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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">45HLqgn7mrkNmBs8dbTPKgQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000300211</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180035</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiogeriatrics</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of Severity of Coronary Lesions with Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cheng</surname>
            <given-names>Xin-Chun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Yuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lai</surname>
            <given-names>Hong-Mei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Hong-Ni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">People&#8217;s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Gerontology Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Urumqi</city>
          <state>Xinjiang</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Gerontology Center - People&#8217;s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Xinjiang Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Pacing and Electrophysiological</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Urumqi</city>
          <state>Xinjiang</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pacing and Electrophysiological - The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang - China</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Xinxiang Medical University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">People&#8217;s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Urumqi</city>
          <state>Xinjiang</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - People&#8217;s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Hong-Ni Yang</bold>, N&#186;. 91 Tianchi Road, Tianshan Disztrict, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. 830001, Tianshan Disztrict, Urumqi, Xinjiang - China. E-mail: <email>xjddddd@126.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Equally contributed to the work</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Xu R, Xin-Chun C, Hong-Ni Y; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Xu R, Zhang Y, Hong-Mei L; Statistical analysis: Xu R; Writing of the manuscript: Xin-Chun C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Xu R, Hong-Ni Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>211</fpage>
      <lpage>216</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) and osteoporosis (OP) are common diseases in postmenopausal women. In both cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiologic studies, low bone mass has been related to increased frequency of CAD. However, available data on the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and severity of coronary lesions is limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate association between the BMD and severity of coronary lesions assessed by Gensini score in postmenopausal women.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study included 122 postmenopausal women who were diagnosed with CAD. These patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of coronary lesions assessed by the Gensini score - patients with mild coronary lesions (Gensini score &lt; 25) and patients with severe coronary lesions (Gensini score &#8805; 25). Femoral neck mineral density was measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The study included postmenopausal women aged 64.31 &#177; 4.71 years, 85 of whom (69.7%) exhibited severe coronary lesions. Participants with severe coronary lesions had a significantly higher T score than did those with mild coronary lesions at the femoral neck (p &lt; 0.05). The mean T-score was &#8722;0.84 &#177; 1.01 in mild coronary lesions group, &#8722;1.42 &#177; 1.39 in severe coronary lesions group (p &lt; 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that osteopenia-osteoporosis at the Femoral neck (odds ratio 2.73; 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 6.13) was associated with an increased risk of developing severe coronary lesions. The multiple regression model showed that T-scores (b = &#8722;0.407, SE = 0.151, p=0.007) were the independent predictors of Gensini score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The relationship between severity of coronary lesions and BMD was significant in postmenopausal women. BMD, a low-cost technique involving minimal radiation exposure, widely used for osteoporosis screening, is a promising marker of severity of coronary lesions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal</kwd>
        <kwd>Bone Density</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Bone Diseases, Metabolic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the most common diseases in elderly people, especially in postmenopausal women. The complications of AS, like coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular diseases reduce quality of life and lead to excess morbidity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Epidemiology studies found that the CAD morbidity and mortality rates were significantly higher in postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Unlike younger women, the risk of CAD in older women is higher when there is a decrease in estrogen production, marking the end of the protective effect of endogenous estrogens against CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Therefore, identifying the risk factors associated with CAD in postmenopausal women is critical for improving patients' survival rate and life quality.</p>
      <p>Recently, increasing evidence has accumulated to support the correlation between low bone mineral density (BMD) and AS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> AS and osteopenia-osteoporosis syndrome share some risk factors, among which are parathyroid hormone, lack of estrogen, homocysteine, inflammatory process, vitamins D and K, lipid oxidation products, molecular pathways involved in bone and vascular mineralization, and calcification mechanisms that seem to be similar in vascular structure and bone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We have previously reported that coronary artery calcium scores, an earlier sign of coronary artery AS, were significantly higher in the osteopenia/osteoporosis groups compared to normal BMD groups, and that these values were negatively associated with T-scores. These findings indicate that decreased BMD may increase the risk of CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, little is known about the association between decreased BMD and severity of coronary lesions in postmenopausal woman.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the associations between BMD and coronary lesions assessed by Gensini score in postmenopausal women who attended our Laboratory and who had their BMD measured and grouped by the severity of CAD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>A total of 122 female patients who were admitted to the cardiology clinic with chest pain between January 2014 and August 2016 were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were postmenopausal women aged &#8805; 50 years, who were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome or chronic CAD. This diagnosis was made by history of angina pectoris or myocardial infarction, electrocardiographic findings, cardiac enzymes, and coronary angiography results. These patients underwent a bone densitometry on a routine basis within the previous 12 months, and were not taking any medication with known effect on bone turnover. Exclusion criteria were patients with normal coronary angiography; patients who had moderate-to-severe heart valve disease and decompensated heart failure; patients with severe kidney or liver failure, malignancy, hematological diseases, or autoimmune disorder.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical features and laboratory examination</title>
        <p>The weight and height were measured at each of eligible patient. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight/height<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Information concerning the history of diseases (diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia) was collected using a standard questionnaire.</p>
        <p>Hypertension was defined as history of hypertension and/or an average systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or an average diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 90 mmHg on two separate occasions. Diabetes was defined as history or presence of diabetes and/or a fasting plasma glucose level &gt; 126 mg/dL on 2 separate occasions, or a random glucose value of &gt; 200 mg/dL on one or more occasion. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as a total serum cholesterol level of &gt; 240 mg/dL; high triglyceride (TG) and high LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) were defined as total serum TG &gt; 200 mg/dL and LDL-C &gt; 160 mg/dL, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>BMD measurement</title>
        <p>Participants had undergone a BMD test of the left femoral neck bone by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry using a QDR 4500A fan beam bone densitometer (Bedford, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions within the previous 12 months. BMD results were reported as T-scores, which were also categorized into three groups according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for diagnosing osteoporosis: normal BMD (T-score&#8805;-1 SD); osteopenia (T &lt; -1 SD and &gt; -2.5 SD); and osteoporosis (T-score &#8804; -2.5 SD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Gensini risk scoring</title>
        <p>Coronary angiography was performed in all subjects. Gensini score: angiographic stenosis of a culprit artery in the range of 0% to 25% was scored as 1 point, stenosis in the range of 25% to 50% was scored as 2 points, 50% to 75% was scored as 4 points, 75% to 90% was scored as 8 points, 90% to 99% was scored as 16 points, and total occlusion was scored as 32 points. A multiplier was assigned to each vascular segment based on the functional significance of the myocardial area supplied by that segment: 5 for the left main coronary artery, 2.5 for the proximal segment of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and the proximal segment of the circumflex artery, 1.5 for the mid-segment of the LAD, 1.0 for the right coronary artery, the distal segment of the LAD, the mid-distal region of the circumflex artery, the posterolateral artery, and the obtuse marginal artery, and 0.5 for other segments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Angiographic evaluations were reviewed by the consensus of two observers with more than two years of experience. Based on the Gensini score, patients were divided into two groups - 37 patients in the group of mild coronary lesions (Gensini score &lt; 25 points) and 85 patients in the group of severe coronary lesions (Gensini score &#8805; 25 points); this grouping was compatible with the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Analyses were carried out using SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Continuous variables with a Gaussian distribution are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), and those with a non-Gaussian distribution are presented as median values with corresponding 25th and 75th percentiles. The normal distribution of different parameters was verified with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Differences between the groups were evaluated using unpaired t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test. Categorical variables were compared with the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test (Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used for frequencies of osteoporosis in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The association between BMD and risk for severe coronary lesions was evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to assess whether BMD was the independent explanatory factor for the severity of coronary lesions (assessed by the Gensini score) in postmenopausal women. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05 (2-tailed).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the study population (n = 122)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">64.31 &#177; 4.71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26.19 &#177; 2.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (39.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (38.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (31.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T-score</td>
                <td align="center">-1.24 &#177; 1.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gensini score</td>
                <td align="center">43.46 (17.5, 73)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">osteoporosis, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (19.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">osteopenia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (41.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">osteoporosis or osteopenia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (61.5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Continuous variables with a Gaussian distribution are presented as mean &#177; SD, and those with a non-Gaussian distribution are presented as median values with corresponding 25th and 75th percentiles. Categorical data are expressed as absolute numbers with (percentages).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of clinical parameters between the groups with mild coronary lesions and severe coronary lesions</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Parameter</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mild coronary lesions group</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Severe coronary lesions group</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">p value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Gensini score &lt; 25</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Gensini score &#8805; 25</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n = 37</th>
                <th align="center">n = 85</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">62.33 &#177; 5.65</td>
                <td align="center">65.17 &#177; 4.43</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26.23 &#177; 2.53</td>
                <td align="center">26.17 &#177; 2.47</td>
                <td align="center">0.872</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (35.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">35(41.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.530</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (24.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (44.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (29.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">27(31.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.824</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T-score</td>
                <td align="center">-0.84 &#177; 1.01</td>
                <td align="center">-1.42 &#177; 1.39</td>
                <td align="center">0.024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">osteoporosis, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3(8.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (24.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">osteopenia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (27.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (48.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">osteoporosis or osteopenia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (35.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (72.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Continuous variables with non-Gaussian distribution (except for those expressed as median) were compared using t-tests. For values expressed as median (25th and 75th percentiles), P values were determined by Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were compared by chi-square test, except for osteoporosis, which were compared by Fisher's exact test (expected frequencies of &#8804; 5).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 122 postmenopausal women (mean age 64.31 &#177; 4.71) were included in the present study, 69.7% of whom exhibited severe coronary lesions. Clinical characteristics of all participants at baseline are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. In all, 19.6% of the patients were found to have osteoporosis in the femoral neck and 41.8% osteopenia; 39.3% of the women suffered from high blood pressure, 38.5% have diabetes, and 31.1% have hyperlipidemia.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the comparison between the groups with mild coronary lesions and severe coronary lesions in terms of some clinical parameters. Patients with severe coronary lesions patients were older, and had higher prevalence of diabetes and osteoporosis/osteopenia compared with those with mild coronary lesions (p &lt; 0.05). There were no differences between the groups with respect to BMI, proportions of patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia.</p>
      <p>Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that osteoporosis/osteopenia was a risk factor for severe coronary lesions (OR = 2.51, 95% CI, 1.153-5.657, p = 0.003). Corresponding to these findings, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to detect the association between osteoporosis/osteopenia and risk of severe coronary lesions. After adjusting for confounding factors such as age, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, the osteoporosis /osteopenia remained the risk factors for severe coronary lesions (OR = 2.73, 95% CI, 1.06-6.13, p = 0.007, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Adjusted odds ratio of risk factors for severe coronary lesions</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Independent variable</th>
              <th align="center">Odds ratio (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Osteopenia or osteoporosis</td>
              <td align="center">2.73(1.06-6.13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.24(1.19-2.65)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">1.37(0.73-3.57)</td>
              <td align="center">0.706</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">2.31(0.83-5.31) </td>
              <td align="center">0.313</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">3.13(0.96-7.37) </td>
              <td align="center">0.082</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">1.39(0.57-3.62) </td>
              <td align="center">0.431</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When Gensini score was considered as the dependent variable in a linear regression model, T-score (b = &#8722;0.407, <italic>SE</italic>= 0.151, p = 0.007) and age (b = 0.295, <italic>SE</italic>= 0.132, <italic>P</italic>= 0.023), but not diabetes, hypertension, BMI, and hyperlipidemia, were the independent predictors of Gensini score.</p>
      <p>In a linear regression analysis with Gensini score as a dependent variable and age, T-score, diabetes, hypertension, BMI, and hyperlipidemia as independent variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>), only T-score (b = &#8722;0.407, <italic>SE</italic>= 0.151, p = 0.007) and age (b = 0.295, <italic>SE</italic>= 0.132, p = 0.023) correlated with Gensini score.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multiple regression analysis of Gensini score (dependent variable) versus age, diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, hyperlipidemia, and T-score (independent variables).</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Independent variable</th>
              <th align="center">&#946;</th>
              <th align="center">SE</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">T-score</td>
              <td align="center">0.407</td>
              <td align="center">0.151</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">0.295</td>
              <td align="center">0.132</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index</td>
              <td align="center">0.183</td>
              <td align="center">0.203</td>
              <td align="center">0.136</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">0.147</td>
              <td align="center">0.134 </td>
              <td align="center">0.254</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">0.113</td>
              <td align="center">0.179</td>
              <td align="center">0.572</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">0.053</td>
              <td align="center">0.121 </td>
              <td align="center">0.697</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>R</italic>
                <sup>2</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>&#946;: Values are standardized coefficient; SE: values are standard error of &#946;. R<sup>2</sup>: values are the total explained variance of the model.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our study, postmenopausal women with severe coronary lesions are more likely to have osteopenia/osteoporosis compared with mild coronary lesions group, independent of other risk factors. This suggests that postmenopausal women with osteopenia/osteoporosis may have a higher risk of developing severe coronary lesions. Our findings are in accordance with previous studies demonstrating the relationship between BMD and CAD that concluded that BMD is a promising marker of severity of CAD.</p>
      <p>Both osteopenia and AS are serious public health problems that can threaten people's health and quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Previous studies have proved a clear link between AS and BMD. In a retrospective study including 1,335 elderly patients, the incidence of CAD increased in low BMD patients, compared with patients with normal BMD. Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed that low BMD is associated with CAD, after adjustment for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, and age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Another study with 252 postmenopausal women showed that osteopenia/osteoporosis at the lumbar spine or femoral neck was associated with coronary AS assessed by 64-row multidetector computed tomography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Our previous study showed that another measure of AS, coronary artery calcification, was associated with BMD of the lumbar spine in healthy postmenopausal women. The odds for coronary artery calcification in osteoporotic women were over three-fold higher compared with those in women with a normal BMD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Gensini score is an important angiographic scoring system used to assess the extent, severity, and complexity of CAD. CAD patients with high Gensini score are more likely to report major adverse cardiac events. Therefore, identifying CAD patients with high Gensini scores is critical for reducing CAD-related disability and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> There are a few studies about the relationship between BMD and severity of coronary lesions. A retrospective study carried out with 55 male patients with CAD, confirmed by coronary angiography, showed that decreased BMD was associated with severe coronary lesions assessed by Gensini score, independent of other cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Similarly, a study involving 74 male CAD patients revealed that the incidence of osteopenia/osteoporosis in severe coronary artery lesions group determined by SYNTAX score was significantly higher than mild coronary artery lesions group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> However, most of these studies have been based on male CAD patients while few studies have involved postmenopausal, CAD women patients. In our study, 186 postmenopausal women with CAD patients identified by coronary angiography were divided into two groups by Gensini scoring: mild coronary lesions patients (Gensini score &lt; 25) and severe coronary lesions patients (Gensini score &gt; 25). We found that there was an increase in the osteoporosis/osteopenia rate in the severe coronary lesions group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that osteopenia/osteoporosis at the femoral neck was associated with an increased risk of developing severe coronary lesions. The multiple regression model showed that T-scores were the independent predictors of Gensini score. Most previous research, if not all, including our results indicate that low BMD not only were associated with increased risk of CAD, but also were an independent predictor of severity of coronary lesions in postmenopausal women.</p>
      <p>Although many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the correlation between osteoporosis and CAD, it has not been thoroughly understood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In spite of common risk factors of bone metabolism and cardiovascular risk (inflammation, dyslipidemia, menopause, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes mellitus), the possible influence of genetics and vascular calcification also exists.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Hydroxyapatite, an important part of the mineral phase of bone, is also found in the artery calcified plaque. Moreover, it has been reported that bone matrix proteins such as gla protein, bone morphogenetic protein-2, osteocalcin, and collagen were found in calcified plaques. Studies have suggested that some important gene mutations can lead to the early development of AS and osteoporosis, which indicate the evidence of common genetic basis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> It&#8217;s worth noting that current evidence linking osteoporosis and CAD is far from conclusive. So, further study is needed to explore the relationship between the two common diseases.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The main limitation of our study is that the sample size is relatively small. Further studies involving a larger number of menopausal patients are needed to establish and confirm the relationship between the severity of coronary lesions and osteopenia/osteoporosis. In addition, information on impaired vitamin K status, inflammatory cytokines, gla protein, and osteocalcin, which might be associated with both coronary lesions and osteoporosis, was not available for this study. Also, the fact that the BMD tests were not performed in the same service was another limitation of our study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In this study, we investigated the association between BMD and severity of coronary lesions in postmenopausal women. Our results suggested postmenopausal women with low BMD are at high risk for severe coronary lesions. Future research should investigate common pathophysiological pathways between osteoporosis and severity of coronary lesions.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the People&#8217;s Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region under the protocol number 678999009. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cheng</surname>
            <given-names>Xin-Chun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Yuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lai</surname>
            <given-names>Hong-Mei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Hong-Ni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Gerontology Center - People&#8217;s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pacing and Electrophysiological - The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - People&#8217;s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Hong-Ni Yang,</bold> N&#186;.91 Tianchi Road, Tianshan Disztrict, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. 830001, Tianshan Disztrict, Urumqi, Xinjiang - China. E-mail: <email>xjddddd@126.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn2">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Contribu&#237;ram igualmente para o trabalho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Xu R, Xin-Chun C, Hong-Ni Y; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Xu R, Zhang Y, Hong-Mei L; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Xu R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Xin-Chun C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Xu R, Hong-Ni Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e a osteoporose s&#227;o doen&#231;as comuns em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa. Tanto em estudos transversais como em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos longitudinais, a massa &#243;ssea diminu&#237;da foi relacionada &#224; frequ&#234;ncia aumentada de DAC. No entanto, dados dispon&#237;veis sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre densidade mineral &#243;ssea (DMO) e gravidade das les&#245;es coronarianas s&#227;o limitados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DMO e gravidade das les&#245;es coronarianas avaliadas pelo escore de Gensini em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu 122 mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa diagnosticadas com DAC. As pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos de acordo com a gravidade das les&#245;es coronarianas avaliada pelo escore de Gensini - pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas leves (escore de Gensini &lt; 25) e pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas graves (escore de Gensini &#8805; 25). A densidade mineral do colo femoral foi medida por absor&#231;&#227;o de raios-X de dupla energia (DXA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa com idade de 64,31 &#177; 4,71 anos, 85 delas (69,7%) com les&#245;es coronarianas graves. Pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas graves apresentaram um escore T mais elevado que aquelas com les&#245;es coronarianas leves no colo femoral (p &lt; 0,05). O escore T m&#233;dio foi -0,84 &#177; 1,01 no grupo com les&#245;es leves, e -1,42 &#177; 1,39 no grupo com les&#245;es graves (p &lt; 0,05). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada mostrou que a osteopenia-osteoporose no colo femoral (<italic>odds ratio</italic> 2,73; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 1,06 - 6,13) esteve associada com um risco aumentado de se desenvolver les&#245;es coronarianas graves. O modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla mostrou que os escores T (b = -0,407; <italic>EP</italic>= 0,151; p = 0,007) foram preditores independentes do escore de Gensini.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Encontrou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a gravidade das les&#245;es coronarianas e a DMO em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa. DMO, uma t&#233;cnica de baixo custo que envolve m&#237;nima exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, e amplamente utilizada no rastreamento de osteoporose, &#233; um marcador promissor da gravidade de les&#245;es coronarianas graves.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Osteoporose P&#243;s Menopausa</kwd>
        <kwd>Densidade &#211;ssea</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as &#211;sseas Metab&#243;licas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A aterosclerose (AS) &#233; uma das doen&#231;as mais frequentes em idosos, principalmente em mulheres no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa. Complica&#231;&#245;es da AS, incluindo doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares, levam &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na qualidade de vida e aumento da morbidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos demonstraram que as taxas de morbidade e de mortalidade da DAC s&#227;o significativamente maiores em mulheres no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa em compara&#231;&#227;o a mulheres no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-menopausa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Diferentemente de mulheres mais jovens, o risco de DAC em mulheres mais velhas &#233; maior quando ocorre uma redu&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o de estr&#243;geno, marcando o final do efeito protetor de estr&#243;genos end&#243;genos contra a DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Portanto, identificar os fatores de riso associados com DAC em mulheres no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa &#233; fundamental para melhorar a taxa de sobrevida e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, evid&#234;ncias crescentes refor&#231;am a exist&#234;ncia de uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre uma baixa densidade mineral &#243;ssea (DMO) e AS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A AS e a osteopenia / osteoporose apresentam alguns fatores de risco similares, tais como horm&#244;nio da paratireoide, falta de estr&#243;geno, homociste&#237;na, processo inflamat&#243;rio, vitaminas D e K, produtos da oxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, vias moleculares envolvidas na mineraliza&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea e vascular, e mecanismos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o aparentemente similares nas estruturas vascular e &#243;ssea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em um estudo pr&#233;vio, demonstramos que os escores de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (ECCs), um sinal precoce de AS da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, eram significativamente maiores nos grupos com osteopenia/osteoporose em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos com DMO normal, e que esses valores estavam negativamente associados com escore T. Esses dados indicam que DMO reduzida pode aumenta o risco de DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o ente DMO diminu&#237;da e a gravidade das les&#245;es coronarianas em mulheres no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
        <p>Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo transversal foi avaliar associa&#231;&#245;es ente DMO e les&#245;es coronarianas avaliadas pelo escore de Gensini em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa atendidas em nosso laborat&#243;rio, cuja DMO foi medida e agrupada por gravidade de DAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;das no estudo 122 pacientes do sexo feminino, admitidas na cl&#237;nica de cardiologia apresentando dor no peito, entre janeiro de 2014 e agosto de 2016. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa com idade igual ou maior que 50 anos, diagnosticada com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda ou DAC cr&#244;nica. O diagn&#243;stico foi realizado por hist&#243;ria de <italic>angina pectoris</italic> ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, enzimas card&#237;acas, e resultados de angiografia coronariana. Essas pacientes submeteram-se a uma densitometria &#243;ssea de rotina nos 12 meses antecedentes ao estudo, e n&#227;o estavam tomando nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o com efeito conhecido no <italic>turnover</italic> &#243;sseo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: pacientes com angiografia coronariana normal, pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar moderada ou grave, pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, doen&#231;a renal ou hep&#225;tica grave, doen&#231;a maligna, doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas ou doen&#231;a autoimune.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e exame laboratorial</title>
          <p>Foram aferidos peso e altura de cada paciente eleg&#237;vel. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula peso/altura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;as (diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e hiperlipidemia) foram coletadas utilizando-se um question&#225;rio padr&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Hipertens&#227;o foi definida como hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o e/ou press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) m&#233;dia &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) m&#233;dia &#8805; 90 mmHg em pelo menos duas ocasi&#245;es diferentes. Diabetes foi definido como hist&#243;ria ou presen&#231;a de diabetes e/ou glicemia de jejum &gt;126 mg/dL em duas ocasi&#245;es diferentes, ou uma ou mais medidas de glicemia aleat&#243;ria &gt;200 mg/dL. Hipercolesterolemia foi definida como n&#237;vel de colesterol total &gt; 240 mg/dL. N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de triglicer&#237;deos (TG) e colesterol LDL (c-LDL) foram definidos como TG &gt; 200 mg/dL e c-LDL &gt; 160 mg/dL, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida da DMO</title>
          <p>As participantes haviam se submetido &#224; medida da DMO do colo do f&#234;mur por absor&#231;&#227;o de raios-X de dupla energia (DXA) utilizando-se o aparelho QDR 4500A com tecnologia <italic>fan beam</italic> (feixe em leque) (Bedford, MA, EUA) no per&#237;odo de 12 meses anterior ao estudo. Os resultados da DMO foram expressos em escore T, o qual foi categorizado em tr&#234;s grupos segundo crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de para o diagn&#243;stico de osteoporose: DMO normal (escore T &#8805; -1 DP); osteopenia (T &lt; -1 DP e &gt; -2,5 DP); e osteoporose (T-score &#8804; -2,5 SD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Escore de Gensini</title>
          <p>A angiografia coronariana foi realizada em todas as participantes. Escore de Gensini: 1 ponto para estenose de 0 a 25% da art&#233;ria na angiografia; 2 pontos para estenose de 25% a 50%; 4 pontos para estenose de 50% a 75%; 8 pontos para estenose de 75% a 90%; 16 pontos para estenose de 90% a 99%; 32 pontos para oclus&#227;o total. Um fator multiplicador foi atribu&#237;do a cada segmento vascular com base na import&#226;ncia funcional da &#225;rea do mioc&#225;rdio suprida por esse segmento: 5 para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; 2,5 para o segmento proximal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE) e segmento proximal da art&#233;ria circunflexa; 1,5 para o segmento medial da DAE; 1,0 para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, segmento distal da DAE, regi&#227;o medial-distal da art&#233;ria circunflexa, art&#233;ria posterior lateral, e art&#233;ria marginal obtusa; e 0,5 para outros segmentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> As avalia&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas foram revisadas por consenso de dois observadores com mais de dois anos de experi&#234;ncia. Com base no escore Gensini, as pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos - 37 pacientes no grupo com les&#245;es coron&#225;rias leves (escore de Gensini &lt; 25) e 85 pacientes no grupo com les&#245;es coron&#225;rias graves (escore de Gensini &#8805; 25); essa classifica&#231;&#227;o estava compat&#237;vel com a literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa SPSS vers&#227;o 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), e aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal em mediana e intervalo interquartil. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes par&#226;metros foi verificada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram avaliadas pelo teste t n&#227;o pareado ou o teste de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou pelo teste exato de Fisher (o teste exato de Fisher foi usado para frequ&#234;ncias de osteoporose na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). A associa&#231;&#227;o entre DMO e risco para les&#245;es coronarianas graves foi avaliada por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foi utilizada para avaliar se a DMO foi um fator independente para gravidade das les&#245;es coron&#225;rias (avaliada pelo escore de Gensini) em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05 (bicaudal).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n = 122)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,31 &#177; 4,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,19 &#177; 2,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (39,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (38,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (31,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore T</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,24 &#177; 1,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore de Gensini</td>
                  <td align="center">43,46 (17,5; 73)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Osteoporose, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (19,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Osteopenia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (41,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Osteoporose ou osteopenia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (61,5%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP, e vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal em mediana e intervalo interquartil (percentis 25 e 75). Dados categ&#243;ricos s&#227;o expressos em n&#250;meros absolutos (e porcentagens).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos entre os grupos de pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas leves e pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas graves</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Par&#226;metro</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Les&#245;es coronarianas leves</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Les&#245;es coronarianas graves</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Escore de Gensini &lt; 25</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Escore de Gensini &#8805; 25</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">n = 37</th>
                  <th align="center">n = 85</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,33 &#177; 5,65</td>
                  <td align="center">65,17 &#177; 4,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,23 &#177; 2,53</td>
                  <td align="center">26,17 &#177; 2,47</td>
                  <td align="center">0,872</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(35,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35(41,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,530</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(24,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38(44,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(29,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27(31,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,824</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore T</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,84 &#177; 1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,42 &#177; 1,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Osteoporose, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(8,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(24,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Osteopenia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(27,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41(48,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Osteoporose ou osteopenia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(35,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62(72,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (exceto aquelas expressas em mediana) foram comparadas por testes t. Para valores expressos em mediana (percentis 25 e 75), os valores de p foram determinados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado, exceto para osteoporose, que foram comparadas pelo teste exato de Fisher (frequ&#234;ncias esperadas &#8804; 5).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 122 mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa (idade m&#233;dia 64,31 &#177; 4,71) foram inclu&#237;das no estudo, das quais 69,7 apresentaram les&#245;es coronarianas graves. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais de todas as participantes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>. De todas as pacientes, 19,6% apresentavam osteoporose no colo do f&#234;mur, e 41,8% osteopenia; 39,3% das mulheres apresentavam press&#227;o arterial elevada, 38,5% diabetes, e 31,1% hiperlipidemia.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo de pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas leves e o grupo com les&#245;es graves quanto a alguns par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos. Pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas graves eram mais velhas e apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de diabetes e osteoporose/osteopenia em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas leves (p &lt; 0,05). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto ao IMC, e &#224; propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes hipertensas e dislipid&#234;micas.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada mostrou que a osteoporose/osteopenia era fator de risco para les&#245;es coronarianas graves (OR = 2,51; IC95%, 1,153-5,657; P = 0,003). Ainda, an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi usada para detectarmos associa&#231;&#227;o entre osteoporose/osteopenia e risco de les&#245;es coronarianas graves. Ap&#243;s o ajuste para fatores de confus&#227;o, incluindo idade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e hiperlipidemia, a osteoporose/osteopenia manteve-se como fator de risco para les&#245;es coronarianas graves (OR = 2.73; IC95%; 1,06-6,13; p = 0,007; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Odds ratio ajustado dos fatores de risco para les&#245;es coronarianas graves</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel independente</th>
                <th align="center"><italic>Odds ratio</italic> (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Osteopenia ou osteoporose</td>
                <td align="center">2,73 (1,06-6,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 (1,19-2,65)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 (0,73-3,57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,706</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2,31 (0,83-5,31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,313</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">3,13 (0,96-7,37)</td>
                <td align="center">0,082</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1,39 (0,57-3,62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,431</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quando o escore de Gensini foi considerado como vari&#225;vel dependente no modelo de regress&#227;o linear, o escore T <italic>(</italic>b = -0,407; <italic>EP</italic>= 0,151; p = 0,007) e a idade (b = 0,295; <italic>EP</italic>= 0,132; p = 0,023) foram considerados preditores independentes do escore, o que n&#227;o foi observado para diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, IMC, e hiperlipidemia.</p>
        <p>Em uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear com o escore de Gensini como vari&#225;vel dependente, e idade, escore T, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, IMC e hiperlipidemia como vari&#225;veis independentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>), somente o escore T (b = -0,407; <italic>EP</italic>= 0,151; p = 0,007) e a idade (b = 0,295, <italic>EP</italic>= 0,132, p = 0,023) correlacionaram-se com o escore de Gensini.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla do escore de Gensini (vari&#225;vel dependente) versus idade, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, hiperlipidemia, e escore T (vari&#225;veis independentes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel independente</th>
                <th align="center">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center">EP</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore T</td>
                <td align="center">0,407</td>
                <td align="center">0,151</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,295</td>
                <td align="center">0,132</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">0,183</td>
                <td align="center">0,203</td>
                <td align="center">0,136</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,147</td>
                <td align="center">0,134 </td>
                <td align="center">0,254</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">0,113</td>
                <td align="center">0,179</td>
                <td align="center">0,572</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
                <td align="center">0,121 </td>
                <td align="center">0,697</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>R</italic>
                  <sup>2</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>&#946;: coeficiente beta padronizado; EP: erro padr&#227;o do &#946;. R<sup>2</sup>: vari&#226;ncia total explicada pelo modelo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa com les&#245;es coronarianas graves est&#227;o mais propensas a apresentarem osteopenia/osteoporose em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas com les&#245;es coronarianas leves, independentemente de outros fatores de risco. Esses achados sugerem que mulheres no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa com osteopenia/osteoporose podem apresentar um risco maior de desenvolverem les&#245;es coronarianas graves. Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com os de estudos pr&#233;vios que demonstraram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre DMO e DAC e conclu&#237;ram que a DMO &#233; um marcador em potencial da gravidade da DAC.</p>
        <p>A osteopenia e a AS s&#227;o problemas s&#233;rios de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica que podem amea&#231;ar a sa&#250;de e a qualidade de vida das pessoas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram uma clara rela&#231;&#227;o entre AS e DMO. Em um estudo retrospectivo incluindo 1335 pacientes idosos, a incid&#234;ncia de DAC aumentou em pacientes com baixa DMO, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com DMO normal. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla confirmou associa&#231;&#227;o entre uma baixa DMO e DAC ap&#243;s ajuste para diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, e idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Outro estudo com 252 mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa mostrou que osteopenia/osteoporose na coluna lombar ou no colo do f&#234;mur associou-se com AS coronariana avaliada por tomografia computadorizada <italic>multislice</italic> com 64 canais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Nosso estudo pr&#233;vio mostrou que outra medida da AS, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coronariana, esteve associada com DMO da coluna lombar em mulheres sadias no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa. O risco de calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em mulheres com osteoporose foi tr&#234;s vezes maior que em mulheres com DMO normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O escore de Gensini &#233; um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o importante na angiografia, usado para avaliar a extens&#227;o, a gravidade, e a complexidade da DAC. Pacientes com DAC e alto escore de Gensini est&#227;o mais propensos a relatarem eventos card&#237;acos adversos importantes. Assim, identificar os pacientes com DAC e altos escores de Gensini &#233; fundamental para reduzir defici&#234;ncias e morte relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Existem alguns estudos sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre DMO e gravidade das les&#245;es coron&#225;rias. Em um estudo retrospectivo conduzido com 55 pacientes do sexo masculino com DAC, confirmada por angiografia coronariana, uma DMO diminu&#237;da estava associada com les&#245;es coronarianas graves avaliadas pelo escore de Gensini, independentemente de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Similarmente, um estudo envolvendo 74 homens com DAC revelou que a incid&#234;ncia de osteopenia/osteoporose em les&#245;es graves da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria determinadas pelo escore SYNTAX foi significativamente maior que em les&#245;es leves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Contudo, a maioria desses estudos basearam-se em pacientes com DAC do sexo masculino, e poucos inclu&#237;ram mulheres com DAC no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa. Em nosso estudo, 186 mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa com DAC identificada por angiografia coron&#225;ria foram divididas em dois grupos segundo o escore de Gensini: pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas leves (escore de Gensini &lt; 25) e pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas graves (escore de Gensini &gt;25). Observamos um aumento na taxa de osteoporose/osteopenia no grupo com les&#245;es coronarianas graves. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada mostrou que osteopenia/osteoporose no colo do f&#234;mur associou-se com um risco aumentado de se desenvolver les&#245;es coronarianas graves. O modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla mostrou que os escores T foram preditores independentes do escore de Gensini. A maioria dos estudos pr&#233;vios, se n&#227;o todos, incluindo os nossos resultados, indicam que uma DMO baixa estava n&#227;o somente associada com risco aumentado de DAC, como tamb&#233;m foi um preditor independente de gravidade das les&#245;es coronarianas em mulheres p&#243;s-meonopausa.</p>
        <p>Apesar de muitas hip&#243;teses terem sido propostas para explicar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre osteoporose e DAC, essa rela&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foi totalmente compreendida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Apesar de fatores de risco comuns do metabolismo &#243;sseo e risco cardiovascular - inflama&#231;&#227;o, dislipidemia, menopausa, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo e diabetes mellitus - existe tamb&#233;m a possibilidade da influ&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica e ocorr&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A hidroxiapatita, uma parte importante da fase mineral do osso, tamb&#233;m &#233; encontrada na placa calcificada da art&#233;ria. Ainda, prote&#237;nas da matriz &#243;ssea tais como prote&#237;na gla, prote&#237;na &#243;ssea morfogen&#233;tica 2, osteocalcina e col&#225;geno, foram encontradas nas placas calcificadas. Estudos sugeriram que algumas muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas importantes podem levar ao desenvolvimento precoce de AS e osteoporose, o que indica evid&#234;ncia de uma base gen&#233;tica comum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Vale mencionar que evid&#234;ncias atuais correlacionando a osteoporose com a DAC est&#227;o longe de serem conclusivas. Por isso, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas duas doen&#231;as comuns.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo &#233; o tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra. Outros estudos, envolvendo um maior n&#250;mero de mulheres na menopausa, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estabelecer e confirmar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade de les&#245;es coronarianas e osteopenia/osteoporose. Al&#233;m disso, informa&#231;&#245;es sobre d&#233;ficit de vitamina K, e sobre citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, prote&#237;na gla e osteocalcina, que podem estar associadas com les&#245;es coronarianas e osteoporose, n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para este estudo. Ainda, outra limita&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo foi o fato de os exames de DMO n&#227;o haverem sido realizados em um mesmo servi&#231;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, investigamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DMO e gravidade de les&#245;es coronarianas em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa. Nossos resultados sugeriram que mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa com uma baixa DMO est&#227;o em alto risco de desenvolverem les&#245;es coronarianas graves. Estudos futuros devem investigar vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas comuns entre a osteoporose e a gravidade de les&#245;es coronarianas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 678999009. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
