<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MJrYJghBcsCfBdtYvLNPYbJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000300246</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180045</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Diseases in Indigenous Populations: An Indicator Of Inequality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Tetelbom</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias de Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias de Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Airton Tetelbom Stein</bold> Av. Neusa Goulart Brizola, 600/1001. Postal Code 90460-230, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>airton.stein@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>246</fpage>
      <lpage>247</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Indigenous Population</kwd>
        <kwd>Urbanization / trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Care (Public Health)</kwd>
        <kwd>Social Change</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The number of articles on cardiovascular diseases in indigenous populations is not sufficient as a basis for the development of health policies. Although the most common conditions reported among indigenous people have been infectious and contagious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, respiratory infections, hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases, among others, the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have increased in this population as a result of urbanization process and their lifestyle. In addition, approaches of these conditions in indigenous people face logistic issues, as they require continuous medical care and development of health promotion programs in difficult areas.</p>
    <p>The original, well-conducted study by Armstrong and colleagues contributes to fill this knowledge gap, as it highlights the impact of public investments that not only promote the development of the country, but also reveals the vulnerability and adverse effects of the changes in the lifestyle of indigenous people. Despite its methodological limitations, the study shows an association between mortality for cardiovascular diseases and rapid urbanization in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>This phenomenon has not been described only in Brazil. A study conducted on indigenous people in the southeastern Asia described the influence of the urbanization process on epidemiological transition and increase in NCDs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Life expectancy and disease rates are variable and dependent on demographic and geographical characteristics of where people live.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The health system has a key role to reduce inequality; in this context, it is essential to implement intersectoral interventions at community level, particularly due to limited resources and need for effective interventions.</p>
    <p>Community and family physician, together with other healthcare professionals, should foster indigenous traditional culture and integration of indigenous people to society as urbanization of their communities occurs. Primary health care should seek to identify and develop strategies in relation to social determinants, relevant to both communicable and NCDs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The context encountered by healthcare professionals in indigenous communities is a high prevalence of risk factors for NCDs, including overweight, smoking, alcohol consumption and unhealthy diet. This situation, which results from epidemiologic transition, is even more critical in these people, because of the occurrence of infectious diseases.</p>
    <p>The classical study by Geoffrey Rose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> is still current and points out the necessity to identify the cause of the causes, especially in case of a rapid urbanization without a careful planning, which leads to a worse quality of life associated with the stress of new challenges and exposure to risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.</p>
    <p>Therefore, the present study shows the vulnerability of the indigenous people, whose health conditions require planning by health system managers. This should consider the difficulty of this population to integrate into society and have access to health services, which, in turn, should be prepared to meet their needs.</p>
    <p>Health care services for indigenous communities should be aware of the high rates of unhealthy behavior and adverse social conditions related to an unhealthy environment - aspects that leads to inequality - as occurs in San Francisco Valley in the northeast of Brazil.</p>
    <p>Increasing number of interventions on NCDs aimed at achieving Sustainable Development Goals have been described, and publication of their results in academic scientific literature should be highly encouraged to promote best practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The role of journals like <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> is to inform the frequency of cardiovascular diseases, to report etiologic, diagnostic, and prognostic approaches to these conditions, as well as the most effective interventions that should be encouraged by health managers. This is particularly relevant in the indigenous population, which is likely to experience an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases as a reflection of urbanization. The actions developed by the government, especially in indigenous areas, should encompass intersectoral actions to reduce health problems and inequalities in this population.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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          <source>Rose&#8217;s strategy of preventive medicine</source>
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              <surname>Pullar</surname>
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              <surname>Allen</surname>
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              <surname>Townsend</surname>
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              <surname>Williams</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares nas Popula&#231;&#245;es Ind&#237;genas: Um Indicador de Iniquidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Tetelbom</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias de Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Airton Tetelbom Stein</bold> Av. Neusa Goulart Brizola, 600/1001. CEP 90460-230, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>airton.stein@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Popula&#231;&#227;o Ind&#237;gena</kwd>
        <kwd>Urbaniza&#231;&#227;o / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Mudan&#231;a Social</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O n&#250;mero de artigos que abordam doen&#231;a cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o ind&#237;gena &#233; insuficiente para se desenvolver uma pol&#237;tica de sa&#250;de. As condi&#231;&#245;es mais frequentemente identificadas entre os ind&#237;genas s&#227;o doen&#231;as infectocontagiosas como mal&#225;ria, tuberculose, infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias, hepatite, doen&#231;as sexualmente transmiss&#237;veis, entre outras. No entanto, as doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNTs) est&#227;o cada vez mais frequentes nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, decorrentes do processo de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o e estilo de vida. Ainda, existem dificuldades log&#237;sticas no manejo dessas doen&#231;as, uma vez que requerem atendimento m&#233;dico continuado e a&#231;&#245;es de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de em regi&#245;es de dif&#237;cil acesso.</p>
      <p>O estudo original e bem conduzido de Armstrong e colegas auxilia a preencher essa lacuna de conhecimento, pois enfatiza o impacto de um investimento governamental, que por um lado busca o desenvolvimento no pa&#237;s, e por outro mostra a exposi&#231;&#227;o e os efeitos adversos da mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida do ind&#237;gena. O artigo apresenta uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular com o r&#225;pido processo de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o, mesmo sendo um artigo com algumas limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Este processo n&#227;o acontece apenas no Brasil, e em estudo conduzido em popula&#231;&#227;o ind&#237;gena no sudoeste da &#193;sia mostrou a influ&#234;ncia da urbaniza&#231;&#227;o sobre a transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica e o aumento de DCNTs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A expectativa de vida e as taxas de doen&#231;as diferem muito dependendo das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e geogr&#225;ficas de onde as pessoas vivem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O sistema de sa&#250;de tem um papel importante de reduzir a iniquidade, e &#233; essencial a implementa&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es intersetoriais no n&#237;vel de comunidade, especialmente em fun&#231;&#227;o do contingenciamento de recursos e necessidade de indicar interven&#231;&#245;es efetivas.</p>
      <p>O m&#233;dico de fam&#237;lia e comunidade em conjunto com a equipe de sa&#250;de deve buscar estimular a manuten&#231;&#227;o da cultura ind&#237;gena tradicional e integrar a popula&#231;&#227;o ind&#237;gena na sociedade, quando ocorrer urbaniza&#231;&#227;o no seu habitat. A aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica deve procurar identificar e desenvolver estrat&#233;gias em rela&#231;&#227;o aos determinantes sociais, que s&#227;o relevantes tanto para doen&#231;as transmiss&#237;veis quanto para as DCNTs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O contexto que os profissionais de sa&#250;de constatam ao se depararem com situa&#231;&#245;es como a descrita &#233; que a popula&#231;&#227;o tem uma alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco de DCNTs como sobrepeso, tabagismo, alcoolismo e dieta n&#227;o saud&#225;vel. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o, decorrente da transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica, ainda tem um agravante em popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas, as quais apresentam concomitantemente doen&#231;as infectocontagiosas.</p>
      <p>O estudo cl&#225;ssico de Geoffrey Rose,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> ainda &#233; muito atual, em que aponta a necessidade de examinar a causa das causas, especialmente quando ocorre uma r&#225;pida urbaniza&#231;&#227;o, sem um planejamento abrangente, e que leva a uma piora da qualidade de vida em fun&#231;&#227;o do estresse decorrente dos novos desafios, e da exposi&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o presente estudo mostra que a popula&#231;&#227;o ind&#237;gena se caracteriza como vulner&#225;vel e apresenta condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de que requerem um planejamento pelos gestores. Esses devem considerar a dificuldade dessa popula&#231;&#227;o de se integrarem na sociedade e de terem acesso ao servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de, que deve estar preparado para atender suas especificidades.</p>
      <p>O sistema de sa&#250;de no atendimento &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o ind&#237;gena deve estar preparado para as altas taxas de comportamento n&#227;o saud&#225;vel e condi&#231;&#245;es sociais adversas decorrentes de ambientes n&#227;o saud&#225;veis - caracter&#237;sticas que levam &#224; iniquidade, como o que ocorre no Vale de S&#227;o Francisco no nordeste do Brasil.</p>
      <p>Um n&#250;mero crescente de interven&#231;&#245;es sobre DCNTs com o objetivo de alcan&#231;ar as Metas de Desenvolvimento Sustent&#225;vel s&#227;o descritas e a publica&#231;&#227;o de seus resultados na literatura acad&#234;mica deve ser altamente encorajado para promover uma melhor pr&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O papel de revistas como o Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia &#233; informar a frequ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, bem como seu enfoque etiol&#243;gico, diagn&#243;stico, progn&#243;stico e quais interven&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o efetivas e que devem ser incentivadas pelos gestores. Esta informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; especialmente relevante na popula&#231;&#227;o ind&#237;gena, a qual tem uma tend&#234;ncia de aumento da incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares influenciadas pela urbaniza&#231;&#227;o. As a&#231;&#245;es desenvolvimentistas do governo, particularmente onde moram popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas, devem incluir a&#231;&#245;es intersetorias para mitigar os problemas de sa&#250;de e a iniquidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
