was individually analyzed and classified into two categories according to their respective metabolic equivalent of task (MET) (2011 Compendium of Physical Activities) - MET &lt; 5.0/low (table tennis, chess) and MET &#8805; 5.0/high (swimming, soccer, judo, athletics, handball and volleyball).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Students who practiced at least one sport with MET &#8805; 5.0 were included in the second group. Blood pressure (BP) measurements were categorized according to the percentile of systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure into normal (&lt; 90<sup>th</sup> percentile), prehypertension (90<sup>th</sup> - 95<sup>th</sup> percentile) and hypertension (&#8805;95<sup>th</sup> percentile).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Capillary blood glucose, and TC and TG levels were classified based on previously published guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the Stata software version 12. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the distribution of continuous variables. Since all continuous variables had a normal distribution, data were expressed by descriptive analysis as mean and standard deviation (SD), and the unpaired t-test was used for comparisons. Categorical variables were expressed as proportion, and the chi-square test used for comparison. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between altered outcomes and exposure variables, with control of all possible confounding variables. Level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 148 students enrolled at FP School and 274 enrolled at the EOG were included in the study. Students' mean age was not different between the schools - 12.5 years at FP School and 12.6 years at the EOG. At FP School and EOG, 65.5% and 43.3% of the students, respectively, were female (p &lt; 0.01). Sports practiced at the EOG are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Only 20% of the students participated only in sports classified as MET &lt; 5.0 (table tennis or chess). At FP School, 73.4% of the students did not practice sports regularly outside the school.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the students enrolled at Fernando Pimentel School (FP) and at the Experimental Olympics Gymnasium (EOG)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FP (N = 148)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">EOG (N = 274)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.591</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sex</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">154</td>
              <td align="center">56.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
              <td align="center">43.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="11">Types of sports<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Low MET (&lt; 5.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Table tennis</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="center">11.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Chess</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">8.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">High MET (&gt; 5.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Volleyball</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">15.7</td>
              <td align="center">N/A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Soccer</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">14.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Handball</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">13.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Swimming</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">12.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Athletics</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Judo</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">10.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; MET: metabolic equivalent of task.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>each activity is considered as 1 unit (260 students practiced 1 activity, 4 students practiced 2 activities, and 1 student practiced 3 activities);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>chi-square test (for the categorical variable 'sex') or Student's t-test (for the continuous variable 'age'). N/A: not applicable</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Mean weight and body mass index (BMI) were 52.3% kg and 21.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup> of the students of the FP School and 52.4% kg and 20.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup> of the students of the EOG (p = 0.28). Mean TC level was 164.3 mg/dL and 158.3 mg/dL at FP School and EOG, respectively, whereas median TG was 89 mg/dL in both schools (interquartile ranges, IQRs: 73-121 mg/dL at FP School and 65-114 mg/dL at the EOG). Mean BP was 110 x 66 mmHg at FP School and 101 x 65 mmHg at the EOG.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> describes metabolic characteristics of the students. Significant differences were found between the students enrolled at FP School and the EOG in the frequency of SAH (20% <italic>vs</italic>. 6.3%; p &lt; 0.01) and borderline high-cholesterol (27.7% <italic>vs</italic>. 17.3%, p = 0.01). Students from the FP School had a 4.3 times higher chance to develop SAH (odds ratio, OR 4.4; 95% CI 2.1 - 8.6; p &lt; 0.01) and a 1.7 times higher chance to have borderline high TC (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.05 - 2.8; p = 0.03) than students from the EOG, when both age and sex were considered. Capillary glucose levels were at desirable levels (&lt; 101 mg/dL) in all students from both schools, but 40% of them were overweight or obese. Besides, nearly 50% of the students had TG levels above desirable levels. No difference was found in nutritional status or altered TG between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and metabolic characteristics of the students enrolled at Fernando Pimentel School (FP) and at the Experimental Olympics Gymnasium (EOG)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FP (N=148)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">EOG (N=274)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">N</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">N</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Nutritional status (BMI)</td>
              <td align="left">Underweight</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal weight</td>
              <td align="center">77</td>
              <td align="center">59.2</td>
              <td align="center">165</td>
              <td align="center">62.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.531</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">25.4</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">24.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">15.4</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">13.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.567</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">12.2</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Blood pressure</td>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">93</td>
              <td align="center">71.5</td>
              <td align="center">235</td>
              <td align="center">87.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prehypertension</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.691</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">20.0</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">6.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">12.8</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Capillary blood glucose</td>
              <td align="left">Desirable (&lt; 101 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">147</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">260</td>
              <td align="center">99.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Borderline (101-116 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased (&#8805; 117 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Total cholesterol</td>
              <td align="left">Desirable (&lt; 170 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">102</td>
              <td align="center">68.9</td>
              <td align="center">215</td>
              <td align="center">79.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Borderline (170-199 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">27.7</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">17.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased (&#8805; 200 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.875</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Triglycerides</td>
              <td align="left">Desirable (&lt; 90 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
              <td align="center">51.4</td>
              <td align="center">89</td>
              <td align="center">50.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.848</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Borderline (90-129 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">28.4</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">20.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.118</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased (&#8805; 130 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">20.3</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">28.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.076</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">35.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Data expressed as absolute values (percentage). BMI: body mass index;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considering the subgroups of EOG students divided by the sports they practiced and respective METs, no differences were found in age or sex between the subgroups. Mean weight in the low MET group was 48.5 &#177; 13 kg, and 53.3 &#177; 13.1 kg (p = 0.02); this difference may be ascribed to higher lean mass in the latter. No difference was found in BMI and TC, and the median TG was 89.5 mg/dL in both groups (IQRs: 65-134 mg/dL in low MET and 65-151 mg/dL in the high MET group). Borderline high TC was higher in low MET group than in high MET group (26.8% <italic>vs</italic>. 14.9%; p = 0.04) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Considering age and sex, the low MET group had a two times higher chance to have borderline high TC (95% CI 0.98-0.41; p = 0.056).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the students enrolled at the Experimental Olympics Gymnasium (EOG) by type of sport</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Low MET (N = 56)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">High MET (N = 217)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Weight (kg)/BMI</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">48.5</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">53.3</td>
              <td align="center">13.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">20.0</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
              <td align="center">20.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Nutritional status /BMI</td>
              <td align="left">Underweight</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal weight</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">68.5</td>
              <td align="center">127</td>
              <td align="center">60.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">26.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">14.8</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">12.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Blood pressure</td>
              <td align="left">Normal </td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">85.7</td>
              <td align="center">186</td>
              <td align="center">87.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prehypertension</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">10.7</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">5.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">7.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Capillary blood glucose</td>
              <td align="left">Desirable (&lt; 101 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">98.2</td>
              <td align="center">205</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Borderline (101-116 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased (&#8805; 117 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Total cholesterol</td>
              <td align="left">Desirable (&lt; 170 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">69.6</td>
              <td align="center">175</td>
              <td align="center">81.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Borderline (170-199 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">26.8</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="center">14.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased (&#8805; 200 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Triglycerides</td>
              <td align="left">Desirable (&lt; 90 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">50.0</td>
              <td align="center">68</td>
              <td align="center">50.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Borderline (90-129 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">20.0</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">21.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased (&#8805; 130 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">30.0</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">28.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">28.6</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
              <td align="center">37.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; MET: metabolic equivalent of task; BMI: body mass index</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>chi square test (for categorical variables) or Student's t-test (for continuous variables)</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Echocardiographic findings were not different between the FP School and the EOG students. Among the EOG students, hypertensive heart disease, interventricular communication and two cases of mitral valve prolapse were identified, whereas in the FP School group, two cases of interventricular communication were detected.</p>
      <p>Characteristics of parents/guardians that answered the questionnaire are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>. Mean age and sex were similar between the two schools - approximately 40 years of age and 85% women. Regular physical activity was more frequently reported by parents/guardians of the students enrolled at the EOG (48% <italic>vs</italic>. 16.5%; p &lt; 0.01), which may have influenced the teenagers to engage in sports. With respect to comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors, the number of individuals with SAH was 11.2% higher among parents/guardians of the students enrolled at the FP School than at the EOG (30.6% <italic>vs</italic>. 19.4%; p = 0.03).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the parents/guardians of the students enrolled at Fernando Pimentel School (FP) and at the Experimental Olympics Gymnasium (EOG), who answered the questionnaire</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FP (N = 148)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">EOG (N = 274)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
              <th align="center">Mean </th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">39,3</td>
              <td align="center">8,8</td>
              <td align="center">41,3</td>
              <td align="center">9,2</td>
              <td align="center">0,07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Sex</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">13.1</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">15.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.519</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">86</td>
              <td align="center">86.9</td>
              <td align="center">212</td>
              <td align="center">84.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">33.1</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">8.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Physical activity</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">71</td>
              <td align="center">83.5</td>
              <td align="center">131</td>
              <td align="center">52.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">16.5</td>
              <td align="center">121</td>
              <td align="center">48.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">42.6</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">8.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">77.6</td>
              <td align="center">208</td>
              <td align="center">82.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">22.4</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">15.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Ex-smokers</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">42.6</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">8.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">69.4</td>
              <td align="center">200</td>
              <td align="center">80.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">30.6</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">19.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">42.6</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">9.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">79</td>
              <td align="center">92.9</td>
              <td align="center">240</td>
              <td align="center">95.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">42.6</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">8.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Previous AMI</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">83</td>
              <td align="center">96.5</td>
              <td align="center">247</td>
              <td align="center">98.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">3.5</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">62</td>
              <td align="center">41.9</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">8.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Previous stroke</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">86</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">250</td>
              <td align="center">99.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">62</td>
              <td align="center">41.9</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">8.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">High cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">71</td>
              <td align="center">86.6</td>
              <td align="center">228</td>
              <td align="center">91.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">13.4</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">8.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Unknown</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">44.6</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">9.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; AMI: acute myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>chi-square test (for categorical variables) or Student's t-test (for the continuous variable 'age')</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was found in our study group, especially blood lipid levels, overweight / obesity and arterial hypertension. Approximately 50% and 25% of the adolescents had TG and CT concentrations, respectively, above desirable levels (borderline/high); 40% of them were overweight/obese and 17% had prehypertension/hypertension. These data corroborate the current evidence that, despite the importance of malnutrition, the rates of obesity and overweight have been significantly increasing. Previous studies have shown that approximately 23% of children aged between 6 and 12 years and 21% between 12 and 17 years are obese. This increase in obesity prevalence has been attributed to environmental and sociocultural factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In a cross-sectional study conducted at schools in Parana State, 154 students aged from 10 to 17 years were assessed for anthropometry, abdominal circumference and BP measurement. The authors reported an association between abdominal obesity and increased BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Scherr et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> reported a significant difference in TC levels between children (mean age 9 years) enrolled at public or philanthropic schools and those enrolled at private schools. In this study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> 23% of boys and girls from private schools and only 4% of boys and girls from public/philanthropic schools had TC levels above 190mg/dL. This may be explained by the intensity of physical exercise and nutritional surveillance in public/philanthropic schools.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The control of cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and adolescence has been recommended worldwide, since several studies have strongly suggested that the presence of risk factors during childhood will affect cardiovascular health in adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Data of the Bogalusa Heart Study show that excessive adiposity and SAH in childhood and adolescence are associated with myocardial hypertrophy and consequently, higher cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In addition, during adolescence, low physical activity level may be associated with higher risk of stroke in the future, whereas participation in physical activity is associated with lower risk for cardiovascular disease, cancer and overall mortality in the future.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>These results are in agreement with those reported by Crump et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> from a group of military conscripts at late adolescence, who were followed-up for 43 years. Comparison of the lowest and the highest tertile revealed that high BMI and low aerobic capacity were associated with increased risk of hypertension at adult age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In the HELENA study, higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with a higher number of ideal cardiovascular health components in both boys and girls, especially in boys. These findings in European adolescents indicate that cardiorespiratory fitness, as recommended by the American Heart Association, is positively associated with the ideal cardiovascular health index. Besides, the study identified a hypothetical cardiorespiratory fitness threshold associated with a more favorable cardiovascular health profile, which seems to be more characteristic in boys than girls. Therefore, a lifestyle change focusing on increasing physical activity and improving physical fitness may contribute to the improvement of cardiovascular health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is worth mentioning that the association between diet, physical exercise and control of risk factors, with improvement of cardiovascular prognosis, has also been demonstrated in interventional studies. The STRIP (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project) study followed approximately 530 children from 7 months of age until early adulthood. The intervention group participated in a nutritional counseling program, based on a low-cholesterol, low-saturated fat diet, whereas the control group followed a conventional diet. In the intervention group, there was a significant, favorable impact on the parameters of endothelial function and on reducing cholesterol serum levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A study on diabetic adolescents undergoing a physical exercise program showed a better glycemic control and greater reduction in serum lipid levels in those individuals with type 1 diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In the study by H&#246;gstr&#246;m et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> healthy Swedish boys at the age of 18 were followed-up for a median period of 34 years. After this time, higher incidence of myocardial infarction was observed in those adolescents with better aerobic fitness as compared with the low fifth of aerobic fitness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Interestingly, in our study, the practice of regular physical activity was more frequently reported by parents/guardians of the students enrolled at the EOG. These individuals also showed a lower rate of previously diagnosed SAH. It is possible that the attitude of these parents/guardians could have influenced the interest of the students in competitive sports, which corroborates the idea that support and encouragement of parents/guardians for their children to engage in regular physical activity is crucial. A previous study demonstrated that children's healthy behavior in terms of eating habits and physical activity is influenced by parents' behavior, as parents of athletic adolescents used to practice more exercises than those of sedentary adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Limitations of the present study included the lack of data on nutritional aspects of these adolescents during periods outside school hours, and how long these students have been engaged in competitive sports (for at least one year). Even greater differences between the groups may have been mitigated by the limited period of competitive sports and the high percentage of missing data on TG in the EOG group. Besides, assessment of nutritional status only by BMI may not be conclusive. However, there is no current consensus on the best BMI classification system to diagnose overweight and obesity in adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Finally, with respect to our sample, in addition to being adherent to the program, the EOG students came from all parts of the city, and thereby composed a representative sample. On the other hand, the FP group came from a limited number of areas and was composed by convenience sampling, which may represent a limiting factor, since adherence of students who attended school in the afternoon was lower.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Altered blood pressure, BMI and blood lipid profile were frequent in adolescents enrolled at these public schools. Although more effective public health measures are still required, regular sports training program combined with little influence of their eating habits outside school seem to contribute to a better metabolic profile and reduction in cardiovascular risk factors in students.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243; Card&#237;aco.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Carlos Scherr, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia under the protocol number CAAE 14549513.1.0000.5272 and 248825 - 02/04/201. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pr&#225;ticas Esportivas e Risco Cardiovascular em Adolescentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scherr</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fabiano</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Corr&#234;a Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Leborato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bel&#233;m</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Herman Juacaba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#226;mara</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Gurgel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243; Cora&#231;&#227;o - Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Scherr</bold> Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 595 Sl. 1204. CEP 22410-003, Ipanema, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cscherr@cardiol.br</email>, <email>scherr@all.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Scherr C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Scherr C, Fabiano LCC, Guerra RL, C&#226;mara ACG, Campos A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:Scherr C, Fabiano LCC, Guerra RL, Bel&#233;m LHJ, C&#226;mara ACG, Campos A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a maior causa de mortes no mundo e muitos eventos poderiam ser evitados por meio de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis de vida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar a ocorr&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes de escolas p&#250;blicas do munic&#237;pio do Rio de Janeiro, sendo uma delas, modelo em pr&#225;ticas esportivas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal; amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 422 escolares do Gin&#225;sio Experimental Ol&#237;mpico (GEO) e da Escola Municipal Figueiredo Pimentel (FP). Foi realizada an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados utilizando m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (testes t de <italic>Student</italic> e qui-quadrado para compara&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente). As modalidades esportivas foram classificadas de acordo com o equivalente metab&#243;lico (MET), se abaixo ou acima de 5.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>duzentos e setenta e quatro alunos eram do GEO e 148 da FP. A m&#233;dia de idade era semelhante - 12,5 &#177; 1,6 na EMFP e 12,6 &#177; 0,9 no GEO; 65,5% dos alunos eram do sexo feminino na FP e 43,8% no GEO (p &lt; 0,01). Da amostra geral, 40% apresentaram sobrepeso ou obesidade. Observaram-se diferen&#231;as entre a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o (20% <italic>vs</italic>. 6,3%; p &lt; 0,01 nos alunos da FP e do GEO, respectivamente) e de n&#237;veis de colesterol total considerados lim&#237;trofes (27,7% <italic>vs</italic>. 17,3%; p = 0,01 na FP e no GEO, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Hipertens&#227;o, sobrepeso/obesidade e lipidograma capilar alterado foram muito prevalentes nos adolescentes. Um programa de treinamento esportivo regular com menos interfer&#234;ncia alimentar extraescola parece contribuir para um melhor perfil metab&#243;lico e menor risco cardiovascular entre estudantes. Ainda, medidas efetivas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica s&#227;o necess&#225;rias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os Preventivos de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estima-se que 17,5 milh&#245;es de pessoas morreram por esse motivo em 2012, o que representa 31% de todas as mortes globais, sendo mais de tr&#234;s quartos em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda. Considerando as doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, 37% das mortes em menores de 70 anos s&#227;o causadas por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sendo 3,2 milh&#245;es delas atribu&#237;das ao sedentarismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A maioria das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pode ser prevenida por estrat&#233;gias de controle de fatores de risco comportamentais, como tabagismo, dieta pouco saud&#225;vel, obesidade, sedentarismo e uso abusivo do &#225;lcool.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os h&#225;bitos alimentares e a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos adotados na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia podem refletir-se na idade adulta, j&#225; que h&#225; evid&#234;ncias que a aterosclerose inicia-se nos primeiros anos de vida, progredindo lentamente at&#233; a vida adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em estudo de aut&#243;psia em 100 jovens que morreram de causa n&#227;o relacionada ao sistema cardiovascular, foi observada prolifera&#231;&#227;o da camada &#237;ntima das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em 95,3% daquelas entre um a cinco anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a aterosclerose na aorta e les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo podem ser encontrados em crian&#231;as hipertensas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos envolvendo crian&#231;as e adolescentes revelam que dist&#250;rbios da press&#227;o arterial e outros indicadores morfol&#243;gicos de risco, como a distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal, podem ter origem na adolesc&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Os h&#225;bitos alimentares e a rotina de exerc&#237;cios que se formam enquanto o adolescente alcan&#231;a progressivamente a sua independ&#234;ncia podem potencializar ou prejudicar os estilos de vida e a sa&#250;de na idade adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> &#201; importante ressaltar que a inf&#226;ncia &#233; a fase ideal para que a pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas regulares seja estimulada, j&#225; que aumenta a probabilidade de que a o mesmo permane&#231;a na vida adulta. Sendo assim, a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas que visam o controle precoce de fatores de risco cardiovasculares pode permitir a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de cardiopatias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em 2012, a rede p&#250;blica municipal do Rio de Janeiro iniciou um projeto de integra&#231;&#227;o entre forma&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica e esportiva, o Gin&#225;sio Experimental Ol&#237;mpico (GEO), escola em tempo integral com voca&#231;&#227;o para o esporte. Alunos do sexto ao nono ano do ensino fundamental praticavam esportes 5 vezes por semana durante 2 horas ao dia. O programa seguia um modelo de treinamento adequado para cada faixa et&#225;ria, de acordo com o conceito de desenvolvimento esportivo de longo prazo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> o que pode contribuir na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares futuras.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar os fatores de risco cardiovasculares entre adolescentes estudantes de uma unidade do GEO e estudantes de uma escola municipal sem o programa de treinamento esportivo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo observacional transversal realizado com alunos de duas escolas p&#250;blicas do munic&#237;pio do Rio de Janeiro. No GEO, localizado no bairro de Santa Teresa, alunos selecionados pelo seu potencial esportivo participaram de um programa especial de treinamento em diferentes modalidades esportivas com carga de 10 horas semanais, e recebiam 5 refei&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias. O programa foi iniciado um ano antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Na Escola Fernando Pimentel (FP), localizado no bairro Turia&#231;u, os alunos participaram de uma programa&#231;&#227;o usual de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, com carga hor&#225;ria de uma hora semanal e receberam uma refei&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria na escola.</p>
        <p>Para o estudo, alunos do sexto ao nono per&#237;odo do ensino fundamental de ambas as escolas foram recrutados. Foram inclu&#237;dos aqueles que assinaram o termo de assentimento ap&#243;s consentimento informado dos seus respons&#225;veis e que atenderam ao jejum de 12 horas antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames de sangue capilar. Uma visita de estudo por profissionais treinados foi realizada nas escolas para entrevista, exame f&#237;sico e coleta de amostras de sangue capilar dos alunos inclu&#237;dos, al&#233;m de entrevista com os respectivos respons&#225;veis. Press&#227;o arterial foi aferida no bra&#231;o direito na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, em ambiente agrad&#225;vel, com tensiometro aner&#243;ide (Welch Allyn Tycos, modelo DS 58-MC), devidamente calibrado em mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio. A medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi realizada com fita m&#233;trica no espa&#231;o entre a crista il&#237;aca e a &#250;ltima costela. O kit Accutrend Plus System (Roche Diagnostics) foi utilizado para realiza&#231;&#227;o dos seguintes exames: glicose, colesterol total (CT) e triglicer&#237;deos (TG) no sangue capilar. O ecocardiograma foi realizado com aparelho port&#225;til Vscan modelo 1.0 da marca GE Healthcare (n&#250;mero de serie VH01688751) por profissional treinado e todos os laudos foram assinados por um m&#233;dico habilitado. O resultado dos exames era registrado no formul&#225;rio de coleta de dados do estudo imediatamente ap&#243;s a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As modalidades esportivas foram analisadas individualmente e classificadas em duas categorias de acordo com o respectivo equivalente metab&#243;lico (2011 <italic>Compendium of Physical Activities</italic>) - MET &lt; 5,0/baixo (t&#234;nis de mesa e xadrez) e MET &#8805; 5,0/alto (nata&#231;&#227;o, futebol, jud&#244;, atletismo, handball e v&#244;lei).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Alunos realizando mais de uma atividade, sendo uma delas com MET &#8805; 5,0 foram inclu&#237;dos no segundo grupo. As medidas de press&#227;o arterial (PA) foram categorizadas de acordo com os valores de percentil da PA sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica em normal (percentil &lt; 90), pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o (percentil 90-95) e hipertens&#227;o (percentil &#8805; 95).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A classifica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados de glicemia capilar, CT e TG em categorias foi realizada utilizando como refer&#234;ncia as diretrizes publicadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Analise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foi utilizado o software Stata v.12 para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi realizado para determinar o tipo de distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Como todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, a an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados foi realizada utilizando m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o (DP) e o teste t de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o pareado foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, a an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados foi realizada utilizando propor&#231;&#245;es e o teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre desfechos alterados e vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o, com controle de poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia (p) menor que 0,05 foi considerado.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 148 alunos da escola FP e 274 alunos do GEO foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A m&#233;dia de idade foi semelhante nas duas escolas, sendo 12,5 anos no FP e 12,6 no GEO, 65,5% dos alunos eram do sexo feminino no FP e 43,8% no GEO (p &lt; 0,01). As modalidades esportivas praticadas no GEO encontram-se descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 1</xref>. Aproximadamente 20% dos alunos participavam apenas de modalidade esportiva com MET &lt; 5,0 (t&#234;nis de mesa ou xadrez). Na escola FP, 73,4% dos alunos n&#227;o tinha atividade f&#237;sica regular fora da escola.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos alunos das escolas Fernando Pimentel (FP) e Gin&#225;sio Experimental Ol&#237;mpico (GEO)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FP (N=148)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">GEO (N=274)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,591</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">154</td>
                <td align="center">56,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">43,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="11">Modalidade esportiva<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">MET baixo (&lt; 5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">T&#234;nis de mesa</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Xadrez</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MET alto (&gt; 5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">V&#244;lei</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">15,7</td>
                <td align="center">na</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Futebol</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">14,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Handball</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Nata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Atletismo</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Jud&#244;</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">10,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; MET: equivalente metab&#243;lico.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Cada atividade foi considerada como uma unidade (269 alunos com 1 atividade, 4 com 2 atividades e 1 com 3 atividades) na: n&#227;o se aplica.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Valor de p obtido por teste qui-quadrado (na vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica sexo) ou t de Student (na vari&#225;vel continua idade).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As m&#233;dias de peso e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) no FP e no GEO foram 52,3 kg e 52,4 kg (p = 0,98), e 21,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 20,7 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (p = 0,28) respectivamente. A m&#233;dia de CT foi 164,3 mg/dL na escola FP e 158,3 mg/dL no GEO (p &lt; 0,01), enquanto a mediana de TG foi 89 mg/dL nas duas escolas (IIQ 73-121 mg/dL na escola FP e IIQ 65-144 mg/dL no GEO). A m&#233;dia da PA na escola FP foi de 110 x 66 mmHg e de 101 x 65 mmHg no GEO. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 2</xref>, as caracter&#237;sticas metab&#243;licas dos alunos s&#227;o demonstradas. Diferen&#231;as significativas foram encontradas entre os alunos da escola FP e do GEO em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; propor&#231;&#227;o de casos de HAS (20% <italic>vs</italic>. 6,3%; p &lt; 0,01) e de CT lim&#237;trofe (27,7% <italic>vs</italic>. 17,3%, p = 0,01). A chance de apresentar HAS foi 4,3 vezes maior (raz&#227;o de probabilidade 4,3; IC95% 2,1 a 8,6; p &lt; 0,01) e CT lim&#237;trofe 1,7 vezes (raz&#227;o de probabilidade 1,7; IC95% 1,05 a 2,8; p = 0,03) maior em alunos da escola FP do que do GEO quando idade e sexo foram considerados. Glicemia capilar foi desej&#225;vel (&lt; 101 mg/dL) em todos os alunos em ambas as escolas, enquanto aproximadamente 40% apresentavam sobrepeso ou eram obesos. Al&#233;m disso, cerca de 50% dos alunos evidenciaram TG acima do desej&#225;vel. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos para estado nutricional e altera&#231;&#227;o de TG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). Considerando as categorias de MET das modalidades esportivas praticadas pelos alunos do GEO, os grupos foram semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade e ao sexo. A m&#233;dia de peso no grupo MET baixo e no grupo MET alto foram, respectivamente, 48,5 &#177; 13 kg e 53,3 &#177; 13,1 kg (p = 0,02); essa diferen&#231;a poderia estar relacionada &#224; maior massa magra no segundo grupo. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto ao IMC e ao CT, e a mediana de TG foi 89,5 mg/dL nos dois grupos (IIQ 65-134 mg/dL no MET baixo e IIQ 65-151 mg/dL no MET alto). A taxa de CT lim&#237;trofe foi maior entre os alunos com MET baixo (26,8% <italic>vs</italic>. 14,9%; p = 0,04), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 3</xref>. Considerando idade e sexo, o grupo MET baixo apresentou chance duas vezes maior de CT lim&#237;trofe (IC95% 0,98 a 4,1; p = 0,056).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e metab&#243;licas dos alunos das escolas Fernando Pimentel (FP) e Gin&#225;sio Experimental Ol&#237;mpico (GEO)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FP (N = 148)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">GEO (N = 274)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Estado nutricional (IMC)</td>
                <td align="left">Magreza</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eutr&#243;fico</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">59,2</td>
                <td align="center">165</td>
                <td align="center">62,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,531</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">25,4</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">24,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">15,4</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">13,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,567</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Press&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="left">Normotens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
                <td align="center">71,5</td>
                <td align="center">235</td>
                <td align="center">87,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,691</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">20,0</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">12,8</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Glicemia capilar</td>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel (&lt; 101 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">147</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">260</td>
                <td align="center">99,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lim&#237;trofe (101-116 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevado (&#8805; 117 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel (&lt; 170 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">102</td>
                <td align="center">68,9</td>
                <td align="center">215</td>
                <td align="center">79,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lim&#237;trofe (170-199 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">27,7</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">17,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevado (&#8805; 200 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,875</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel (&lt; 90 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">51,4</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center">50,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,848</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lim&#237;trofe (90-129 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">28,4</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">20,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,118</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevado (&#8805; 130 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">20,3</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">28,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">35,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>Dados apresentados como valor absoluto (percentual). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valor de p obtido por teste qui-quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos alunos do Gin&#225;sio Experimental Ol&#237;mpico (GEO) de acordo com a categoria de modalidade esportiva praticada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">MET baixo (N = 56)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">MET alto (N = 217)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">48,5</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">53,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">20,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">20,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Estado nutricional/IMC</td>
                <td align="left">Magreza</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eutr&#243;fico</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">68,5</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">60,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">26,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">14,8</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">12,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Press&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="left">Normotens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">85,7</td>
                <td align="center">186</td>
                <td align="center">87,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">10,7</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Glicemia capilar</td>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel (&lt; 101 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">98,2</td>
                <td align="center">205</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lim&#237;trofe (101-116 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevado (&#8805; 117 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel (&lt; 170 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">69,6</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
                <td align="center">81,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lim&#237;trofe (170-199 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">26,8</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">14,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevado (&#8805; 200 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel (&lt; 90 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lim&#237;trofe (90-129 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">20,0</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">21,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevado (&#8805; 130 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">30,0</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">28,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">28,6</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">37,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; MET: equivalente metab&#243;lico; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valor de p obtido por teste qui-quadrado (para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas) ou t de Student (para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as entre os alunos das escolas analisadas. As altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas GEO foram: cardiopatia hipertensiva, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e dois casos de prolapso de v&#225;lvula mitral. Por sua vez, na escola FP foram detectados dois casos de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular. As caracter&#237;sticas dos respons&#225;veis dos alunos que responderam o question&#225;rio encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 4</xref>. A m&#233;dia de idade e o sexo foram semelhantes entre as duas escolas, sendo aproximadamente de 40 anos e 85% do sexo feminino. Atividade f&#237;sica regular foi referida com maior frequ&#234;ncia entre os respons&#225;veis do GEO (48% <italic>vs</italic>. 16,5%; p &lt; 0,01), o que pode ter influenciado na dedica&#231;&#227;o desses adolescentes &#224; pratica esportiva. Dentre as comorbidades e os fatores de risco cardiovascular, 11,2% de casos a mais de HAS foram descritos pelos respons&#225;veis da escola FP (30,6% vs 19,4%; p = 0,03).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos respons&#225;veis dos alunos das escolas Fernando Pimentel (FP) e Gin&#225;sio Experimental Ol&#237;mpico (GEO) que responderam ao question&#225;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FP (N = 148)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">GEO (N = 274)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">39,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,8</td>
                <td align="center">41,3</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Sexo</td>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">13,1</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">15,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,519</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">86,9</td>
                <td align="center">212</td>
                <td align="center">84,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">33,1</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">83,5</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
                <td align="center">52,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">16,5</td>
                <td align="center">121</td>
                <td align="center">48,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">42,6</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">77,6</td>
                <td align="center">208</td>
                <td align="center">82,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">22,4</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">15,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ex-tabagista</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">42,6</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">HAS</td>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">69,4</td>
                <td align="center">200</td>
                <td align="center">80,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">30,6</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">19,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">42,6</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">92,9</td>
                <td align="center">240</td>
                <td align="center">95,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">42,6</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">96,5</td>
                <td align="center">247</td>
                <td align="center">98,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">41,9</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">250</td>
                <td align="center">99,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">41,9</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Colesterol alto</td>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">86,6</td>
                <td align="center">228</td>
                <td align="center">91,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">13,4</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desconhecido</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">44,6</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valor de p obtido por teste qui-quadrado (para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas) ou t de Student (para a vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua "idade").</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovasculares foi demonstrada entre os adolescentes avaliados no nosso estudo, especialmente no que diz respeito aos valores de lipidograma capilar, taxas de sobrepeso/obesidade e hipertens&#227;o arterial. Na amostra total, aproximadamente 50% dos adolescentes apresentaram TG acima dos n&#237;veis desej&#225;veis (lim&#237;trofe/elevado), 25% CT acima dos n&#237;veis desej&#225;veis (lim&#237;trofe/elevado), 40% sobrepeso/obesidade e 17% pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o. Esses dados corroboram as evid&#234;ncias atuais de que, no Brasil, embora a desnutri&#231;&#227;o seja importante, a obesidade e o sobrepeso v&#234;m aumentando significativamente. Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que cerca de 23% das crian&#231;as entre 6 e 12 anos e 21 % entre 12 e 17 anos s&#227;o obesas, sendo esse aumento na preval&#234;ncia de obesidade atribu&#237;do a fatores ambientais e socioculturais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Um estudo transversal com 154 estudantes entre 10 e 17 anos de idade realizado em escolas do estado do Paran&#225; utilizou an&#225;lise de dados antropom&#233;tricos, medida da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e press&#227;o arterial e concluiu haver associa&#231;&#227;o de obesidade abdominal com aumento da press&#227;o arterial neste grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Scherr et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> evidenciaram a grande diferen&#231;a dos valores do CT quando comparadas crian&#231;as de escolas particulares com p&#250;blicas ou filantr&#243;picas na faixa et&#225;ria m&#233;dia de 9 anos de idade. Neste estudo, 23% dos meninos e meninas das escolas privadas e somente 4% nas p&#250;blicas/filantr&#243;picas apresentavam CT acima de 190 mg/dL. Uma das poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para tal diferen&#231;a seria a intensidade de atividade f&#237;sica e a presen&#231;a de supervis&#227;o nutricional nas &#250;ltimas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O controle de fatores de risco cardiovasculares desde a inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia tem sido preconizado mundialmente, uma vez que estudos sugerem fortemente que a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco desde a inf&#226;ncia ir&#225; influenciar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular na vida adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Dados do Bogalusa Heart Study mostram que a presen&#231;a de excesso de tecido adiposo e HAS na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia est&#227;o relacionados com mais hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e, por consequ&#234;ncia, maior risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o baixo n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica na adolesc&#234;ncia pode estar associado a um maior risco de acidente vascular cerebral no futuro, enquanto que a participa&#231;&#227;o em atividade f&#237;sica nessa fase est&#225; relacionada a menor risco futuro de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, c&#226;ncer e mortalidade geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estes resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os encontrados por Crump et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> em um grupo de militares no final da adolesc&#234;ncia acompanhados por 43 anos. Quando comparados os tercis extremos verificou-se que aqueles com maior IMC e menor capacidade aer&#243;bica estavam associados com risco maior de desenvolver hipertens&#227;o na fase adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Por sua vez, no estudo HELENA, n&#237;veis mais elevados de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria foram associados a um maior n&#250;mero de componentes ideais de sa&#250;de cardiovascular em ambos os sexos, principalmente em meninos. Estes achados em adolescentes europeus indicam que o condicionamento cardiorrespirat&#243;rio, como recomendado pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Cardiologia (<italic>American Heart Association, AHA</italic>), est&#225; associado positivamente ao &#237;ndice ideal de sa&#250;de cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, identificou-se um limite hipot&#233;tico dessa aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica associado a um perfil de sa&#250;de cardiovascular mais favor&#225;vel, o qual parece ser mais caracter&#237;stico para os meninos do que para as meninas. Assim sendo, uma modifica&#231;&#227;o no estilo de vida focada em aumentar a atividade f&#237;sica e melhorar o condicionamento f&#237;sico pode contribuir para uma melhor sa&#250;de cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; importante frisar que estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre dieta, exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e controle de fatores de risco, com consequente melhor progn&#243;stico cardiovascular. O estudo STRIP (<italic>Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project</italic>) acompanhou cerca de 530 indiv&#237;duos desde os sete meses de idade at&#233; o in&#237;cio da vida adulta. O grupo interven&#231;&#227;o foi submetido a um programa de aconselhamento nutricional regular baseado em uma dieta com baixo teor de colesterol e de gordura saturada e o grupo controle seguiu uma dieta convencional. No grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, houve um impacto favor&#225;vel significativo nos par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Outro estudo com adolescentes diab&#233;ticos submetidos a um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico revelou um melhor controle da glicemia e redu&#231;&#227;o dos lip&#237;dios s&#233;ricos naqueles com a doen&#231;a do tipo I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> J&#225; no estudo de H&#246;gstr&#246;m et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> meninos suecos saud&#225;veis com idade de 18 anos foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo mediano de 34 anos; ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, menor incid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foi observado naqueles com melhor capacidade aer&#243;bica em compara&#231;&#227;o aos quintis de menor capacidade f&#237;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De forma interessante, os respons&#225;veis pelos alunos do GEO entrevistados no nosso estudo mencionaram maior taxa de pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica regular e menor taxa de HAS diagnosticada previamente. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a atitude dos respons&#225;veis possa ter influenciado as crian&#231;as para a afinidade por esportes de competi&#231;&#227;o, sendo fundamental o apoio e incentivo dos respons&#225;veis para a pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica. Em estudo pr&#233;vio, um comportamento saud&#225;vel das crian&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; alimenta&#231;&#227;o e atividade f&#237;sica foi demonstrado ser de fato influenciado pelo comportamento dos pais ao apontar maior atividade f&#237;sica entre os respons&#225;veis dos adolescentes atletas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sedent&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foram a aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#227;o sobre aspectos nutricionais destes adolescentes fora do per&#237;odo escolar e a dura&#231;&#227;o exata da pr&#225;tica de atividade de competi&#231;&#227;o dos alunos no GEO (no m&#237;nimo um ano). &#201; poss&#237;vel que o tempo limitado de atividade f&#237;sica competitiva n&#227;o tenha permitido uma maior diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos, assim como a elevada taxa de resultados ausentes de TG no grupo GEO. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional somente pelo IMC pode n&#227;o ser conclusivo. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o parece haver um consenso atual quanto &#224; melhor classifica&#231;&#227;o de obesidade segundo o IMC para diagn&#243;stico de obesidade e sobrepeso em adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Finalmente, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; amostra, os alunos do GEO v&#234;m de todas as partes da cidade compondo um grupo bastante representativo e aderente; j&#225; no FP, os alunos s&#227;o de uma localiza&#231;&#227;o mais restrita e resultou da conveni&#234;ncia, o que pode ser um limitante, pois a ader&#234;ncia por parte dos alunos do turno da tarde da FP foi mais baixa.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Altera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial, IMC e lipidograma capilar foram frequentes nos adolescentes destas escolas p&#250;blicas da cidade. Um programa de treinamento esportivo regular com menos interfer&#234;ncia alimentar extraescola parece contribuir para um melhor perfil metab&#243;lico e poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o em alguns fatores de risco cardiovascular entre estudantes, ainda que medidas mais efetivas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica sejam necess&#225;rias.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243; Cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Carlos Scherr pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 14549513.1.0000.5272 e parecer 248825 de 02/04/201. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
