<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RyJPn73YWcxfT98S8QVDMfK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000300231</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180052</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Pediatric Echocardiography</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Echocardiographic Assessment of Ventricular Function in Young Patients with Asthma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>De-Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Camilla Rayane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Giselle Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jentzsch</surname>
            <given-names>Nulma Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botelho</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Figueredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Cleonice de Carvalho Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mur&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiane Mois&#233;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramalho</surname>
            <given-names>Lidiana Fatima Correa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tan</surname>
            <given-names>Timothy C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Capuru&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Andrade Braganca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues-Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Gloria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Minas Gerais (FCM-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Salgado de Oliveira</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Salgado de Oliveira</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Refer&#234;ncia Secund&#225;ria Saudade</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte - Unidade de Refer&#234;ncia Secund&#225;ria Saudade, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Conrad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Conrad, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Sydney</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Westmead Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Sidney</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AU">Australia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Westmead Hospital - Faculty of Medicine - University of Sydney, Sidney - Austr&#225;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of Sydney</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Western Sydney</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Blacktown Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Sidney</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AU">Australia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Blacktown Hospital - Faculty of Medicine - University of Western Sydney, Sidney - Austr&#225;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of Western Sydney</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of New South Wales</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">School of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Sidney</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AU">Australia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Medical Sciences - Faculty of Medicine - University of New South Wales, Sidney - Austr&#225;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of South Australia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria da Gloria Rodrigues Machado</bold>, Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 275. Postal Code 30130-110, Centro, Belo Horizonte. MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>maria.machado@cienciasmedicasmg.edu.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Rodrigues-Machado MG; Acquisition of data: De-Paula CR, Magalh&#227;es GS, Jentzsch NS, Botelho CF, Mur&#231;a TM, Ramalho LFC, Bragan&#231;a Capuru&#231;o CA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: De-Paula CR, Magalh&#227;es GS, Jentzsch NS, Botelho CF, Mota CCC, Mur&#231;a TM, Ramalho LFC, Tan TC, Bragan&#231;a Capuru&#231;o CA, Rodrigues-Machado MG; Statistical analysis: De-Paula CR, Magalh&#227;es GS, Jentzsch NS, Mur&#231;a TM, Ramalho LFC, Bragan&#231;a Capuru&#231;o CA, Rodrigues-Machado MG; Writing of the manuscript: De-Paula CR, Magalh&#227;es GS, Botelho CF, Mota CCC, Tan TC, Bragan&#231;a Capuru&#231;o CA, Rodrigues-Machado MG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mota CCC, Tan TC, Bragan&#231;a Capuru&#231;o CA, Rodrigues-Machado MG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>231</fpage>
      <lpage>239</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Despite significant advances in understanding the pathophysiology and management of asthma, some of systemic effects of asthma are still not well defined.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p> To compare heart function, baseline physical activity level, and functional exercise capacity in young patients with mild-to-moderate asthma and healthy controls.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Eighteen healthy (12.67 &#177; 0.39 years) and 20 asthmatics (12.0 &#177; 0.38 years) patients were enrolled in the study. Echocardiography parameters were evaluated using conventional and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> Although pulmonary acceleration time (PAT) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) were within normal limits, these parameters differed significantly between the control and asthmatic groups. PAT was lower (p &lt; 0.0001) and PASP (p &lt; 0.0002) was higher in the asthma group (114.3 &#177; 3.70 ms and 25.40 &#177; 0.54 mmHg) than the control group (135.30 &#177; 2.28 ms and 22.22 &#177; 0.40 mmHg). The asthmatic group had significantly lower early diastolic myocardial velocity (E', p = 0.0047) and lower E' to late (E'/A', p = 0.0017) (13.75 &#177; 0.53 cm/s and 1.70 &#177; 0.09, respectively) compared with control group (15.71 &#177; 0.34 cm/s and 2.12 &#177; 0.08, respectively) at tricuspid valve. In the lateral mitral valve tissue Doppler, the asthmatic group had lower E' compared with control group (p = 0.0466; 13.27 &#177; 0.43 cm/s and 14.32 &#177; 0.25 cm/s, respectively), but there was no statistic difference in the E'/A' ratio (p = 0.1161). Right isovolumetric relaxation time was higher (p = 0.0007) in asthmatic (57.15 &#177; 0.97 ms) than the control group (52.28 &#177; 0.87 ms), reflecting global myocardial dysfunction. The right and left myocardial performance indexes were significantly higher in the asthmatic (0.43 &#177; 0.01 and 0.37 &#177; 0.01, respectively) compared with control group (0.40 &#177; 0.01 and 0.34 &#177; 0.01, respectively) (p = 0.0383 and p = 0.0059, respectively). Physical activity level, and distance travelled on the six-minute walk test were similar in both groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Changes in echocardiographic parameters, evaluated by conventional and TDI, were observed in mild-to-moderate asthma patients even with normal functional exercise capacity and baseline physical activity level. Our results suggest that the echocardiogram may be useful for the early detection and evoluation of asthma-induced cardiac changes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exertional Dyspnea / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Asthma / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Remodeling, Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Ethics Committee of the Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas-Minas Gerais</funding-source>
          <award-id>14710413.0.0000.5134</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas-Minas Gerais under protocol number 14710413.0.0000.5134. All procedures involved in this study are in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation and remodeling of the airways.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This remodeling leads to structural changes in the walls of the airways induced by repeated injury and repair, which can cause an irreversible loss of lung function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Moreover, asthma can lead to an increase in bronchial angiogenesis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and remodeling of the pulmonary vessels, culminating in changes in both bronchial and pulmonary circulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The interaction between respiratory diseases and cardiovascular function is complex. Changes in the structure and function of the right ventricle are associated with pulmonary hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Recurring hypoxemia and hypercapnia associated with different mediators and cytokines related to chronic inflammation of the airways in patients with asthma cause pulmonary vasoconstriction and the development of pulmonary hypertension, with the consequent hypertrophy/dilatation of the right ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle is the earliest hemodynamic change found in patients with asthma due to the increase in the afterload imposed on the ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Pulmonary disease affects the size, shape and function of the right ventricle, but altered respiratory function can also affect the left ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Echocardiography is a non-invasive, relatively safe, cost effective and easily accessible method for the right ventricle assessment. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) has been demonstrated to furnish a quantitative measure of regional velocities in the myocardium as well as systolic and diastolic intervals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> TDI can detect subclinical abnormalities of the right ventricle in a phase when conventional echocardiographic findings are still within normal ranges,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> thereby enabling the detection of right ventricular dysfunction in the early stage of a disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recent studies on young adults with asthma have employed TDI and found subclinical diastolic dysfunction directly related to the severity of the condition, suggesting that this imaging technique has greater predictive value than conventional echocardiography for the evaluation of right ventricular function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>. Similar findings have been reported for children and adolescents in the stable phase of asthma. Shedeed et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> evaluated children and adolescents aged 5 to 15 years with mild to severe asthma and found that TDI demonstrated right ventricular dysfunction that was positively correlated with the severity of the condition, despite the conventional echocardiogram being apparently normal. Likewise, Ozdenir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> found a negative correlation between right ventricular dysfunction and peak expiratory flow in children with asthma, suggesting that TDI has important diagnostic value for the early detection and monitoring of heart repercussions in children with asthma.</p>
      <p>The clinical phenotype of asthma can differentially affect myocardial performance. Children with asthma and a predominance of shallow breathing exhibit more severe myocardial dysfunction than those with a predominance of wheezing as the manifestation of the condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The aim of the present study was to compare heart function, quality of life, physical activity level, functional exercise capacity and inspiratory muscle strength/endurance in young patients with mild-to-moderate asthma and healthy controls to determine the impact of this condition on echocardiographic variables.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Male and female children and adolescents from 10 to 16 years with mild to moderate asthma were enrolled in the present study. Asthma severity was established based on the guidelines of the Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The control group comprised of children and adolescents considered healthy. The groups were matched for sex and age.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
        <p>The group with asthma comprised children and adolescents with clinical and spirometric diagnosis of asthma, for more than 30 days with no history of acute upper or lower airway infection or exacerbation of the condition. The participants in the control group had a normal clinical history and normal lung function.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Children and adolescents with acute or chronic lung disease, major thoracic deformities, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, digestive, rheumatic, osteoarticular or genital-urinary disorders, genetic syndromes or any adverse health conditions that limited the safe performance of the tests proposed in the protocol were excluded from the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation protocol</title>
        <p>Height (meters) and weight (kilograms) were measured using an anthropometric scale (Filizola<sup>TM</sup>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil). The tests were conducted in two steps. Step 1 - spirometric analysis was performed to confirm the diagnosis and classification of asthma. Next, the quality of life and baseline physical activity questionnaires were administered. The strength and endurance of the inspiratory muscles were then measured. Functional capacity was evaluated using the six-minute walk test (6MWT) 30 minutes after the evaluation of the inspiratory muscles. Step 2 - Echocardiography was performed. The order of the two steps was determined randomly and a maximum interval of 15 days was respected between steps.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pulmonary function test</title>
        <p>The spirometric variables analyzed were forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second of FVC (FEV<sub>1</sub>) and the Tiffeneau index (FEV<sub>1/</sub>FVC). The group with asthma was also submitted to the bronchodilator test 20 minutes after the inhalation of salbutamol (400 &#181;g/dose) distributed in four inhalations of 100 &#181;g with a one-minute period between inhalations. Predicted values were analyzed and described using the equations proposed by Polgar and Promadhat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> An increase in FEV<sub>1</sub> equal to or greater than 12% of the predicted after the administration of salbutamol confirmed the variable limitation to airflow.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of maximum inspiratory pressure</title>
        <p>Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) was evaluated using an analog pressure gauge (MDI(r) model MVD300, Porto Alegre, Brazil) beginning from residual volume. At least five reproducible measurements were taken and the maneuvers were repeated until the two highest measurements did not differ by more than 5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The highest measurement was used to establish the load for the evaluation on inspiratory muscle endurance.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of inspiratory muscle endurance</title>
        <p>Inspiratory muscle endurance was evaluated after the determination of MIP, using a modified version of the protocol proposed by Sette et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Inspiratory muscle endurance was defined as the maximum time tolerated of spontaneous breathing with a load corresponding to 30% of MIP until exhaustion, which was defined as the inability to overcome inspiratory resistance in two consecutive attempts. The criteria for interrupting the test were intense weariness, dizziness, discomfort, cheek pain or peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) less than 85%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of functional capacity using the 6MWT</title>
        <p>The 6MWT was performed based on the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society. The participant was instructed to walk as fast as possible along a 30-meter flat corridor marked every three meters and received standardized verbal encouragement every 30 seconds by the same evaluator. A second evaluator remained at one of the extremities of the track to assist in the data collection at the beginning and end of the test. Blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), SpO<sub>2</sub>, and the Borg dyspnea score at rest and during exertion were the variables measured at the beginning and end of the test. The 6MWT was performed twice, with a 30-minute rest interval between tests. The test on which the participant travelled the longer distance was considered in the statistical analysis. The criteria for interrupting the test were extreme weariness, SpO<sub>2</sub> less than 85% or any other discomfort. The participant was told that the test could be interrupted at any type if he/she felt any discomfort. Dyspnea at rest and during exertion was evaluated using the modified Borg scale,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> which is scored from 0 to 10 points based on verbal responses that correspond to no or maximum shortness of breath, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of quality of life</title>
        <p>Quality of life was evaluated using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory<sup>TM</sup> version 4.0 (PedsQL 4.0).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Self-assessments were available for the following age groups: 5 to 7, 8 to 12 and 13 to 18 years. The items on the forms for each age group are similar, differing only in terms of the use of language adequate to the level of development. The quality of life of the group with asthma was also evaluated using the Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> which has been translated and culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese for children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of baseline physical activity</title>
        <p>Physical activity was evaluated using the Physical Activity Questionnaire - Child (PAQ-C),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> which measures the level of physical activity of children and adolescents in the previous week.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of echocardiographic variable</title>
        <p>A single pediatric cardiologist who was blinded to the respiratory status of the participants performed the echocardiogram. The exam was performed with the participant positioned in left lateral and dorsal decubitus. The Toshiba echocardiograph was used with variable frequency transducers from 2.0 to 7.0 MHz. At least five consecutive beats were obtained from the parasternal window to determine the inner diameters of the ventricles. The exams were recorded and analyzed offline by two specialists in pediatric echocardiography.</p>
        <p>The left and right ventricular functions were assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography: M-mode, color-flow imaging, standard pulsed-wave Doppler and TDI, according to guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography. The following data were collected for statistical evaluation: measurements of aortic dimension, left atrium, right ventricle anterior wall, right ventricular end-diastolic dimension, interventricular septum, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, left ventricular systolic dimension and left ventricle posterior wall obtained by the M mode paraesternal long and short axis view. There was no patient with congenital heart disease and all of them had symmetric left ventricular systolic function.</p>
        <p>The apical four-chamber view enables studying blood inflow through the atrioventricular valves. The early (E) and late (A) diastolic velocities of mitral and tricuspid valves and E/A ratio were used to evaluate biventricular filling function. TDI was used to evaluate cardiac load and determine the myocardial performance index (MPI). The left ventricular TDI was achieved at the lateral wall through the mitral annulus, whereas the right ventricular TDI was achieved through the tricuspid lateral annulus. The recordings of peak early (E') and late (A') diastolic velocities, E&#180;/A&#180; ratio, systolic (S&#180;) annular velocity, isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) and isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT) were obtained in the apical four-chamber view. MPI is defined as the IVCT and IVRT divided by the ejection time (ET) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tissue Doppler imaging performed at tricuspid annulus in apical 4-chamber view (E'- peak early diastolic annular tricuspid velocity; A': peak late diastolic annular tricuspid velocity; S': systolic annular velocity; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; IVCT: isovolumetric contraction time; ET: ejection time)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0231-80052-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The right ventricular systolic function was assessed by fractional area change (FAC), derived from tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity wave (S') and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE).</p>
        <p>Pulmonary systolic arterial pressure (PSAP) was also estimated using two methods. Pulsed-wave Doppler tracing across the pulmonary valve was performed using the pulmonary acceleration time (PAT) by left parasternal short-axis view (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The normal profile is symmetrical in shape. When pulmonary pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance are high, the peak occurs earlier. The other method was measuring maximal tricuspid regurgitation velocity, applying the modified Bernoulli equation to convert this value into pressure values and adding the estimated right atrial pressure (RAP). Normal RAP was considered 5 mmHg. PSAP = tricuspid regurgitation gradient + RAP. PSAP = (Vmax&#178; x 4) + RAP. Normal systolic arterial pressure is up to 30 mmHg at rest and up to 40 mmHg during exercise.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pulsed-wave Doppler of pulmonary artery (PAT: pulmonary acceleration time = interval from onset of pulmonary flow to peak velocity; shorter acceleration time = higher pulmonary arterial pressure)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0231-80052-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample size</title>
        <p>In order to calculate the sample size, we considered as objective to test the equality of the means of the mitral E-wave velocity among the groups of asthmatic patients and controls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In order to detect a minimum difference of 4.7 cm/s between means, with a significance of 5%, minimum power of 80%, and variance based on a previous study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> it was necessary to obtain a ratio of 0.9 between controls/asthmatics, corresponding to 20 asthmatic children and 18 controls.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data. The variables were expressed as central tendency (mean and median) and variability (standard error of the mean or interquartile range-IQR). When appropriate, either the non-paired t-test or the Mann-Whitney test was used for the comparison of the different variables analyzed, and either Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient were calculated to evaluate associations between the independent variables and response variable. All analyses were performed with the GraphPad Prism software (version 5.0, GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered indicative of statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric and pulmonary function test data</title>
        <p>Control and asthmatic groups were similar with regard to age, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI). FEV<sub>1</sub> and the Tiffeneau index (FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC) were significantly lower in the group with asthma than the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). All asthmatic patients were clinically stable. Of the 20 patients, 86.95% presented mild asthma, 8.70% moderate asthma and 4.35% very severe asthma.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Anthropometric data, and pulmonary function test in control and asthmatic groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Control (n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center">Asthma (n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">12.67 &#177; 0,39</td>
                <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 0.38</td>
                <td align="center">0.143<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">M</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">44. 44%</td>
                <td align="center">50%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">52.5 &#177; 5.0</td>
                <td align="center">50.3 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.21<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1.57 &#177; 0.34</td>
                <td align="center">1.53 &#177; 0.22</td>
                <td align="center">0.44<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI</td>
                <td align="center">21.1 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">21.0 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.93<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal weight range</td>
                <td align="center">44.45%</td>
                <td align="center">47.6%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Overweight</td>
                <td align="center">33.33%</td>
                <td align="center">23.8%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obese</td>
                <td align="center">22.22%</td>
                <td align="center">28.6%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Pulmonary function</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FVC (% predicted)</td>
                <td align="center">108.7% &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">95.8% &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.814<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEV<sub>1</sub> (% predicted)</td>
                <td align="center">102.2% &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">84.4% &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.011<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEV<sub>1</sub> /FVC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">95.7% &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">86.4% &#177; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.027<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; SEM. BMI: body mass index; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV<sub>1</sub>: forced expiratory volume in first second of FVC; FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC: Tiffeneau index. Comparison between the two groups was made through the t-student or non-parametric statistical test Mann-Whitney test.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>T</label>
              <p>t-Student and</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>M</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic characteristics</title>
        <p>In the present study, conventional and tissue echocardiographic parameters in healthy and asthmatic children and adolescents free of any cardiovascular symptoms were assessed.</p>
        <p>TAPSE, FAC% and S' were similar in both asthmatic and control groups. MPI was higher in asthmatic group. TDI of right diastolic function revealed that E', A' and the E'/A' ratio, evaluated in the tricuspid annulus, differed significantly between groups. Similarly, E and A diastolic annular tricuspid velocity and E/A differed significantly between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Moreover, the IVRT was significantly (p = 0.0007) higher in asthmatic group (57.15 &#177; 0.97 ms) in relation to control (52.28 &#177; 0.87 ms) group.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Doppler echocardiogram parameters of right ventricle systolic and diastolic function in control and asthmatic groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable (normal value)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Systolic function</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Control (n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center">Asthma (n = 20)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAPSE cm ( &gt; 1.6)</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 0.19</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">0.184<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">M</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FAC % ( &gt; 35)</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 3.21</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 2.89</td>
                <td align="center">0.212<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">M</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S' cm/s ( &gt; 9.5)</td>
                <td align="center">12.29 &#177; 0.26</td>
                <td align="center">11.67 &#177; 0.34</td>
                <td align="center">0.3342<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">M</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MPI ( &lt; 0.55)</td>
                <td align="center">0.40 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.43 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.0383<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">M</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Diastolic function</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tricuspid E'/A' ratio ( &gt; 0.52)</td>
                <td align="center">2.12 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">1.70 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.0017<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tricuspid E' cm/s ( &gt; 7.8)</td>
                <td align="center">15.71 &#177; 0.34</td>
                <td align="center">13.75 &#177; 0.53</td>
                <td align="center">0.0047<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tricuspid E/A ratio ( &gt; 0.8)</td>
                <td align="center">2.34 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">1.71 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; SEM. TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; FAC %: fractional area change; S': systolic myocardial velocity; MPI: myocardial performance index; E': early diastolic myocardial velocity; A': late diastolic myocardial velocity; E: peak early diastolic annular tricuspid velocity; A: peak late diastolic annular tricuspid velocity (atrial contraction). Data analysis for comparison between the two groups was made through the t-student or non-parametric statistical test Mann-Whitney test.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>T</label>
              <p>t-Student and</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>M</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney. In the tricuspid valve, the value of MPI is 0.39 (0.6) and 0.43 (0.6) for control and asthmatic groups.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Although PAT and PASP were within normal limits (&gt; 130 ms and &lt; 35 mmHg, respectively), these parameters differed significantly between the control and asthmatic groups. PAT was lower (p &lt; 0.0001) and PASP (p &lt; 0.0002) was higher in the asthma group (114.3 &#177; 3.70 ms and 25.40 &#177; 0.54 mmHg) than the control group (135.30 &#177; 2.28 ms and 22.22 &#177; 0.40 mmHg).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows that S' was lower and the MPI was higher in the group with asthma. TDI of left diastolic function revealed that both E' and A' differed significantly between groups. Peak E and A diastolic annular mitral velocity and E/A differed significantly between groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Doppler echocardiogram parameters of left ventricle systolic and diastolic function in control and asthmatic groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable (normal value)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Systolic function</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Control (n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center">Asthma (n = 20)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction % (&gt; 35)</td>
                <td align="center">69.0 &#177; 0.47</td>
                <td align="center">69.0 &#177; 0.80</td>
                <td align="center">0.4677<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lateral mitral S' cm/s (&gt; 6.7)</td>
                <td align="center">8.01 &#177; 0.20</td>
                <td align="center">7.30 &#177; 0.21 </td>
                <td align="center">0.0170<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">M</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MPI (&lt; 0.55)</td>
                <td align="center">0.34 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.37 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.0059<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Diastolic function</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lateral mitral E'/A' ratio (&gt; 0.82)</td>
                <td align="center">2.89 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">2.52 &#177; 0.20 </td>
                <td align="center">0.1161<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lateral mitral E' cm/s (&gt; 10.0)</td>
                <td align="center">14.32 &#177; 0.25</td>
                <td align="center">13.27 &#177; 0.43</td>
                <td align="center">0.0466<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral E/A ratio (&gt; 0.8)</td>
                <td align="center">3.42 &#177; 0.17</td>
                <td align="center">2.25 &#177; 0.14</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">T</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; SEM. S': systolic myocardial velocity; MPI: myocardial performance index; E': early diastolic myocardial velocity; A': late diastolic myocardial velocity; E: peak early diastolic annular mitral velocity; A: peak late diastolic annular mitral velocity (atrial contraction). Data analysis for comparison between the two groups was made through the t-student or non-parametric statistical test Mann-Whitney test.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>T</label>
              <p>t-Student and</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>M</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney. In the mitral valve, the value S' is 7.93 (1.07) and 7.12 (1.08) for control and asthmatic groups.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Among the 18 healthy children and adolescents submitted to echocardiograms, nine were submitted to an evaluation of inspiratory muscle endurance and functional capacity, along with the administration of the questionnaires on quality of life and level of physical activity. The group with asthma was submitted to all tests employed in the present study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inspiratory muscle endurance</title>
        <p>No significant differences between control and asthma groups were found regarding MIP (109.4 &#177; 14.19 cmH<sub>2</sub>O and 92.14 &#177; 5.62 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, p = 0.178) or baseline dyspnea (0.14 &#177; 0.09 and 0.18 &#177; 0.10, p = 0.871). Despite the shorter respiratory muscle endurance time in the group with asthma (128.9 &#177; 14.08 s), the difference did not achieve statistical significance in comparison with control group (154.9 &#177; 46.69 s). Final Borg scale scores were significantly higher in comparison to the baseline evaluation in both groups. Moreover, the group with asthma (6.1 &#177; 0.39) had significantly (p = 0.0129) higher final Borg scores in comparison to the control group (3.67 &#177; 0.41).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline physical activity and functional exercise capacity</title>
        <p>Mean baseline physical activity, evaluated by PAQ-C, was similar (p = 0.65) in both control (2.2) and asthmatic (2.04) groups. The mean number of hours spent in front of the television per day was five hours in the control group and 5.71 hours in the group with asthma.</p>
        <p>The functional exercise capacity was evaluated by 6MWT. All participants completed the test without interruption. No significant differences between groups were found regarding the cardiopulmonary variables (BP, HR, SpO<sub>2</sub>, and dyspnea). The walked distance did not differ (p = 0,239) between control (327.3 &#177; 15.73 m) and asthma (328.8 &#177; 8.61 m) groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of quality of life</title>
        <p>The quality of life in control and asthmatic groups was measured using the PedsQL 4.0. No significant difference between groups was found regarding the mean total PedsQL 4.0 score (p = 0.418) or separately the scores on the emotional (p = 0.698), social (p = 0.730), school functioning (p = 0.626) and psychosocial (p = 0.984) domains. The score on the physical domain, however, was significantly lower (p = 0.005) in the group with asthma (74.06 &#177; 2.54) in comparison to the control group (92.86 &#177; 3.71). Regarding the PAQLQ, no significant differences between sexes were found on any of the domains. The "symptoms" domain had the greatest negative impact (5.22 &#177; 0.23).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present findings demonstrate for the first time that PAT was significantly lower and PSAP was significantly higher in the group with asthma compared to the controls. TDI has been used to evaluate quantitative measurements of regional velocities of the myocardium and both the systolic and diastolic intervals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> TDI enables the detection of right ventricular dysfunction in the early stages of respiratory disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In the current study, significant differences between groups were found regarding E' and A' evaluated in the tricuspid and mitral annuli. In addition, the MPI of the right and left ventricles was significantly higher in the group with asthma. Interestingly, respiratory muscle performance, baseline physical activity level and exercise capacity were similar in both groups. Taken together, these findings suggest that echocardiographic parameters, especially TDI parameters, can be useful as a complementary evaluation for patients with asthma, allowing the early detection of repercussions on the heart.</p>
      <p>The interaction between respiratory diseases and cardiovascular function is complex. Changes in the structure and function of the right ventricle are associated with pulmonary hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In the present study, although the conventional echocardiogram demonstrated no evidence of changes in the structure of the right ventricle, the group with asthma exhibited a reduction in PAT and an increase in PSAP in relation to control group. Recent study has demonstrated that PAT inversely correlates with right heart catheterization-measured pulmonary hemodynamics and directly correlates with pulmonary arterial compliance in children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Unlike findings described in studies by Shedeed et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Ozdemir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and Zedan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> no right ventricular hypertrophy was found in the group with asthma in the present investigation. Moreover, in the current study the conventional Doppler echocardiogram revealed statistically significant difference between the controls and the group with asthma regarding peak velocities during the early diastole and atrial contraction (E, A and E/A) evaluated in the annulus of the mitral and tricuspid valves. In contrast, Shedeed et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> found no significant differences in these variables between controls and a group with asthma or between the different degrees of asthma severity.</p>
      <p>A number of studies have demonstrated that patients with asthma exhibit diastolic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Indeed, in the current study significant differences between the controls and the group with asthma were found regarding myocardial diastolic velocities E' and A' as well as the E'/A' ratio evaluated in the tricuspid annulus. Similar results were found in the mitral valve annulus, with a reduction in myocardial velocity during early diastole and an increase in myocardial velocity during atrial contraction. A significant increase in the IVRT was also found in the group with asthma, contributing to a significant increase in the MPI. In contrast, the increase in the MPI of the left ventricle occurred at the cost of a reduction in systolic velocity in the ventricle.</p>
      <p>The clinical phenotype of asthma may differentially affect myocardial performance. Zedan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> compared the MPI of children with asthma according to the phenotype (predominance of shallow breathing or wheezing as the clinical manifestation) and found that those with shallow breathing had a higher MPI. In the present study, the asthmatic children and adolescents were evaluated in a single group based only on the clinical and spirometric diagnosis of asthma.</p>
      <p>In the current study, MIP was similar in both groups, despite the significant reductions in FEV<sub>1</sub> and Tiffeneau index in the asthmatic group. The results of studies involving inspiratory muscle strength in asthmatic children and adolescents are conflicting. Some studies show that there is no difference,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and other studies show that the strength of the inspiratory muscles of children and adolescents with asthma is reduced relative to their peers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Similar results were observed in inspiratory muscle endurance. Endurance test was similar in the control and asthmatic groups. However, exertion dyspnea evaluated at the end of the endurance test was significantly more intense in the group with asthma, suggesting that this variable may have a discriminative value between healthy individuals and those with asthma when submitted to the same level of inspiratory muscle overload. There is a number of determinant factors of inspiratory muscle endurance, such as contraction strength and duration, shortening velocity, the relationship between baseline inspiratory pressure (IP) and MIP (IP/MIP) and the inspiratory flow pattern adopted by patients during the evaluation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Further studies are needed to clarify the greater shortness of breath in the group with asthma.</p>
      <p>The 6MWT is considered a safe, easy-to-administer method for the evaluation of sub-maximum exercise capacity in healthy children and adolescents,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> as well as those with respiratory diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Similar to the results of Basso et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and Soares et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> in the present study, no significant difference between groups was found regarding the distance walked or the cardiovascular variables analyzed before and after the 6MWT. In the same way, studies using other functional capacity assessment methods, such as the shuttle walking test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and cardiopulmonary exercise test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> also did not observe a difference between asthmatic children and adolescents and control group.</p>
      <p>Quality of life is one of the most important outcomes in the evaluation of patients with chronic disease. In the present study, this aspect was evaluated using a generic questionnaire as well as a specific questionnaire for children and adolescents with asthma. Regarding the generic questionnaire, quality of life was similar in both groups with regard to most domains, except the score on the physical domain, which was significantly lower in the group with asthma. In agreement with data described by Basaran et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> and Andrade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> the mean score on the asthma-specific questionnaire was 5.67 &#177; 0.23, which indicates a good quality of life among the children and adolescents studied in the present investigation.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>The small sample size could be considered a limitation of the present study. However, even with the small number of participants, it was possible to demonstrate changes in conventional and tissue echocardiographic variables among the children and adolescents with asthma in comparison to the control group. Another limitation regards the evaluation of functional capacity. The 6MWT is considered a sub-maximal exercise test for measuring physical functional capacity. It is possible that the variables analyzed on a maximum cardiopulmonary stress test would be more sensitive in detecting differences in functional capacity between individuals considered healthy and those with asthma. A third limitation was the failure to evaluate the breathing pattern adopted during the respiratory muscle endurance test. The record of inspiratory flow allows the evaluation of inspiratory time, expiratory time, total cycle and the inspiratory time/total cycle ratio, as performance on the endurance test can vary depending on the breathing pattern adopted. The precise mechanism to clarify the difference in exertion dyspnea between healthy individuals and those with asthma during the inspiratory muscle endurance test needs to be determined.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Patients with asthma presented significant changes in diastolic velocities of the myocardium and the MPI of both ventricles, but with no repercussions regarding exercise capacity evaluated using the 6MWT. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to evaluate the clinical implications of these abnormalities.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethical approval and informed consent</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas-Minas Gerais under protocol number 14710413.0.0000.5134. All procedures involved in this study are in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgement</title>
      <p>This work was supported by the Funda&#231;&#227;o Lucas Machado (FELUMA), Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas-Minas Gerais, P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de and Cl&#237;nica Conrad. Camilla R de Paula, undergraduate student received support from Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG.), Brazil. We are thankful to Isabel Cristina Gomes for additional statistical assistance.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Berair R, Hollins F, Brightling C. Airway smooth muscle hypercontractility in asthma. J Allergy (Cairo). 2013;2013:185971. doi: 10.1155/2013/185971.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berair</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hollins</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brightling</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Airway smooth muscle hypercontractility in asthma</article-title>
          <source>J Allergy (Cairo)</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>2013</volume>
          <fpage>185971</fpage>
          <lpage>185971</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/185971</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Hirota N, Martin JG. Mechanisms of airway remodeling. Chest. 2013;144(3):1026-32. doi: 10.1378/chest.12-3073.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hirota</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanisms of airway remodeling</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>144</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>1026</fpage>
          <lpage>1032</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1378/chest.12-3073</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Rodrigues-Machado MG, Magalhaes GS, Cardoso JA, Kangussu LM, Murari A, Caliari MV, et al. AVE 0991, a non-peptide mimic of angiotensin-(1-7) effects, attenuates pulmonary remodelling in a model of chronic asthma. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;170(4):835-46. doi: 10.1111/bph.12318.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues-Machado</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalhaes</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kangussu</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caliari</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>AVE 0991, a non-peptide mimic of angiotensin-(1-7) effects, attenuates pulmonary remodelling in a model of chronic asthma</article-title>
          <source>Br J Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>170</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>835</fpage>
          <lpage>846</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/bph.12318</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Harkness LM, Kanabar V, Sharma HS, Westergren-Thorsson G, Larsson-Callerfelt AK. Pulmonary vascular changes in asthma and COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2014;29(2):144-55. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.09.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harkness</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanabar</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Westergren-Thorsson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larsson-Callerfelt</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary vascular changes in asthma and COPD</article-title>
          <source>Pulm Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>144</fpage>
          <lpage>155</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pupt.2014.09.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Forfia PR, Vaidya A, Wiegers SE. Pulmonary heart disease: the heart-lung interaction and its impact on patient phenotypes. Pulm Circ. 2013;3(1):5-19. doi: 10.4103/2045-8932.109910.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Forfia</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaidya</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegers</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary heart disease: the heart-lung interaction and its impact on patient phenotypes</article-title>
          <source>Pulm Circ</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/2045-8932.109910</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Davenport PW, Cruz M, Stecenko AA, Kifle Y. Respiratory-related evoked potentials in children with life-threatening asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(6):1830-5. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.6.9903077.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davenport</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cruz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stecenko</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kifle</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Respiratory-related evoked potentials in children with life-threatening asthma</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>161</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1830</fpage>
          <lpage>1835</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1164/ajrccm.161.6.9903077</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Yu CM, Sanderson JE, Chan S, Yeung L, Hung YT, Woo KS. Right ventricular diastolic dysfunction in heart failure. Circulation. 1996;93(8):1509-14. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.8.1509">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.8.1509</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanderson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeung</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hung</surname>
              <given-names>YT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woo</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Right ventricular diastolic dysfunction in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1509</fpage>
          <lpage>1514</lpage>
          <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.8.1509">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.8.1509</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Nikitin NP, Witte KK. Application of tissue Doppler imaging in cardiology. Cardiology. 2004;101(4):170-84. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1159/000076694">https://doi.org/10.1159/000076694</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nikitin</surname>
              <given-names>NP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Witte</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Application of tissue Doppler imaging in cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>170</fpage>
          <lpage>184</lpage>
          <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1159/000076694">https://doi.org/10.1159/000076694</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Zeybek C, Yalcin Y, Erdem A, Polat TB, Aktuglu-Zeybek AC, Bayoglu V, et al. Tissue Doppler echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function in children with bronchial asthma. Pediatr Int. 2007 Dec;49(6):911-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2007.02486.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zeybek</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yalcin</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erdem</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polat</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aktuglu-Zeybek</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayoglu</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tissue Doppler echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function in children with bronchial asthma</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Int</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <month>12</month>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>911</fpage>
          <lpage>917</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1442-200X.2007.02486.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Ozdemir O, Ceylan Y, Razi CH, Ceylan O, Andiran N. Assessment of ventricular functions by tissue Doppler echocardiography in children with asthma. Pediatr Cardiol. 2013;34(3):553-9. doi: 10.1007/s00246-012-0493-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ozdemir</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceylan</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Razi</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceylan</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andiran</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of ventricular functions by tissue Doppler echocardiography in children with asthma</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>553</fpage>
          <lpage>559</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00246-012-0493-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Shedeed SA. Right ventricular function in children with bronchial asthma: a tissue Doppler echocardiographic study. Pediatr Cardiol. 2010;31(7):1008-15. doi: 10.1007/s00246-010-9753-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shedeed</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Right ventricular function in children with bronchial asthma: a tissue Doppler echocardiographic study</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1008</fpage>
          <lpage>1015</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00246-010-9753-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Zedan M, Alsawah GA, El-Assmy MM, Hasaneen B, Zedan MM, Nasef NA. Clinical asthma phenotypes: is there an impact on myocardial performance? Echocardiography. 2012;29(5):528-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01635.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zedan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alsawah</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El-Assmy</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hasaneen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zedan</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasef</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical asthma phenotypes: is there an impact on myocardial performance?</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>528</fpage>
          <lpage>534</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01635.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Bateman ED, Hurd SS, Barnes PJ, Bousquet J, Drazen JM, FitzGerald M, et al. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(1):143-78. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00138707.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bateman</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hurd</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barnes</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bousquet</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drazen</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>FitzGerald</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>143</fpage>
          <lpage>178</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1183/09031936.00138707</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Polgar G, Promadhat V. (editors). Pulmonary function testing in children: techniques and standards. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1971.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Polgar</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Promadhat</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Pulmonary function testing in children: techniques and standards</source>
          <year>1971</year>
          <publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Saunders</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Drumond SC, Fontes MJ, Assis I, Duarte MA, Lamounier JA, Lopes Orlandi LC, et al. Comparison of three sets of reference equations for spirometry in children and adolescents with distinct body mass indices. J Bras Pneumol. 2009;35(5):415-22. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132009000500005">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132009000500005</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Drumond</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assis</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamounier</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes Orlandi</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of three sets of reference equations for spirometry in children and adolescents with distinct body mass indices</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Pneumol.</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>415</fpage>
          <lpage>422</lpage>
          <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132009000500005">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132009000500005</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Sette L, Ganassini A, Boner AL, Rossi A. Maximal inspiratory pressure and inspiratory muscle endurance time in asthmatic children: reproducibility and relationship with pulmonary function tests. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1997;24(6):385-90. PMID: 9448229.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sette</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ganassini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boner</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossi</surname>
              <given-names>A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Maximal inspiratory pressure and inspiratory muscle endurance time in asthmatic children: reproducibility and relationship with pulmonary function tests</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Pulmonol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>385</fpage>
          <lpage>390</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9448229</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377-81. PMID: 7154893.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Borg</surname>
              <given-names>GA.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>381</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7154893</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Varni JW, Burwinkle TM, Seid M, Skarr D. The PedsQL 4.0 as a pediatric population health measure: feasibility, reliability, and validity. Ambul Pediatr. 2003;3(6):329-41. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1367/1539-4409(2003)003&lt;0329:TPAAPP&gt;2.0.CO;2">http://dx.doi.org/10.1367/1539-4409(2003)003&lt;0329:TPAAPP&gt;2.0.CO;2</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Varni</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burwinkle</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seid</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skarr</surname>
              <given-names>D.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The PedsQL 4.0 as a pediatric population health measure: feasibility, reliability, and validity</article-title>
          <source>Ambul Pediatr</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>329</fpage>
          <lpage>341</lpage>
          <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1367/1539-4409(2003)003&lt;0329:TPAAPP&gt;2.0.CO;2">http://dx.doi.org/10.1367/1539-4409(2003)003&lt;0329:TPAAPP&gt;2.0.CO;2</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Klatchoian DA, Len CA, Terreri MT, Silva M, Itamoto C, Ciconelli RM, et al. Quality of life of children and adolescents from Sao Paulo: reliability and validity of the Brazilian version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 Generic Core Scales. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(4):308-15.doi:10.2223/JPED.1788.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klatchoian</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Len</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terreri</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Itamoto</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ciconelli</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quality of life of children and adolescents from Sao Paulo: reliability and validity of the Brazilian version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 Generic Core Scales</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <publisher-loc>Rio J</publisher-loc>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>308</fpage>
          <lpage>315</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2223/JPED.1788</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Feeny DH, Ferrie PJ, Griffith LE, Townsend M. Measuring quality of life in children with asthma. Qual Life Res. 1996;5(1):35-46. PMID: 8901365.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Juniper</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guyatt</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feeny</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrie</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Griffith</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Townsend</surname>
              <given-names>M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measuring quality of life in children with asthma</article-title>
          <source>Qual Life Res</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8901365</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 La Scala CS, Naspitz CK, Sole D. [Adaptation and validation of the Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) in Brazilian asthmatic children and adolescents]. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2005;81(1):54-60. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0021-75572005000100011">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0021-75572005000100011</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>La Scala</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naspitz</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sole</surname>
              <given-names>D.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adaptation and validation of the Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) in Brazilian asthmatic children and adolescents</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr (Rio J)</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>54</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0021-75572005000100011">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0021-75572005000100011</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Crocker PR, Bailey DA, Faulkner RA, Kowalski KC, McGrath R. Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(10):1344-9. PMID: 9346166.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crocker</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faulkner</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kowalski</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGrath</surname>
              <given-names>R.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1344</fpage>
          <lpage>1349</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9346166</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Chow S, Shao J, Wang H. Sample size calculations in clinical research. 2nd ed. New York: Chapman &amp; Hall/CRC; 2008. ISBN: 9781584889823.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chow</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Sample size calculations in clinical research</source>
          <edition>2nd ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Chapman &amp; Hall/CRC</publisher-name>
          <year>2008</year>
          <comment>ISBN: 9781584889823</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Levy PT, Patel MD, Groh G, Choudhry S, Murphy J, Holland MR, et al. Pulmonary artery acceleration time provides a reliable estimate of invasive pulmonary hemodynamics in children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(11):1056-65. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.08.013.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Groh</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choudhry</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holland</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary artery acceleration time provides a reliable estimate of invasive pulmonary hemodynamics in children</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1056</fpage>
          <lpage>1065</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2016.08.013</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Marcelino AM, da Cunha DA, da Cunha RA, da Silva HJ. Respiratory muscle strength in asthmatic children. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;16(4):492-6. doi: 10.7162/S1809-97772012000400010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marcelino</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>HJ.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Respiratory muscle strength in asthmatic children.</article-title>
          <source>Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>492</fpage>
          <lpage>496</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7162/S1809-97772012000400010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Heinzmann-Filho JP, Vendrusculo FM, Woszezenki CT, Piva TC, Santos AN, Barcellos AB, et al. Inspiratory muscle function in asthmatic and healthy subjects: influence of age, nutrition and physical activity. J Asthma. 2016;53(9):893-9. doi: 10.3109/02770903.2016.1165698.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heinzmann-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vendrusculo</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woszezenki</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piva</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barcellos</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inspiratory muscle function in asthmatic and healthy subjects: influence of age, nutrition and physical activity.</article-title>
          <source>J Asthma</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>893</fpage>
          <lpage>899</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/02770903.2016.1165698</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Soares AA, Barros CM, Santos CG, Dos Santos MR, Silva JR, Silva Junior WM, et al. Respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function in children with rhinitis and asthma after a six-minute walk test. J Asthma. 2017 May 10:1-7. doi: 10.1080/02770903.2017.1326133.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dos Santos</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function in children with rhinitis and asthma after a six-minute walk test.</article-title>
          <source>J Asthma</source>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/02770903.2017.1326133</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Rochester DF. Tests of respiratory muscle function. Clin Chest Med. 1988;9(2):249-61. PMID: 3292126.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rochester</surname>
              <given-names>DF.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tests of respiratory muscle function</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chest Med</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>249</fpage>
          <lpage>261</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3292126</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Geiger R, Strasak A, Treml B, Gasser K, Kleinsasser A, Fischer V, et al. Six-minute walk test in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2007;150(4):395-9, 399.e1-2. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.052">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.052</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geiger</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strasak</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Treml</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gasser</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinsasser</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fischer</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Six-minute walk test in children and adolescents</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>150</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>395</fpage>
          <lpage>399</lpage>
          <comment>399.e1-2</comment>
          <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.052">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.052</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Andrade LB, Silva DA, Salgado TL, Figueroa JN, Lucena-Silva N, Britto MC. Comparison of six-minute walk test in children with moderate/severe asthma with reference values for healthy children. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90(3):250-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2013.08.006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salgado</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueroa</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lucena-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Britto</surname>
              <given-names>MC.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of six-minute walk test in children with moderate/severe asthma with reference values for healthy children</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr (Rio J)</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>250</fpage>
          <lpage>257</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jped.2013.08.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Basso RP, Jamami M, Pessoa BV, Labadessa IG, Regueiro EM, Di Lorenzo VA. Assessment of exercise capacity among asthmatic and healthy adolescents. Revista brasileira de fisioterapia. 2010;14(3):252-8. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552010000300005">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552010000300005</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Basso</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jamami</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pessoa</surname>
              <given-names>BV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Labadessa</surname>
              <given-names>IG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Regueiro</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Lorenzo</surname>
              <given-names>VA.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of exercise capacity among asthmatic and healthy adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Revista brasileira de fisioterapia</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>252</fpage>
          <lpage>258</lpage>
          <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552010000300005">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552010000300005</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Mattiello R, Sarria EE, Stein R, Fischer GB, Mocelin HT, Barreto SS, et al. Functional capacity assessment in children and adolescents with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(4):337-43.doi:10.2223/JPED.1807.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mattiello</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarria</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fischer</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mocelin</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Functional capacity assessment in children and adolescents with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr (Rio J)</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>337</fpage>
          <lpage>343</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2223/JPED.1807</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Augusto LS, Silva GC, Pinho JF, Aires RD, Lemos VS, Ramalho LF, et al. Vascular function in asthmatic children and adolescents. Respir Res. 2017;18(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s12931-016-0488-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Augusto</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinho</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aires</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemos</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramalho</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vascular function in asthmatic children and adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Respir Res</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12931-016-0488-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Moore LE, Bhutani M, Petersen SR, McMurtry MS, Byers BW, Tedjasaputra V, et al. Physical activity, fitness, and vascular health in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(3):809-11.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.02.033.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moore</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhutani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petersen</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurtry</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byers</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tedjasaputra</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physical activity, fitness, and vascular health in patients with asthma</article-title>
          <source>J Allergy Clin Immunol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>136</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>809</fpage>
          <lpage>811</lpage>
          <size units="pages">e3</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jaci.2015.02.033</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Basaran S, Guler-Uysal F, Ergen N, Seydaoglu G, Bingol-Karakoc G, Ufuk Altintas D. Effects of physical exercise on quality of life, exercise capacity and pulmonary function in children with asthma. J Rehabil Med. 2006;38(2):130-5. doi: 10.1080/16501970500476142.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Basaran</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guler-Uysal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ergen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seydaoglu</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bingol-Karakoc</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ufuk Altintas</surname>
              <given-names>D.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of physical exercise on quality of life, exercise capacity and pulmonary function in children with asthma</article-title>
          <source>J Rehabil Med</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>130</fpage>
          <lpage>135</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/16501970500476142</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Ecocardiografia Pedi&#225;trica</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica da Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Pacientes Jovens com Asma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>De-Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Camilla Rayane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Giselle Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jentzsch</surname>
            <given-names>Nulma Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botelho</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Figueredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Cleonice de Carvalho Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mur&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiane Mois&#233;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramalho</surname>
            <given-names>Lidiana Fatima Correa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tan</surname>
            <given-names>Timothy C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">7</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Capuru&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Andrade Braganca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues-Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Gloria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Minas Gerais (FCM-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte - Unidade de Refer&#234;ncia Secund&#225;ria Saudade, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Conrad, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Westmead Hospital - Faculty of Medicine - University of Sydney, Sidney - Austr&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Blacktown Hospital - Faculty of Medicine - University of Western Sydney, Sidney - Austr&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Medical Sciences - Faculty of Medicine - University of New South Wales, Sidney - Austr&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria da Gloria Rodrigues Machado</bold>, Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 275. CEP 30130-110, Centro, Belo Horizonte. MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>maria.machado@cienciasmedicasmg.edu.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rodrigues-Machado MG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: De-Paula CR, Magalh&#227;es GS, Jentzsch NS, Botelho CF, Mur&#231;a TM, Ramalho LFC, Bragan&#231;a Capuru&#231;o CA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: De-Paula CR, Magalh&#227;es GS, Jentzsch NS, Botelho CF, Mota CCC, Mur&#231;a TM, Ramalho LFC, Tan TC, Bragan&#231;a Capuru&#231;o CA, Rodrigues-Machado MG; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: De-Paula CR, Magalh&#227;es GS, Jentzsch NS, Mur&#231;a TM, Ramalho LFC, Bragan&#231;a Capuru&#231;o CA, Rodrigues-Machado MG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: De-Paula CR, Magalh&#227;es GS, Botelho CF, Mota CCC, Tan TC, Bragan&#231;a Capuru&#231;o CA, Rodrigues-Machado MG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mota CCC, Tan TC, Bragan&#231;a Capuru&#231;o CA, Rodrigues-Machado MG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Apesar de avan&#231;os significativos no entendimento da fisiopatologia e manejo da asma, alguns efeitos sist&#234;micos da asma ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o bem definidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Comparar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica basal, e a capacidade funcional de pacientes jovens com asma leve a moderada com controles saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Dezoito volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis (12,67 &#177; 0,39 anos) e 20 pacientes asm&#225;ticos (12,0 &#177; 0,38 anos) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os par&#226;metros de ecocardiografia foram avaliados pelo exame de ecocardiogragia com Doppler convencional e tecidual (EDT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Apesar de o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (TAP) e da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica pulmonar (PASP) encontrarem-se dentro da faixa de normalidade, esses par&#226;metros foram significativamente diferentes entre o grupo controle e o grupo asm&#225;tico. O TAP foi menor (p &lt; 0,0001) e a PASP maior (p &lt; 0,0002) no grupo de indiv&#237;duos asm&#225;ticos (114,3 &#177; 3,70 ms e 25,40 &#177; 0,54 mmHg) que o grupo controle (135,30 &#177; 2,28 ms e 22,22 &#177; 0,40 mmHg). O grupo asm&#225;tico apresentou velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do mioc&#225;rdio (E', p = 0,0047) e rela&#231;&#227;o entre E' e velocidade tardia mais baixas (E'/A', p = 0,0017) (13,75 &#177; 0,53 cm/s e 1,70 &#177; 0,09, respectivamente) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (15,71 &#177; 0,34 cm/s e 2,12 &#177; 0,08, respectivamente) na valva tric&#250;spide. No exame Doppler tecidual do anel mitral lateral, o grupo asm&#225;tico apresentou menor E' em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (p = 0,0466; 13,27 &#177; 0,43 cm/s e 14,32 &#177; 0,25 cm/s, respectivamente), mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na raz&#227;o E'/A' (p = 0,1161). O tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico foi maior no grupo de pacientes asm&#225;ticos (57,15 &#177; 0,97 ms) que no grupo controle (52,28 &#177; 0,87 ms) (p = 0,0007), refletindo uma disfun&#231;&#227;o global do mioc&#225;rdio. O &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica direito e esquerdo foi significativamente maior no grupo asm&#225;tico (0,43 &#177; 0,01 e 0,37 &#177; 0,01, respectivamente) que no grupo controle (0,40 &#177; 0,01 e 0,34 &#177; 0,01, respectivamente) (p = 0,0383 e p = 0,0059 respectivamente). O n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos foram similares entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Mudan&#231;as nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, avaliados pela ecocardiografia convencional e pela EDT foram observadas em pacientes com asma moderada a grave com capacidade funcional e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica basal normais. Nossos resultados sugerem que o ecocardiograma pode ser &#250;til para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e a evolu&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas induzidas pela asma. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; 110(3):231-239)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Dispneia de esfor&#231;o / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Asma / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Minas Gerais</funding-source>
          <award-id>14710413.0.0000.5134</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Minas Gerais sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 14710413.0.0000.5134. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A asma &#233; caracterizada por inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e remodelamento das vias a&#233;reas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Esse remodelamento leva a mudan&#231;as estruturais nas paredes das vias a&#233;reas induzidas por danos e reparos repetidos que podem resultar em perda irrevers&#237;vel da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a asma pode causar um aumento na angiog&#234;nese nos br&#244;nquios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e remodelamento dos vasos pulmonares, culminando em mudan&#231;as tanto na circula&#231;&#227;o br&#244;nquica como pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A intera&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias e a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular &#233; complexa. Mudan&#231;as na estrutura e na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito est&#227;o associadas com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Hipoxemia e hipercapnia recorrentes, associadas a diferentes mediadores e citocinas relacionados &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica das vias a&#233;reas nos pacientes com asma causam vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, com consequente hipertrofia/dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica mais precoce nos pacientes com asma, devido ao aumento na p&#243;s-carga imposta ao ventr&#237;culo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A doen&#231;a pulmonar afeta o tamanho, o formato e a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, embora a fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria alterada tamb&#233;m possa afetar o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; um m&#233;todo acess&#237;vel, n&#227;o invasivo, relativamente seguro e de baixo custo para avalia&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito. A ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual (EDT) fornece uma medida quantitativa das velocidades regionais no mioc&#225;rdio bem como de intervalos sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A EDT consegue detectar anormalidades subcl&#237;nicas do ventr&#237;culo direito quando os achados do ecocardiograma convencional encontram-se na faixa de normalidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> permitindo, assim, a detec&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito em est&#225;gios iniciais de uma doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos recentes com adultos jovens asm&#225;ticos, em que a EDT foi utilizada, encontraram disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica subcl&#237;nica diretamente relacionada &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a, sugerindo que essa t&#233;cnica de imagem possui maior valor preditivo que o exame convencional para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Resultados similares foram relatados para crian&#231;as e adolescentes em fase est&#225;vel da asma. Shedeed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> avaliou crian&#231;as e adolescentes com idade entre 5 e 15 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de asma moderada a grave, e os resultados da EDT apontaram disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita positivamente correlacionada com a gravidade da doen&#231;a, apesar de resultados aparentemente normais na ecocardiografia convencional. Ozdemir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> relataram uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e o fluxo expirat&#243;rio m&#225;ximo em crian&#231;as com asma, sugerindo que a EDT tem importante valor diagn&#243;stico na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e monitoramento das repercuss&#245;es card&#237;acas em crian&#231;as com asma.</p>
        <p>O fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico da asma pode afetar o desempenho mioc&#225;rdico de maneiras diferentes. Crian&#231;as com asma e predomin&#226;ncia de respira&#231;&#227;o superficial, como manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o mais grave do mioc&#225;rdio que aquelas com predomin&#226;ncia de sibilo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, a qualidade de vida, o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, a capacidade funcional e a for&#231;a/<italic>endurance</italic> muscular inspirat&#243;ria em pacientes jovens com asma leve a moderada, e em controles saud&#225;veis para determinar o impacto dessa doen&#231;a sobre vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Crian&#231;as e adolescentes do sexo masculino e feminino, com idade entre 10 e 16 anos, com asma leve a moderada foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A gravidade da asma foi estabelecida com base nas diretrizes da Estrat&#233;gia Global para o Manejo e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Asma (<italic>Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O grupo controle foi composto de crian&#231;as e adolescentes considerados saud&#225;veis. Os grupos foram pareados quanto ao sexo e a idade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>O grupo com asma consistiu em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e espirom&#233;trico de asma, h&#225; mais de 30 dias sem hist&#243;ria de infec&#231;&#227;o aguda das vias a&#233;reas superiores ou inferiores, ou agravamento dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Os participantes do grupo controle apresentavam hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar normais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo crian&#231;as e adolescentes com doen&#231;a pulmonar aguda ou cr&#244;nica, deformidade tor&#225;cica importante, doen&#231;as neuromuscular, cardiovascular, digestiva, reum&#225;tica, osteoarticular ou genitourin&#225;ria, s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica ou qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o adversa &#224; sa&#250;de que comprometesse a seguran&#231;a dos participantes na realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes propostos no protocolo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Altura (m) e peso (Kg) foram medidos utilizando-se uma balan&#231;a antropom&#233;trica (Filizola<sup>TM</sup>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil). Os testes foram realizados em duas etapas: Etapa 1 - an&#225;lise espirom&#233;trica para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico e a classifica&#231;&#227;o da asma. Em seguida, foram administrados os question&#225;rios de qualidade de vida e atividade f&#237;sica basal. A for&#231;a e a <italic>endurance</italic> dos m&#250;sculos inspirat&#243;rios foram ent&#227;o medidas. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) 30 minutos ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos inspirat&#243;rios. Etapa 2 - Exame de ecocardiografia. A ordem das duas etapas foi determinada aleatoriamente com um intervalo m&#225;ximo de 15 dias entre elas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas analisadas foram a capacidade vital for&#231;ada (CVF), o volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo de CVF (VEF<sub>1</sub>) e o &#237;ndice de Tiffeneau (VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF). O grupo com asma tamb&#233;m foi submetido &#224; prova broncodilatadora, 20 minutos ap&#243;s inala&#231;&#227;o de salbutamol (400 &#181;g/dose, distribu&#237;do em quatro inala&#231;&#245;es de 100 &#181;g, com um minuto de intervalo entre as inala&#231;&#245;es). Os valores previstos foram analisados e descritos pelas equa&#231;&#245;es propostas por Polgar e Promadhat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Um aumento no VEF<sub>1</sub> igual ou maior que 12% do predito, ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de salbutamol, confirmavam a limita&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel ao fluxo de ar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (PImax) foi avaliada utilizando-se um manovacu&#244;metro anal&#243;gico (MDI&#174; modelo MVD300, Porto Alegre, Brasil), iniciando-se a partir do volume residual. Foram realizadas no m&#237;nimo cinco medidas reprodut&#237;veis, e as manobras foram repetidas at&#233; as duas maiores medidas n&#227;o se diferirem mais que 5% entre si.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O maior valor medido foi usado para se estabelecer a carga para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da <italic>endurance</italic> muscular inspirat&#243;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da <bold><italic>endurance</italic></bold> muscular inspirat&#243;ria</title>
          <p>A <italic>endurance</italic> muscular inspirat&#243;ria foi avaliada ap&#243;s a determina&#231;&#227;o da PImax, utilizando-se uma vers&#227;o modificada do protocolo proposto por Sette et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A <italic>endurance</italic> muscular inspirat&#243;ria foi definida como o tempo m&#225;ximo tolerado em respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea com carga correspondente a 30% da PImax at&#233; exaust&#227;o, que foi definida como incapacidade de superar a carga inspirat&#243;ria em duas tentativas consecutivas. Os crit&#233;rios para interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste foram cansa&#231;o extremo, tontura, desconforto, dor nas bochechas ou satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>) menor que 85%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional pelo TC6M</title>
          <p>O TC6M foi realizado com base nas diretrizes da Sociedade Tor&#225;cica Americana (<italic>American Thoracic Society</italic>). O participante era orientado a caminhar o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel ao longo de um corredor plano de 30 metros, marcado a cada 3 metros, recebendo incentivo verbal de um mesmo avaliador a cada 30 segundos. Um segundo avaliador permanecia em uma das extremidades do percurso para auxiliar na coleta de dados no in&#237;cio e no final do teste. Press&#227;o arterial (PA), frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), SpO<sub>2</sub>, e escore de dispneia de Borg em repouso e durante o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico foram medidos no in&#237;cio e no final do teste. O TC6M foi realizado duas vezes, com um intervalo de 30 minutos entre eles. O teste em que o participante percorreu a maior dist&#226;ncia foi considerado para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Os crit&#233;rios para interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste foram cansa&#231;o extremo, SpO<sub>2</sub> menor que 85% ou qualquer outro desconforto. A dispneia em repouso e durante o exerc&#237;cio foi avaliada pela escala modificada de Borg,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> a qual &#233; pontuada de 0 a 10 pontos com base nas respostas verbais correspondendo a nenhuma ou m&#225;xima falta de ar, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida</title>
          <p>A qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo instrumento <italic>Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory<sup>TM</sup></italic>, vers&#227;o 4.0 (PedsOL 4.0).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Auto-avalia&#231;&#245;es estavam dispon&#237;veis para os seguintes grupos et&#225;rios: 5 a 7, 8 a 12 e 13 a 18 anos. Os itens em cada formul&#225;rio eram similares para cada grupo, diferindo-se apenas na adequa&#231;&#227;o da linguagem em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de desenvolvimento. A qualidade de vida do grupo dos participantes com asma tamb&#233;m foi avaliada pelo question&#225;rio <italic>Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire</italic> (PAQLQ),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> traduzido e culturalmente adaptado para o portugu&#234;s do Brasil para crian&#231;as e adolescentes com idade entre 7 e 17 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica basal</title>
          <p>A atividade f&#237;sica foi avaliada pelo question&#225;rio <italic>Physical Activity Questionnaire - Child</italic> (PAQ-C),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> que investiga a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica em crian&#231;as e adolescentes nos sete dias anteriores ao preenchimento do mesmo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Um &#250;nico cardiologista pedi&#225;trico, cego para o <italic>status</italic> respirat&#243;rio dos participantes, realizou o exame de ecocardiografia. O exame foi realizado com o participante posicionado em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e dec&#250;bito dorsal, utilizando-se um aparelho da marca Toshiba, com transdutores de frequ&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel (2 a 7 MHz). Foram obtidos no m&#237;nimo cinco batimentos consecutivos da janela paraesternal para determinar os di&#226;metros internos dos ventr&#237;culos. Os exames foram gravados e analisados <italic>offline</italic> por dois especialistas em ecocardiografia pedi&#225;trica.</p>
          <p>As fun&#231;&#245;es dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito foram avaliadas por ecocardiografia bidimensional: modo-M, Doppler puls&#225;til, com mapeamento de fluxo em cores e tecidual, segundo diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (<italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>). As seguintes medidas foram coletadas para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: di&#226;metros da aorta, &#225;trio esquerdo, parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo direito, di&#226;metor diast&#243;lico final do ventriculo direito, septo interventricular, dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, obtidos nos planos paraesternal eixo curto e paraesternal eixo longo, utilizando-se o modo-M. Nenhum paciente apresentava doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita e todos apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sim&#233;trica.</p>
          <p>O corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras permite o estudo do fluxo de sangue pelas valvas atrioventriculares. A velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial (E) e a velocidade tardia (A) das valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide, bem como a raz&#227;o E/A foram usadas para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o de enchimento biventricular. A EDT foi usada para avaliar a carga card&#237;aca e determinar o &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica (IPM). A EDT ventricular esquerda foi obtida por meio do anel mitral, e a EDT do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por meio do anel lateral da valva tric&#250;spide. Os picos das velocidades diast&#243;licas inicial (E') e tardia (A'), a rela&#231;&#227;o E'/A', a velocidade sist&#243;lica anular (S'), o tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV) o de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica (TCIV) foram obtidos no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras. O IPM foi definido como o TCIV e TRIV divididos pelo tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o (TE) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Doppler tecidual do anel tric&#250;spide em corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras (E' &#8211; pico da velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel tric&#250;spide; A': pico da velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do anel tric&#250;spide; S': velocidade sist&#243;lica anular; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; TCIV: tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica; TE: tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0231-80052-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito foi avaliada pela mudan&#231;a da &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo (<italic>fractional area change</italic>, FAC), derivada da velocidade da onda sist&#243;lica do anel lateral tric&#250;spide (S') e excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE).</p>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica pulmonar (PASP) tamb&#233;m foi avaliada por dois m&#233;todos. O Doppler puls&#225;til foi realizado usando o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (TAP) pelo corte parasternal esquerdo eixo curto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). O perfil normal &#233; sim&#233;trico quanto &#224; forma. Quando a press&#227;o pulmonar e a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar s&#227;o elevadas, o pico ocorre mais precocemente. Outro m&#233;todo utilizado foi a medida da velocidade m&#225;xima de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide, aplicando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o modificada de Bernoulli para converter esse valor em valores press&#243;ricos, adicionando-se a press&#227;o atrial direita (PAD) estimada. A PAD considerada normal foi de 5 mmHg. PASP = gradiente de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide + PAD. PASP = (Vmax<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> x 4) + PAD. PA sist&#243;lica normal &#233; de at&#233; 30 mmHg em repouso e at&#233; 40 mmHg durante o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Doppler de onda pulsada da art&#233;ria pulmonar (TAP: tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar = intervalo entre o in&#237;cio do fluxo pulmonar e o pico de velocidade; tempo mais curto de acelera&#231;&#227;o = maior press&#227;o arterial pulmonar).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0231-80052-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tamanho da amostra</title>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra, consideramos como objetivo testar a igualdade das m&#233;dias da velocidade da onda E mitral entre os grupos de pacientes asm&#225;ticos e controles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Para detectar uma diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima de 4,7 cm/s entre as m&#233;dias, com signific&#226;ncia de 5%, poder de pelo menos 80%, e vari&#226;ncia baseada em um estudo pr&#233;vio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> foi necess&#225;ria uma raz&#227;o de 0,9 entre controles/asm&#225;ticos, correspondendo a 20 crian&#231;as asm&#225;ticas e 18 controles.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para verificar a normalidade dos dados. As vari&#225;veis foram expressas em tend&#234;ncia central (m&#233;dia e mediana) e variabilidade (erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia ou intervalo interquartil-IIQ). Quando apropriado, o teste t n&#227;o pareado ou o teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para compara&#231;&#227;o das diferentes vari&#225;veis. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson ou de Spearman foi calculado para avaliar associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis independentes e vari&#225;vel resposta. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizados com o programa GraphPad Prism (vers&#227;o 5.0, GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, EUA). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado como indicativo de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Antropometria e teste de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</title>
          <p>O grupo controle e o grupo de indiv&#237;duos asm&#225;ticos foram similares quanto &#224; idade, peso, altura, e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). O VEF<sub>1</sub> e o &#237;ndice de Tiffeneau (VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF) foram significativamente menores no grupo com asma que no grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>). Todos os pacientes asm&#225;ticos eram clinicamente est&#225;veis. Dos 20 pacientes, 86,95% apresentaram asma leve, 8,70% asma moderada e 4,35% asma muito grave.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados antropom&#233;tricos e do teste de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar no grupo controle e no grupo de indiv&#237;duos asm&#225;ticos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Controle (n = 18)</th>
                  <th align="center">Asma (n = 20)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,67 &#177; 0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">M</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">44, 44%</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,5 &#177; 5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">50,3 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">T</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,57 &#177; 0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">1,53 &#177; 0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">T</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">21,1 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">21,0 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">T</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso normal</td>
                  <td align="center">44,45%</td>
                  <td align="center">47,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
                  <td align="center">33,33%</td>
                  <td align="center">23,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obeso</td>
                  <td align="center">22,22%</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CVF (% predito)</td>
                  <td align="center">108,7% &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">95,8% &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,814<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">T</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VEF<sub>1</sub> (% predito)</td>
                  <td align="center">102,2% &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">84,4% &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">T</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VEF<sub>1</sub> /CVF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95,7% &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">86,4% &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">T</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; VEF1: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo de CVF; VEF1/CVF: &#237;ndice de Tiffeneau. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos foi feita pelo teste t de Student ou o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>T</label>
                <p>t de Student e</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>M</label>
                <p>Mann-Whitney.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>No presente estudo, foram avaliados par&#226;metros de ecocardiografia convencional e tecidual em crian&#231;as e adolescentes sadios e asm&#225;ticos, sem qualquer sintoma cardiovascular.</p>
          <p>TAPSE, FAC (%) e S' foram similares entre os grupos controle e com asma. O IPM foi mais elevado no grupo de indiv&#237;duos asm&#225;ticos. A EDT da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica direita revelou que E', A' a raz&#227;o E'/A', avaliados no anel tric&#250;spide, bem como a velocidade diast&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide E e A e a raz&#227;o E/A n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o TRIV foi significativamente maior (p = 0,0007) no grupo de asm&#225;ticos (57,15 &#177; 0,97 ms) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (52,28 &#177; 0,87 ms).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros de ecocardiografia Doppler das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito nos grupos controle e asm&#225;tico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel (valor normal)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Controle (n = 18)</th>
                  <th align="center">Asma (n = 20)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TAPSE cm (&gt; 1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,184<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">M</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FAC % (&gt; 35)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 3,21</td>
                  <td align="center">38 &#177; 2,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,212<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">M</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S' cm/s (&gt; 9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,29 &#177; 0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">11,67 &#177; 0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3342<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">M</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IPM (&lt; 0,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0383<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">M</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E'/A' tric&#250;spide (&gt; 0,52)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,12 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">1,70 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0017<sup>T</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E' tric&#250;spide (cm/s) (&gt; 7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,71 &#177; 0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">13,75 &#177; 0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0047<sup>T</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E/A tric&#250;spide (&gt; 0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,34 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<sup>T</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide; FAC %: mudan&#231;a da &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo (fractional area change); S': velocidade sist&#243;lica do mioc&#225;rdio; IPM; &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica; E': velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do mioc&#225;rdio; A': velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do mioc&#225;rdio; E: pico da velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel tric&#250;spide; A: pico da velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do anel tric&#250;spide (contra&#231;&#227;o atrial). Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos foi feita pelo teste t de Student ou o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. t de Student e</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>M</label>
                <p>Mann-Whitney. O valor do IDM na v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide &#233; de 0,39 (0,6) e 0,43 (0,6) para grupo controle e grupo de indiv&#237;duos asm&#225;ticos</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Apesar de o TAP e a PASP estarem dentro da faixa de normalidade (&gt; 130 ms e &lt; 35 mmHg, respectivamente), esses par&#226;metros foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos controle e asm&#225;tico. O TAP foi mais baixo (p &lt; 0,0001) e a PASP foi maior (p &lt; 0,0002) no grupo de pessoas asm&#225;ticas (114,3 &#177; 3,70 ms e 25,40 &#177; 0,54 mmHg) que no grupo controle (135,30 &#177; 2,28 ms e 22,22 &#177; 0,40 mmHg).</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref> mostra que S' foi menor e o IPM maior no grupo com asma. O IPC da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica esquerda revelou que E' e A' foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros de ecocardiografia Doppler das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nos grupos controle e asm&#225;tico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel (valor normal)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Controle (n = 18)</th>
                  <th align="center">Asma (n = 20)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o % (&gt; 35)</td>
                  <td align="center">69,0 &#177; 0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">69,0 &#177; 0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4677<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">T</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S' mitral lateral (cm/s) (&gt; 6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,01 &#177; 0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">7,30 &#177; 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0170<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">M</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IPM (&lt; 0,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0059<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">T</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E'/A' mitral lateral (&gt; 0,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,89 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">2,52 &#177; 0,20 </td>
                  <td align="center">0,1161<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">T</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Lateral mitral E' cm/s (&gt; 10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,32 &#177; 0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">13,27 &#177; 0,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0466<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">T</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E/A mitral (&gt; 0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,42 &#177; 0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">2,25 &#177; 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">T</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. S': velocidade sist&#243;lica do mioc&#225;rdio; IPM: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica; E': velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do mioc&#225;rdio; A': velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do mioc&#225;rdio; E: pico da velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do anel tric&#250;spide; A: pico da velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do anel tric&#250;spide (contra&#231;&#227;o atrial). Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos foi feita pelo teste t de Student ou o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>T</label>
                <p>t de Student e</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>M</label>
                <p>Mann-Whitney. O valor de S' na v&#225;lvula mitral foi de 7,93 (1,07) e 7,12 (1,08) para grupo controle e grupo de indiv&#237;duos asm&#225;ticos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os picos de velocidade diast&#243;lica anular mitral E e A e de E/A foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos.</p>
          <p>Entre as crian&#231;as e os adolescentes sadios submetidos ao exame de ecocardiografia (n = 18), 9 foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia muscular inspirat&#243;ria e da capacidade funcional, e &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o dos question&#225;rios de qualidade de vida e atividade f&#237;sica. O grupo com asma foi submetido a todos os testes utilizados neste estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title><bold><italic>Endurance</italic></bold> muscular inspirat&#243;ria</title>
          <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos controle e com asma quanto &#224; PImax (109,4 &#177; 14,19 cmH<sub>2</sub>O e 92,14 &#177; 5,62 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, p = 0,178) ou dispneia basal (0,14 &#177; 0,09 e 0,18 &#177; 0,10, p = 0,871). Apesar do tempo de <italic>endurance</italic> muscular inspirat&#243;ria mais curto no grupo com asma (128,9 &#177; 14,08 s), a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle (154,9 &#177; 46,69 s). Os escores finais da escala Borg foram significativamente maiores em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o basal em ambos os grupos. Ainda, o grupo com asma (6,1 &#177; 0,39) apresentou escores finais da escala de Borg significativamente mais altos (p = 0,0129) que o grupo controle (3,67 &#177; 0,41).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atividade f&#237;sica basal e capacidade funcional no exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>A atividade f&#237;sica basal, avaliada pelo PAQ-C, foi similar entre os grupos controle (2,2) e asm&#225;tico (2,04). O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de horas gastas em frente &#224; televis&#227;o por dia foi de cinco horas no grupo controle e de 5,71 horas no grupo com asma.</p>
          <p>A capacidade funcional foi avaliada pelo TC6M. Todos os participantes completaram o teste sem interrup&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis cardiopulmonares (PA, FC, SpO<sub>2</sub> e dispneia). A dist&#226;ncia percorrida n&#227;o foi diferente (p = 0,239) entre os grupos controle (327,3 &#177; 15,73 m) e de asm&#225;ticos (328,8 &#177; 8,62 m).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida</title>
          <p>A qualidade de vida nos grupos controle e asm&#225;tico foi medida utilizando-se o PedsQL 4.0. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto ao escore PedsQL 4.0 m&#233;dio total (p = 0,418) ou quando os escores foram avaliados separadamente nos dom&#237;nios emocional (p = 0,698), social (p = 0,730), e de desempenho escolar (que inclui frequ&#234;ncia escolar, desempenho acad&#234;mico, e relacionamento social) (p = 0,626). O escore do dom&#237;nio f&#237;sico, por&#233;m, foi significativamente menor (p = 0,005) no grupo com asma (74,06 &#177; 2,54) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (92,86 &#177; 3,71). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PAQLQ, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os sexos em nenhum desses dom&#237;nios. O dom&#237;nio "sintomas" teve o maior impacto negativo (5,22 &#177; 0,23).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os presentes achados demonstram, pela primeira vez, que o TAP foi significativamente menor e a PSAP foi significativamente maior no grupo com asma em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. A EDT &#233; usada para avaliar medidas quantitativas das velocidades regionais do mioc&#225;rdio e dos intervalos sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A EDT possibilita a detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita em est&#225;gios iniciais da doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> No presente estudo, foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas em E' e A' avaliadas nos an&#233;is mitral e tric&#250;spide. Al&#233;m disso, o IPM dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo foi significativamente maior no grupo com asma. Interessante notar que <italic>a endurance</italic> muscular inspirat&#243;ria, o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica basal e a capacidade funcional foram similares entre os grupos. De modo geral, esses resultados sugerem que os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, especialmente os de IPM, podem ser &#250;teis como avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar de pacientes com asma, permitindo a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce das repercuss&#245;es card&#237;acas.</p>
        <p>A intera&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias e a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular &#233; complexa. Mudan&#231;as na estrutura e na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito est&#227;o associadas com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No presente estudo, apesar de o ecocardiograma convencional n&#227;o haver demonstrado nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de mudan&#231;as na estrutura do ventr&#237;culo direito, o grupo com asma mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o no TAP e um aumento na PASP em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Um estudo recente demonstrou que o TAP correlaciona-se inversamente com hemodin&#226;mica pulmonar medida por cateterismo de cora&#231;&#227;o direito, e diretamente com complac&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar em crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Diferentemente dos resultados descritos por Shedeed,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Ozdemir et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e Zedan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> n&#227;o observamos hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito no grupo com asma. Ainda, no presente estudo, a ecocardiografia Doppler convencional mostrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto a velocidade de enchimento inicial da tric&#250;spide e velocidade de fluxo tric&#250;spide decorrente da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (E, A e E/A) avaliadas nos an&#233;is das valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide. Por outro lado, Shedeed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as significativas nessas vari&#225;veis entre os grupos controle e com asma ou entre os diferentes graus de gravidade da asma.</p>
        <p>Muitos estudos demonstraram que pacientes com asma apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> De fato, no presente estudo, foram detectadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre controles e asm&#225;ticos quanto &#224;s velocidades diast&#243;licas E' e A' do mioc&#225;rdio bem como &#224; raz&#227;o E'/A' avaliada no anel tric&#250;spide. Resultados similares foram encontradas no anel mitral, com redu&#231;&#227;o na velocidade mioc&#225;rdica durante di&#225;stole inicial e um aumento na velocidade mioc&#225;rdica durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial. Al&#233;m disso, um aumento significativo no TRIV foi encontrado no grupo com asma, contribuindo para um aumento significativo no IPM. O aumento no IPM no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, contudo, ocorreu &#224; custa de uma redu&#231;&#227;o na velocidade sist&#243;lica no ventr&#237;culo.</p>
        <p>O fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico da asma pode afetar diferentemente a performance mioc&#225;rdica. Zedan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> compararam o IPM de crian&#231;as com asma de acordo com o fen&#243;tipo (predomin&#226;ncia de respira&#231;&#227;o superficial ou sibilo como manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica) e encontraram que aqueles com respira&#231;&#227;o superficial apresentam maior IPM. Neste estudo, as crian&#231;as e adolescentes asm&#225;ticos foram avaliados em um &#250;nico grupo, com base somente do diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e espirom&#233;trico da asma.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, a PImax foi similar entre os grupos, apesar de redu&#231;&#245;es significativas no VEF<sub>1</sub> e no &#237;ndice de Tiffeneau no grupo asm&#225;tico. Os resultados do estudo envolvendo a for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria em crian&#231;as e adolescentes asm&#225;ticos s&#227;o conflitantes. Alguns estudos mostram que n&#227;o existe diferen&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e outros estudos mostram que a for&#231;a dos m&#250;sculos inspirat&#243;rios de crian&#231;as e adolescentes asm&#225;ticas &#233; reduzida em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros de mesma idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Resultados similares foram observados na <italic>endurance</italic> muscular inspirat&#243;ria. O teste de <italic>endurance</italic> foi similar nos grupos controle e asm&#225;tico. No entanto, a dispneia de esfor&#231;o avaliada no fim do teste de <italic>endurance</italic> foi significativamente mais intensa no grupo com asma, sugerindo que essa vari&#225;vel pode ter um valor discriminat&#243;rio entre indiv&#237;duos sadios e aqueles com asma quando submetidos ao mesmo n&#237;vel de sobrecarga muscular inspirat&#243;ria. Existe um n&#250;mero de fatores determinantes da <italic>endurance</italic> muscular inspirat&#243;ria, tais como for&#231;a e dura&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o, velocidade de encurtamento, rela&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria basal (PI) e PImax (PI/PImax) e o padr&#227;o de fluxo inspirat&#243;rio adotado pelos pacientes durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer o maior escore de dispneia no grupo com asma.</p>
        <p>O TC6M &#233; considerado um m&#233;todo seguro, e de f&#225;cil administra&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade subm&#225;xima no exerc&#237;cio em crian&#231;as e adolescentes saud&#225;veis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> e naquelas com doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Similar aos resultados de Basso et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e Soares et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> no presente estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos na dist&#226;ncia percorrida ou nas vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares analisadas antes e ap&#243;s o TC6M. Do mesmo modo, os estudos utilizando outros m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, tais como, o <italic>shuttle walking test</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o descreveram diferen&#231;a entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes asm&#225;ticas e o grupo controle.</p>
        <p>A qualidade de vida &#233; um dos desfechos mais importantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica. Em nosso estudo, esse aspecto foi avaliado utilizando-se um question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico e um question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico para crian&#231;as e adolescentes com asma. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao instrumento gen&#233;rico, a qualidade de vida foi similar entre os grupos quanto &#224; maioria dos dom&#237;nios, exceto o escore do dom&#237;nio f&#237;sico, o qual foi significativamente menor no grupo com asma. Em concord&#226;ncia com os dados descritos por Basaran et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> e Andrade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> a m&#233;dia de escore do question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico para asma foi de 5,67 &#177; 0,23, indicando uma boa qualidade de vida entre as crian&#231;as e adolescentes estudados no presente estudo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O pequeno tamanho da amostra poderia ser considerado uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. No entanto, mesmo com um pequeno n&#250;mero de participantes, foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar mudan&#231;as em vari&#225;veis avaliadas por meio da ecocardiografia convencional e tecidual entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes com asma em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o refere-se &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional. O TC6M &#233; considerado um teste de exerc&#237;cio subm&#225;ximo para medida da capacidade f&#237;sica funcional. &#201; poss&#237;vel que as vari&#225;veis analisadas em um teste de estresse cardiopulmonar m&#225;ximo seriam mais sens&#237;veis em detectar diferen&#231;as na capacidade funcional entre indiv&#237;duos considerados saud&#225;veis e aqueles com asma. Uma terceira limita&#231;&#227;o foi a falha em avaliar o padr&#227;o de respira&#231;&#227;o adotado durante o teste de <italic>endurance</italic> muscular inspirat&#243;ria. O registro do fluxo inspirat&#243;rio permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o do tempo inspirat&#243;rio, tempo expirat&#243;rio, ciclo total e raz&#227;o entre tempo inspirat&#243;rio/ciclo total, uma vez que o desempenho no teste de <italic>endurance</italic> pode variar dependendo do padr&#227;o de respira&#231;&#227;o adotado. O mecanismo exato para esclarecer a diferen&#231;a na dispneia de esfor&#231;o entre indiv&#237;duos sadios e aqueles com asma durante o teste de <italic>endurance</italic> muscular inspirat&#243;ria precisa ser determinado.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes com asma apresentaram mudan&#231;as significativas nas velocidades diast&#243;licas do mioc&#225;rdio e o IPM de ambos os ventr&#237;culos, mas sem repercuss&#245;es quanto &#224; capacidade de exerc&#237;cio avaliada pelo TC6M. Outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses achados e avaliar as implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dessas anormalidades.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo n&#227;o est&#225; associado a nenhum trabalho de tese ou disserta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Minas Gerais sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 14710413.0.0000.5134. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Este estudo teve apoio da Funda&#231;&#227;o Lucas Machado (FELUMA), Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas-Minas Gerais, P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e da Cl&#237;nica Conrad. Camilla R de Paula, aluna de gradua&#231;&#227;o, recebeu apoio da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG.), Brasil. Agradecemos &#224; Isabel Cristina Gomes pela assist&#234;ncia na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
