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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zSrDSY8mPM9nVLfwM6X6vwP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000300240</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005001208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Urbanization is Associated with Increased Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality Among Indigenous Populations: the PAI Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marice Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Juracy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Dinani Matoso Fialho de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Marconi Leandro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Jeov&#225; Cordeiro de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barral</surname>
            <given-names>Aldina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barral-Netto</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Petrolina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, PE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Mediciana e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Mediciana e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB) , Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore - USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Johns Hopkins University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Anderson da Costa Armstrong</bold> Avenida Jos&#233; de S&#225; Mani&#231;oba, s/n. COREME/Hospital Universit&#225;rio da UNIVASF. Petrolina, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>armstrong_ac@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Armstrong AC, Ladeia AMT, Marques J, Armstrong DMFO, Silva AML, Morais Junior JC, Barral A, Correia LCL, Barral-Netto M, Lima JAC; Acquisition of data: Armstrong AC, Marques J, Armstrong DMFO, Silva AML, Morais Junior JC, Barral A, Correia LCL, Barral-Netto M, Lima JAC; Statistical analysis: Armstrong AC, Correia LCL, Barral-Netto M, Lima JAC; Obtaining financing: Armstrong AC, Ladeia AMT, Armstrong DMFO, Barral-Netto M, Lima JAC; Writing of the manuscript: Armstrong AC, Ladeia AMT, Marques J, Armstrong DMFO, Silva AML, Morais Junior JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>240</fpage>
      <lpage>245</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The cardiovascular risk burden among diverse indigenous populations is not totally known and may be influenced by lifestyle changes related to the urbanization process.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To investigate the cardiovascular (CV) mortality profile of indigenous populations during a rapid urbanization process largely influenced by governmental infrastructure interventions in Northeast Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We assessed the mortality of indigenous populations (&#8805; 30 y/o) from 2007 to 2011 in Northeast Brazil (Bahia and Pernambuco states). Cardiovascular mortality was considered if the cause of death was in the ICD-10 CV disease group or if registered as sudden death. The indigenous populations were then divided into two groups according to the degree of urbanization based on anthropological criteria:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Group 1 - less urbanized tribes (Funi-&#244;, Pankararu, Kiriri, and Pankarar&#233;); and Group 2 - more urbanized tribes (Tux&#225;, Truk&#225;, and Tumbalal&#225;). Mortality rates of highly urbanized cities (Petrolina and Juazeiro) in the proximity of indigenous areas were also evaluated. The analysis explored trends in the percentage of CV mortality for each studied population. Statistical significance was established for p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There were 1,333 indigenous deaths in tribes of Bahia and Pernambuco (2007-2011): 281 in Group 1 (1.8% of the 2012 group population) and 73 in Group 2 (3.7% of the 2012 group population), CV mortality of 24% and 37%, respectively (p = 0.02). In 2007-2009, there were 133 deaths in Group 1 and 44 in Group 2, CV mortality of 23% and 34%, respectively. In 2009-2010, there were 148 deaths in Group 1 and 29 in Group 2, CV mortality of 25% and 41%, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Urbanization appears to influence increases in CV mortality of indigenous peoples living in traditional tribes. Lifestyle and environmental changes due to urbanization added to suboptimal health care may increase CV risk in this population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Indigenous Population</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Urbanization / trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Social Change</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The urbanization process is a concern in developing countries, as it influences the prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and coronary disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In fact, an early process of lifestyle changes appears to lead to increases in CV risk when rural migrants settle in metropolitan areas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Moreover, traditional indigenous populations are recognized as in greater risk of CV complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diverse infectious diseases caused major health concerns when Europeans initially contacted Native American indigenous populations. Along the years, a shift in indigenous mortality rates has been shown toward chronic diseases affected by lifestyle changes, which varies highly across diverse native populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In recent years, isolated indigenous people in Brazil still showed low blood pressure that appears to be related to their traditional lifestyle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Major infrastructural projects may rapidly influence populations in the surrounding areas, often affecting indigenous communities. More recently, the Sao Francisco Valley in Northeast Brazil has been experiencing major changes in infrastructure - particularly regarding construction of large dams and canals - that appear to affect traditional indigenous lifestyle in the area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> It is unclear, however, how the urbanization process has been affecting CV mortality in native indigenous communities over the years.</p>
      <p>The Project of Atherosclerosis Among Indigenous populations (PAI) was created to investigate the impact of urbanization on CV diseases among indigenous communities in the Sao Francisco Valley (Northeast Brazil). In this study, we investigate the CV mortality profile of indigenous populations during a rapid urbanization process that was largely influenced by governmental infrastructure interventions in the Sao Francisco Valley. For this purpose, we assessed longitudinal data on mortality rates of indigenous and non-indigenous populations in different degrees of urbanization.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>We assessed data for indigenous mortality in the Sao Francisco Valley, Northeast Brazil (states of Bahia and Pernambuco) between 2007 and 2011, excluding deaths under the age of 30 years. We also assessed the total population in the Sao Francisco Valley according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.</p>
        <p>The indigenous populations were then divided into two groups according to the degree of urbanization based on previous anthropological evaluations:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Group 1 - less urbanized tribes (Funi-&#244;, Pankararu, Kiriri, and Pankarar&#233;); and Group 2 - more urbanized tribes (Tux&#225;, Truk&#225;, and Tumbalal&#225;).</p>
        <p>We also assessed the mortality for the total population in two important and highly urbanized cities in the Sao Francisco Valley: Juazeiro and Petrolina. The Sao Francisco Valley University Ethics Committee approved this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortality data</title>
        <p>The Brazilian Indigenous Healthcare Subsystem is currently the responsibility of the Special Secretariat of Indigenous Health, a section of the Ministry of Health, which, since 2007, has implemented a surveillance program regarding mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Indigenous mortality was assessed from the official records of the Special Secretariat of Indigenous Health. Mortality in the largest cities of the Sao Francisco Valley used the Brazilian Health Ministry registry (DATASUS/TABNET: http://datasus.saude.gov.br/). Mortality was classified according to the ICD-10 groups. Cardiovascular mortality was considered if the cause of death was in the ICD-10 CV disease group or if registered as sudden death.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>An exploratory analysis was performed to show trends of CV mortality in diverse indigenous populations over time. Trends over the years in CV mortality in adults (&#8805; 30 y/o) were shown as the percentage of the total deaths at the same age range for total indigenous communities in the Sao Francisco Valley and according to the urbanization group (less urbanized tribes in Group 1, more urbanized tribes in Group 2, and highly urbanized cities). Two Sample Test for Proportions assessed differences in CV mortality rates among indigenous populations. Statistical significance was established if p value &lt; 0.05. STATA 10 was used for computing statistics.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 75,635 people was registered as indigenous in the Special Indigenous Health Districts of Bahia and Pernambuco. Of these, 25,560 were living in the assessed tribes of the Sao Francisco Valley, mostly in the less urbanized Group 1 tribes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Description of indigenous populations in the Sao Francisco River Basin, according to the study groups.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Groups</th>
              <th align="center">Ethnicity</th>
              <th align="center">Population<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">&#165;</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center">Villages</th>
              <th align="center">Total deaths<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Group 1</td>
              <td align="center">Funi-&#244;</td>
              <td align="center">4,564</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Pankararu</td>
              <td align="center">7,650</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">161</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Kiriri</td>
              <td align="center">2,185</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Pankarar&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">1,535</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">TOTAL</td>
              <td align="center">15,934</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">281</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Group 2</td>
              <td align="center">Tux&#225;</td>
              <td align="center">1,665</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Truk&#225;</td>
              <td align="center">6,741</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Tumbalal&#225;</td>
              <td align="center">1,220</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">TOTAL</td>
              <td align="center">9,626</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>&#165;</label>
            <p>As registered by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics for 2012;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Deaths of indigenous people &#8805; 30 years old, between 2007 and 2011.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There was a tendency for mortality at a younger age between 2010 and 2011 when compared to 2007-2009 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortality distribution for indigenous communities in the Sao Francisco Valley (Northeast Brazil) according to age groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0240-80026-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The total of 1,333 deaths was registered for adult indigenous people in the Sao Francisco Valley, 281 deaths (1.8% of the population in 2012) in Group 1 (less urbanized) and 73 deaths (3.7% of the population in 2012) in Group 2 (more urbanized). Between 2007 and 2009, there were 133 deaths in Group 1 and 44 total deaths in Group 2. Between 2009 and 2010, there were 148 total deaths in Group 1 and 29 deaths in Group 2. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the absolute number of deaths in the indigenous people of the Sao Francisco Valley according to the study groups.</p>
      <p>The proportion of CV mortality has shown consistent increases along time in the assessed populations. Conversely, CV mortality has shown consistent decreases for the largest cities in the Sao Francisco Valley (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiovascular mortality (&#8805; 30 y/o) in indigenous and urban populations in the Sao Francisco Valley (Northeast Brazil). Total indigenous refers to total deaths among indigenous populations in the Sao Francisco Valley, Northeast Brazil.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0240-80026-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When the degree of urbanization was considered for the entire period of observation, CV mortality rates were 24% and 37% in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively (p = 0.02). We also found a trend toward a steeper increase in Group 2 CV mortality along time, while Group 1 had nearly stable proportions of CV deaths (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortality (&#8805; 30 y/o) in indigenous populations in the Sao Francisco Valley (Northeast Brazil), according to the degree of urbanization. Group 1 - less urbanized tribes; Group 2 - more urbanized tribes according to anthropological criteria.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0240-80026-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>For the first time in the literature, we show indigenous mortality in the Sao Francisco Valley (Northeast Brazil) tending to a younger age over time, with increasing trends in the proportion of CV deaths. Increases in CV mortality rates in indigenous people living in an area of rapid infrastructural development may indicate that these populations are in harm's way due to changes related to the urbanization process. The knowledge of CV risk and mortality may aid in health policy planning for endangered traditional indigenous populations.</p>
      <p>We assessed the available mortality rates - usually a reliable source of information - to explore the indigenous CV burden in Northeast Brazil's Sao Francisco Valley. This area has been through accelerated infrastructural development, such as construction of large canals and dams. Along recent year, hydroelectric power plants have been constructed along the Sao Francisco River, which now the highest concentration of power plants in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Our findings indicate that the traditional indigenous populations affected by a rapid urbanization process are at increased risk of CV mortality.</p>
      <p>Urbanization may be related to CV risk beyond ethnicity. In this regard, African Americans have shown higher coronary heart disease mortality rates than Whites, but apparently there are additional disparities according to the urbanization level of the population. The coronary disease-related mortality rates in large metropolitan areas showed a decline over the years in a higher magnitude compared to rural areas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Similar findings have been reported in diverse countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> There are few reports on indigenous health in Brazil, but surveys suggest that indigenous people have a less favorable CV risk profile than the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Importantly, lifestyle differences related to CV risk are found in closely related traditional communities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In fact, rapid changes in lifestyle affect indigenous populations differently from people in urban areas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Not only risk factors appear to be increasing among indigenous people; the complications related to health care quality are also alarming. In fact, there is evidence that urbanization directly affects the health care quality of a given area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Additionally, socioeconomic disadvantages do not seem to completely explain the increasing CV risk trends in indigenous populations. Regions majorly populated by indigenous people show increased CV risk beyond the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> This may be related to difficulties for indigenous populations when interacting with other ethnicities regarding their traditional medicine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The classic expected dynamics of epidemiology for indigenous people in Brazil was based on two initial steps more closely related to infectious diseases, and a third step of epidemiologic transition and cultural losses. This third period would be characterized by an increase in chronic conditions such as CV disease and the emergence of an epidemiological profile similar to that of non-indigenous communities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Our findings suggest that an epidemiological fourth step may be underway, in which the occurrence of CV diseases among indigenous people is not similar to that of the general population, but higher. These findings may be explained by rapid lifestyle and environmental modifications, added to a lower health care quality.</p>
      <p>Our study had several limitations and should be interpreted in the context of an exploratory investigation. Furthermore, we were limited to assessing the increases in the profile of CV risk factors as we assessed secondary data for mortality. Thus, concerns regarding potential misclassification bias certainly apply. Although large infrastructural changes have historically affected indigenous lifestyles, the magnitude of the deleterious impact of urbanization on the CV risk profile of these groups is not totally clear. Increases in blood pressure, obesity, and glycemic abnormalities are examples of known CV risk factors that may lead to subclinical cardiac abnormalities over time, before a CV event is established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Further studies in the context of the PAI project are planned to address early subclinical abnormalities in these populations.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In conclusion, we show increasing trends in CV mortality over time among indigenous populations in the Sao Francisco Valley (Northeast Brazil), which appear to be negatively affected by a higher degree of urbanization. Lifestyle and environmental changes due to urbanization added to suboptimal health care may be implicated in the increase in CV risk among indigenous people.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the UNIVASF and CONEP under the protocol number 48235615.9.0000.5196. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Urbaniza&#231;&#227;o Associa-se com Tend&#234;ncia a Maior Mortalidade Cardiovascular em Popula&#231;&#245;es Ind&#237;genas: o Estudo PAI</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marice Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Juracy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Dinani Matoso Fialho de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Marconi Leandro da</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Jeov&#225; Cordeiro de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
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            <given-names>Aldina</given-names>
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        </contrib>
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            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barral-Netto</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Mediciana e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Anderson da Costa Armstrong</bold> Avenida Jos&#233; de S&#225; Mani&#231;oba, s/n. COREME/Hospital Universit&#225;rio da UNIVASF. Petrolina, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>armstrong_ac@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Armstrong AC, Ladeia AMT, Marques J, Armstrong DMFO, Silva AML, Morais Junior JC, Barral A, Correia LCL, Barral-Netto M, Lima JAC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Armstrong AC, Marques J, Armstrong DMFO, Silva AML, Morais Junior JC, Barral A, Correia LCL, Barral-Netto M, Lima JAC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Armstrong AC, Correia LCL, Barral-Netto M, Lima JAC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Armstrong AC, Ladeia AMT, Armstrong DMFO, Barral-Netto M, Lima JAC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Armstrong AC, Ladeia AMT, Marques J, Armstrong DMFO, Silva AML, Morais Junior JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O risco cardiovascular das diversas comunidades ind&#237;genas n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecido e pode ser influenciado pelo processo de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o a que se submetem esses povos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Investigar o perfil da mortalidade cardiovascular (CV) das popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas durante o r&#225;pido processo de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o altamente influenciado por interven&#231;&#245;es governamentais de infraestrutura no Nordeste do Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Avaliamos a mortalidade de popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas (&#8805; 30 anos) do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco (Bahia e Pernambuco) no per&#237;odo de 2007-2011. Considerou-se mortalidade CV se a causa de morte constasse no grupo de doen&#231;as CV do CID-10 ou se tivesse sido registrada como morte s&#250;bita. As popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas foram divididas em dois grupos conforme o grau de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o baseado em crit&#233;rios antropol&#243;gicos: Grupo 1 - menos urbanizadas (Funi-&#244;, Pankararu, Kiriri e Pankarar&#233;); e Grupo 2 - mais urbanizadas (Tux&#225;, Truk&#225; e Tumbalal&#225;). Taxas de mortalidade de cidades altamente urbanizadas (Petrolina e Juazeiro) nas proximidades das &#225;reas ind&#237;genas foram tamb&#233;m avaliadas. A an&#225;lise explorou tend&#234;ncias na porcentagem de mortalidade CV para cada popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Adotou-se o valor de p &lt; 0,05 como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Houve 1.333 mortes ind&#237;genas nas tribos da Bahia e de Pernambuco (2007-2011): 281 no Grupo 1 (1,8% da popula&#231;&#227;o de 2012) e 73 no Grupo 2 (3,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o de 2012), mortalidade CV de 24% e 37%, respectivamente (p = 0,02). Entre 2007 e 2009, houve 133 mortes no Grupo 1 e 44 no Grupo 2, mortalidade CV de 23% e 34%, respectivamente. Entre 2009 e 2010, houve 148 mortes no Grupo 1 e 29 no Grupo 2, mortalidade CV de 25% e 41%, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A urbaniza&#231;&#227;o parece influenciar os aumentos de mortalidade CV dos povos ind&#237;genas vivendo de modo tradicional. Mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e ambientais devidas &#224; urbaniza&#231;&#227;o somadas &#224; sub&#243;tima aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de podem estar implicadas no aumento do risco CV nos povos ind&#237;genas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Popula&#231;&#227;o Ind&#237;gena</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Urbaniza&#231;&#227;o / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Mudan&#231;a Social</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O processo de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, pois influencia a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular (CV) e doen&#231;a coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Na verdade, um processo precoce de mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida parece levar ao aumento do risco CV quando os migrantes rurais se estabelecem em &#225;reas metropolitanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m disso, popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas tradicionais apresentam maior risco para complica&#231;&#245;es CV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversas doen&#231;as infecciosas causaram graves problemas de sa&#250;de quando os europeus inicialmente entraram em contato com popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas americanas nativas. Ao longo dos anos, observou-se um desvio das taxas de mortalidade ind&#237;gena na dire&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas afetadas por mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, que varia muito nas diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es nativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Recentemente, alguns ind&#237;genas isolados no Brasil ainda apresentavam press&#227;o arterial baixa, o que parece estar relacionado ao seu estilo de vida tradicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Projetos infraestruturais maiores podem rapidamente influenciar popula&#231;&#245;es nas &#225;reas vizinhas, com frequ&#234;ncia afetando comunidades ind&#237;genas. Mais recentemente, o Vale do S&#227;o Francisco no Nordeste do Brasil vem experienciando grandes mudan&#231;as de infraestrutura, em particular no que concerne &#224; constru&#231;&#227;o de grandes represas e canais, que parecem afetar o tradicional estilo de vida ind&#237;gena na &#225;rea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> N&#227;o est&#225; claro, entretanto, como o processo de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o vem interferindo na mortalidade CV nas comunidades ind&#237;genas nativas ao longo dos anos.</p>
        <p>O Projeto de Aterosclerose Nas Popula&#231;&#245;es Ind&#237;genas (PAI) foi criado para investigar o impacto da urbaniza&#231;&#227;o sobre as doen&#231;as CV nas comunidades ind&#237;genas no Vale do S&#227;o Francisco. Neste estudo, analisamos o perfil da mortalidade CV das popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas durante o r&#225;pido processo de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o altamente influenciado por interven&#231;&#245;es governamentais de infraestrutura no Vale do S&#227;o Francisco. Para tal, avaliamos dados longitudinais sobre taxas de mortalidade de popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas e n&#227;o ind&#237;genas com diferentes graus de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Coletamos dados de mortalidade ind&#237;gena no Vale do S&#227;o Francisco, dos estados da Bahia e de Pernambuco, entre 2007 e 2011, excluindo as mortes abaixo de 30 anos de idade. Obtivemos ainda, a partir de dados fornecidos pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica, a popula&#231;&#227;o total do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco.</p>
          <p>As popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas foram divididas em dois grupos conforme o grau de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o baseado em avalia&#231;&#245;es antropol&#243;gicas pr&#233;vias:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Grupo 1 - tribos menos urbanizadas (Funi-&#244;, Pankararu, Kiriri e Pankarar&#233;); e Grupo 2 - tribos mais urbanizadas (Tux&#225;, Truk&#225; e Tumbalal&#225;).</p>
          <p>Obtivemos ainda a mortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o total de duas cidades importantes e altamente urbanizadas do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco: Juazeiro e Petrolina. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica da Universidade do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco aprovou este estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados sobre mortalidade</title>
          <p>O Subsistema Brasileiro de Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; Sa&#250;de Ind&#237;gena atualmente &#233; responsabilidade da Secretaria Especial de Sa&#250;de Ind&#237;gena, uma se&#231;&#227;o do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, que, desde 2007, implementou um programa de vigil&#226;ncia de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Avaliou-se a mortalidade ind&#237;gena a partir dos registros oficiais da Secretaria Especial de Sa&#250;de Ind&#237;gena. Para a mortalidade nas cidades maiores do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco, usou-se o registro do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de Brasileiro (DATASUS/TABNET: http://datasus.saude.gov.br/). Classificou-se mortalidade de acordo com os grupos da CID-10. Considerou-se mortalidade CV quando a causa constava no grupo de doen&#231;as CV do CID-10 ou se tivesse sido registrada como morte s&#250;bita.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Realizou-se an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria para mostrar as tend&#234;ncias da mortalidade CV nas diversas popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas ao longo do tempo. Tais tend&#234;ncias da mortalidade CV em adultos (&#8805; 30 anos de idade) foram apresentadas como porcentagem do total de mortes na mesma faixa et&#225;ria para todas as comunidades ind&#237;genas no Vale do S&#227;o Francisco e conforme o grupo de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o (tribos menos urbanizadas no Grupo 1, tribos mais urbanizadas no Grupo 2 e cidades altamente urbanizadas). O teste de igualdade de propor&#231;&#245;es avaliou diferen&#231;as nas taxas de mortalidade CV entre as popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas. Adotou-se o valor de p &lt; 0,05 como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. STATA 10 foi usado para os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Nos Distritos Sanit&#225;rios Especiais Ind&#237;genas da Bahia e de Pernambuco, 75.635 indiv&#237;duos estavam registrados como ind&#237;genas. Desses, 25.560 estavam morando nas tribos do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco avaliadas neste estudo, a maioria nas menos urbanizadas do Grupo 1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o das popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas da Bacia do Rio S&#227;o Francisco de acordo com os grupos do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Grupos</th>
                <th align="center">Etnia</th>
                <th align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">Povoados</th>
                <th align="center">Total de mortes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Grupo 1</td>
                <td align="center">Funi-&#244;</td>
                <td align="center">4.564</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Pankararu</td>
                <td align="center">7.650</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">161</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Kiriri</td>
                <td align="center">2.185</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Pankarar&#233;</td>
                <td align="center">1.535</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TOTAL</td>
                <td align="center">15.934</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">281</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Grupo 2</td>
                <td align="center">Tux&#225;</td>
                <td align="center">1.665</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Truk&#225;</td>
                <td align="center">6.741</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Tumbalal&#225;</td>
                <td align="center">1.220</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TOTAL</td>
                <td align="center">9.626</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p>Como registrado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica para 2012;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Mortes de ind&#237;genas &#8805; 30 anos, entre 2007 e 2011.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Houve tend&#234;ncia para mortalidade em idade mais precoce no per&#237;odo 2010-2011 quando comparado ao per&#237;odo 2007-2009 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade nas comunidades ind&#237;genas do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0240-80026-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Registrou-se um total de 1.333 mortes entre os adultos ind&#237;genas do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco, a saber: 281 mortes (1,8% da popula&#231;&#227;o em 2012) no Grupo 1; e 73 mortes (3,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o em 2012) no Grupo 2. Entre 2007 e 2009, houve 133 mortes no Grupo 1 e 44 mortes no Grupo 2. Entre 2009 e 2010, houve 148 mortes no Grupo 1 e 29 mortes no Grupo 2. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> mostra o n&#250;mero absoluto de mortes de ind&#237;genas no Vale do S&#227;o Francisco de acordo com os grupos do estudo.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade CV apresentou aumentos consistentes ao longo do tempo nas popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas avaliadas. Por outro lado, a mortalidade CV mostrou redu&#231;&#245;es consistentes nas maiores cidades do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortalidade cardiovascular nas popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;gena e urbana no Vale do S&#227;o Francisco com idade &#8805; 30 anos. Total de ind&#237;genas refere-se ao total de mortes nas popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas no Vale do S&#227;o Francisco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0240-80026-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Quando se considerou o grau de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o para todo o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o, as taxas de mortalidade CV foram 24% e 37% no Grupo 1 e Grupo 2, respectivamente (p = 0,02). Observou-se ainda uma tend&#234;ncia a aumento mais acentuado da mortalidade CV no Grupo 2 ao longo do tempo, enquanto o Grupo 1 apresentou taxas quase est&#225;veis de morte CV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortalidade nas popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas no Vale do S&#227;o Francisco com idade &#8805; 30 anos, de acordo com o grau de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o. Grupo 1: tribos menos urbanizadas, e Grupo 2: tribos mais urbanizadas, de acordo com crit&#233;rios antropol&#243;gicos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0240-80026-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pela primeira vez na literatura, mostramos que a mortalidade ind&#237;gena no Vale do S&#227;o Francisco tendeu a ocorrer em uma idade mais precoce no per&#237;odo estudado, com aumento crescente de mortes CV. A eleva&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de mortalidade CV no povo ind&#237;gena que vive em uma &#225;rea de r&#225;pido desenvolvimento infraestrutural pode indicar que tal popula&#231;&#227;o acha-se amea&#231;ada devido a mudan&#231;as relacionadas ao processo de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o. Conhecer o risco e a mortalidade CV pode auxiliar no planejamento de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de para popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas tradicionais amea&#231;adas.</p>
        <p>Analisamos as taxas de mortalidade dispon&#237;veis, que, em geral, s&#227;o uma fonte confi&#225;vel de informa&#231;&#227;o, para explorar a carga CV ind&#237;gena no Vale do S&#227;o Francisco no Nordeste do Brasil. Tal &#225;rea tem experimentado um acelerado desenvolvimento infraestrutural, como a constru&#231;&#227;o de grandes canais e represas. Recentemente, usinas hidroel&#233;tricas foram erguidas ao longo do rio S&#227;o Francisco, que agora tem a maior concentra&#231;&#227;o dessas usinas no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Nossos achados indicam que as popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas tradicionais afetadas pelo r&#225;pido processo de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o apresentam maior risco de mortalidade CV.</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre urbaniza&#231;&#227;o e risco CV pode ir al&#233;m da etnia. Nesse aspecto, afro-americanos apresentaram maiores taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;a coronariana do que os brancos, mas parece haver disparidades adicionais conforme o grau de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o. As taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;a coronariana ao longo dos anos mostraram maior decl&#237;nio nas grandes metr&#243;poles do que nas &#225;reas rurais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Achados semelhantes foram relatados em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> H&#225; escassez de relatos sobre a sa&#250;de ind&#237;gena no Brasil, mas pesquisas sugerem que o perfil de risco CV do povo ind&#237;gena seja menos favor&#225;vel do que o da popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> &#201; importante notar que diferen&#231;as no estilo de vida concernentes a risco CV s&#227;o observadas em comunidades tradicionais intimamente relacionadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Na verdade, mudan&#231;as r&#225;pidas no estilo de vida afetam popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas de maneira diferente das popula&#231;&#245;es de &#225;reas urbanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Parece que n&#227;o s&#243; os fatores de risco est&#227;o aumentando entre os ind&#237;genas; as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; qualidade da aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de s&#227;o alarmantes. H&#225; evid&#234;ncia de que a urbaniza&#231;&#227;o afeta diretamente a qualidade da aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de de certa &#225;rea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Al&#233;m disso, desvantagens socioecon&#244;micas parecem n&#227;o explicar completamente a crescente tend&#234;ncia de risco CV nas popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas. Regi&#245;es povoadas principalmente por ind&#237;genas mostraram aumento do risco CV para al&#233;m dos efeitos das desvantagens socioecon&#244;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Isso pode estar relacionado &#224;s dificuldades das popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas de interagirem com outras etnias no que se refere &#224; medicina tradicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A din&#226;mica cl&#225;ssica esperada da epidemiologia para povos ind&#237;genas no Brasil baseou-se em duas etapas iniciais mais intimamente relacionadas &#224;s doen&#231;as infecciosas, e em uma terceira de transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica e perdas culturais. Esse terceiro per&#237;odo seria caracterizado por aumento das condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas, como doen&#231;a CV, e emerg&#234;ncia de um perfil epidemiol&#243;gico similar &#224;quele das comunidades n&#227;o ind&#237;genas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Nossos achados sugerem que a quarta etapa epidemiol&#243;gica possa estar a caminho, na qual a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as CV nos povos ind&#237;genas n&#227;o seja similar &#224;quela na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, mas maior. Tais achados podem ser explicados pelas r&#225;pidas mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e ambientais, al&#233;m de uma pior qualidade da aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es e deve ser interpretado no contexto de uma investiga&#231;&#227;o explorat&#243;ria. Al&#233;m disso, esteve limitado &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o dos aumentos dos fatores de risco CV, pois analisamos dados secund&#225;rios de mortalidade. Portanto, preocupa&#231;&#227;o quanto a potencial vi&#233;s de classifica&#231;&#227;o certamente se aplica. Embora grandes mudan&#231;as infraestruturais tenham historicamente afetado o estilo de vida ind&#237;gena, a magnitude do impacto delet&#233;rio da urbaniza&#231;&#227;o no perfil dos fatores de risco CV desses grupos n&#227;o foi totalmente esclarecida. Aumentos de press&#227;o arterial, obesidade e anormalidades glic&#234;micas s&#227;o exemplos de fatores de risco CV conhecidos que podem levar a altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas subcl&#237;nicas antes que um evento CV se estabele&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Estudos adicionais no contexto do projeto PAI est&#227;o planejados para abordar anormalidades subcl&#237;nicas precoces nessas popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Concluindo, mostramos tend&#234;ncia crescente da mortalidade CV ao longo do tempo nas popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco, que parecem ser negativamente afetadas por um mais alto grau de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o. Mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e ambientais devidas &#224; urbaniza&#231;&#227;o somadas &#224; sub&#243;tima aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de podem estar implicadas no aumento do risco CV nos povos ind&#237;genas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da UNIVASF e CONEP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 48235615.9.0000.5196. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
